Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrimination in sports

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Discrimination in sports'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

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Yan, Jixin. "Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination in Sports and Esports Industry: A Systemic Review of Causes and Statistics." Communications in Humanities Research 29, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/29/20230624.

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There are many inequalities existing in our world, including gender inequality and race inequality. These inequalities are caused by discrimination and stereotypes. In sports industry, the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes is common. Female athletes and women who want to work in sport industry are confronting the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes. In addition, a rising industry, esports industry, has the same problem. The aim of this study was to review the current state of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry and causes of it. This paper reviews relevant references to give a holistic review of the current state of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry, including statistics and background information, and this paper reviews the causes of this problem from macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level. The findings of this paper indicated that although sports organizations gave policies that seem to solve the problem, gender discrimination and stereotypes still exist in both sports and esports industry. Therefore, by examining the causes of the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry, future study can be more targeted while they are investigating the way to solve the problem.
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DeMartini, Anne L. "“Reverse” Discrimination in Sports." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 84, no. 2 (February 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2013.757180.

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Müller, Johannes, Hannes Delto, Nicola Böhlke, and Michael Mutz. "Sports Activity Levels of Sexual Minority Groups in Germany." Sexes 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010016.

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It is widely assumed that LGBT+ people may feel insecure and unwelcome in sports settings, which are often characterized by a binary gender order and a culture of heteronormativity. Previous research also suggests that LGBT+ individuals experience homophobia in the context of sport. Despite these findings, reliable quantitative data on the sports participation levels of sexual minority groups are scarce. The paper addresses this academic void by analyzing sports activity data of sexual minority groups. The 2019 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study is analyzed, which includes a novel LGBT+ boost sample of respondents who self-identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or non-binary with regard to gender. The analysis of this sample shows that sports activity levels (with regard to frequency and duration) of homo- and bisexual individuals are comparable to the heterosexual majority. Although findings show that a high share of homo- and bisexual individuals experience sexual discrimination, discrimination is not associated with lower participation rates in sports. We thus conclude that the domain of sport—although by no means free of discrimination—offers sufficient participation opportunities for LGBT+ people.
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Pearce, Simone. "Disability discrimination in children’s sport." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 2 (June 2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17710623.

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This article examines how the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) relates to children’s sport. More specifically, this article asks: how does the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) address the treatment of children with disabilities participating in competitive sport? This article asserts that the ‘attitude’ in and around the construction of sport is framed in the ableism perspective that assumes ability. While there are specific disability sports, with rules designed to accommodate the different attributes people may possess, this article focuses on the nature and quality of access to, and experience in, sport that is not disability specific (mainstream sport), and argues that the law fails to protect children with disability being treated in a way that places them at a disadvantage. The primary concern raised by this article is that children with disability are not provided with fairness in competitive sport. This may be discriminatory.
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ORGANISTA, NATALIA. "Still unnoticed. Women in Polish sports associations. Content analysis of Polish, international, and British formal rules of sports organizations." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.09.1.09.

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From a critical paradigm point of view sport has been a sexist institution. Despite the women empowerment in sport they are still trivialized and marginalized. Research also shows that sport organizations may be exceptionally opposed to women, valuing hegemonic masculinity. Therefore, the aim of this article is to check whether gender inequalities occur in Polish sports organizations and what the scale of those inequalities is in comparison to international and British organizations. Content analysis was used to examine official documents of organizations. The sample consists of seventeen Polish, international and British sports organizations. The content analysis indicates that international and British organizations place more pressure on preventing discrimination by using appropriate provisions in the statutes, reserving places for women in committees or paying attention to the language used in documents. The findings revealed that Polish sports organizations do not implement the strategy to reduce the degree of discrimination due to gender. They remain blind to issues connected with gender.
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Kalina, Lisa, and Louis Moustakas. "Discrimination in Youth Sport: Exploring the Experiences of European Coaches." Youth 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4020042.

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Discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation remains a critical concern across Europe, including within the sphere of youth sports. Research has shown that youth sports can be a fertile environment for discrimination and bullying and that coaches play a key role in preventing or mitigating discriminatory situations. Given the crucial role of coaches, it is therefore important to build our understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and needs of those coaches concerning discrimination in sports. Against this background, this paper presents the results of an applied survey of 174 European youth sport coaches conducted as part of the INCLUDE project. In particular, this survey focuses on the experiences of coaches when witnessing and reporting discrimination, as well as their perspectives on what needs to be done in the policy and educational areas to combat issues of discrimination. Results show that 25% of coaches witness discrimination on a monthly basis and that fans or spectators are perceived as the most common perpetrators. To combat the issues, coaches report a need for greater policy support, funding, training, and awareness raising. To conclude, we discuss the practical, policy, and research implications of these findings.
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Parvathy, Parvathy B. "Challenging Misogyny on and off the Pitch: Analysis of Selected Sports Movies." Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 30, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v1i1.10.

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Purpose: The present study is an attempt to analyze selected sports movies with reference to discrimination and misogyny against sportswomen. The aim is to explore how Indian sportswomen face misogyny and discrimination in sport institutions and society at large. Approach/Methodology/Design: The study is based on thematic analysis to destabilize the notion that sports are the sole realm of men alone. Feminist film theory is also used in the analysis of the movies. Two movies were selected; Chak de! India (2007) and Dil bole Hadippa! (2009). Findings: The results of the analysis indicate that these movies despite having their own drawbacks exhort that society cannot deny women equal rights of participation and opportunity in sports. Both of the movies project their protagonists struggling to achieve success in sports. It is revealed that despite the progress that has been achieved in sports, misogyny is deep-rooted in sport institutions. Practical Implications: The paper throws light on various types of barriers, socio-cultural, biological and psychological, which women players have to cross, in addition to dealing with a bizarre and weird kind of treatment which their male counterparts do not normally confront. It depicts how family pressures and restrictions, cultural inhibitions, lack of support and biased attitude of society can ultimately thwart the ambitions of women players. Originality/value: The paper suggests that sports can be used as an effective tool for women empowerment. As part of the feminist inquiry, the attempt here is to expose the inequalities and discrimination against sportswomen.
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McArdle, David. "Sports law, sports policy and the amateur athlete." Sports law, policy & diplomacy journal 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/slpdj.1.1.1.

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There have been a number of significant papers on the European Court of Justice’s 2019 decision in TopFit v DLV, a preliminary reference which concerns direct nationality discrimination against an amateur athlete. This paper contributes to that knowledge-base by drawing on those contributions but also by setting the case in its historical context to show how it aligns with forty years’ worth of developments in both sports law and sports policy. Furthermore, TopFit illustrates that the potential ramifications of the EU’s sports competence as laid down in Article 165 TFEU might be greater than they first appear. Contrary to the Advocate General’s Opinion, the Court held that direct nationality discrimination laws were applicable to amateur sporting activities – there was no need to establish the existence of economic activity which, fortuitously, Biffi possessed. It thus needs to be considered alongside the wider caselaw on EU citizenship, and the case is not a matter of ‘purely sporting interest.’ But nationality restrictions can still be legitimate if they are deemed to be a proportionate response to a legitimate sporting concern. In any other cultural sphere, the idea that one’s desire to take part in an amateur event might be lawfully ended by ‘proportionate’ discrimination would seem ludicrous. The paper argues that sport’s privileged position within the European Union is a reflection of its ability to leverage its financial muscle and ubiquity, and its concomitant ability to influence policymakers; it does not possess any ‘inherent’ qualities that make it ‘special’ in comparison to other cultural fields.
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Flowers, Courtney, Jasmine Hamilton, and Joyce Olushola Ogunrinde. "Examining the Ability of Title IX to Provide Equitable Participation Opportunities for Black Women College Athletes." Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 16, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jis.v16i1.19509.

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The purpose of this study was to reveal Title IX fueled obstacles which prevent Black women from achieving equity in college sports. The researchers sought to provide a critical analysis of the synchronous burden of race and gender discrimination experienced by Black women in college sports. The study found this form of discrimination is unique to Black women as they experience sex discrimination similar to white women and race discrimination similar to Black men, but neither white women or Black men experience simultaneous forms of race and gender discrimination as Black women do (Crenshaw 1988; Mathewson; 1996). Title IX is a single-axis equity law which uses sex to factor discrimination, yet as Black women experience both race and gender discrimination synchronously this law does not protect Black women from discrimination in the way they experience it. Yet, examining the effectiveness of Title IX to prevent race and sex discrimination is problematic because even with the law, schools have not achieved gender equity in college sports since its enactment in 1972 (Butler & Lopiano, 2003; Cooper & Newton, 2021;Kaplan, Hecker, & Fink, 2021; NWLC, 2022; Staurowsky, 2011; 2020; 2022). Another challenge is the NCAA Emerging Sports Program for Women uses a single axis lens to increase athletic opportunities for women. Therefore Black women are barred from benefiting from the increased access and athletic opportunities produced through the Emerging Sports program as it uses sex as a solo determinant to increase athletic opportunities. It is worth noting the extreme lack of research on Black women in sports has rendered Black women college athletes invisible in data on women’s sports (Butler & Lopiano, 2003; Carter-Francique & Flowers, 2013; Cooper & Newton, 2021; McDowell & Carter-Francique, 2017; Pickett et al, 2012; Staurowsky et al., 2021; 2022). This adds to the complexity of examining forms of discrimination experienced by Black women in college sports. The study found racial clustering, the single-axis lens of Title IX, and NCAA gender equity programs collectively provide harm to Black women in college sports and uniquely attack their ability to achieve equity in college sports.
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Hartmann-Tews, Ilse, Tobias Menzel, and Birgit Braumüller. "Experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in sports in Germany." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 52, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00756-0.

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AbstractThere is growing international evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and sexually/gender diverse (LGBTQ+) people regularly experience discrimination in sports. However, there is a lack of empirical research with regard to the sports situation in Germany. Based on a quantitative survey of 858 self-identifying LGBTQ+ individuals, the present research is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in sports in Germany. To add distinctive knowledge to the international research, this analysis considers differences within the group of LGBTQ+ people and between various sports settings (i.e., organizational framework, team vs individual sports, and performance level. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What micro- and meso-level factors affect the witnessing of homo-/transnegative language and the prevalence of homo-/transnegative incidents in respondents’ sports activities? (2) What micro- and meso-level factors affect respondents’ feelings of being offended by homo-/transnegative language and what behavioral consequences (i.e., refraining from specific sports and reactions to homo-/transnegative episodes) can be observed among different LGBTQ+ subgroups? The data reveal the impact of the sports context on the perception of homo-/transnegative language but not on negative experiences. Moreover, there is a higher prevalence of gay compared to lesbian athletes with regard to the perception of homo-/transnegative language in their sports and a higher prevalence of gay athletes and non-cisgender (transgender) athletes with regard to homo-/transnegative experiences in sport compared to lesbian and cisgender athletes. The empirical evidence confirms and deepens international findings. Moreover, the data assist the Sport Ministers Conference’s goal of increasing initiatives to tackle the exclusion and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ people in sports.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

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Lyandvert, Shayna. "Does Discrimination Exist in the National Hockey League? An Analysis of Racial Salary Discrimination in the NHL (2012-2017)." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1916.

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This paper examines whether racial salary discrimination exists in the National Hockey League (NHL). I examine data from Hockey Reference and CapFriendly and find some evidence of racial salary discrimination, controlling for a rich set of demographic and performance characteristics. Specifically, when I solely control for race, I do not find any racial wage gap. This gap exists when I control for race and limited place of birth groups, however, the effect is wiped out by performance controls. When controlling for race and detailed place of birth groups, I find some evidence of a race gap even when controls for performance are included. Lastly, I discover that whites from all countries excluding the USA earn more than whites from the USA.
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Roberts, Cheryl. "Reconstruction of South African sport: from sports activism to post-apartheid policy planning and implementation." National and Olympic Sports Congress, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/73426.

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The six papers which appear in this publication were delivered at a consultative conference of the National and Olympic Sports Congress which was held in Johannesburg from 1-3 November 1991. There is no doubt that this conference on development could not have been held at a more critical juncture in South Africa's history, particularly at a time when the country stands on the threshold of an era which is expected to usher in a non-racial, democratic society. Given the legacy of apartheid, development and preparation have become priorities for the National and Olympic Sports Congress. It was against the background of the inequalities and future projections for transformation of the sports network which brought delegates together from across South Africa and from all codes of sport and co-ordinating regional councils. A central theme of the papers is that the reconstruction of South African sport demands a national programme, one that would ensure progress towards an equitable sports structure but also one that would set realistic goals without raising expectations that are unlikely to be realised. A central challenge of the conference was the search for a suitable combination of high performance sport and mass participation. The gender question in sport also came under the spotlight. Sport's male-dominated, hierarchical and sexist structure was mandated for urgent review. Conference was told that black women have very few opportunities to participate in sport unlike white sportswomen and sports people overall. Five resolutions, aimed at transforming the present state of South African sport, were adopted at the conference. After exhaustive discussions delegates identified the broad themes to be: national development and planning, national sports policy, building one sports federation, sponsorship, rural areas, affirmative action and empowerment. Conference noted the absence of a co-ordinated national sports policy, the heavy commercialisation of sport together with the lack of vision and planning for the future of sport. In this regard it was resolved to intiate the acceptance and development of a national sports policy which would emphasise development, national identity and patriotism, democracy, accountability, non-racialism and non-sexism. If the conference deliberations are to be seriously implemented then the apartheid sports network will undergo structural changes which will develop the historically disadvantaged and unleash the suppressed talents of millions of people who are trapped in an unequal and resourceless system.
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Padgett, Brandice A. "Women in sports journalism : do the barriers still exist? /." View online, 1998. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211130723123.pdf.

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Corbo, Monica. "Title IX compliance non-Appalachian versus Appalachian in colleges and universities /." Huntington, WV : [Marshall University Libraries], 2003. http://www.marshall.edu/etd/descript.asp?ref=366.

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Simmons, Joseph Paull. "Gender issues and equity within Canadian high school sport." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/MQ56203.pdf.

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Bruening, Jennifer E. "Phenomenal Women: A Qualitative Study of Silencing, Stereotypes, Socialization, and Strategies for Change in the Sport Participation of African American Female Student-Athletes." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392903455.

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Martel, Josée. ""It's a long hard road to the top" : the career paths and leadership experiences of women in Canadian sport administration." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://www.oregonpdf.org.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of British Columbia, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-173). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.
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Fleischman, Robert Paul. "Perceptions of Title IX and gender equity the influence of life histories, sports experiences, and campus initiatives /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Brown, Katrina Janel. "The demography of Nike, Helena, and Melpomene a feminist socio-legal analysis of athletic gender equity via sports law /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1317327281&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Oates, Thomas Patrick. "On the block race, gender, and power in the NFL draft /." Diss., University of Iowa, 2004. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/114.

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Books on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

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Cozzillio, Michael J. Sports and inequality. Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press, 2005.

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Hyde, Evan X. Sports, sin and subversion. Belize City, Belize: Ramos Publishing, 2008.

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Hyde, Evan X. Sports, sin and subversion. Belize City, Belize: Ramos Publishing, 2008.

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Cheryl, Roberts, ed. Reconstruction of South African sport: From sports activism to post-apartheid policy planning and implementation. East London [South Africa]: National and Olympic Sports Congress, 1992.

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Kell, Peter. Good sports: Australian sport and the myth of the fair go. Annandale, NSW: Pluto Press Australia, 2000.

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Edward, Lapchick Richard, ed. Sport in society: Equal opportunity or business as usual? Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1996.

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Price, Joseph. Racial discrimination among nba referees. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Price, Joseph. Racial discrimination among NBA referees. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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1952-, White Philip, and Young Kevin Mark 1959-, eds. Sport and gender in Canada. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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1959-, Young Kevin, and White Philip 1952-, eds. Sport and gender in Canada. Ontario: Oxford University Press, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

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Sandy, Robert, Peter J. Sloane, and Mark S. Rosentraub. "Discrimination in professional sports." In The Economics of Sport, 104–26. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37403-4_5.

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Manning, Stephanie, Ho Fai Chan, and David A. Savage. "Discrimination, disequilibrium and disincentives." In Behavioural Sports Economics, 119–38. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003080824-8.

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Vamplew, Wray. "Corruption, Environmental Unsustainability, and Discrimination." In Sports Economics for Non-Economists, 122–31. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003128632-14.

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Weatherill, Stephen. "Discrimination on Grounds of Nationality in Sport." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 21–62. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-939-9_2.

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Hoffman, Jennifer Lee, Jacqueline McDowell, and Valyncia C. Raphael. "Gender Discrimination and Retaliation Under Title IX at Fresno State." In Scandals In College Sports, 216–24. New York, NY London : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315737225-22.

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Holzer, Lena. "Gendered Athletes in Sports: CEDAW’s Role in Tackling Heterosexist and Racialized Uniforms in Sports." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 43–69. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56452-9_3.

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AbstractThis chapter examines the human rights implications of gendered and racialized clothing regulations in sports. It specifically uses the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) as the framework to discuss how gendered and racialized clothing regulations contravene international human rights law. By analysing the applicability of CEDAW to the issue of heterosexist clothing regulations in sports, the chapter provides general insights into the protection of human rights in sports through reliance on existing international instruments.
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De Leon, Joseph Benjamin B. "Filipinos First? Exploring Xenophobia and Its Legal Remedies in Philippine Amateur Basketball." In Interdisciplinary Studies in Human Rights, 125–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56452-9_6.

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AbstractThis chapter analyzes the discrimination that foreign student-athletes (FSAs) face through policies instituted by the Philippines’ top collegiate amateur sports organizations, which restrict participation in competitions. These policies ostensibly uphold amateurism and develop local talent, but negatively impact student-athletes from Nigeria, Cameroon, and other African countries who tend to excel compared to local student-athletes. While these restrictions have been widely criticized as racist, and detrimental to basketball as a sport, it appears likely that they will remain in place. The ban on FSAs is reinforced explicitly and/or implicitly in law and league regulations, confirming a recurring nationalist theme within Philippine sports. To the extent that law and jurisprudence can have a positive normative effect on society, it is important to find legal avenues to resist these measures. This chapter argues that there is the possibility under Philippine law for affected FSAs to protect their freedom through litigation based on equal protection and non-discrimination, and discusses potential modes of action and evaluates elements that may affect their success.
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McArdle, David. "Some Reflections On Age Discrimination, Referees’ Retirement Ages and European Sports (Law)." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 151–66. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-685-5_9.

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Harris III, Frank. "Sex Discrimination and Abuse of a Female Kicker on the University of Colorado Football Team." In Scandals In College Sports, 205–15. New York, NY London : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315737225-21.

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Siekmann, R. C. R. "Sport and Nationality: “Accelerated” Naturalisation for National Representative Purposes and Discrimination Issues in Individual and Team Competitions Under EU Law." In ASSER International Sports Law Series, 241–68. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-852-1_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

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Maeda, Toshiyuki, and Masumi Yajima. "Sports skill discrimination with motion frequency analysis." In 2016 Future Technologies Conference (FTC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ftc.2016.7821618.

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Yordanov, Sasho, Petyr Yordanov, and Ivaylo Zdravkov. "MODERN PRACTICE AND METHODS FOR INTEGRATION THROUGH GOLF." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/12.

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ABSTRACT Summary: Introduction: Modern developed and civilized society is based on the principles of democracy, humanism, and pluralism. In his social center stands the person - the person with individual rights, duties, and responsibilities. People are born different, unique, with individual desires, opportunities, dreams, and interests, but with equal rights in society. Equality and the absence of any discrimination is a fundamental principle in advanced civil societies and social systems. Methodology: In the research process, we have applied: informational research, document analysis, and historical analysis, conclusions, based on personal experience, monitoring, synthesis, and theoretical analysis. Results: Based on this pilot study have been created practical recommendation for integration through golf. Discussion: The results obtained suggest that golf can successfully enhance integration processes in society, as well as improve the social inclusion of all social groups at risk. Golf has immense potential for combating youth unemployment, provoking and developing the various social knowledge, skills, and competences that everyone needs, regardless of their social status, gender, race, or ethnicity. Conclusion: It is of the utmost importance for society to continue to work on the topic by promoting and guaranteeing greater impact on problems and solutions in this area, promoting good practices for integration and social inclusion.
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Ilieva-Sinigerova, Silvia. "DIDACTIC TEST FOR ASSESSMENT OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE IN TAEKWON-DO." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/140.

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ABSTRACT Successful performance and high sports achievements in martial arts depend on the various aspects of sports training - physical, technical, tactical, and psychological training. On the other hand, the increase in technical degree is related to a physical and theoretical exam. The aim of the present study is to assess the knowledge of athletes related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. Methodology: The study was carried out in April – May 2020. The research was aimed to explores the knowledge of the athletes, related to the history and creation of taekwon-do. The study involved 232 taekwon-do athletes (15.53 ± 4.30 years) with different sports experience and degree from 15 local taekwon-do clubs in Bulgaria. The online form test contains a total of 17 questions (4 personal and 13 specialized questions). Results: The largest accumulation of values (most athletes) received a result in the range of 11-16 points (68.53% of all tested). Most tasks have very good discrimination (0.40 ≤ DP ≤ 0.70). The calculated difficulty P of the questions used is in the range of 63-97%. Conclusion: Empirical data show that the test has good statistical characteristics and can be used to assess the theoretical knowledge of athletes during a promotion exam. The data obtained from the pedagogical experiment give grounds to claim that the level of knowledge and skills of taekwon-do athletes are at different levels.
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Ilieva, Desislava. "IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL YOUTH POLICIES BY MEANS OF A PROGRAM-PROJECT APPROACH." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS “APPLIED SPORTS SCIENCES”. Scientific Publishing House NSA Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37393/icass2022/132.

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ABSTRACT As a result of technological change, demographic trends, discrimination, social insulation and a number of other consequences for society, young people need resilience and the ability to adapt to these challenges. The European Union’s (EU) Youth Strategy aims to engage young people aged between 15- 29 and become active citizens, making the most of the potential of youth policy. In such a way, the social and civic participation of young people in democratic life would be encouraged and the necessary resources would be guaranteed. (1) The implementation of youth policy at national level promotes initiatives for the sustainable development of youth. The main goal of the research is to reveal, analyze and present the role of the program-project activity for imposing state youth policy in Bulgaria through in-depth structural content analysis, as well as through case study. This has a direct bearing on and it contributes to the development of the vision for young people and the stable implementation of the policies pursued in youth sector by the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The object of research and study are legislative acts, programs, and implemented projects in the field of youth policies, and the subject is their impact and importance for the promotion and activation of young people in Bulgaria. The analysis in the field of the overall youth policy at the national level is a necessary precondition both in the strategic and management, and in the imposition of established European practices.
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Paunescu, Mihaela, Vasilica Grigore, Georgeta Mitrache, and Radu Predoiu. "USE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY IN EVALUATING THE CONCENTRATION AND MOBILITY OF ATTENTION." In eLSE 2013. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-13-237.

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Attention is the psychical phenomenon (mental function) which designates the selective orientation of the activity and the focalization of the mental energy on an object, in order to know it better and to act more efficiently. Attention is the manifestation of conscience and cannot be related to a certain mental process. It does not have inherent reflectory content, being present in all psychical functions ? perception, representation, thinking (we pay attention when we perceive, when we memorize, when we think etc). This study was carried out on a number of 90 students in NUPES, divided into three groups: performance athletes who practice individual sports (tennis, karate and gymnastics), performance athletes who practice team sports (football, handball and basketball) and students who don?t practice any kind of sports. We assessed attention concentration and mobility through two computerized tests: CMA-R and TAC, of the battery of tests PSISELTEVA. CMA-R test is conceived under the shape of a dynamic model made of task-sequences with progressive degrees of difficulty. TAC test consists in giving a pre-established answer for each signal-stimulus identified among insignificant stimuli. Using ANOVA (one-way), we highlighted significant differences statistically (p < 0, 05) between the three samples of athletes. Practising sports systematically can be an effective way of developing certain skills and abilities such as: attention concentration and mobility, observation spirit, fast visual analysis capacity, visual discrimination capacity, prompt reactions at the visual signs that have to be differentiated. These are directly related to the increase of personal efficiency and performance both in sports as well as in general in any other socio-professional activity.
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Mohacsi, Paulette, Lorraine Piccorelli, Kathryn Watroba, Daniel Weiss, Parisa Saboori, and Lisa Toscano. "Study of a Woman Athlete’s Knee to Prevent Valgus." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71964.

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After the introduction of Title IX, a federal law prohibiting discrimination based on gender, the number of women involved in high school and collegiate level sports has significantly increased. Increasing the number of female athletes has a direct correlation with the amount of injuries experienced by these women. One of the most common injuries to female athletes is a sprain or a tear in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) located in the knee. The ACL is one of the main components in the stabilization of the knee. A strain or tear to the ACL causes everyday life to be impacted significantly. ACL injuries are not only debilitating, but are expensive and have long term effects including arthritis. Women have an increased chance of injuring their ACL for three main reasons: anatomical, hormonal, and biomedical. Statistically, women have wider hips and weaker inner thigh muscles than men. Additionally, women experience changes in hormonal imbalance which contributes to their cyclic changes in ligament strength. Lastly, knees can experience a bio-medical condition known as valgus. The presence of extreme valgus typically indicates a high risk of future ACL injury due to the increased stress on the ligament. Due to these factors, this study involved designing three prophylactic braces to be used as part of a training program to help strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee.
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Kolesovs, Aleksandrs, Klavs Evelis, Liga Ozolina-Molla, Liga Plakane, Juris Porozovs, and Viktors Veliks. "Exploration of EEG Markers of Sensorimotor Functioning During Incorrect versus Correct Decisions." In 81th International Scientific Conference of the University of Latvia. University of Latvia Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2023.42.

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Open-skill sports are demanding for athletes’ decision-making. Incorrect decisions can have substantial consequences. Complex programs for elite athletes include improvement of their neurocognitive functioning. Simultaneously, making errors remains underrepresented in broader sports science. The present study explored EEG markers of sensorimotor reactions under incorrect versus correct responses to visual stimuli. Seven male participants (24.2±2.5 years) completed the Choice Response Time task (CRT) with simultaneous EEG registration. Two color stimuli (red and green) and a discriminative stimulus (black) were presented on an LCD screen, using PSYCHOTOOLBOX coded CRT task. Stimulus and response events were synchronized with EEG amplifier NVX-136, and 32 channels of EEG were recorded. Data were preprocessed in EEGLAB, and event-related potential (ERP) calculations were performed in ERPLAB. ERP was analyzed for correct and incorrect color choices and reactions to the discriminative stimulus. The electrodes represented the visual (O1, Oz, O2), frontal (F3, Fz, F4), and sensorimotor (C3, Cz, C4) cortex. Behavior data revealed a shorter reaction time during the incorrect decision (4.6% of cases) than during the correct one, 398.1±55 ms vs. 456.8±96 ms. In the N2 peak area, the incorrect color stage differed significantly from the two correct stages (e.g., the amplitude of -1.624 mkV at a latency of 264 ms for the correct color stage and -1.779 mkV at a latency of 254 ms for the correct discriminating stage vs. -3.716 mkV at a latency of 300 ms for the incorrect color stage for channel F3, peak N2). Correct decision stages had similar ERP wave peak patterns. Incorrect decisions deviate from functioning during correct ones. Differences in the N2 peak area represented conflict in decision-making during incorrect decisions. Simultaneously, the shorter latency of a motor reaction requires investigating the role of decision-making conflicts in impulse control and behavioral consequences.
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Ding, Yi, and Guoliang Fan. "Event detection in sports video based on generative-discriminative models." In the 1st ACM international workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1631024.1631030.

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Liao, Hao-Xiang, Kazuki Bando, Menglu Li, and Katsumasa Fujita. "Development of Multi-Foci Raman Spectrophotometer for High-Throughput Biochemical Screening." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2022.cfp6j_03.

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We developed a Raman spectrophotometer with multi-foci for high-throughput screening that produces 96 focal spots on analytes in 96 well-plate and collects their Raman spectra simultaneously, which enables fast discrimination and monitoring of 96 samples.
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Xie, C., J. Mace, M. A. Dinno, Y. Q. Li, W. Tang, and R. J. Newton. "Raman-tweezers sensing: fast detection and discrimination of bacterial spores and vegetative cells." In 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleo.2005.201973.

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Reports on the topic "Discrimination in sports"

1

Krishna, Shree, and Ravi Krishnamurthy. PR-328-173802-R01 Hard Spot NDE Evaluation. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011542.

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The presence of hard spot in pipelines, a localized confined region of relatively higher hardness, are prone to crack initiation and hydrogen embrittlement. Early detection of hard spots before it can be an integrity threat is an essential part of integrity management plan for pipelines susceptible to hard spot related failures. Electromagnetic principles and its dependence on the microstructure, heat treatment and chemistry are used effectively for hard spots characterization. The ability to detect shallow hard spots is essential for thermo-mechanically heat treated steel. It is unclear whether there are commercial tools that are effective, and no quantitative data is available. A holistic review of the existing and emerging technologies and their theoretical basis for the hard spot detection and their applicability to pipelines is indeed needed. This work reviews the electromagnetic principles that are applicable for hard spot detection/discrimination, and the applicable technologies that are either developed or being developed by various global NDE suppliers. Four different technologies have been identified for further examination during Phase II. The intent would be to quantify the detection/discrimination and characterization capabilities of each of these technologies. Selected providers have a unique way of hard spot identification and it would be very beneficial to compare their performance in the phase-II of this project. Inspection approaches, their key principles and their latest development are presented in this report.
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Krishna, Shree, and Ravi Krishnamurthy. PR-328-183838-R01 Hard Spot NDE Verification and Validation - Phase II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011634.

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The presence of hard spots, a localized confined region of relatively higher hardness, cause pipelines to be prone to crack initiation and hydrogen embrittlement. Early detection and mitigation of hard spots following plate manufacturing are essential to mitigation of any hard spot-related failures. This issue of early detection of hard spots and the related verification and validation of applicable technologies are the primary focus of PRCI project NDE 4-11. PRCI project NDE 4-11 consisted of two phases: Phase I, "Review of Existing and Emerging Technologies for Hard Spot Detection" (2017-2018), and Phase II, "Statistical Evaluation and Performance Assessment of Emerging Hard Spot Detection Technologies" (2018-2019). Phase I of this project reviewed the electromagnetic principles that apply to hard spot detection/discrimination, and the identification of applicable non-destructive evaluation technologies that have either been developed or are being developed. Six different non-destructive evaluation technologies were identified for their further evaluation during Phase-II.
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Elacqua, Gregory, and Macarena Kutscher. Navigating Centralized Admissions: The Role of Parental Preferences in School Segregation in Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005484.

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In this paper, we aim to understand some of the mechanisms behind the low impact of a Chilean educational reform on socioeconomic integration within the school system. We focus on pre-kindergarden (pre-K) admissions, which account for the highest volume of applications since all students (except those applying to private schools) must seek admission through the centralized system. We employ a discrete choice model to analyze parents school preferences. Our analysis reveals that the school choices of low-SES families are more strongly influenced by a schools non-academic attributes which are often omitted from analyses of parental preferences due to data availability constraints rather than academic quality. For instance, low-SES parents tend to prefer schools with fewer reported violent incidents, schools where students report facing less discrimination and exclusion, and schools where students demonstrate higher levels of self-efficacy. Disadvantaged families also tend to favor schools that have a religious affiliation, offer more ”classical” sports (e.g. soccer), or have a foreign name. These results have significant implications for understanding the preferences of disadvantaged families and the impact of centralized admission systems on reducing segregation. By recognizing the non-academic factors driving school choices, policymakers can better design admission systems that truly foster school diversity and equality.
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Tadros, Mariz. Violence and Discrimination against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Pakistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.003.

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The theme of this special collection of papers, the lived experiences of women who belong to religious minorities, has been a blind spot both in international development policy engagement and in much of the international scholarship on women, security and peace. Women who belong to religious minorities, who are socioeconomically excluded and are vulnerable to multiple sources of gender-based violence in Pakistan seem to have fallen through the cracks of the ‘leave no one behind’ agenda. The aim of this volume is to shed light on the day-to-day experiences of women and their families who belong to the Ahmadiyya, Christian, Hindu and Hazara Shia religious minorities in Pakistan. Each of the papers in this collection exposes the complexity of the intersections of gender, class and religious marginality in shaping the realities for women from these religious minorities.
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Allouche, Jeremy, Harriet Hoffler, and Jeremy Lind. Humanitarianism and Religious Inequalities: Addressing a Blind Spot. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2020.002.

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Religious identity is critically important to consider in assessing patterns of displacement and the dynamics of conflict and peace-building, as well as programmatic and policy responses to humanitarian crises. Conflicts are frequently driven by discrimination and generate massive numbers of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) as they flee from persecution and violence, whilst individuals or groups may be targeted for their identity or face insecurity during community activities. As a result, the relationship between diversity, inclusivity, and interdependence is key to developing approaches that address intersecting forms of insecurity experienced by religious minorities. This paper reviews current thinking and policy directions in understanding religious inequalities in humanitarian contexts and asks the following questions: 1) What are the implications of programming that is blind to religious inequalities? 2) How can humanitarian actors incorporate sensitivity to religious difference and persecution in their programming, and what are the challenges of doing so?
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