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Journal articles on the topic 'Discrete evaporation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Li, Xinhu, and Fengzhi Shi. "Salt precipitation and evaporative flux on sandy soil with saline groundwater under different evaporation demand conditions." Soil Research 60, no. 2 (2021): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr21111.

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Context Salt precipitation and its influence on evaporation have been widely studied in recent years. However, the evolution process of salt precipitation and evaporative flux is poorly understood under various evaporation demand (ED) rate condition, which is defined as the evaporation rate of distilled water from soil under constant radiation conditions. Aims and methods This study investigated the evolution of salt crust and evaporative flux on sand soil columns with fixed saline groundwater at a depth of 20 cm under four ED conditions (29.5, 21.5, 9.0 and 4.0 mm day−1). Key results Evaporat

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2

Som, S. K., A. K. Mitra, and S. P. Sengupta. "Second Law Analysis of Spray Evaporation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, no. 2 (1990): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905719.

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A second law analysis has been developed for an evaporative atomized spray in a uniform parallel stream of hot gas. Using a discrete droplet evaporation model, an equation for entropy balance of a drop has been formulated to determine numerically the entropy generation histories of the evaporative spray. For the exergy analysis of the process, the rate of heat transfer and that of associated irreversibilities for complete evaporation of the spray have been calculated. A second law efficiency (ηII), defined as the ratio of the total exergy transferred to the sum of the total exergy transferred

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3

Corda, Christian. "Spacetime can be neither discrete nor continuous." Modern Physics Letters A 33, no. 12 (2018): 1850069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732318500694.

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We show that our recent Bohr-like approach to black hole (BH) quantum physics implies that spacetime quantization could be energy-dependent. Thus, in a certain sense, spacetime can be neither discrete nor continuous. Our approach also permits to show that the “volume quantum” of the Schwarzschild spacetime increases with increasing energy during BH evaporation and arrives at a maximum value when the Planck scale is reached and the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) prevents the total BH evaporation. Remarkably, this result does not depend on the BH original mass. The interesting consequen

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4

Lahaye, T., and D. Gu�ry-Odelin. "Discrete-step evaporation of an atomic beam." European Physical Journal D 33, no. 1 (2005): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2005-00007-y.

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5

Ghiaasiaan, S. M. "Thermal-Hydraulics of OC-OTEC Spout Flash Evaporators." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 3 (1992): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905940.

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A mechanistic model was developed for the thermal-hydraulic processes in the spout flash evaporator of an OC-OTEC plant. Nonequilibrium, two-fluid, conservation equations were solved for the two-phase flow in the spout, accounting for evaporation at the gas-liquid interface, and using a two-phase flow regime map consisting of bubbly, churn-turbulent and dispersed droplet flow patterns. Solution of the two-phase conservation equations provided the flow conditions at the spout exit, which were used in modeling the fluid mechanics and heat transfer in the evaporator, where the liquid was assumed

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6

Ter-Mkrtich’yan, G. G., N. A. Mikerin, V. V. Glaviznin, A. A. Tseytlin, A. B. Malyshev, and Yu G. Ter-Mkrtich’yan. "Evaporation generation in the vehicle fuel tank. Canister feed strategy optimization." Trudy NAMI, no. 2 (July 12, 2023): 6–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51187/0135-3152-2023-2-6-17.

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Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In addition to the toxic substances generated during fuel combustion in the engine, the vehicle generates a significant amount of hydrocarbons in the form of fuel vapors generated as a result of evaporation from the fuel tank and fuel system components. The evaporation process parameters and the amount of fuel evaporations are determined by dynamics of fuel heating in the tank in various vehicle operation modes. Modern requirements for the limit level of emissions caused by evaporation become much stricter. Therefore, the solution of the task of

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7

Kabil, Islam, Mansour Al Qubeissi, Jihad Badra, et al. "An Improved Prediction of Pre-Combustion Processes, Using the Discrete Multicomponent Model." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052937.

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An improved heating and evaporation model of fuel droplets is implemented into the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software CONVERGE for the simulation of sprays. The analytical solutions to the heat conduction and species diffusion equations in the liquid phase for each time step are coded via user-defined functions (UDF) into the software. The customized version of CONVERGE is validated against measurements for a single droplet of n-heptane and n-decane mixture. It is shown that the new heating and evaporation model better agrees with the experimental data than those predicted

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8

Pohl, K. R., P. H. Regan, J. W. Arrison та D. P. Balamuth. "Origin of correlations between evaporation protons and discrete γ rays in heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reactions". Physical Review C 49, № 3 (1994): 1372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.49.1372.

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9

Basile, Giada, Dario Benedetto, Emanuele Caglioti, and Lorenzo Bertini. "Large deviations for a binary collision model: energy evaporation." Mathematics in Engineering 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mine.2023001.

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<abstract><p>We analyze the large deviations for a discrete energy Kac-like walk. In particular, we exhibit a path, with probability exponentially small in the number of particles, that looses energy.</p></abstract>

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10

Samimi Abianeh, O., and C. P. Chen. "A discrete multicomponent fuel evaporation model with liquid turbulence effects." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55, no. 23-24 (2012): 6897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.07.003.

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11

Lukyanova, Lidia N., Yuri A. Boikov, Oleg A. Usov, Viacheslav A. Danilov, Igor V. Makarenko, and Vasilii N. Petrov. "Thermal Conductivity for p–(Bi, Sb)2Te3 Films of Topological Insulators." Magnetochemistry 9, no. 6 (2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry9060141.

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In this study, we investigated the temperature dependencies of the total, crystal lattice, and electronic thermal conductivities in films of topological insulators p–Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and p–Bi2Te3 formed by discrete and thermal evaporation methods. The largest decrease in the lattice thermal conductivity because of the scattering of long-wavelength phonons on the grain interfaces was observed in the films of the solid-solution p–Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 deposited by discrete evaporation on the amorphous substrates of polyimide without thermal treatment. It was shown that in the p–Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 films with low

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12

Sengupta, S. P., A. K. Mitra, S. K. Dash, and S. K. Som. "Influence of Downstream Distance on the Drop Size Characteristics of an Evaporative Liquid Spray in a Convective Gaseous Medium." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 1 (1992): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905923.

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Numerical studies have been made to evaluate the interdependence of drop size characteristics and evaporation histories of an atomized liquid spray in a convective medium of uniform free stream at high temperature. With the help of a discrete droplet evaporation model, both the actual drop size distribution and the apparent one, that could have been obtained in practice by light-scattering technique, have been determined numerically at different downstream locations perpendicular to the spray axis. Variations of actual and apparent mass mean diameter and the evaporation rate with the axial dis

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13

Sang, Yan-Fang, Fubao Sun, Vijay P. Singh, Ping Xie, and Jian Sun. "A discrete wavelet spectrum approach for identifying non-monotonic trends in hydroclimate data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (2018): 757–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-757-2018.

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Abstract. The hydroclimatic process is changing non-monotonically and identifying its trends is a great challenge. Building on the discrete wavelet transform theory, we developed a discrete wavelet spectrum (DWS) approach for identifying non-monotonic trends in hydroclimate time series and evaluating their statistical significance. After validating the DWS approach using two typical synthetic time series, we examined annual temperature and potential evaporation over China from 1961–2013 and found that the DWS approach detected both the “warming” and the “warming hiatus” in temperature, and the

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14

Guo, Huiqian, Jing Wang, Jiangbo Wu, and Xiaoze Du. "Study on Spray Evaporation Treatment of Desulfurization Wastewater." Coatings 11, no. 4 (2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11040418.

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Limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) often produces a certain amount of wastewater with complex water quality and heavy metal pollution which should be treated properly before release. Spaying the desulfurization wastewater into flue duct and using exhausted flue gas heat for evaporation is a promising and economical technology for achieving zero wastewater discharge in thermal power plant. To enable a more in-depth understanding on evaporation of FGD wastewater spray, a visual wind tunnel test rig based on the atomized droplet laser measuring system was built to reveal the imp

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15

Kogan, Ya L., V. V. Abalyaeva, A. A. Zakhidov, and S. B. Lee. "Properties of polyparaphenylene thin films obtained by discrete evaporation in vacuum." Synthetic Metals 42, no. 1-2 (1991): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91872-8.

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16

Ternik, Primož, and Rebeka Rudolf. "Evaporation of water droplets in the 1st stage of the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis device." Anali PAZU 6, no. 1-2 (2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/analipazu.6.1-2.14-19.2016.

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he present work deals with numerical modelling of aerosol evaporation in the flow of carrier gas (N2) in the 1st stage of ultrasonic spray pyrolysis device. For that we have used so called Euler-Lagrange approach, where the gas phase is treated as a continuous phase by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, while the dispersed phase is treated as a number of discrete particles, which exchange energy, momentum and mass with the continuous phase. Results are presented for the temperature field of carrier gas and water vapor, as well as for the droplets’ diameter, temperature and evaporation time.

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17

Li, Xinhu, and Min Guo. "Experimental Study of Evaporation Flux, Salt Precipitation, and Surface Temperature on Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Porous Media." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (August 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7434471.

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Salt precipitation in porous media is widespread, which has garnered great research attention. However, the mechanisms governing the salt precipitation, water flux, and surface temperature changes in homogeneous and heterogeneous porous media remain unclear. This study investigated the dynamics of salt precipitation, evaporative loss, and surface temperature in homogeneous fine sand (0.1–0.25 mm), coarse sand (1-2 mm), and a heterogeneous column with fine and coarse sand. All sand columns were initially saturated with NaCl solution. The experimental results showed that the salt was precipitate

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18

Shahsavan Markadeh, Rasoul, and Hojat Ghassemi. "A discrete multicomponent droplet evaporation model; effects of O2-enrichment, steam injection, and EGR on evaporation of diesel droplet." Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications 73, no. 10 (2018): 721–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10407782.2018.1476437.

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19

Mohammed Raad Abdulwahab, Khaled Ali Mohammad Al-attab, and Mohamad Yusof Idroas. "Design and Characteristics of a New Pre-Evaporation Chamber Geometry for Low-Grade Palm Oil Fuel Evaporation for Micro Gas Turbine Application." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 94, no. 2 (2022): 184–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.94.2.184199.

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Recent increase in fuel prices, greenhouse emissions, global warming issue, as well as future predictions regarding fossil fuel depletion concerns have prompted widespread research on carbon-neutral renewable liquid biofuels as an alternative of petroleum fuels. In the present study, a numerical approach was used to design and optimize a novel design of pre-evaporation chamber, to pre-evaporate crude palm oil fuel using exhaust gas recycling to allow partially premixed fuel vapors to be introduced to the main combustion chamber. Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and species non-premixed model used in

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20

KHRIPLOVICH, I. B., and N. PRODUIT. "IS RADIATION OF QUANTIZED BLACK HOLES OBSERVABLE?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 07 (2007): 1243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807010730.

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If primordial black holes (PBH) saturate the present upper limit on the dark matter density in our Solar system and if their radiation spectrum is discrete, the sensitivity of modern detectors is close to that necessary for detecting this radiation. This conclusion is not in conflict with the upper limits on the PBH evaporation rate.

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21

Chang, Tingting, Chun Wang, Fuqing Wang, and Kun Wang. "Simulation on Evaporation and Cooling Characteristics of Spray System." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2599, no. 1 (2023): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2599/1/012036.

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Abstract This study explored the evaporation and cooling characteristics of air pipeline spray based on computational fluid dynamics method. A geometric model of the pipeline air spray was constructed and meshed, and the Euler-Lagrange research method of the discrete phase model (DPM) was used to study the evaporation and cooling characteristics of the spray system. It was found that the length required for complete evaporation of droplets increased with the relative humidity. When the inlet temperature was 308K and the relative humidity was 40%, the evaporation length increased by 43.71% comp

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22

Nakamura, Kanna, and Dionisios Margetis. "Discrete and Continuum Relaxation Dynamics of Faceted Crystal Surface in Evaporation Models." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 11, no. 1 (2013): 244–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/110849687.

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23

Brereton, G. J. "A discrete multicomponent temperature-dependent model for the evaporation of spherical droplets." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 60 (May 2013): 512–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.01.037.

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24

Kaveh, A., and T. Bakhshpoori. "An accelerated water evaporation optimization formulation for discrete optimization of skeletal structures." Computers & Structures 177 (December 2016): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2016.08.006.

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25

Zhang, Lanshui, and Zhong Liu. "Study on the Characteristics of High-Temperature and High-Pressure Spray Flash Evaporation for Zero-Liquid Discharge of Desulfurization Wastewater." Energies 18, no. 12 (2025): 3180. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18123180.

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Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) of desulfurization wastewater from coal-fired power plants is a critical challenge in the thermal power industry. Flash evaporation technology provides an efficient method for wastewater concentration and the recovery of high-quality freshwater resources. In this study, numerical simulations of the high-temperature and high-pressure spray flash evaporation process within a flash tank were conducted using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and a self-developed heat and mass transfer model for superheated droplets under depressurization conditions. The effects of feedwate

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26

Kotalczyk, Gregor, Ivan Skenderovic, and Frank Einar Kruis. "Modeling of Particle Formation in Arc Discharges by Monte-Carlo Based Population Balance Modeling." MRS Advances 2, no. 28 (2017): 1511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.155.

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ABSTRACTA simulation method is presented which encompasses all relevant mechanisms, which are necessary for the description of the early stages of particle formation in arc discharges. Next to discrete coagulation and nucleation events, a continuous surface growth process is included into the simulation, making thus the description of the evaporation of thermodynamic unstable particles possible. The driving force for the nucleation and growth/evaporation is coupled to the monomer concentration in the gaseous phase and thus subject to change in the further course of the simulation. It is shown,

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27

Wei, Qike, Lihua Wang, Wei Jiang, Huaiyu Wang, and Hao Zhang. "Discrete Heaped Model of Tobacco Strips Drying and Characteristics Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer." Energies 15, no. 22 (2022): 8428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228428.

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To accurately study the drying characteristics of tobacco strips in the process of redrying, a discrete heaped physical model of tobacco strips is built. Based on this model, a convective drying multiphase porous media model of the heaped tobacco strips is established, which considers the binary diffusion and transport of vapor inside and outside the tobacco leaf. The model is solved using COMSOL Multiphysics, and the accuracy of the model is verified by experiments. The changes in hot air velocity, vapor and moisture content, and evaporation rate in heaped tobacco strips with different thickn

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28

Scherer, C. S. "A Discrete-Ordinates Solution for the Strong Evaporation Problem in Rarefied Gas Dynamics." Trends in Computational and Applied Mathematics 22, no. 2 (2021): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tcam.2021.022.02.00201.

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In this work we solve the nonlinear strong evaporation problem in rarefied gas dynamics. The analysis is based on the BGK model, with three dimensional velocity vector, derived from the Boltzmann equation. We present the complete development of a closed form solution for evaluating density, velocity, temperature perturbations and the heat flux of a gas. Numerical results are presented and discussed.

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Raza, Ali, Hassan Mehboob, Sajjad Miran, Waseem Arif, and Syed Farukh Javaid Rizvi. "Investigation on the Characteristics of Biodiesel Droplets in the Engine Cylinder." Energies 13, no. 14 (2020): 3637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143637.

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The world is moving towards renewable energy sources rapidly and, at present, fossil fuels are reducing day by day. In this scenario, biofuels have become an attractive alternative to conventional diesel fuels. In the present work, the vaporization of Thumba biodiesel is numerically modeled using the finite volume-based approach in ANSYS Fluent and the results are compared with diesel fuel. Evaporation of fuels is governed by the conservation equations of energy, momentum, and mass. Owing to high temperature and pressure conditions, turbulence is present in the engine cylinder. To account for

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30

Veran-Tissoires, Stéphanie, and Marc Prat. "Evaporation of a sodium chloride solution from a saturated porous medium with efflorescence formation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 749 (May 22, 2014): 701–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2014.247.

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AbstractPrecipitation of sodium chloride driven by evaporation at the surface of a porous medium is studied from a combination of experiments, continuum simulations, pore network simulations and a simple efflorescence growth model on a lattice. The distribution of ions concentration maxima at the porous medium surface, which are seen as the incipient precipitation spots, is shown to be strongly dependent on the factors affecting the velocity field within the porous medium owing to the significance of advection on ion transport. These factors include the evaporation flux distribution at the sur

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31

Wang, Dudou, Hongfu Qiang, and Chao Shi. "A multiphase SPH framework for solving the evaporation and combustion process of droplets." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 3 (2019): 1547–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-08-2019-0666.

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Purpose This paper aims to introduce a two-dimensional smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) framework for simulating the evaporation and combustion process of fuel droplets. Design/methodology/approach To solve the gas–liquid two-phase flow problem, a multiphase SPH method capable of handling high density-ratio problems is established. Based on the Fourier heat conduction equation and Fick’s law of diffusion, the SPH discrete equations are derived. To effectively characterize the phase transition problem, inspired by volume of fluid method, the concept of liquid phase mass fraction of the SPH

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Miralles, D. G., C. Jiménez, M. Jung, et al. "The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 2 (2016): 823–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-823-2016.

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Abstract. The WAter Cycle Multi-mission Observation Strategy – EvapoTranspiration (WACMOS-ET) project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates on global and regional scales. Its main objective is the derivation, validation, and intercomparison of a group of existing evaporation retrieval algorithms driven by a common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based evaporation methodologies are evaluated: the Penman–Monteith algorithm behind the official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Global Land Evaporation Amste

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D. Vaghela, Pooja. "Effect of Polymers in the Design and Characterization of Sustained Release Aceclofenac Microspheres." Indo Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 12 (2022): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35652/igjps.2022.12020.

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Purpose:Theaim of present work was to design and characterize sustained release Aceclofenac, model drug, microspheres by emulsion solvent evaporation technique.Methods:Aceclofenac microspheres were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation process by using Ethyl cellulose and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose as polymers. The microspheres were evaluated by drug release study, drug content, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, and determination of percentage yield.Results:The present study shows that as the polymer concentration increases the percentage encapsulation efficiency, and drug con

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34

Wang, Jianqing, Bin Du, Lintao Xu, et al. "Numerical Analysis of Spray Evaporation Process in Desuperheater." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2860, no. 1 (2024): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2860/1/012051.

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Abstract The cooling water is sprayed into the desuperheater to regulate the temperature of the superheated steam. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to investigate the spray evaporation process in the desuperheater. Discrete phase model (DPM) was applied to describe the gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach. The Rosin-Rammler distribution and TAB model were used for the description of the primary and secondary droplet breakup, respectively. The coupling effect of gas-liquid two-phase, influence of temperature on latent heat, the stocha

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35

LEI, S., and A. TURAN. "NONLINEAR/CHAOTIC MODELING AND CONTROL OF COMBUSTION INSTABILITIES." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 20, no. 04 (2010): 1245–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127410026447.

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A discrete dynamic model accounting for both combustion and vaporization processes is proposed. In terms of different bifurcation parameters relevant to either combustion or evaporation, various bifurcation diagrams are presented. Furthermore, the corresponding Lyapunov exponent is calculated and employed to analyze the stability of the particular dynamic system. The study indicates conclusively that the evaporation process has a significant impact on the intensity and nonlinear behavior of the system of interest, vis-à-vis a model accounting for only the gaseous combustion process. Moreover,

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36

Miralles, D. G., C. Jiménez, M. Jung, et al. "The WACMOS-ET project – Part 2: Evaluation of global terrestrial evaporation data sets." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 10 (2015): 10651–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-10651-2015.

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Abstract. The WACMOS-ET project aims to advance the development of land evaporation estimates at global and regional scales. Its main objective is the derivation, validation and inter-comparison of a group of existing evaporation retrieval algorithms driven by a common forcing data set. Three commonly used process-based evaporation methodologies are evaluated: the Penman–Monteith algorithm behind the official Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) evaporation product (PM-MOD), the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM), and the Priestley and Taylor Jet Propulsion Labora

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37

Stabnikov, P. A., M. A. Bespyatov, I. V. Korolkov та ін. "Crystal structures of two polymorphic modifications and thermodynamic parameters of vaporization of copper <i>бис</i>-heptafluoromethyloctandionate". Žurnal neorganičeskoj himii 69, № 7 (2024): 1006–14. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0044457x24070088.

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By evaporation of the solvent from the solutions, crystals of copper bis-heptafluorodimethyloctandionate (Cu (fod)2) were grown. Crystals of monoclinic syngony (I) and from acetonitrile of monoclinic (I) and triclinic (II) syngony are obtained from toluene. Crystallographic data: (I) P21/c a = 13.1863 (6), b = 9.8118 (4), c = 10.6997 (6), β = 113.633 (2) °; (II) Р-1 a = 10.7941(12), b = 11.4759(14), c = 12.5263(13), α = 115.350(4), β = 102.957(4), γ = 100.999(4)°. Packages I and II have the same structure of the molecule. Crystal structures I and II are molecular and consist of discrete molecu

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38

Hu, Y., and E. Gutheil. "Transported Joint Probability Density Function Modeling of Turbulent Dilute Spray Flows." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 16, no. 2-3 (2014): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj186.

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A transported joint probability density function (PDF) model for turbulent spray flows is presented, where a one-point one-time statistical description of the gas-phase mixture fraction and the gas velocity is used. This approach requires the closure of the molecular mixing, which is achieved through use of the extended interaction-by-exchange-with-the-mean (IEM) model and a simplified Langevin model for the closure of the gas velocity both of which are extended through additional terms accounting for spray evaporation. These equations require the solution of the turbulent time scales and the

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B, Darshan M., Ravi Kumar, and Arup Kumar Das. "ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER DURING EVAPORATION OF R407C BY PROVIDING DISCRETE STRUCTURES INSIDE TUBE." Journal of Enhanced Heat Transfer 27, no. 6 (2020): 527–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/jenhheattransf.2020034485.

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40

Sazhin, S. S., A. E. Elwardany, E. M. Sazhina, and M. R. Heikal. "A quasi-discrete model for heating and evaporation of complex multicomponent hydrocarbon fuel droplets." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54, no. 19-20 (2011): 4325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.05.012.

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41

Su, Mengying, and C. P. Chen. "Heating and evaporation of a new gasoline surrogate fuel: A discrete multicomponent modeling study." Fuel 161 (December 2015): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.048.

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42

KRAUSE, AXEL. "BEKENSTEIN-SPECTRUM, TEMPERATURE AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF BLACK HOLES FROM CHAINS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 20, no. 13 (2005): 2813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x05024304.

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We study some consequences of a recently proposed description for a Schwarzschild black hole based on Euclidean [Formula: see text] brane pairs described in terms of chain-like excitations. A discrete mass-spectrum of Bekenstein-type is inferred and upon identification of the black hole mass with the chain's energy the leading corrections to both Hawking-temperature and specific heat of the black hole are obtained. The results indicate that for small black holes the evaporation process might be considerably altered.

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Sravanthi, C. H., and S. Punitha. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ACECLOFENAC NIOSOMES BY USING MIXTURE OF SURFACTANTS." INDIAN DRUGS 50, no. 12 (2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.50.12.p0021.

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The present study was aimed at the overall improvement in the efficacy, reduced toxicity andenhancement of therapeutic index of aceclofenac. Niosomal delivery system of aceclofenac has beendeveloped by various techniques using mixture of Span 60/40 (surfactant) along with cholesterol in1:1 ratio. The formulations were then characterized with respect to vesicle diameter, drug content,entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release and release kinetics. The formulated aceclofenac niosomeswere discrete and round in shape. The lowest entrapment efficiency was found to be 75% (F2) andwas highest in re

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Chen, Mengrong, Yue Xie, Mengjun Gong, Xinyu Zhang, and Yong Ren. "Numerical study of spray cooling with flash evaporation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2454, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2454/1/012012.

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Abstract This work aims to apply Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method to establish a flash evaporation spray cooling (FESC) model to simulate the heating process and find the optimum cooling performance. The heat transfer process during FESC is studied through numerical simulation using commercial code ANSYS FLUENT. The species transport model and the discrete phase model are applied to simulate the multiphase flow and heat transfer process. The turbulence effect is included. The effects of flow rate, nozzle pressure, nozzle angle, and the nozzle orifice size on spray cooling are investiga

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Thompson, Philip A., Humberto Craves, G. E. A. Meier, Yoon-Gon Kim, and H. D. Speckmann. "Wave splitting in a fluid of large heat capacity." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 185 (December 1987): 385–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112087003227.

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The splitting of a single pressure discontinuity into a propagating two-wave system is studied for the case of saturated-liquid expansion (liquid-evaporation wave splitting) and vapour compression (vapour-condensation wave splitting). Experimental results from the Max-Planck-Institut für Strömungsforschung and from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute show that splitting occurs in test fluids of large molar heat capacity, such as iso-octane (Cv0/R≈ 37). Each of the two forms of splitting results in a single-phase forerunner wave carrying a pressure discontinuity followed by a phase-change wave, al

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Li, Jing, Zexu Gao, Xi Zhou, and Junyuan Zhang. "ORC System Temperature and Evaporation Pressure Control Based on DDPG-MGPC." Processes 13, no. 7 (2025): 2314. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13072314.

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The organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is a key technology for the recovery of low-grade waste heat, but its efficient and stable operation is challenged by complex kinetic coupling. This paper proposes a model partitioning strategy based on gap measurement to construct a high-fidelity ORC system model and combines the setting of observer decoupling and multi-model switching strategies to reduce the coupling impact and enhance adaptability. For control optimization, the reinforcement learning method of deep deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) is adopted to break through the limitations of the tradit

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Patel, Ayushi, Rupesh Kumar Jain, Vivek Jain, and Pushpendra Kumar Khangar. "Formulation and Evaluation of Sustained Release Solid Dispersed Nifedipine Microcapsules." Asian Journal of Dental and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (2022): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajdhs.v2i3.21.

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Conventional drug delivery system for treating the angina and hypertension are not much effective as the drug do not reach the site of action in appropriate amounts. Thus potent and guarded therapy of this angina and hypertension disorder using specific drug delivery system is a challenging task to the pharmaceutical professionals. The study was aimed at increase the solubility of poorly soluble drug nifedipine and formulating it in sustained release dosage form. Solid dispersion of drug was prepared using Poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as inert hydrophilic carriers by solvent evaporation techni

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Lu, Yanwei, Mingyi Wen, Peiyue Li, Jiaping Liang, Haoyan Wei, and Min Li. "An Improved Craig–Gordon Isotopic Model: Accounting for Transpiration Effects on the Isotopic Composition of Residual Water during Evapotranspiration." Agronomy 13, no. 6 (2023): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061531.

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Evapotranspiration (ET) is a crucial process in the terrestrial water cycle, and understanding its stable isotopic evolution is essential for comprehending hydrological processes. The Craig–Gordon (C-G) model is widely used to describe isotopic fractionation during pure evaporation. However, in natural environments, ET involves both transpiration (T) and evaporation (E), and the traditional C-G model does not account for the effect of transpiration on isotopic fractionation. To address this gap, we propose the evapotranspiration-unified C-G (ET-UCG) model, which extends the C-G model by incorp

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Nicodin, Ioana, and Renée Gatignol. "Unsteady half-space evaporation and condensation problems on the basis of the discrete kinetic theory." Physics of Fluids 18, no. 12 (2006): 127105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2408511.

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Elwardany, A. E., and S. S. Sazhin. "A quasi-discrete model for droplet heating and evaporation: Application to Diesel and gasoline fuels." Fuel 97 (July 2012): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.01.068.

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