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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrimination in law enforcemen

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Academic literature on the topic 'Discrimination in law enforcemen'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Lonsway, Kimberly A., and Angela M. Alipio. "Sex Discrimination Lawsuits in Law Enforcement." Women & Criminal Justice 18, no. 4 (2007): 63–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08974450802096083.

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Gossett, Jennifer Lynn, and Joyce E. Williams. "Perceived Discrimination Among Women in Law Enforcement." Women & Criminal Justice 10, no. 1 (1998): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j012v10n01_03.

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Williams, Jeff, and Brian H. Kleiner. "Sexual harassment and discrimination in law enforcement." Equal Opportunities International 20, no. 5/6/7 (2001): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150110786822.

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Badarulzaman, Muhammad Hafiz, Zainal A. Ayub, Zuryati M. Yusoff, and Harlida A. Wahab. "DISCRIMINATION AGAINST MIGRANT WORKERS IN MALAYSIA." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 28, no. 3 (2016): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.16692.

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AbstractMigrant workers are often discriminated against in almost every aspect of life. Discrimination against them is due to irrational dislike of them and also negative perception towards them. It is alleged that migrant workers contribute to the crimes hike in Malaysia. Using doctrinal research methodology, this article discusses direct and perceptive discrimination against them. This article concludes that physical discriminations are mostly happened because ineffective enforcement of the law, abuse of powers and human-trafficking problem. Besides, migrant workers have not being major contributor to crime hike. Malaysia should introduce comprehensive migration law and strengthen the monitoring of recruitment agencies.

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AMBRUS, MONIKA. "Genocide and Discrimination: Lessons to Be Learnt from Discrimination Law." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 4 (2012): 935–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000519.

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AbstractA survey of the case law of the ICTY and ICTR reveals inconsistencies and conceptual discrepancies in the approach to genocide cases, in particular with respect to the cornerstones of such cases – the identification of the protected group and its members – resulting in different levels of protection against genocide. A review model might help to address these issues, which are, arguably, preconditions of the legitimacy of these courts and of the effective enforcement of the prohibition of genocide. Given the close relationship between genocide and discrimination, this review model might be built on the ‘building blocks’ of discrimination law. The purpose of this contribution is twofold: (1) by unfolding the relationship between direct discrimination and genocide to devise a model of review, and (2) to analyse the consequences of the consistent application of this model for the identification of the protected groups and their members.

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Bacchini, Fabio, and Ludovica Lorusso. "Race, again: how face recognition technology reinforces racial discrimination." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 17, no. 3 (2019): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jices-05-2018-0050.

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Purpose This study aims to explore whether face recognition technology – as it is intensely used by state and local police departments and law enforcement agencies – is racism free or, on the contrary, is affected by racial biases and/or racist prejudices, thus reinforcing overall racial discrimination. Design/methodology/approach The study investigates the causal pathways through which face recognition technology may reinforce the racial disproportion in enforcement; it also inquires whether it further discriminates black people by making them experience more racial discrimination and self-identify more decisively as black – two conditions that are shown to be harmful in various respects. Findings This study shows that face recognition technology, as it is produced, implemented and used in Western societies, reinforces existing racial disparities in stop, investigation, arrest and incarceration rates because of racist prejudices and even contributes to strengthen the unhealthy effects of racism on historically disadvantaged racial groups, like black people. Practical implications The findings hope to make law enforcement agencies and software companies aware that they must take adequate action against the racially discriminative effects of the use of face recognition technology. Social implications This study highlights that no implementation of an allegedly racism-free biometric technology is safe from the risk of racially discriminating, simply because each implementation leans against our society, which is affected by racism in many persisting ways. Originality/value While the ethical survey of biometric technologies is traditionally framed in the discourse of universal rights, this study explores an issue that has not been deeply scrutinized so far, that is, how face recognition technology differently affects distinct racial groups and how it contributes to racial discrimination.

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Farcy, Jean-Baptiste. "Equality in Immigration Law: An Impossible Quest?" Human Rights Law Review 20, no. 4 (2020): 725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaa037.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to discuss why the principle of equality and non-discrimination, although foundational to international human rights law, remains an unfulfilled promise in the context of immigration. Nationality is now widely considered as a suspect ground of discrimination, yet contemporary immigration and citizenship laws increasingly use meritocratic criteria to distinguish among migrants. Although framed in universal terms, these criteria create differences of treatment among migrants based on their income, level of education and economic worth. However, from a legal perspective such differences of treatment rarely amount to prohibited discrimination. Looking at the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, this article argues that the normative content of the equality and non-discrimination principle fails to challenge such differences of treatment. Moreover, the proportionality test is used as a judicial restraint mechanism which prevents the effective enforcement of the equality requirement by international and domestic courts in the context of immigration.

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최관. "Female Offenders: Discrimination within the British Police Law Enforcement Procedure." Journal of European Union Studies ll, no. 30 (2012): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18109/jeus.2012..30.3.

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Thompson, R. Alan, and Lisa S. Nored. "Law enforcement employment discrimination based on sexual orientation: A selective review of case law." American Journal of Criminal Justice 26, no. 2 (2002): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02887827.

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Vogt, Grete S. "NON-DISCRIMINATION ON THE GROUNDS OF RACE IN SOUTH AFRICA - WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROMOTION OF EQUALITY AND PREVENTION OF UNFAIR DISCRIMINATION ACT." Journal of African Law 45, no. 2 (2001): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0221855301001699.

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The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act in South Africa seeks to make the constitutional prohibition of discrimination as effective as possible. The achievement of this aim is, however, likely to be frustrated by several factors, including the legacy of apartheid, deficiencies in the formal statutory guarantees and the judicial interpretation of these, and the lack of effective enforcement mechanisms. As a result, the attempt to clamp down on racial discrimination has removed from the constitutional guarantee much of its potential force.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Horn, Brady Patrick. "The economics and measurement of racial bias in law enforcement." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/B_horn_042409.pdf.

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Cortez, Mario Martin. "Cross cultural relations in law enforcement." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1505.

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Rogers, Nanette. "Aboriginal law and sentencing in the Northern Territory Supreme Court at Alice Springs 1986-1995." Connect to full text, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1142.

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Sato-Nilsson, Maja. "Japan and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women: Implementation and Enforcement pertaining to Sex Discrimination in the Labour Market." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-175429.

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The present study examines the status of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in Japan, with due regard to the status of treaties in general as sources of rights and obligations in the country. Further, the study aims to ascertain whether the said Convention has been properly implemented and enforced, and to demonstrate obstacles causing deficiencies and shortcomings in regards to combating discrimination against women in the labour market. In theory, treaties enjoy a high status in Japan, however, human rights treaties are rarely directly applied by the courts. Although certain legislative reforms have been undertaken to bring domestic law into harmony with the CEDAW, the Convention has had a limited impact. The domestic legislation fails to prohibit all forms of discrimination against women and the prohibitions, as well as the statistical targets for female representation, lack the backing of an effective enforcement mechanism. Additionally, the Japanese judiciary has been reluctant to accept arguments based on the CEDAW and, so far, no litigants have prevailed explicitly on the grounds of the Convention. The vague wording of the CEDAW makes the provisions easy to circumvent, which stresses the importance of bridging discrepancies between the treaty rules and domestic law. Finally, the Government of Japan needs a more comprehensive approach in addressing the issue of sex discrimination in the labour market, which includes working proactively to modify discriminatory practices and stereotypes.

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Ncume, Ali Zuko. "The programmatic enforcement of affirmative action." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/5521.

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Historically, racism was deeply rooted in the workplace in South Africa where white people were largely afforded better opportunities than their black counterparts. This position changed after South Africa became a democratic country. In the new South Africa, legislation has been adopted to combat unfair discrimination. This legislation is founded upon the equality clause contained in section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Section 9 prohibits unfair direct or indirect discrimination against any person on any of the listed grounds. It also makes provision for protection against unfair discrimination on unlisted grounds. The Employment Equity Act was enacted to bring equality to the workplace and to give effect to section 9(2) of the constitution. The Employment Equity Act promotes equal opportunities and fair treatment and seeks to eliminate unfair discrimination. Section 6 of the Employment Equity Act contains the main thrust of the Act’s prohibition against unfair discrimination. However not all discrimination is unfair. Section 6(2) of the Employment Equity Act provides that discrimination based on the inherent requirements of a job or in terms of affirmative action measures will not be unfair. This section implies that there are grounds of justification which may cause discrimination to be fair. These grounds are affirmative action and inherent requirements of a job. Affirmative action is a purposeful and planned placement and development of competent or potentially competent persons in or to positions from which they were debarred in the past. Affirmative action is an attempt to redress past population, on local and national level. One of the requirements of affirmative action in South Africa is that it must target persons who have been discriminated by unfair discrimination in the past. There are affirmative action measures incorporated in the Employment Equity Act. There exists also a designed programmatic enforcement of affirmative action measures.

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Gumbhir, Vikas Kumar. "Racial profiling in Eugene, Oregon : a case study in race, community, and law enforcement /." view abstract or download file of text, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3181102.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.<br>Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 314-324). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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Ruess, Shana Lynn Meaney. "Situational Context of Police Use of Deadly Force: a Comparison of Black and White Subjects of Fatal Police Shootings." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5136.

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Police use of deadly force is an understudied yet deeply important issue in our society. Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in public concern over use of deadly force, particularly when that force is used against people of color. Due to the relative low frequency of deadly force incidents, little is known about when such force is used, or who it is used on. Recent studies have found a racial disparity between white and black subjects of deadly force, with black subjects significantly over represented as a proportion of the population. This study further expands our understanding of police use of deadly force, specifically the situational context of its use against white and black subjects. We use 100 random cases from the Washington Post Fatal Force data set and conduct a content analysis on this sample to identify data on multiple possible situational factors. This exploratory study found several important differences between situations involving a white or black subject of a deadly police shooting. Black subjects are on average seven years younger than white subjects. Black subjects are statistically more likely to be killed following contact initiated by an officer, such as a traffic or pedestrian stop. White subjects are more likely to be killed following contact initiated by dispatchers or courts, such as a call for service or when serving a warrant. Differences were also found related to the reasons for contact, the location of the incident, and the forms of resistance from the subject. This study provides validation to claims that police use deadly force differently between black and white subjects, and implicates police officer training and discretion in the racial disparity of use of deadly force.

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Salters, Gregory A. "A Phenomenological Exploration of Black Male Law Enforcement Officers' Perspectives of Racial Profiling and Their Law Enforcement Career Exploration and Commitment." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/877.

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This phenomenological study explored Black male law enforcement officers’ perspectives of how racial profiling shaped their decisions to explore and commit to a law enforcement career. Criterion and snow ball sampling was used to obtain the 17 participants for this study. Super’s (1990) archway model was used as the theoretical framework. The archway model “is designed to bring out the segmented but unified and developmental nature of career development, to highlight the segments, and to make their origin clear” (Super, 1990, p. 201). Interview data were analyzed using inductive, deductive, and comparative analyses. Three themes emerged from the inductive analysis of the data: (a) color and/or race does matter, (b) putting on the badge, and (c) too black to be blue and too blue to be black. The deductive analysis used a priori coding that was based on Super’s (1990) archway model. The deductive analysis revealed the participants’ career exploration was influenced by their knowledge of racial profiling and how others view them. The comparative analysis between the inductive themes and deductive findings found the theme “color and/or race does matter” was present in the relationships between and within all segments of Super’s (1990) model. The comparative analysis also revealed an expanded notion of self-concept for Black males – marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. Self-concepts, “such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, and role self-concepts, being combinations of traits ascribed to oneself” (Super, 1990, p. 202) do not completely address the self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals. The self-concept of marginalized and/or oppressed individuals is self-efficacy, self-esteem, traits ascribed to oneself expanded by their awareness of how others view them. (DuBois, 1995; Freire, 1970; Sheared, 1990; Super, 1990; Young, 1990). Ultimately, self-concept is utilized to make career and life decisions. Current human resource policies and practices do not take into consideration that negative police contact could be the result of racial profiling. Current human resource hiring guidelines penalize individuals who have had negative police contact. Therefore, racial profiling is a discriminatory act that can effectively circumvent U.S. Equal Employment Opportunities Commission laws and serve as a boundary mechanism to employment (Rocco & Gallagher, 2004).

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Colyer, Greg Warren. "Is capital punishment a deterrent to crime?" CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1999. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1720.

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Snyder, Celeste J. "Videotaped Interrogations: Does a Dual-Camera Perspective Produce Unbiased and Accurate Evaluations?" Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1187137203.

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Books on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Osipov, A. G., I︠U︡ A. Antonova та T. A. Vasilʹeva. Sozdanie pravovoĭ sredy dli︠a︡ zashchity ot diskriminat︠s︡ii po priznakam ėtnicheskoĭ prinadlezhnosti, pola i vozrasta: Kont︠s︡ept︠s︡ii razvitii︠a︡ rossiĭskogo zakonodatelʹstva. Novai︠a︡ i︠u︡stit︠s︡ii︠a︡, 2011.

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Racial profiling and discrimination: Your legal rights. Rosen Publishing, 2016.

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Les violences policières: État des recherches dans les pays anglo-saxons. L'Harmattan, 1999.

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Hanson-Harding, Alexandra. Are you being racially profiled? Enlsow Publishing, 2016.

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Shusta, Robert M. Multicultural law enforcement: Strategies for peacekeeping in a diverse society. 5th ed. Pearson Education/Prentice Hall, 2011.

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A matter of justice: Lesbians and gay men in law enforcement. Routledge, 1996.

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Racial justice at work: The enforcement of the Race Relations Act 1976 in Employment. Policy Studies Institute, 1991.

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McCrudden, Christopher. Racial justice at work: The enforcement of the Race Relations Act 1976 in employment. Policy Studies Institute, 1991.

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I've been racially profiled, now what? Rosen Pub., 2015.

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Carmen, Alejandro del. Racial profiling in America. Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Segev, Re’em. "Discrimination and Law Enforcement." In The Routledge Handbook of the Ethics of Discrimination. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315681634-32.

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Ukaigwe, Jerry. "Discrimination." In ECOWAS Law. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26233-8_13.

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Lockton, Deborah J. "Discrimination." In Employment Law. Macmillan Education UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08551-1_5.

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Lockton, Deborah J. "Discrimination." In Employment Law. Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15002-1_5.

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Charles, Barrow, and Lyon Ann. "Discrimination." In Modern Employment Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315713861-11.

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Storey, Tony, and Alexandra Pimor. "Discrimination law." In Unlocking EU Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203702185-18.

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Charles, Barrow, and Lyon Ann. "Disability discrimination." In Modern Employment Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315713861-12.

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Donohue, John J. "Anti-Discrimination Law." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2146-1.

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Donohue, John J. "Anti-Discrimination Law." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2146.

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Graham, Barbara L. "Workplace Discrimination." In Social Identity and the Law. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351067577-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Martinović, Adrijana. "APPLYING THE BURDEN OF PROOF RULES IN GENDER DISCRIMINATION CASES: THE CROATIAN EXPERIENCE." In PROCEDURAL ASPECTS OF EU LAW. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/6532.

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Rosaria Barbato, Maria, and Flávia Souza Máximo Pereira. "The pre-contractual discrimination towards different types of disabilities: the infra-discrimination during the choice of the employer." In XXVI World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Initia Via, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17931/ivr2013_sws110_07.

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Kirkham, Reuben. "Exploring the overlap between wearable computing and disability discrimination law." In British HCI 2015: 2015 British Human Computer Interaction Conference. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2783446.2783591.

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Rao Bin, Liu Yi, Xiao Shun-ping, and Wang Xue-song. "Conservation-law based discrimination method of exoatmosphere range false targets." In IET International Radar Conference 2009. IET, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0095.

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Prameswari, Zendy, and Dwi Kristianti. "Non-Discrimination Principle In The Indonesian Legislation Concerning Children." In International Conference on Law, Governance and Globalization 2017 (ICLGG 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclgg-17.2018.41.

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Nina Bernardes, Marcia. "Philosophical and jurisprudential issues on domestic violence and gender discrimination." In XXVI World Congress of Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. Initia Via, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.17931/ivr2013_sws118_01.

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Bublienė, Raimonda. "Internationalization and Multiple Discrimination: the Case of Employment Regulation." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.061.

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The article analyses European Union anti-discrimination law development in Member States and differences between protected grounds of discrimination. On this basis, the analysis covers recognition of the social complexity, internationalization and discrimination of foreigners for different grounds. The process of internationalization and migration, covering social, political, economical, cultural, legal processes, the non-discriminatory protection of a foreigner as a member of the society has become complicated, when attempting not to discriminate people arriving from the other countries and to have equal possibilities. The problems of discrimination are valid and significant for the civil society itself. The article also discusses the concept of multiple discrimination in European Union anti-discrimination law, legal regulation and protection against multiple discrimination in Europe and separate legal regulation of the Member States. This article argues that internationalization processes bring new approaches of interpretation of European Union employment equality law and contemporary challenges, introduces recent cases of equal treatment of employees during employment at private companies.

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Ibnu Syarif, Mujar. "Political Discrimination against Non-Muslims in Contemporary Indonesia." In 1st International Conference of Law and Justice - Good Governance and Human Rights in Muslim Countries: Experiences and Challenges (ICLJ 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iclj-17.2018.16.

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Firdausy, Adriana Grahani. "Measuring Human Rights Legal Resilience in the Context of Ethnic Anti-Discrimination: Study of Universalism or Cultural Relativism?" In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.019.

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Mokra, Lucia. "The Slovak Republic’s Positive Obligation Regarding Human Rights and Against Racial Discrimination." In The 7th International Scientific Conference of the Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/iscflul.7.2.18.

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Reports on the topic "Discrimination in law enforcemen"

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Idris, Iffat. LGBT Rights and Inclusion in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.067.

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This review looks at the extent to which LGBT rights are provided for under law in a range of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), and the record on implementation/enforcement, as well as approaches to promote LGBT rights and inclusion. SIDS covered are those in the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic-Indian Ocean-South China Sea (AIS) regions. The review draws on a mixture of grey literature (largely from international development agencies/NGOs), academic literature, and media reports. While the information on the legal situation of LGBT people in SIDS was readily available, there was far less evidence on approaches/programmes to promote LGBT rights/inclusion in these countries. However, the review did find a number of reports with recommendations for international development cooperation generally on LGBT issues. Denial of LGBT rights and discrimination against LGBT people is found to varying extents in all parts of the world. It is important that LGBT people have protection in law, in particular the right to have same-sex sexual relations; protection from discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation; and the right to gender identity/expression. Such rights are also provided for under international human rights conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, while the Sustainable Development Goals are based on the principle of ‘leave no one behind'.

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Mortimer, Julie Holland. Price Discrimination, Copyright Law, and Technological Innovation: Evidence from the Introduction of DVDs. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11676.

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S. Abdellatif, Omar. Localizing Human Rights SDGs: Ghana in context. Raisina House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52008/gh2021sdg.

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In September 2015, Ghana along all UN member states endorsed the Agenda 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as the cardinal agenda towards achieving a prosperous global future. The SDGs are strongly interdependent, making progress in all goals essential for a country’s achievement of sustainable development. While Ghana and other West African nations have exhibited significant economic and democratic development post-independence. The judiciary system and related legal frameworks, as well as the lack of rule law and political will for safeguarding the human rights of its citizens, falls short of considering violations against minorities. Will Ghana be able to localize human rights related SDGs, given that West African governments historically tended to promote internal security and stability at the expense of universal human rights? This paper focuses on evaluating the commitments made by Ghana towards achieving Agenda 2030, with a particular focus on the SDGs 10 and 16 relating to the promotion of reduced inequalities, peace, justice and accountable institutions. Moreover, this paper also analyzes legal instruments and state laws put in place post Ghana’s democratization in 1992 for the purpose of preventing discrimination and human rights violations in the nation. The article aims to highlight how Ghana’s post-independence political experience, the lack of rule of law, flaws in the judiciary system, and the weak public access to justice are obstacles to its effective localization of human rights SGDs. Those obstacles to Ghana’s compliance with SDGs 10 and 16 are outlined in this paper through a consideration of human rights violations faced by the Ghanaian Muslim and HIV minorities, poor prison conditions, limited public access to justice and the country’s failure to commit to international treaties on human rights. Keywords: Ghana, human rights, rule of law, security, Agenda 2030

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