Relevant bibliographies by topics / Discrimination in sports – United States

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Discrimination in sports – United States'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Speransky, Andrey. "OLYMPIC WARS BETWEEN THE USSR AND THE USA: SPORT AS A POLITICAL ARGUMENT." Ural Historical Journal 85, no. 4 (2024): 175–84. https://doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2024-4(85)-175-184.

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Using the example of the Olympic movement of the second half of the 20th century, the paper analyses the role of sport as a “soft power” instrument, used by world leaders to strengthen their positions in the international arena. It draws parallels with modern attempts by the “collective West”, led by the United States, along with numerous sanctions, to use sport as a mechanism of national discrimination and international isolation of Russia. It is demonstrated that the policy restricting participation in the Olympic Games has always been applied by dominant countries to defeated rivals and pot
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Hiemstra, Laurie. "Has Gender On The Agenda Really Made A Difference? In Sport and Athletics, Women Are Not Just Smaller Men." Journal of Women's Sports Medicine 2, no. 2 (2022): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53646/jwsm.v2i2.34.

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2022 has marked the 50th anniversary of Title IX, the educational amendment in the United States that prohibits discrimination in educational institutions based on sex. This amendment had major implications for female athletes in the United States, resulting in large increases in participation in sports and athletics by women. The historical myths surrounding women participating in athletic events have been largely dismissed. Many initiatives have worked to improve the numbers of female health care providers in orthopaedics and sport medicine. However, the changes are slow, and the culture in
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Floyd, Michael, and John Curtis. "Has Anti-Discrimination Legislation Improved the Employment Opportunities of Disabled People?" Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 10, no. 2 (2004): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1323892200000235.

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This article will first of all consider, in some detail, the recent efforts of researchers in the United States to determine whether the Americans with Disabilities Act has improved the employment opportunities of disabled people. It will then go on to examine data on the employment situation of disabled people in the United Kingdom and how this has changed during the period since December, 1997, when the Disability Discrimination Act came into force. Tentative conclusions are then drawn, regarding the effectiveness of the legislation. The article ends with a consideration of the ways in which
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Grant, Aimee. "“#discrimination”." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415592403.

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Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media. Objective: To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and pro
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Pharr, Jennifer R., and Kavita Batra. "Social–Ecological Determinants of Suicidal Ideation Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study in the United States." Healthcare 12, no. 24 (2024): 2540. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12242540.

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Background/Objectives: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adults are at an increased risk for suicide and suicidal ideation compared with cisgender/heterosexual adults. Due to the complexity of suicidal ideation, individual, social, and systemic factors must be considered. The purpose of this study was to identify determinants of suicidal ideation among SGM adults using constructs from the Social–Ecological Model (SEM). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of data collected from 1034 SGM adults between 27 January and 7 February 2022, and variables reflected the four constructs of the SEM, i
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Sharrow, Elizabeth A. "Sports, Transgender Rights and the Bodily Politics of Cisgender Supremacy." Laws 10, no. 3 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10030063.

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Between 2020 and 2021, one hundred and ten bills in state legislatures across the United States suggested banning the participation of transgender athletes on sports teams for girls and women. As of July 2021, ten such bills have become state law. This paper tracks the political shift towards targeting transgender athletes. Conservative political interests now seek laws that suture biological determinist arguments to civil rights of bodies. Although narrow binary definitions of sex have long operated in the background as a means for policy implementation under Title IX, Republican lawmakers no
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Wang, Ying-Chih, Dennis L. Hart, Daniel Deutscher, Sheng-Che Yen, and Jerome E. Mioduski. "Psychometric Properties and Practicability of the Self-Report Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire in Patients With Pelvic-Floor Dysfunction Seeking Outpatient Rehabilitation." Physical Therapy 93, no. 8 (2013): 1116–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120134.

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BackgroundPelvic-floor dysfunction (PFD) affects a substantial proportion of individuals, mostly women. In responding to the demands in measuring PFD outcomes in outpatient rehabilitation, the Urinary Incontinence Questionnaire (UIQ) was developed by FOTO in collaboration with an experienced physical therapist who has a specialty in treating patients with PFD.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate psychometric properties and practicability of the 21-item UIQ in patients seeking outpatient physical therapy services due to PFD.DesignThis was a retrospective analysis of cross-sectiona
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Youn, Hoyeun. "'Korean Police' Selection Without Gender Distinction: A Review of the Physical Fitness Test: Focusing on the United States, France, and Japan." J-Institute 8 (August 31, 2023): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22471/terrorism.2023.8.32.

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Purpose: The purpose of eliminating gender segregation in physical fitness testing for police recruitment can be understood as twofold. In the case of a gender-neutral selection process, a police organization can eliminate gender segregation in the selection process, including the physical fitness test, in order to pro-vide an equal opportunity for all applicants. The idea is to ensure that both men and women can take the test under the same conditions and that the best candidates are selected for police positions based on their abilities and skills. Gender-neutral job requirements. As with an
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Wu, Han. "Unveiling Gender Inequality in American High School Golf: A Time Series Analysis and Future Prediction." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 88 (March 29, 2024): 1214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/n1fep613.

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Gender inequality remains a significant and persistent issue in golf. While some scholars have studied its historical origins, current status, and measures, there is a dearth of research focused on high school golf. Few studies have explored the specific challenges female high school golfers face, accurate predictions for future trends are lacking. This study uses a time series chart to visualize the male-female ratio of high school golf players in the United States from 2010/2011 to 2021/2022. The data is then fitted into an ARIMA model to forecast future trends. The visualization of the data
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McLarnon, Michael, Jane Thornton, Gail Knudson, et al. "A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (2023): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043568.

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Introduction: There has been much debate recently on the participation of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) athletes in sport, particularly in relation to fairness, safety and inclusion. The 2021 IOC Framework on Fairness, Inclusion and Non-discrimination acknowledges the central role that eligibility criteria play in ensuring fairness, particularly in the female category, and states that athletes should not be excluded solely on the basis of their TGD identity. Aims: To identify policies that address TGD athlete participation in the 15 major United Kingdom (UK) sporting organisations and t
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Fleischman, Robert Paul. "Perceptions of Title IX and gender equity the influence of life histories, sports experiences, and campus initiatives /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.

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Dieringer, Katherine I. "An Analysis of Changes in Perceptions of Certified Athletic Trainers from 1996 to 2006 on the Women in Athletic Training Survey." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3679/.

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This study investigates how perceptions vary in athletic trainers regarding issues pertaining to women in the profession. Subjects included 1500 male and 1500 female certified athletic trainers who responded to 44 demographic and perceptions survey items used to determine whether perceptions were different based on the respondent's gender. Results were compared to a previously disseminated survey in 1996 to also determine if perceptions had changed from 10 years earlier. Results regarding the presentation of awards and the attainment of leadership positions in the organization were also compar
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Hollingsworth, Jerry Don. "An Analysis of the Perception of the Degree of Compliance of Selected Texas Public High Schools with Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4960/.

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In recent years, few laws have had greater impact on public education than Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. As a result of this legislation, participation levels of female athletes have risen dramatically. Conducted in the Texas Education Agency's Region XI, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of high school principals, the lead coaches of male athletes, and the lead coaches of female athletes with regard to their schools' compliance with the components of Title IX. The study centered on the results of a survey instrument that included twenty Likert-scale questions a
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McArdle, David. "Governing bodies : a comparative socio-legal study of the relationship between sex discrimination, sport and the law in the United States and the United Kingdom." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264717.

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Maddox, Sandra Davis. "Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972: Level of Implementation in Texas Public Schools." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278329/.

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Using a survey and case study formats, this study focused on the level of understanding and implementation of Title IX relating to Texas public school students. The survey focused on the degrees of principal understanding and the compliance with the statute. Additional areas of study analyzed the impact of such factors as principal gender and school level on understanding and implementation. The case study examined the degrees of implementation for a district that had experienced civil rights action and one that had not.
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McKay, Brian J. "An attitudinal study of gender equity perceptions from athletic administrators and coaches in the Mid-American Conference." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1304659.

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Within the past three years, men's track and field teams were being eliminated in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). Gender equity legislation, namely Title IX, was being blamed for those cuts. By probing the beliefs and opinions of coaches and administrators, a more accurate representation of gender equity could be drawn. The focus of this study was to gain a greater understanding of how gender equity is perceived by Mid-American Conference (MAC) athletic administrators and coaches.Q-methodology was chosen as the most relevant method to achieve the desired outcome. This method would take the
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Routh, Robert 1943. "Aviation in discrimination [i.e. Discrimination in aviation]." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33365.

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This study questions the effects that discrimination has had on aviation and what changes, if any, can be expected in the near future. The central theme of the study is discrimination, specifically racial discrimination, sex discrimination and age discrimination. Of particular importance is the discriminatory role that various government agencies have played in labeling a person unfit to serve as a pilot simply because that person happens to be a woman, black or has reached a certain chronological age.<br>This study questions the position taken by such institutions as the International Civil A
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Frost, Sarah H. "Institutionalized Discrimination: Three Cases in the United States Military." PDXScholar, 1995. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5021.

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This thesis explores institutionalized discrimination in the United States Military by examining the rationales given for policies that exclude, or limit the military service of racial minorities, women and homosexuals, and the rationales given for altering such policies. outgroups such as racial minorities, women and homosexuals are presumed to be a threat to the white male heterosexual majority within the military services. The presence of these outgroups in the military has been officially characterized as threatening to small-unit cohesion, and therefore threatening to military readiness.
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Hornibrook, Debra Cay. "An Organizational Profile: Members' Understanding of Discrimination." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5292.

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Cultural diversity in the United States is an issue of concern and organizations must now learn to function effectively with an increasingly diverse workforce. Since the history of U.S. organizations is a history of institutional discrimination against most ethnic and racial groups of people and the privileging of a dominant group, managing workforce diversity now constitutes one of the most difficult and important issues human resource professionals address. This study is concerned with the issues of workforce diversity, most specifically with how organizational members understand and respond
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Hollins, Robert Norvell III. "Discrimination and Nepotism Within Police Specialty Units." PDXScholar, 2002. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3094.

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A career as a police officer has served as a legitimate avenue for many Black Americans to elevate themselves from numerous low paying less prestigious jobs, to a more respectable better paying secured occupation that has a higher social economic status. The general perception related to the civil service position of a police officer, suggests that it is an occupation which should offer an environment free from discrimination and nepotism, thereby allowing fair treatment and equal access for advancement to all individuals employed within the police organization. The concept of a police organiz
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Books on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Foundation, Feminist Majority. Empowering women in sports. Feminist Majority Foundation, 1995.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights. Title IX athletics: Accommodating interests and abilities : a briefing before the United States Commission on Civil Rights. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 2010.

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Katz, Milton S. Breaking through: John B. McLendon, basketball legend, and civil rights pioneer. University of Arkansas Press, 2007.

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author, Braddock Jomills H., ed. Sex segregation in sports: Why separate is not equal. Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2016.

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Shropshire, Kenneth L. In black and white: Race and sports in America. New York University Press, 1996.

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1962-, Hogshead-Makar Nancy, and Zimbalist Andrew S, eds. Equal play: Title IX and social change. Temple University Press, 2007.

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McDonagh, Eileen L. Playing with the boys: Why separate is not equal in sports. Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Weyn, Suzanne. Gracie. Newmarket Press, 2007.

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Weyn, Suzanne. Gracie. Newmarket Press, 2007.

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Association, Montana High School. A guide to equity in Montana high school athletics: A handbook for students, schools, parents and others. The Association, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Farr, Jeffrey R., and B. Christine Green. "United States." In Sports Economics, Management and Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02354-6_25.

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Ruseski, Jane E., and Negar Razavilar. "United States." In Sports Economics, Management and Policy. Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8905-4_23.

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Wolohan, John. "United States." In ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-541-4_19.

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Tourse, Robbie W. C., Johnnie Hamilton-Mason, and Nancy J. Wewiorski. "Discrimination." In Systemic Racism in the United States. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72233-7_2.

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Siegler, Mark V. "Segregation and Discrimination." In An Economic History of the United States. Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-39396-8_14.

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Lieberwitz, Risa L. "Employment Discrimination Law in the United States." In International Workplace Discrimination Law. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003437970-13.

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Sipocz, Daniel. "Sports Media in the United States." In The Routledge Companion to Media and Race. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315778228-16.

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Ruhm, Christopher J. "Labor Market Discrimination in the United States." In Recent Research in Psychology. Springer New York, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9639-0_12.

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Zapf, Ashley D., and Joan P. Joyce. "Ice Sled Hockey (Sledge Hockey Outside the United States)." In Adaptive Sports Medicine. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56568-2_22.

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Tourse, Robbie W. C., Johnnie Hamilton-Mason, and Nancy J. Wewiorski. "Intersectionality: The Linkage of Racism with Other Forms of Discrimination." In Systemic Racism in the United States. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72233-7_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Yen, Pham Thi. "HUMAN SECURITY ISSUE FROM RACIAL DISCRIMINATION IN THE UNITED STATES." In HUFLIT INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020. Publishing house for Science and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/vap.2020.0053.

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Kamenecka-Usova, Marina. "RESOLUTION OF SPORTS RELATED DISPUTES: THE UNITED STATES OLYMPIC COMMITTEE." In 5th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS SGEM2018. STEF92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2018h/11/s02.037.

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Jaber, J. F., H. Venigandla, P. T. Neilan, D. C. Gomez Manjarres, M. Sharp, and D. C. Patel. "Perceived Discrimination in Sarcoidosis Care in the United States in 2020." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a1745.

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Wu, Hongying. "Citizen Media Literacy Education Comparison and Analysis in China and the United States." In 2016 International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering. Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-16.2016.243.

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Cao, Xue. "The root causes of China's, Europe's and the United States' produced sports performance characteristics." In 2016 2nd International Conference on Economics, Management Engineering and Education Technology (ICEMEET 2016). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icemeet-16.2017.171.

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Liu, Wei. "Empirical Analysis on Influencing Factors of Chinese Trade Surplus with the United States." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Education, Sports, Arts and Management Engineering (ICESAME 2017). Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icesame-17.2017.77.

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Song, Yingdong. "PE Teaching Model in Secondary Schools of the United States and Japan and Its Enlightenment." In 2015 International Conference on Social Science, Education Management and Sports Education. Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ssemse-15.2015.213.

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Zhang, Yujing. "Analysis of the Causes of Discrimination against Chinese During the Pandemic in the United States." In 2021 4th International Conference on Humanities Education and Social Sciences (ICHESS 2021). Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211220.213.

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Jenkins, Peter E. "Sports Engineering Program at UCD." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63789.

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The University of Colorado Denver (UCD) has taken the leadership role with the first Sports Engineering Program in the United States. Sports Engineering is an exciting new area of emphasis for graduate degrees in engineering. This educational program is offered through cooperation between the downtown Denver College of Engineering and Applied Science and the Anschutz Medical Campus, both part of the University of Colorado Denver. This program is showing great promise for high enrollments and exciting research opportunities working with the sports equipment manufacturers, the athletes, and the
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Y. Babatunde, Yusuf, Durojaiy M. Olalekan, Yussuph T. Toyyibat, et al. "A Comprehensive Data-Driven Analysis of Healthcare Disparities in the United States." In 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing and Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.132202.

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Health disparities encompass a range of factors, including race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability status, and socioeconomic conditions. This project highlights disparities in healthcare access, quality of care, and health outcomes, with a particular focus on racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage, prenatal care, and maternal morbidity. Gender disparities are also evident. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, including addressing social determinants of health, promoting equitable healthcare policies, and fostering cultural competence. Equitable access
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Reports on the topic "Discrimination in sports – United States"

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Neumark, David. Age Discrimination Legislation in the United States. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8152.

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Frost, Sarah. Institutionalized Discrimination: Three Cases in the United States Military. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6897.

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Black, Lindsey, Emily Terlizzi, and Anjel Vahratian. Organized Sports Participation Among Children Aged 6–17 Years: United States, 2020. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:119026.

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This report describes national estimates of parent-reported organized sports participation during the past 12 months among children aged 6–17 years, using data from the 2020 National Health Interview Survey analyzed by sociodemographic characteristics.
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Christensen, Peter, Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri, and Christopher Timmins. Racial Discrimination and Housing Outcomes in the United States Rental Market. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29516.

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Davis, S. C. AN ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF SPORTS UTILITY VEHICLES IN THE UNITED STATES. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/885680.

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Button, Patrick, and Brigham Walker. Employment Discrimination against Indigenous Peoples in the United States: Evidence from a Field Experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w25849.

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Christensen, Peter, Ignacio Sarmiento-Barbieri, and Christopher Timmins. Housing Discrimination and the Toxics Exposure Gap in the United States: Evidence from the Rental Market. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w26805.

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Melnyk, Andriy. «INTELLECTUAL DARK WEB» AND PECULIARITIES OF PUBLIC DEBATE IN THE UNITED STATES. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11113.

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The article focuses on the «Intellectual Dark Web», an informal group of scholars, publicists, and activists who openly opposed the identity politics, political correctness, and the dominance of leftist ideas in American intellectual life. The author examines the reasons for the emergence of this group, names the main representatives and finds that the existence of «dark intellectuals» is the evidence of important problems in US public discourse. The term «Intellectual Dark Web» was coined by businessman Eric Weinstein to describe those who openly opposed restrictions on freedom of speech by t
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Verdisco, Aimee. IDB Briefly Noted: No. 16: May 2012: Fit Kids Learn Better. Inter-American Development Bank, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008075.

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As schools seek to improve learning, many are moving towards sophisticated and high-stakes testing regimes. What isn't tested doesn't matter. To sharpen the focus on the competencies demanded by tests, schools are devoting an ever-greater share of resources to a few, basic subject areas, while reducing - even eliminating - time spent on subjects not tested. A casualty among these has been physical education. This brief summarizes the evidence against this trend. It presents concrete evidence that school-based sports and physical activity during the school day can improve learning and test scor
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Bouillon, César P., and Viviane Azevedo. Social Mobility in Latin America: A Review of Existing Evidence. Inter-American Development Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010919.

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This paper reviews evidence on social mobility in Latin America. Several studies have used data sets that collect intergenerational socio economic information. The data, though limited, suggest that social mobility is low in the region, even when compared with low social mobility developed countries like the United States and United Kingdom, with high levels of immobility at the lower and upper tails of the income distribution. While Latin America has improved education mobility in recent decades, which may have translated into higher mobility for younger cohorts, the region still presents, ex
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