Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria

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Academic literature on the topic 'Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Gil-Salmerón, Alejandro, Konstantinos Katsas, Elena Riza, Pania Karnaki, and Athena Linos. "Access to Healthcare for Migrant Patients in Europe: Healthcare Discrimination and Translation Services." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 7901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157901.

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Background: Discrimination based on ethnicity and the lack of translation services in healthcare have been identified as main barriers to healthcare access. However, the actual experiences of migrant patients in Europe are rarely present in the literature. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess healthcare discrimination as perceived by migrants themselves and the availability of translation services in the healthcare systems of Europe. Methods: A total of 1407 migrants in 10 European Union countries (consortium members of the Mig-HealthCare project) were surveyed concerning healthcare discrimination, access to healthcare services, and need of translation services using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Migrants in three countries were excluded from the analysis, due to small sample size, and the new sample consisted of N = 1294 migrants. Descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analyses were conducted to investigate the risk factors on perceived healthcare discrimination for migrants and refugees in the EU. Results: Mean age was 32 (±11) years and 816 (63.26%) participants were males. The majority came from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Nigeria, and Iran. Older migrants reported better treatment experience. Migrants in Italy (0.191; 95% CI [0.029, 0.352]) and Austria (0.167; 95% CI [0.012, 0.323]) scored higher in the Discrimination Scale to Medical Settings (DMS) compared with Spain. Additionally, migrants with better mental health scored lower in the DMS scale (0.994; 95% CI [0.993, 0.996]), while those with no legal permission in Greece tended to perceive more healthcare discrimination compared with migrants with some kind of permission (1.384; 95% CI [1.189, 1.611]), as opposed to Austria (0.763; 95% CI [0.632, 0.922]). Female migrants had higher odds of needing healthcare assistance but not being able to access them compared with males (1.613; 95% CI [1.183, 2.199]). Finally, migrants with chronic problems had the highest odds of needing and not having access to healthcare services compared with migrants who had other health problems (3.292; 95% CI [1.585, 6.837]). Conclusions: Development of culturally sensitive and linguistically diverse healthcare services should be one of the main aims of relevant health policies and strategies at the European level in order to respond to the unmet needs of the migrant population.
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Et. al., Suleiman Mohammed Saeed. "Socio-Economic Effects of HIV/AIDS on Households with People Living With HIV/AIDS in Northern Nigeria." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 3 (April 11, 2021): 5406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.2188.

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The purpose of this paper is to review the socio-economic effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) on households with People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Northern Nigeria. The pandemic is devastating and constitutes a serious threat to the socio-economic development of infected, affected, and society at large. This study was qualitative in nature, thus it utilized in-depth interviews to pull together information from the 39 key informants as its method. It is observed that HIV/AIDS occurrence rate has led to poor health, loss of jobs, and a high rate of labour reduction in all sectors, and this has contributed to the tremendous decline of the economy. This study discovered that increased expenses of households with PLWHA on financing funerals, healthcare, and other medical expenditures with decreased investment. Children emerging as head of the households and tasks of caring for orphans are increasingly inconsistent with many other studies. The pandemic has been a serious threat to the social and economic interests and survival of the households with PLWHA and their members. Many lives are lost due to the pandemic. The worst affected group is young people in their productive ages and by implication affects the socio-economic development of PLWHA, their households, and society at large. Thus, households with PLWHA experience numerous forms of stigma and prejudice together with human rights abuse that is detrimental to the total well-being of PLWHA. The dimensions of the stigma can be classified as internalized, community, and social-based. The patterns of managing the challenges of HIV/AIDS-related stigma adopted from the experience of households with PLWHA adopted include isolation, non-disclosure, and loss of follow-up as well as migration. The paper suggested that the government should come up with policies that can take care and support the socio-economic activities of households with PLWHA and also need to introduce policies and procedures for the reduction of stigma and discrimination against households with PLWHA and its members living with the epidemic. Households with PLWHA need to be assisted with medication subsidies to reduce medical expenses and stress on the households’ capitals among other recommendations.
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Fouskas, Theodoros. "Repercussions of precarious employment on migrants’ perceptions of healthcare in Greece." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2018): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-01-2018-0010.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cases of Bangladeshi, Filipina, Nigerian, Palestinian and Pakistani migrant workers and how the frame of their work and employment in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs affects their perceptions and practices regarding health and access to healthcare services. Design/methodology/approach Using qualitative research methodology, the analysis via in-depth interviews focuses on male Bangladeshi, Nigerian, Pakistani and Palestinian unskilled manual and textile laborers as well as street vendors, and female Filipina live-in domestic workers. Findings Migrants are entrapped in a context of isolative and exploitative working conditions, i.e., in unskilled labor, textile work, street-vending, personal services, care and domestic work, which lead them to adopt a self-perception in which healthcare and social protection are not a priority. Social implications Throughout the paper it has become clear that these precarious low-status/low-wage jobs have an important underside effect on migrants’ lives, intensifying labor and health instability and exposing migrants to employment-generating activities that do not guarantee health safety. In Greek society, the impact of migration on public health is characterized by many as a “time bomb ready to explode,” especially in urban centers. Meanwhile, the economy and particularly the informal sector of the labor market is benefiting from migrant workers. More research is needed as this mode of exploitative labor and precarious employment needs to be adequately addressed to mitigate barriers in the access of labor and healthcare rights. Originality/value Via its contribution to the sociology of migration with particular emphasis on labor healthcare, the paper provides evidence that due to their concentration in precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs migrant workers have very limited access to healthcare services. The removal of inequalities and discrimination against migrant workers in accessing healthcare services and medical care is a challenge for South European Union countries and particularly for Greece. However, in spite of this, there is no uniform policy in the management of migrants with respect to their access to health services. The paper will aid debates between policy makers and academics working on migration and inequalities due to the division of labor and health disparities, will contribute to the understanding of the perils attached to precarious, low-status/low-wage jobs and in addressing health inequalities effectively.
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Penner, Louis A., John F. Dovidio, Donald Edmondson, Rhonda K. Dailey, Tsveti Markova, Terrance L. Albrecht, and Samuel L. Gaertner. "The Experience of Discrimination and Black-White Health Disparities in Medical Care." Journal of Black Psychology 35, no. 2 (February 9, 2009): 180–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095798409333585.

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The current study of Black patients focuses on how discrimination contributes to racial disparities in health. The authors used a longitudinal methodology to study how perceived past discrimination affects reactions to medical interactions and adherence to physician recommendations. In addition, they explored whether these reactions and/or adherence mediate the relationship between discrimination and patients' health. The participants in this study were 156 Black patients of low socioeconomic status at a primary care clinic. Patients completed questionnaires on their current health, past adherence, and perceived past discrimination. Then, they saw a physician and rated their reactions to the visit. Four and 16 weeks later they reported on their adherence to physician recommendations and overall health. Perceived discrimination was significantly and negatively associated with patient health, reactions to the physician, and adherence. Path analyses indicated that adherence mediated the relationship between discrimination and patient health, but patient reactions to the interaction did not.
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Erinosho, Olayiwola A. "Health Care and Medical Technology in Nigeria: An Appraisal." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 7, no. 4 (1991): 545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300007108.

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AbstractThe objective of the study was to ascertain the extent of utilization of medical technologies (defined as equipment) used in various health care institutions in Nigeria. The study also investigated the factors accounting for use of and under- and nonutilization of this equipment. Sixteen major and minor health care institutions were surveyed. The outcomes of the study indicate that not less than a third of the equipment was out of order at the time of the study. A number of factors are responsible for nonutilization of this equipment. They include lack of infrastructural facilities such as piped water, storage, and power supply; poor handling by badly trained staff; and the low priority that is accorded to maintenance. The study leads to the important conclusion that the local culture is unable to sustain the technologies that are procured.
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Oloko, Olakunle, Olayinka Oladunjoye Ogunbode, Olumuyiwa Roberts, and Ayodele Olatunji Arowojolu. "Antenatal care visits’ absenteeism at a secondary care medical facility in Southwest Nigeria." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 36, no. 8 (September 10, 2016): 1026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2016.1188270.

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Fawibe, A. E., L. O. Odeigah, T. M. Akande, A. G. Salaudeen, and I. Olanrewaju. "Self-reported medical care seeking behaviour of doctors in Nigeria." Alexandria Journal of Medicine 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2016.04.003.

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Berniker, Jessamyn S. "Legal Implications of Discrimination in Medical Practice." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 28, no. 1 (2000): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2000.tb00322.x.

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Recent medical studies have indicated that medical professionals discriminate in their treatment practices on the basis of race and gender. Among the many concerns stemming from this realization are questions about the possibility of legal actions and the availability of individual compensation for the denial of equal care. By meeting legal evidentiary standards, the recent statistical data pointing to discriminatory trends have created the potential for legal recourse through Title VI of the Civil Rights Act which prohibits recipients of federal funding from treating people differently on the basis of race or national origin.
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Eyongndi, David Tarh-Akong. "An appraisal of HIV and Aids (Anti-Discrimination) Act, 2014 and the tide of employment discrimination in Nigeria." Africa Nazarene University Law Journal 8, no. 1 (2020): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/anulj/v8/i1a5.

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Subjecting employees or applicants to a medical test to determine whether they are fit for employment and so pre-empt any liability that the employer may suffer owing to the unfitness of the employer has become a prevalent practice. However, a trend has developed in terms of which employers subject employees to medical tests to use the outcome as a reason to discriminate against them and terminate their employment. Testing positive for HIV/AIDS is one such outcome where the status of the employee, despite their right to be free from discrimination, has been used to terminate their employment. This is the plight that persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLW HIV/AIDS) must suffer at the hands of employers as they were being discriminated against based on their health status even though it did not affect their ability to discharge their duties. This situation led to discontentment which developed into serious pressure to protect PLW HIV/AIDS. To address the phenomenon, the legislature enacted the HIV and AIDS (Anti-Discrimination) Act 2014. This article adopts the desk-based methodology in appraising the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination Act to determine the extent to which the Act has dealt with the quagmire of employment discrimination against PLW HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. It also considers the challenges confronting the implementation of the Act. The Anti-Discrimination Act has criminalised termination of employment on account of the HIV/AIDS status of an employee and prohibits other forms of discrimination sequel to the status. The article concludes by making vital recommendations on how to implement the Act in a way that strikes a balance between curbing discrimination while promoting the employer’s business.
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Ayo Deji, Samson, Eyitope Oluseyi Amu, Paul Oladapo Ajayi, and Taiwo Samuel Ogunleye. "Preference for Traditional Medical Care to Orthodox Medical Care Among Secondary School Students in Rural Area of Nigeria." European Journal of Preventive Medicine 9, no. 1 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ejpm.20210901.13.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Nnajiofor, Chinyere Fidelia. "HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma and Discrimination Toward Women Living With HIV/AIDS in Enugu, Nigeria." Thesis, Walden University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10143549.

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HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination (S&D), lack of social support, poverty, and gender inequalities have been identified as factors in the increased prevalence rate of HIV transmission in Enugu, Nigeria, especially among women ages 15 to 49 years. Despite the funding of reduction programs, HIV/AIDS-related S&D remain a major driving force in the increased rate of new HIV cases in Enugu. This study addressed a perceived need for behavioral change intervention approaches that span all societal factors to reduce the HIV infection rate in Enugu Nigeria. The study was guided by Goffman’s (1963) social S&D theory. The sample was composed of 132 women living with HIV/AIDS WLWHA ages 21 to 54 years, purposefully sampled from the 4 HIV and AIDS comprehensive initiatives care centers in Enugu, Nigeria. Fifteen WLWHA were interviewed and 114 participated in an online survey. The descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression analysis and comparison revealed a convergent significant relationship between the S&D determinants (social, political, psychological, environmental, and cultural) and HIV/AIDS-related S&D towards WLWHA in Enugu F (4,109) = 45.09, p <.001). It also revealed that the cultural determinant of S&D was a significant predictor of HIV/AIDS-related S&D towards WLWHA in Enugu (? = 0.81, p < 0.001). The implications for positive social change include providing public health professionals evidence-based data to inform policy change, plan and to implement programs that will change societal attitudes and mobilize broad-based community actions to eradicate HIV/AIDS–related S&D toward WLWHA in Enugu, Nigeria, and in Sub-Saharan African Countries.

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Blanchard, Janice C. "Discrimination and health care utilization." Santa Monica, CA : RAND, 2006. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD198/.

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Mokoboto, Dipalesa. "The impact of dual loyalty on health care practitioners' decisions." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76725.

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While ethical codes have been established for practitioners, there is a possibility that dual loyalty affects occupational medical practitioners’ (OMPs) decisions in determining fitness status of employees. Literature indicates dual loyalty of OMPs leads to ethical dilemmas. The study’s main objective is to determine if dual loyalty participates in OMPs’ decisions and influences OMPs to breach medical ethics required in their profession, resulting in employees unfairly losing their jobs. The study interrogates literature review on dual loyalty and adopts a multi-layered approach focussing on the Constitution; relevant Acts and guidelines; case law and ethical principles. Case studies from the Medical Inspector’s archives are interrogated to determine the influence dual loyalty has on OMPs’ decision-making. Case law indicates that conflict of interest is the source of dual loyalty. Occupational medical practitioners have fiduciary duties and need to serve the best interests of the employees. From case studies discussed, the study shows that OMPs are affected by dual loyalty and tend to disregard medical ethics. They may be conflicted when making decisions concerning employees’ fitness to work, especially when individualised assessments are not conducted. A guideline addressing ethical obligations and human rights should be drafted for OMPs, guiding them on dealing with dual loyalty. Employers will need awareness training in various institutions so that OMPs are supported and encouraged to have sound medical ethics. This will promote best practice in doctor-patient relationships, avoiding dual loyalty dilemmas.
Mini Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Public Law
MPhil
Unrestricted
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Sinclair, Andrew James, and n/a. "The primary health care experiences of gay men in Australia." Swinburne University of Technology, 2006. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060713.084655.

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The present research, consisting of two studies, was designed to examine the primary health care experiences of gay men in Australia and assess doctors? attitudes and training with regard to gay men and their health care. In the first study, 195 gay men were surveyed regarding their health issues and their primary health care experiences. The most important health concerns of gay men were stress and depression followed by HIV/AIDS, body image disorder and other sexually transmissible infections. Including those participants who were unsure, approximately one-half reported experiencing homophobia and almost one?quarter reported experiencing discrimination in the provision of health care. Despite this, respondents were generally satisfied with their primary health care, although respondents felt that all GPs should receive additional undergraduate medical education regarding gay men?s health. In the second study, 25 doctors (13 gay specialists and 12 non-gay specialists) were surveyed regarding their knowledge of gay men?s health and their comfort working with gay men. Non-gay specialist GPs were less comfortable treating gay men, reported poorer communication and were more homophobic than their gay specialist counterparts. Further, doctors perceived their medical education regarding gay men?s health has been inadequate. Together, the results of the two current studies suggest that disclosure of sexuality is an important issue for both gay men and doctors, and has the potential to impact on the quality of health care that gay men receive. In order to improve the level of disclosure, the pervasiveness of homophobia and discrimination in primary health care must be reduced. Finally, the results indicate that medical education must be updated to reflect current knowledge regarding the health issues of gay men. Failure to address these issues will condemn gay men to continued health inequality.
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Prempreeda, Pramoj Na Ayutthaya Pimpawun Boonmongkon. "Fluidity of Thai queer sexualities and their experiences of accessing sexual health care /." Abstract, 2007. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2550/cd400/4838738.pdf.

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Adindu, Anthonia U. "The effect of incongruity on quality of health information systems : Bama, Nigeria PHC case study." Thesis, University of Hull, 1995. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3692.

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Generally, organisations mobilise information from varying sources on which policies, plans, objectives and organisational management are predicated. indeed, everyone within organisation needs information to perform tasks, it is thus indispensable and its use so pervasive that a methodical approach for collection and processing is imperative. In health care organisations, involved with people and life, this is even of greater significance, in many instances allowable margin of error is narrow and can be devastating.Accurate and reliable information in clinical care for example cannot be compromised.On the other hand, adequate assessment of health services quality,effectiveness and efficiency depends on quality of information generated by the system, that is, accurate, relevant, timely, understandable and complete information. To achieve this, appropriate system design and operation is essential. Adoption of primary health care (PHC), in many developing countries in response to the Global 2000, necessitated establishment of chanisms for monitoring and evaluating effectiveness of services and programmes.Accordingly, in 1986 PHC was adopted in Nigeria, concomitantly, system monitoring and evaluation or the PHC Management Information System was effexted.The information system was envisaged to ameliorate the lack of reliable health information that has persisted since nception of modern health services in Nigeria. Findings in this and other studies indicate that existing health information systems have failed to provide accurate and reliable information, systems of data generation and processing are ineffective.The aim of this was to identify and understand factors that have contributed to the seemingly intractable and insalubrious information problem within the Nigerian health care system. It would be a herculean task for a lone researcher to undertake study of the entire health system, within resource and time limitations, data collection was therefore narrowed to the PHC level. Quality of the PHC management information system was assessed, with Bama Local Government as a case study. Focus was on understanding the information system's structure from a broad perspective to include, policies, objectives,established procedures; physical, material and human resources, in terms of their quality and quantity.Data collection was carried out using both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The structure, process and outcome models provided a framework for in-depth data collection, through observation, interview, review of records and administration of questionnaire, as well as for organisation and analysis of research data. The PHC MIS was followed through, from the village, health facility, local government, state and national levels.Study results suggest general ineffectiveness due to pervasive incongruity in the information system. In the first instance design of the MIS did not reflect information needs of community health workers and the community in general,who to the most part limited appreciation of the MIS structure, objectives to be achieved. Local and regional information need was not delineated, data collected had little relevance to local information needs, resource for systems operation was abysmal, skilled personnel and training provided severely inadequate.Consequently, data collection and processing was hampered, information produced often inaccurate, untimely, immense, irrelevant and unreliable. Data collected were neither analysed nor utilised. The information system was short of being integrated since 60% of functional units within the PHC department as well as related health organisations in the community ran parallel information systems.Research data point to serious incongruity in the organisation and management of the information system. Incongruity that resulted from factors within the organisation as well derived from events within the wider social environment, which however culminated in an effective and dysfunctional information system.Chapters one to three of the thesis deal with conceptual issues related to management information systems, organisational design and quality respectively. In chapter four methodological issues surrounding data collection were discussed. Empirical data and analysis are presented are presented in chapters five to seven. In chapter eight, an attempt was made to develop a model of organisational incongruity, applied to explicate research findings.Chapter nine focuses on measures toward establishment of an effective PHC information system in Nigeria, contributions of this study and suggestions for future research.
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Eze, Patience. "Chronic Kidney Disease Awareness and Quality of Care in Abuja Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4054.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable progressive disease that can lead to kidney failure or end-stage renal disease. In Nigeria, many people do not have access to health care due to extreme poverty, which means that those suffering from diabetes or high blood pressure, or both diseases, which have been identified as the 2 main risk factors, may not know their health status. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the level of CKD awareness among Nigerians and if cultural beliefs affect individuals' health seeking behaviors because of the diverse nature of the Nigerian population. The protection motivation theory provided the framework for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 14 participants, and data analysis included traditional coding. Findings indicated that CKD awareness in Nigeria is low. The social change implication is that the findings may be used to increase awareness of the CKD mortality and morbidity rate in Nigeria to facilitate the development and implementation of health policies that could lower the morbidity and mortality rate of CKD.
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Smith, Caroline Kristine. "Racial Disparities in a State Based Workers' Compensation System." PDXScholar, 2019. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4831.

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Racial, ethnic, and linguistic minority workers suffer higher rates of work-related injuries and illnesses in the United States compared to their White counterparts. Explanations for these higher rates include potential socioeconomic causes (education, income, and wealth) and occupational segregation into more dangerous occupations. What is less studied are the post-injury sequelae for minority workers, which is their experiences in the workers' compensation system, as well as their health and return to paid employment. What is known comes primarily from qualitative literature, which includes themes of racial discrimination (from employers, health care providers, and workers' compensation employees), a lack of information on how to navigate the workers' compensation system, and linguistically inappropriate communication with those whose first language is not the majority language. In addition, qualitative studies have found differences in the treatment of minority workers, delays in receiving partial wage payments, and worse health outcomes. Most studies examining minority workers in the workers' compensation system have not provided a theoretical framework from which to test hypotheses as to why differences exist in a social insurance system based on race, ethnicity, and language. The purpose of this dissertation was to test the role of racial discrimination in creating worse post-injury workers' compensation outcomes for minorities, compared to English speaking Whites. This dissertation utilized fundamental cause theory to frame the hypotheses and analyses in a cross-sectional investigation of differences in workers' compensation system outcomes, using both administrative data from the workers' compensation agency, as well as survey responses from a sample of 488 injured workers in Washington State. The survey, conducted by Washington State University Social and Economic Science Research Center (SESRC), provided many variables not available in the WC administrative data including measures of perceived racial discrimination to test the hypotheses that racial discrimination is a fundamental cause of worse workers' compensation outcomes for minorities. Fundamental cause theory suggests that there are basic or fundamental reasons for health disparities that are not caused by mechanisms linking the fundamental cause with a health outcome; in fact, these mechanisms can and do change, but the relationship between the primary cause and the health disparity outcome will remain. In addition, a fundamental cause affects multiple outcomes via multiple mechanisms. Access to resources such as income, wealth, prestige, knowledge, and beneficial social connections can reduce the impact of a disease once it occurs. The analytic chapters in this dissertation are organized first, to address racial discrimination in health care provider outcomes; second, to address racial discrimination in workers' compensation agency outcomes; and third, to address the role of pre-injury racial discrimination in post-injury return to work outcomes. Racial discrimination was tested in this dissertation as the fundamental cause of health-care provider disparities in timeliness of follow-up care, adequacy of care, and patient satisfaction. Racial discrimination was tested in the workers' compensation agency as the fundamental cause of administrative delays and difficulties: delays in diagnostic approval and wage replacement payments, as well as language appropriate communication, and higher counts of independent medical exams. Racial discrimination was also tested as the fundamental cause of poor return-to-work outcomes (feeling a worker returned to work too early and overall general health). Workplace support, as a possible resource (social connection), was tested as a mediator in the relationship between racial discrimination and workplace outcomes. Due to the survey nature of the study design, replicate weights were calculated based upon information available in both the surveyed and not-surveyed population to account for non-response bias, and all analyses were bootstrapped using Stata survey software. The results support the role of racial discrimination as a fundamental cause of outcomes for hypotheses in the workers' compensation agency with clear differences in delays for diagnostic services, a higher number of independent medical exams, as well as linguistically inappropriate communication for language minorities. Racial discrimination (prior to injury) was found to be significant in overall general health for minority workers, and for feeling they had returned to work too early. Workplace support (a potential social resource), was found to mitigate the role of racial discrimination in the workplace return-to-work outcomes. This study is an initial effort to examine racial discrimination as a fundamental cause of disparities in occupational health after an injury. As the majority of adults will spend one-fifth to one-third of their lives in paid employment, the ability to heal and return to full and active employment after a work-related injury is critical to ones' self-worth, as well as to the economic stability of individuals, families, and societies. If racial, ethnic, and language minorities suffer worse outcomes in their post-injury sequelae, these results will have long-lasting implications in any quest for a more equitable society.
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Gidado, Mustapha. "Assessment of Tuberculosis Underreporting by Level of Reporting System in Lagos, Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7543.

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Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease. Unfortunately, 4.1 million cases were missed in 2017 globally, and Nigeria contributes 9% of the missing TB cases. At least 73% of the estimated TB cases in Nigeria were not reported in 2017 to the National TB Program (NTP); therefore, the true burden of TB was not certain, and this affected planning for prevention and control of TB. This quantitative secondary data analysis (NTP Lagos TB Inventory study database) guided by the integrated behavioral model assessed TB underreporting based on the TB reporting process in Nigeria. Chi-square and binomial logistic regression were used to assess the association between TB underreporting and the characteristics of health facilities (HFs), health workers' (HWs) awareness, barriers to TB reporting, and patient-related factors. The results indicate at least 60% of all HFs underreported TB, with an average of 7.4% underreporting between HFs records and TB program reports. There was a statistically significant association between NTP nonengaged health facilities (χ2 (1) = 20.547, p <.05), HWs' awareness of TB reporting (χ2 (1) = 6.576, p <.05), and barriers for TB reporting (χ2 (1) = 4.106, p < .05) with TB underreporting. The following patient factors were statistically significant predictors of TB underreporting with over 50% increased odds, p<0.05: previously treated, extrapulmonary, unknown TB site, HIV negative, and HIV unknown. This study supports social change through NTPs ensuring the establishment of a coordinating mechanism for TB reporting within and between HFs and supply of TB reporting tools to all HFs to know the true burden of TB for better planning and monitoring of quality care for TB patients.
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Slade, Catherine Putnam. "Does patient-centered care affect racial disparities in health?" Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22569.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Robert J. Eger III, Ph.D.; Committee Member: Christopher M. Weible, Ph.D.; Committee Member: Gregory B. Lewis, Ph.D.; Committee Member: Monica M. Gaughan, Ph.D.; Committee Member: Valerie A. Hepburn, Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Environment of health care services in Nigeria. Lagos: Harrington Pub., 2000.

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Kalagbor, Sam B. Health administration in Nigeria: A functional perspective. Port Harcourt, Nigeria: Horizon Concepts, 2004.

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Environment, United States Congress House Committee on Commerce Subcommittee on Health and the. The Health Care Fairness Act of 1999: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health and Environment of the Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, May 11, 2000. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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McGibbon, Elizabeth Anne. Anti-racist health care practice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2009.

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1965-, Etowa Josephine B., ed. Anti-racist health care practice. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press, 2009.

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Nelson, Alondra. Body and Soul: The Black Panther Party and the Fight against Medical Discrimination. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011.

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Essentials of health insurance: With particular reference to Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 2007.

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Aizer, Anna. Access to care, provider choice and racial disparities. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004.

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Eze, Osita C. Study on the right to health in Nigeria. Lagos: Shelter Rights Initiative, 1998.

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Health Care Fairness Act of 2000: Report (to accompany H.R. 3250) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). [Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Parmar, Ankush, Tanzeer Kaur, and Shweta Sharma. "Advances in Clinical Diagnosis of Tuberculosis." In Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care, 66–90. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0307-2.ch004.

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Tuberculosis (TB) holds a central and deadly platform around the globe, affecting mankind with around one-third of the world being affected by latent TB. TB progresses in the body through inhalation process and has a critical discrimination in terms of affecting individuals depending upon age, sex, socio-economic status, and even the stature of nation (developed or developing). The biggest challenge in TB management is accurate, direct, early diagnosis, and an ability to differentiate the type of mycobacterium. The most common and reliable direct methods include tuberculosis skin test (TST), smear microscopy, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), and immuno-chromatographic-based methods. However, culturing the specimen on a mycobacterium specific media is considered the ‘gold standard' for diagnosis of TB by the WHO. Mycobacterium cultures are used extensively for bacilli differentiation and also for predicting drug susceptibility testing in multi-drug-resistant TB. This chapter discusses the merits and demerits of many approaches to distinguish and identify the type of mycobacterium.
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Biram, Richard. "Elderly Care Law." In A Medic's Guide to Essential Legal Matters, 99–112. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749851.003.0008.

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The Royal College of Physicians describes geriatric medicine as a branch of general medicine that is concerned with the clinical, preventative, remedial, and social aspects of illness in older age. The constellation of medical problems encountered by the elderly patient requires a holistic, team-based approach to care, utilizing a process known as the ‘comprehensive geriatric assessment’. This is an evidence-based approach to the assessment and treatment of older adults, which returns more patients to their own homes, and reduces inpatient mortality compared with standard ward care. Legal issues in the care of older adults are essentially the same as in younger adults. However, some areas that feature more frequently in the care of the elderly, which are considered further in this chapter, are age discrimination, elder abuse, safeguarding of vulnerable adults, deprivation of liberty, and the regulations related to driving in the elderly population.
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Véliz, Carissa. "Medical Privacy and Big Data." In Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law, 306–19. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796558.003.0022.

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This chapter explores the challenge that big data brings to medical privacy. Big data promises to significantly enhance the power of medicine to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. With this promise, however, come significant privacy risks to data subjects who could suffer unfair discrimination, exposure, extortion, and limited access to health care. To minimize these risks, inappropriate uses of data should be outlawed, and consent must be sought from data subjects, even if it is a limited form of consent such as tiered consent or consent from a data trust. Bad data practices should be made illegal, corporations managing sensitive data ought to respect fiduciary duties and confidentiality, as well as implement the best possible security protocols, and periodically delete data. Regulation must ensure that private companies do not monopolize medical data. I argue that the most effective way of protecting people from suffering unfair medical consequences is by having a public universal health-care system.
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Adeleke, Ibrahim Taiwo, and Qudrotullaah Bolanle Suleiman Abdul. "Opinions on Cyber Security, Electronic Health Records, and Medical Confidentiality." In Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice, 199–211. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1090-2.ch012.

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IoMT has helped to improve health safety and care of billions of people and at least, health-related parameters can now be monitored from home in real time. This chapter deployed a cross-sectional design to determine perceptions of Nigerian healthcare providers toward medical confidentiality and cyber security in the wake of electronic health records and IoMT. Participants' opinions on the workings of EHRs in Nigeria include: security of health records (79.4%); aiding effective healthcare data backup (88.2%); enhancement of medical confidentiality (89.2%); speeding up documentation process (93.1%); and that EHRs will generally bring about positive changes in the country healthcare system. Nearly a third (31.4%) of participants have heard about audit trail, which they admitted (43.1%) have the capabilities to facilitate effective medical confidentiality. Healthcare providers in Nigeria have some concerns over security of patient health information on the Cloud, but are hopeful of the workability of IoMT for its promises to improve healthcare quality.
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Goforth, Harold W., and Sami Khalife. "Settings and Models of AIDS Psychiatric Care." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0005.

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From primary prevention to end-of-life care, AIDS psychiatry can make significant contributions to preventing risk behaviors and HIV transmission, mitigating suffering, and improving adherence to risk reduction and medical care. Early in the epidemic, stigma and discrimination magnified suffering and excluded persons known to have HIV and AIDS from many settings in the United States and throughout the world. Such treatment of persons with AIDS was described (Cohen, 1989) as a new form of discrimination called “AIDSism.” As we approach the end of the third decade of the HIV pandemic, in most countries education, training, and experience have mitigated AIDSism, and persons with HIV and AIDS are now seen in varieties of medical and nonmedical settings. The multimorbid medical and psychiatric illnesses associated with HIV infection have complicated the care of persons with HIV and AIDS. A primary care guideline for the care of persons with HIV is available in print (Aberg et al., 2009) and online and is updated regularly at: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/page/cid/IDSAguidelines.html. AIDS psychiatrists, psychosomatic medicine psychiatrists, as well as child, adult, and geriatric psychiatrists and other mental health professionals are in a unique position to intervene and provide both preventive and treatment interventions for children, adolescents, and adults who are vulnerable to, infected with, or affected by HIV infection. Psychiatrists generally make long-term and trusting relationships with their patients and take complete histories including sexual histories and substance use histories. Primary physicians, pediatricians, obstetricians, and HIV specialists as well as parents and teachers may also have unique opportunities to intervene throughout the life cycle. In this chapter, we provide a list of settings where educational opportunities abound and can lead to an improved understanding of how to prevent HIV transmission. These settings are summarized in Table 1.1. Since a full description of every setting with potential for intervention is beyond the scope of this chapter, we provide more specific descriptions of settings where providing education and easy access to testing, condoms, and drug and alcohol treatment can be therapeutic and lifesaving.
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Louis, Bertin M. "Oliver Osborne." In The Second Generation of African American Pioneers in Anthropology, 165–73. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042027.003.0012.

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Osborne developed an interest in the burgeoning anthropological subdiscipline of medical anthropology and conducted his dissertation research in Nigeria, focusing on traditional African health care systems and their relationship to Western biomedical systems. Osborne studied in the Nigerian village of Ibara Orile and explored how Yoruba villages serve as therapeutic communities for the mentally ill. His research interests brought him back to Nigeria several times, and during one of these visits his Yoruba research consultants made him Chief Adila of Ibara, associating his visits with preserving peace during times of violent unrest.
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Jecker, Nancy S. "Ageism." In Ending Midlife Bias, 239–74. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190949075.003.0009.

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Chapter 9 explores how ageism and midlife bias find expression in allocating life-saving medical care, selecting subjects for clinical trials, and mandating retirement. Subtle expressions of ageism and midlife bias include epistemic justice, internalized ageism, and elderspeak. Around the globe, ageism is not always directed to older people. We review and rebut the chief arguments for old age-based discrimination, including fair innings, cost-benefit analysis, and complete lives egalitarianism. We raise concerns about using age as a proxy, which can foster ageist attitudes. We show that a common form ageism takes is facially neutral policies that systematically disadvantage older adults. The chapter examines “the puzzle of age discrimination,” which is the tendency to oppose race and sex discrimination more strongly than age discrimination and argues that this tendency is unjustified. We rebut age discrimination by appealing to justice between generations, fair subject selection, and respect for dignity.
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Szewczak, Edward J. "Medical Privacy and the National Health Information Network Initiative." In Encyclopedia of Healthcare Information Systems, 866–72. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-889-5.ch108.

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Traditionally medical data were typically collected and stored as records in physician’s offices and in hospitals. Often the data were recorded manually and retrieved manually. Today collection and retrieval of medical data is increasingly done using information technology (IT). The introduction of IT, especially e-technologies, has changed the handling of medical data in ways that are both promising for improving health care as well as threatening to the individual patient’s medical privacy. This article will examine medical privacy and the National Health Information Network (Kaushal, et al., 2005) initiative. Other technologies such as Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID), voice over IP (VOIP) and telemedicine, while relevant to the topic of medical privacy and IT, are tangential to the more central issues of electronic health records, medical databases, and the development of a national health information network. Although the focus will be on medical privacy in the United States of America, it is evident that people in other countries are also concerned about their medical privacy. Singaporeans, especially Malays, worry that their medical histories may result in racial discrimination. In the area of medical research, the Chinese and Indians want their medical information confined only to the area of study that was originally agreed to and not disseminated widely (Tan, 2006).
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M. Uchejeso, Obeta, Nkereuwem S. Etukudoh, Mantu E. Chongs, and Dan M. Ime. "Challenges of Inter-Professional Teamwork in Nigerian Healthcare." In Interpersonal Relationships [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95414.

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Inter-professional teamwork in government owned hospitals and various healthcare institutions involving various Professionals such as Doctors, Pharmacists, Medical Laboratory Scientists, Medical Laboratory Technicians, Medical Laboratory Assistants, Nurses, Physiotherapists, Radiographers, Health Information Officers, Human Resources Managers, etc. is becoming a challenge leading to various strikes and labour protests in Nigeria. The patients and family relatives and host communities of such health institutions are becoming uncomfortable with quality of care due to inter-professional discord. This needs a critical discussion towards solving/looking into the challenges such as Personality differences, Health Leadership and Hierarchy, Disruptive behaviors, Culture and ethnicity, Generational differences, Gender, Historical inter-professional and intra-professional education, Fears of diluted professional identification, Differences in accountability, payment and rewards, Concerns regarding clinical roles and responsibilities, Complexity of care, Emphasis of rapid decision making, Service timing, with Associations and Unions. The exploration would provide solutions for better teamwork practice and improved patients care.
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Pinaire, Jessica, Etienne Chabert, Jérôme Azé, Sandra Bringay, Pascal Poncelet, and Paul Landais. "Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality from Administrative Data: A Sequential Pattern Mining Approach." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210167.

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Study of trajectory of care is attractive for predicting medical outcome. Models based on machine learning (ML) techniques have proven their efficiency for sequence prediction modeling compared to other models. Introducing pattern mining techniques contributed to reduce model complexity. In this respect, we explored methods for medical events’ prediction based on the extraction of sets of relevant event sequences of a national hospital discharge database. It is illustrated to predict the risk of in-hospital mortality in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We mined sequential patterns from the French Hospital Discharge Database. We compared several predictive models using a text string distance to measure the similarity between patients’ patterns of care. We computed combinations of similarity measurements and ML models commonly used. A Support Vector Machine model coupled with edit-based distance appeared as the most effective model. Indeed discrimination ranged from 0.71 to 0.99, together with a good overall accuracy. Thus, sequential patterns mining appear motivating for event prediction in medical settings as described here for ACS.
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Conference papers on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Powell, Patrick, Isa Abdulkadir, Tina M. Slusher, Katie Satrom, and Gary DeWitt. "Smartphone Enabled Phototherapy Irradiance Meter for the Care of the Jaundiced Neonates in Low-Resource Regions." In 2020 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2020-9040.

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Abstract Smartphones have become near ubiquitous on the global stage placing the power of both computational analytics and communication into the hands of users in both high and low-resource regions alike. The potential to leverage these devices to address inequities in healthcare are enormous. Our development team theorizes that we can create a medical device blending a traditional pediatric phototherapy irradiance meter for the treatment of neonatal jaundice with a mobile smartphone to create a reasonably priced irradiance meter with improved performance specifically for low-resource regions. The result of our work is a minimum viable prototype based on an Android operating system tethered wirelessly to a remote sensor that incorporates a clinical training feature. Based on laboratory tests simulating a clinical environment and field testing in Northern Nigeria, the results were equivalent to standard phototherapy meters with additional expected benefits of cost, mobility, access and clinical training.
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Aziz, Ayesha, and Nashi Khan. "PERCEPTIONS PERTAINING TO STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION ABOUT DEPRESSION: A FOCUS GROUP STUDY OF PRIMARY CARE STAFF." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact013.

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"The present study was conducted to explore the perception and views of primary care staff about Depression related Stigma and Discrimination. The Basic Qualitative Research Design was employed and an In-Depth Semi-Structured Discussion Guide consisted of 7 question was developed on the domains of Pryor and Reeder Model of Stigma and Discrimination such as Self-Stigma, Stigma by Association, Structural Stigma and Institutional Stigma, to investigate the phenomenon. Initially, Field Test and Pilot study were conducted to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of Focus Group Discussion Guide in relation to phenomena under investigation. The suggestions were incorporated in the final Discussion Guide and Focus Group was employed as a data collection measure for the conduction of the main study. A purposive sampling was employed to selected a sample of Primary Care Staff (Psychiatrists, Medical Officers, Clinical Psychologists and Psychiatric Nurses) to elicit the meaningful information. The participants were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry of Pakistan Medical and Dental Council (PMDC) recognized Private and Public Sector hospitals of Lahore, having experience of 3 years or more in dealing with patients diagnosed with Depression. However, for Medical Officers, the experience was restricted to less than one year based on their rotation. To maintain equal voices in the Focus Group, 12 participants were approached (3 Psychiatrist, 3 Clinical Psychologists, 3 Medical Officers and 3 Psychiatric Nurses) but total 8 participants (2 Psychiatrists, 2 Medical Officers, 3 Clinical Psychologists And 1 Psychiatric Nurse) participated in the Focus Group. The Focus Group was conducted with the help of Assistant Moderator, for an approximate duration of 90 minutes at the setting according to the ease of the participants. Further, it was audio recorded and transcribed for the analysis. The Braun and Clarke Reflexive Thematic Analysis was diligently followed through a series of six steps such as Familiarization with the Data, Coding, Generating Initial Themes, Reviewing Themes, Defining and Naming Themes. The findings highlighted two main themes i.e., Determining Factors of Mental Health Disparity and Improving Treatment Regimen: Making Consultancy Meaningful. The first theme was centered upon three subthemes such as Lack of Mental Health Literacy, Detached Attachment and Components of Stigma and Discrimination. The second theme included Establishing Contact and Providing Psychoeducation as a subtheme. The results manifested the need for awareness-based Stigma reduction intervention for Primary Care Staff aims to provide training in Psychoeducation and normalization to reduce Depression related Stigma and Discrimination among patients diagnosed with Depression."
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Vlašković, Veljko. "OSVRT NA PRAVA DECE SA INVALIDITETOM SA TEŽIŠTEM NA PRISTUP ZDRAVSTVENIM USLUGAMA." In XVII majsko savetovanje. Pravni fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/uvp21.569v.

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It is no coincidence that the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is the first international human rights treaty in the 21st century. The Convention seeks to amend the social and legal status of persons with disabilities, including children, in a revolutionary way. The main goal is to remove social barriers by adopting a social model of disability in recognizing and exercising the human rights of persons with disabilities on an equal basis with other persons. Therefore, it is understandable that the rules of earlier international human rights treaties, such as the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child or the European Convention on Human Rights, are beginning to be directly adjusted to the this Convention. From the aspect of recognition and exercising of the rights of children with disabilities, the issue of accessibility to health care services is especially important. It insists on the application of the principles of reasonable accommodation, accessibility and non-discrimination so that children with disabilities have access to health care facilities on an equal basis with other children. This implies significant involvement of the state, local community and family in order to remove social and infrastructural barriers. Furthermore, the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities calls for an absolute ban on the forced detention and placement of children in health care facilities, while there is a very negative attitude towards the care of children with disabilities in social protection institutions. In this regard, an amendment to the domestic Law on the Protection of Persons with Mental Disabilities is required. According to the social model of disability, the family environment with the appropriate and effective support of the local community is a necessary environment for the realization of the rights of children with disabilities. When it comes to the consent of a child with a disability to a medical treatment, it is necessary to determine the child's capability to form views, as in the case of other children. In that sense, the mentioned child should be provided with appropriate assistance and support to express his / her views. This support consists primarily in the way in which the child is informed about the proposed medical treatment.
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Lee, Yuk Yee Karen, and Kin Yin Li. "THE LANDSCAPE OF ONE BREAST: EMPOWERING BREAST CANCER SURVIVORS THROUGH DEVELOPING A TRANSDISCIPLINARY INTERVENTION FRAMEWORK IN A JIANGMEN BREAST CANCER HOSPITAL IN CHINA." In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact003.

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"Breast cancer is a major concern in women’s health in Mainland China. Literatures demonstrates that women with breast cancer (WBC) need to pay much effort into resisting stigma and the impact of treatment side-effects; they suffer from overwhelming consequences due to bodily disfigurement and all these experiences will be unbeneficial for their mental and sexual health. However, related studies in this area are rare in China. The objectives of this study are 1) To understand WBC’s treatment experiences, 2) To understand what kinds of support should be contained in a transdisciplinary intervention framework (TIP) for Chinese WBC through the lens that is sensitive to gender, societal, cultural and practical experience. In this study, the feminist participatory action research (FPAR) approach containing the four cyclical processes of action research was adopted. WBC’s stories were collected through oral history, group materials such as drawings, theme songs, poetry, handicraft, storytelling, and public speech content; research team members and peer counselors were involved in the development of the model. This study revealed that WBC faces difficulties returning to the job market and discrimination, oppression and gender stereotypes are commonly found in the whole treatment process. WBC suffered from structural stigma, public stigma, and self-stigma. The research findings revealed that forming a critical timeline for intervention is essential, including stage 1: Stage of suspected breast cancer (SS), stage 2: Stage of diagnosis (SD), stage 3: Stage of treatment and prognosis (ST), and stage 4: Stage of rehabilitation and integration (SRI). Risk factors for coping with breast cancer are treatment side effects, changes to body image, fear of being stigmatized both in social networks and the job market, and lack of personal care during hospitalization. Protective factors for coping with breast cancer are the support of health professionals, spouses, and peers with the same experience, enhancing coping strategies, and reduction of symptom distress; all these are crucial to enhance resistance when fighting breast cancer. Benefit finding is crucial for WBC to rebuild their self-respect and identity. Collaboration is essential between 1) Health and medical care, 2) Medical social work, 3) Peer counselor network, and 4) self-help organization to form the TIF for quality care. The research findings are crucial for China Health Bureau to develop medical social services through a lens that is sensitive to gender, societal, cultural, and practical experiences of breast cancer survivors and their families."
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Reports on the topic "Discrimination in medical care – Nigeria"

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Gomez, Scarlett L. Impact of Institutional - and Individual - Level Discrimination on Medical Care and Quality of Life Among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada491114.

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Gomez, Scarlett L. Impact of Institutional - and Individual - Level Discrimination on Medical Care & Quality of Life Among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542282.

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Gomez, Scarlett L. Impact of Institutional - and Individual -Level Discrimination on Medical Care & Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada516473.

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Gomez, Scarlett L. Impact of Institutional - and Individual - Level Discrimination on Medical Care & Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada581259.

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Gomez, Scarlett. Impact of Institutional- and Individual-Level Discrimination on Medical Care and Quality of Life among Breast Cancer Survivors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada549841.

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