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Journal articles on the topic 'Discrimination in sports'
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1
Yan, Jixin. "Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination in Sports and Esports Industry: A Systemic Review of Causes and Statistics." Communications in Humanities Research 29, no. 1 (April 19, 2024): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/29/20230624.
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There are many inequalities existing in our world, including gender inequality and race inequality. These inequalities are caused by discrimination and stereotypes. In sports industry, the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes is common. Female athletes and women who want to work in sport industry are confronting the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes. In addition, a rising industry, esports industry, has the same problem. The aim of this study was to review the current state of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry and causes of it. This paper reviews relevant references to give a holistic review of the current state of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry, including statistics and background information, and this paper reviews the causes of this problem from macro-level, meso-level, and micro-level. The findings of this paper indicated that although sports organizations gave policies that seem to solve the problem, gender discrimination and stereotypes still exist in both sports and esports industry. Therefore, by examining the causes of the problem of gender discrimination and stereotypes in sports industry, future study can be more targeted while they are investigating the way to solve the problem.
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DeMartini, Anne L. "“Reverse” Discrimination in Sports." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 84, no. 2 (February 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2013.757180.
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Müller, Johannes, Hannes Delto, Nicola Böhlke, and Michael Mutz. "Sports Activity Levels of Sexual Minority Groups in Germany." Sexes 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes3010016.
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It is widely assumed that LGBT+ people may feel insecure and unwelcome in sports settings, which are often characterized by a binary gender order and a culture of heteronormativity. Previous research also suggests that LGBT+ individuals experience homophobia in the context of sport. Despite these findings, reliable quantitative data on the sports participation levels of sexual minority groups are scarce. The paper addresses this academic void by analyzing sports activity data of sexual minority groups. The 2019 wave of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) study is analyzed, which includes a novel LGBT+ boost sample of respondents who self-identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or non-binary with regard to gender. The analysis of this sample shows that sports activity levels (with regard to frequency and duration) of homo- and bisexual individuals are comparable to the heterosexual majority. Although findings show that a high share of homo- and bisexual individuals experience sexual discrimination, discrimination is not associated with lower participation rates in sports. We thus conclude that the domain of sport—although by no means free of discrimination—offers sufficient participation opportunities for LGBT+ people.
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Pearce, Simone. "Disability discrimination in children’s sport." Alternative Law Journal 42, no. 2 (June 2017): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x17710623.
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This article examines how the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) relates to children’s sport. More specifically, this article asks: how does the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cth) address the treatment of children with disabilities participating in competitive sport? This article asserts that the ‘attitude’ in and around the construction of sport is framed in the ableism perspective that assumes ability. While there are specific disability sports, with rules designed to accommodate the different attributes people may possess, this article focuses on the nature and quality of access to, and experience in, sport that is not disability specific (mainstream sport), and argues that the law fails to protect children with disability being treated in a way that places them at a disadvantage. The primary concern raised by this article is that children with disability are not provided with fairness in competitive sport. This may be discriminatory.
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ORGANISTA, NATALIA. "Still unnoticed. Women in Polish sports associations. Content analysis of Polish, international, and British formal rules of sports organizations." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.09.1.09.
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From a critical paradigm point of view sport has been a sexist institution. Despite the women empowerment in sport they are still trivialized and marginalized. Research also shows that sport organizations may be exceptionally opposed to women, valuing hegemonic masculinity. Therefore, the aim of this article is to check whether gender inequalities occur in Polish sports organizations and what the scale of those inequalities is in comparison to international and British organizations. Content analysis was used to examine official documents of organizations. The sample consists of seventeen Polish, international and British sports organizations. The content analysis indicates that international and British organizations place more pressure on preventing discrimination by using appropriate provisions in the statutes, reserving places for women in committees or paying attention to the language used in documents. The findings revealed that Polish sports organizations do not implement the strategy to reduce the degree of discrimination due to gender. They remain blind to issues connected with gender.
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Kalina, Lisa, and Louis Moustakas. "Discrimination in Youth Sport: Exploring the Experiences of European Coaches." Youth 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2024): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/youth4020042.
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Discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation remains a critical concern across Europe, including within the sphere of youth sports. Research has shown that youth sports can be a fertile environment for discrimination and bullying and that coaches play a key role in preventing or mitigating discriminatory situations. Given the crucial role of coaches, it is therefore important to build our understanding of the experiences, perspectives, and needs of those coaches concerning discrimination in sports. Against this background, this paper presents the results of an applied survey of 174 European youth sport coaches conducted as part of the INCLUDE project. In particular, this survey focuses on the experiences of coaches when witnessing and reporting discrimination, as well as their perspectives on what needs to be done in the policy and educational areas to combat issues of discrimination. Results show that 25% of coaches witness discrimination on a monthly basis and that fans or spectators are perceived as the most common perpetrators. To combat the issues, coaches report a need for greater policy support, funding, training, and awareness raising. To conclude, we discuss the practical, policy, and research implications of these findings.
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Parvathy, Parvathy B. "Challenging Misogyny on and off the Pitch: Analysis of Selected Sports Movies." Middle Eastern Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (August 30, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47631/mejress.v1i1.10.
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Purpose: The present study is an attempt to analyze selected sports movies with reference to discrimination and misogyny against sportswomen. The aim is to explore how Indian sportswomen face misogyny and discrimination in sport institutions and society at large. Approach/Methodology/Design: The study is based on thematic analysis to destabilize the notion that sports are the sole realm of men alone. Feminist film theory is also used in the analysis of the movies. Two movies were selected; Chak de! India (2007) and Dil bole Hadippa! (2009). Findings: The results of the analysis indicate that these movies despite having their own drawbacks exhort that society cannot deny women equal rights of participation and opportunity in sports. Both of the movies project their protagonists struggling to achieve success in sports. It is revealed that despite the progress that has been achieved in sports, misogyny is deep-rooted in sport institutions. Practical Implications: The paper throws light on various types of barriers, socio-cultural, biological and psychological, which women players have to cross, in addition to dealing with a bizarre and weird kind of treatment which their male counterparts do not normally confront. It depicts how family pressures and restrictions, cultural inhibitions, lack of support and biased attitude of society can ultimately thwart the ambitions of women players. Originality/value: The paper suggests that sports can be used as an effective tool for women empowerment. As part of the feminist inquiry, the attempt here is to expose the inequalities and discrimination against sportswomen.
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McArdle, David. "Sports law, sports policy and the amateur athlete." Sports law, policy & diplomacy journal 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30925/slpdj.1.1.1.
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There have been a number of significant papers on the European Court of Justice’s 2019 decision in TopFit v DLV, a preliminary reference which concerns direct nationality discrimination against an amateur athlete. This paper contributes to that knowledge-base by drawing on those contributions but also by setting the case in its historical context to show how it aligns with forty years’ worth of developments in both sports law and sports policy. Furthermore, TopFit illustrates that the potential ramifications of the EU’s sports competence as laid down in Article 165 TFEU might be greater than they first appear. Contrary to the Advocate General’s Opinion, the Court held that direct nationality discrimination laws were applicable to amateur sporting activities – there was no need to establish the existence of economic activity which, fortuitously, Biffi possessed. It thus needs to be considered alongside the wider caselaw on EU citizenship, and the case is not a matter of ‘purely sporting interest.’ But nationality restrictions can still be legitimate if they are deemed to be a proportionate response to a legitimate sporting concern. In any other cultural sphere, the idea that one’s desire to take part in an amateur event might be lawfully ended by ‘proportionate’ discrimination would seem ludicrous. The paper argues that sport’s privileged position within the European Union is a reflection of its ability to leverage its financial muscle and ubiquity, and its concomitant ability to influence policymakers; it does not possess any ‘inherent’ qualities that make it ‘special’ in comparison to other cultural fields.
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Flowers, Courtney, Jasmine Hamilton, and Joyce Olushola Ogunrinde. "Examining the Ability of Title IX to Provide Equitable Participation Opportunities for Black Women College Athletes." Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 16, no. 1 (March 22, 2023): 6–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jis.v16i1.19509.
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The purpose of this study was to reveal Title IX fueled obstacles which prevent Black women from achieving equity in college sports. The researchers sought to provide a critical analysis of the synchronous burden of race and gender discrimination experienced by Black women in college sports. The study found this form of discrimination is unique to Black women as they experience sex discrimination similar to white women and race discrimination similar to Black men, but neither white women or Black men experience simultaneous forms of race and gender discrimination as Black women do (Crenshaw 1988; Mathewson; 1996). Title IX is a single-axis equity law which uses sex to factor discrimination, yet as Black women experience both race and gender discrimination synchronously this law does not protect Black women from discrimination in the way they experience it. Yet, examining the effectiveness of Title IX to prevent race and sex discrimination is problematic because even with the law, schools have not achieved gender equity in college sports since its enactment in 1972 (Butler & Lopiano, 2003; Cooper & Newton, 2021;Kaplan, Hecker, & Fink, 2021; NWLC, 2022; Staurowsky, 2011; 2020; 2022). Another challenge is the NCAA Emerging Sports Program for Women uses a single axis lens to increase athletic opportunities for women. Therefore Black women are barred from benefiting from the increased access and athletic opportunities produced through the Emerging Sports program as it uses sex as a solo determinant to increase athletic opportunities. It is worth noting the extreme lack of research on Black women in sports has rendered Black women college athletes invisible in data on women’s sports (Butler & Lopiano, 2003; Carter-Francique & Flowers, 2013; Cooper & Newton, 2021; McDowell & Carter-Francique, 2017; Pickett et al, 2012; Staurowsky et al., 2021; 2022). This adds to the complexity of examining forms of discrimination experienced by Black women in college sports. The study found racial clustering, the single-axis lens of Title IX, and NCAA gender equity programs collectively provide harm to Black women in college sports and uniquely attack their ability to achieve equity in college sports.
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Hartmann-Tews, Ilse, Tobias Menzel, and Birgit Braumüller. "Experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in sports in Germany." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 52, no. 1 (October 7, 2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12662-021-00756-0.
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AbstractThere is growing international evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and sexually/gender diverse (LGBTQ+) people regularly experience discrimination in sports. However, there is a lack of empirical research with regard to the sports situation in Germany. Based on a quantitative survey of 858 self-identifying LGBTQ+ individuals, the present research is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in sports in Germany. To add distinctive knowledge to the international research, this analysis considers differences within the group of LGBTQ+ people and between various sports settings (i.e., organizational framework, team vs individual sports, and performance level. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What micro- and meso-level factors affect the witnessing of homo-/transnegative language and the prevalence of homo-/transnegative incidents in respondents’ sports activities? (2) What micro- and meso-level factors affect respondents’ feelings of being offended by homo-/transnegative language and what behavioral consequences (i.e., refraining from specific sports and reactions to homo-/transnegative episodes) can be observed among different LGBTQ+ subgroups? The data reveal the impact of the sports context on the perception of homo-/transnegative language but not on negative experiences. Moreover, there is a higher prevalence of gay compared to lesbian athletes with regard to the perception of homo-/transnegative language in their sports and a higher prevalence of gay athletes and non-cisgender (transgender) athletes with regard to homo-/transnegative experiences in sport compared to lesbian and cisgender athletes. The empirical evidence confirms and deepens international findings. Moreover, the data assist the Sport Ministers Conference’s goal of increasing initiatives to tackle the exclusion and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ people in sports.
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Gomez-Gonzalez, Carlos. "Towards policies to eradicate ethnic discrimination in amateur sports." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 005. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss005.
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Field experiments in the last decade documented discrimination in several social domains: labour, housing, education, transportation, and sports. Previous research shows that when asking to join a training with an amateur soccer club, people with foreign-sounding names are significantly less likely to receive a positive response than those with native-sounding names. This result differs in magnitude but is traceable across 23 European countries, including Switzerland (Gomez-Gonzalez et al., 2021; Nesseler et al., 2019). The findings redirect attention from self-segregation to collective exclusion mechanisms when analyzing the ethnic participation gap in amateur sports. The negative implications are magnified as research identifies sport participation as key in promoting social integration among minority group members.
Experimental economics also show that field experiments can play a crucial role in developing effective policies to combat discrimination in the future decade. Previous research demonstrates the importance of intervention studies to test the effectiveness of the policies, as not all have the intended results. Dur et al. (2022) analyze the effectiveness of a low-cost intervention to reduce discrimination among amateur soccer clubs in Norway. A correspondence test is preceded by an anti-discrimination intervention in collaboration with the Norwegian Football Federation (NFF). The intervention is based on an information campaign sent via email to a random selection of amateur soccer clubs, which do not modify their behavior as expected.
The experimental design of an intervention makes it possible to estimate the causal effect of a low-cost policy against discrimination in the field. In this research, I design an intervention to reduce the ethnic response gap among amateur soccer clubs in Switzerland, where more than 1,000 amateur clubs would be subject to an intervention. I explore the features of the information campaign: message, sender, and channel, and potential collaborations with sports governing bodies to increase the impact of such policy.
References
Dur, R., Gomez-Gonzalez, C., & Nesseler, C. (2022). How to reduce discrimination? Evidence from a field experiment in amateur soccer. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(1), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2022.2071688
Gomez-Gonzalez, C., Nesseler, C., & Dietl, H. M. (2021). Mapping discrimination in Europe through a field experiment in amateur sport. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8, Article 95. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00773-2
Nesseler, C., Gomez-Gonzalez, C., & Dietl, H. (2019). What’s in a name? Measuring access to social activities with a field experiment. Palgrave Communications, 5, Article 160. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0372-0
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Lenskyj, Helen. "Combating Homophobia in Sport and Physical Education." Sociology of Sport Journal 8, no. 1 (March 1991): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.8.1.61.
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The discrimination experienced by women in sport in North America has been well documented (e.g., Hall, 1987; Lenskyj, 1986; Uhlir, 1987), and the gains made in the last two decades owe much to the efforts of feminists, both inside and outside sport. However, the situation of lesbians in sport has only recently received attention in academic and professional sport circles, and then only as one aspect of sportswomen’s private lives for which they are subjected to discrimination. And although feminist scholarship of the 1970s and 1980s has investigated the political implications of lesbianism in considerable depth, the specific concerns of lesbians in sport contexts have for the most part been neglected. This paper examines the discrimination faced by lesbians in sport and develops a radical feminist analysis of these experiences. Recent developments in national sports organizations in North America are presented as case studies and analyzed in terms of their political perspective and potential.
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Burns, Ryan D., and You Fu. "Parental Perceived Discrimination and Youth Participation in Out-Of-School Sports." Children 9, no. 12 (November 24, 2022): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121808.
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The aim of this study was to determine the associations between perceived parental discrimination and youth participation in out-of-school sports. We analyzed a representative sample of US children and adolescents from the 2020 National Survey of Children’s Health (N = 30,656; 6–17 years old; 49.0% female). The dependent variable was a (No/Yes) response item asking parents about their child’s participation in out-of-school sports. Two binary response items asked parents if they perceived that their child was ever treated or judged unfairly because of their race/ethnicity and because of their sexual orientation/gender identity. Weighted multiple logistic regressions examined correlations between the discrimination variables and out-of-school sports controlling for demographics covariates including family income. After covariate adjustment, perceived parental discrimination because of race/ethnicity associated with 1.57 times higher odds of child participation in sports (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.57, 95%CI: 1.17–2.03, p = 0.002). Conversely, discrimination because of sexual orientation/gender identity correlated with 57% lower odds of child participation in sports (AOR (Adjusted Odds Ratio) = 0.43, 95%CI: 0.27–0.69, p < 0.001). After family income and other covariates were considered, perceived discrimination by parents because of their child’s race/ethnicity associated with higher probability of sports participation. Perceived discrimination by parents because of their child’s sexual orientation/gender identity associated with a lower probability of participating in sports.
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Ellen Staurowsky. "Contemplating A 21st Century View of Title IX’s Application to College Sport." Journal of Higher Education Athletics & Innovation 2, no. 2 (April 19, 2024): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2376-5267.2024.2.2.9-38.
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Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 is arguably one of the most consequential pieces of legislation to affect change within college sport. In retrospect, Title IX’s influence on college sport programs and its governing bodies is a lesson in what legislation can achieve in promoting gender equity within an entrenched male hegemonic system and what its legal limitations are in a predominantly white system of college sport. Title IX’s implementing regulations reflect a negotiated settlement between commercial, economic, and state interests invested in men’s sports and some educational leaders leveraging the optics of what the general public would think of colleges and universities engaged in outright gender discrimination (Hextrum & Sethi, 2022; Staurowsky, 2023). The result in the late 1970s was a series of “last stand” protections for men’s sports, contained in such mechanisms as the “contact sports exception”, designed to resist the incursion of women into those all-men’s spaces. Connected to the idea that in the athletic arena, “separate” could be “equal,” the framework of a gender binary was embedded in the regulations (Staurowsky et al., 2022). This paper explores the limits of Title IX’s liberal feminist conception of equality through Title IX’s impact on the college sport system and compliance; Title IX’s embrace of “separate but equal” and fears regarding strong women; the insulation of men’s sports from women through the contact sports exemption; Title IX, race and intersectionality in college sport; the manipulation of Title IX by the NCAA and the case of NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Tournament in 2021; and the NCAA’s pretense of leadership regarding gender equity and gender discrimination.
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Jamshaid, Fahmida, and Bilal Ahmed. "The impact of gender discrimination on trait sports confidence (TSCI) in Pakistani athlete’s." Journal of Management Info 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/jmi.v3i1.11.
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The main purpose of the study was to study the gender discrimination and trait sports confidenceof Pakistani sport persons withspecial reference to their socio-cultural factors associated with female sports participation and performance.Another purpose of the study was to examine and find out whether one psychosocial (self-confidence) dimension exercised a stronger influence on gender. The analysis was administered to a sample of 300 (150 males and 150 females) athletes aged 17 to 24 who participated sports at various level in a variety of sports like cricket, hockey, basketball, table tennis, badminton and athletics. Each of the subject responded to a modified version of Trait Sports Confidence Inventory (Vealey, R.S. (1986). An analysis of the results illustrated that significant difference existed between male and female player’s trait sportconfidence due to the socioeconomic and socio cultural attitudes and environments.
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Mao, Yufei. "Gender Stereotypes/Discrimination Females Experience in Sports-Related Occupations." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 12 (April 19, 2023): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v12i.7642.
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With the continuous development of human society, the sense of equality is getting stronger and stronger, and feminism is also on the rise. This makes competitive sports, which was the exclusive right of men in the early days, open to women as a symbol of gender equality. In the last decade of the 20th century, gender equality in sports attracted the attention of the International Olympic Committee and other sports-related organizations. Since ancient times, female sports workers have been treated unfairly in the field of sports. How to solve the problem of gender equality in sports is a continuous concern in the research. Through the analysis of female work in the sports field: female athletes, female referees and female journalists, this paper finds that women are at a disadvantage in competitive sports, sports news, commentary and other related industries. Compared with other fields, the absolute position of men in sports is more difficult to shake. Although the number of women engaged in sports-related industries and the types involved are gradually increasing in recent years, this is only a representation, and there are still obvious disadvantages compared with men. The public's deep-rooted prejudice and potential sexist ideas about women engaging in sports-related industries are the most fundamental problems, which not only lead to the public's disapproval of women engaging in sports-related industries, but also have a negative impact on how women view themselves. After a series of analyses, it is found that female sports workers are still marginalized.
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Marivoet, Salomé. "Challenge of Sport Towards Social Inclusion and Awareness-Raising Against Any Discrimination." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 63, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcssr-2014-0017.
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AbstractSport presents itself as a social configuration that enhances social inclusion by promoting tolerance, respect for others, cooperation, loyalty and friendship, and values associated with fair play, the most important ethical principles of sport. However, intolerance and exclusion can also be expressed in sport, certainly even more so the bigger the social inequalities and the ethnic, religious, gender, disability, and sexual orientation prejudices are in society. The processes of social exclusion, integration, and inclusion are research areas in the social sciences with consolidated knowledge, namely in the study of the problems of poverty, social inequalities, racial and ethnic discrimination, disability, and education. However, it is necessary to discuss the existing theoretical approaches and conceptions seen as explanatory principles of the reality of these fields of analysis, look at how they can frame the reality on the sports field, and then confirm them through empirical research in order to produce knowledge based on the reality of social facts. Despite the broad consensus on the potential of sport in promoting social inclusion, in this paper I stress that this potential can only become real if the orientation of sport includes strategies aimed at achieving these goals. I intend to show how the –social issue‖ in the field of sports has gained relevance in the institutional context, and thereby a new field of research for the social science of sport has been opened and needs to be deepened.
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Quansah, Tommy Kweku, Markus Lang, and Bernd Frick. "Color blind – Investigating customer-based discrimination in European soccer." Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) 8, no. 2 (February 14, 2023): 007. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/2023.2ciss007.
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This paper tests for the existence and consequences of customer-based racial discrimination in Europe’s five largest professional soccer leagues. Most of the previous studies focusing on European sports, as opposed to North American sports, either used wage models to identify discrimination of e.g., black players or focused on nationality instead of ethnicity or race. This study employs a market test approach to empirically test whether racial preferences affect ticket demand. Using data from the European Big-5 soccer leagues between 2008/09 and 2018/19, the results of our regression models indicate evidence of customer-based discrimination in European soccer, moderated by the idiosyncratic circumstances in each of the five countries and their respective leagues - both in terms of racial as well as nationality-based discrimination. The study fills an important gap in the European sports management literature, as the lack of suitable data has for a long time impeded a thorough investigation of customer-based discrimination and its consequences in European sports – an area well researched in the North American context.
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Moetiz Samad. "Addressing Gender Discrimination in the NBA with a “Hammon” Rule." Journal of Legal Aspects of Sport 31, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/25605.
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The purpose of this conceptual study was to examine how the National Basketball Association (NBA) should address gender discrimination in sports by implementing the “Hammon” Rule for head coaching and general manager hiring processes. Drawing from societal perceptions (Sagas & Cunningham, 2004; Schaeperkoetter et al., 2017), leadership (Burton, 2015) and the infusion of the Ecological-Intersectional Model (EIM) (LaVoi, 2016) as conceptual focal points, this article asserts that the NBA has important opportunities to lead other professional sports leagues to aid in its recruitment and retention of women in front-facing leadership roles. Utilizing Lapchick’s (2020a) report on race and gender for the NBA, this study calls for progressive action. As the current literature documents, legal and cultural factors, as well as leadership and lack of advocacy, all play a crucial role in how women are perceived within sport. This study provides a multi-faceted approach to addressing gender discrimination at the coaching and general manager levels, including accountability measures necessary for structural and organizational change to address gender discrimination in the NBA and beyond.
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Yunin, Oleksandr, Sergii Komisarov, Diana Shebanits, Sergii Naumenko, and Alina Steblianko. "Discrimination in sports as a gross violation of human rights in Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 47 (December 17, 2021): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.47.11.17.
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The urgency of the problem described in the article is the existence of an ineffective observance mechanism of athletes' and fans' rights in connection with the manifestations of discrimination in sports. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to find ways to improve Ukrainian legislation in terms of protection of human rights from any manifestations of discrimination. To achieve this goal, the system-structural method and the formal-legal method, the method of analysis, the formal-logical method were used. The Ukrainian legislation in the researched field is analyzed. The experience of other countries in combating discrimination in sports has been studied. It is proposed to create an institute of sports ombudsman in Ukraine and stressed the need not to improve the criminal legislation in terms of clarifying the provisions of Article 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The expediency of establishing administrative liability for non-compliance with anti-discrimination legislation, amending the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses, which, in turn, will facilitate more prompt prosecution for human rights violations in sports. The practical value of the obtained results is that it can be taken as a basis for finding a mechanism to improve the fight against discrimination in sports.
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Balynska, O. M. "Problems of gender equality in sports: topical issues of combating discrimination." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 6 (February 18, 2023): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.06.66.
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The article analyzes gender problems of discrimination in the field of sports activities. It was established that discrimination is anegative social phenomenon and manifests itself in all spheres, including sports. Despite a number of regulatory and institutional legal guarantees, athletes are exposed to negative situations, including oppression, intolerance, unequal treatment, and even violence. The goal of the modern ideology of legal regulation in the field of sports is to ensure somatic andpsychological well-being in all spheres of personal development of athletes, including the eradication of manifestations of discrimination, which is especially widespread on the basis of gender.Stereotyped thinking permeates sports activities, where certain sports are identified with a separate gender, resulting in genderdiscrimination against both women due to their supposedly strengthened masculine identity and men for choosing fragile sports.It is noted that the problems of stigmatization in sports have an ancient nature, but do not change in the context of the transformation of the phenomenon itself. Currently, the issue of eSports and its recognition at the professional level isbeing actively discussed. However, according to experts, the problem of gender discrimination in this area is particularly significant.Addressing systemic issues, including discrimination, requires good and open sports governance to create a culture that is trulyfair, accessible, inclusive and supportive. It has been established that increasing the numerical representation of women is an important feminist project in various institutional settings and promotes gender equality. However, the number in itself does not mean ensuring the principle of non-discrimination. The problems that have not been solved at the moment are forms of lower wages, lack of real equality in the occupation of managerial positions and coaching staff, uneven popularization in the mass media.
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Meshev, Islam Khasanbievich, and Valery Akhiedovich Khazhirokov. "LEGAL REGULATION OF ISSUES OF DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS." Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 11 (2022): 343–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47576/2712-7516_2022_11_4_343.
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Ponnusamy, Vellapandian, Michelle Guerrero, and Jeffrey J. Martin. "Perceived Importance of Selected Psychological Strategies Among Elite Malaysian Athletes." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0001.
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Elite Malaysian athletes (N = 179) from integrated and segregated sports rated the perceived importance of eight psychological strategies for improving performance using two different response format methods, a Likert rating scale and forced-choice. A forced-choice procedure produced better discrimination among the skills than a Likert rating scale procedure. We also found that the ratings of importance differed as a function of sport type and gender. Specifically, athletes in integrated sports placed more importance on setting team goals and clarifying roles/responsibilities compared to athletes in segregated sports. At the same time, participants in segregated sports viewed setting personal goals, psych-up strategies, and imagery as more important for performance than those in integrated sports. Significant interaction effects indicated that, within segregated sports, females rated positive self-talk higher than males, but communication skills were rated higher by males than by females.
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Zharovska, І. "Gender aspects in sports: problems of legal regulation." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 75 (March 22, 2023): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.75.1.13.
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The article analyzes the gender problems of discrimination in the field of sports activities, since the issue of proper legal regulation, the creation of a full-fledged system of sports law with a comprehensive system of legal principles and guarantees is a relevant factor in the improvement of national law.
It was established that despite the active struggle of activists for gender rights in sports, the situation is far from perfect. Professional sports serve as a powerful cultural arena for constructing and perpetuating the ideology and practice of male privilege and dominance. This sphere of social life is perhaps one of the most instrumental in creating and maintaining male hegemony, contributing to historical patterns of male empowerment and female disadvantage. Women's sports are often trivialized and marginalized, and female athletes themselves are often perceived as feminized women rather than competitive athletes.
Ensuring gender equality is an urgent problem of our time in all spheres of social life. Sport as a professional activity remains one of the fields where the greatest amount of gender inequality is manifested, despite the fact that there has been a struggle in this area for almost a century, and in the last two decades, the fight against gender discrimination has especially intensified.
The problems that still remain in the field of professional sports in the context of equality and justice between the sexes are grouped: the uneven presence of women in the leadership of sports organizations, manifestations of sexism, the lack of balanced sports gender linguistics, uneven coverage of sports competitions based on the gender of the participants. The last is that the representation of sports and athletes in the media can contribute to the formation of harmful gender stereotypes. The media, as a rule, presents female athletes as women first, and sportswomen second.
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Monaco, Salvatore. "Sports beyond genders. Sociological analysis on the participation of trangender women in female sport competitions." Comunicación y Género 3, no. 2 (August 3, 2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cgen.68555.
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Although sport historically represents an important vehicle for the dissemination of values and principles, it is often an arena of discrimination, most all based on gender (Balbo, 2001).
The paper is aimed at analyzing the issue of the participation of transgender women in female sports in order to identify which are the main discrimination factors. To achieve this goal, the article analyzes the online conversations on the House Bill 2706 of Arizona that proposes that transgender female student athletes should not take part in female sporting activities, as they have physiological benefits that would make unequal the sport competitions. In particular, the paper studies the contents about this issue hosted on Twitter, the popular real-time microblogging social network. The method is based on design data mining analysis, supported by the use of software for quantitative analysis of the content. The study considers Tweets published during the period between February and March 2020. Sentiment analysis of Tweets shows that the road to the complete acceptance of the female transgender universe in sport is still very long and difficult to follow.
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Grant, Aimee. "“#discrimination”." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 1 (June 25, 2015): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334415592403.
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Background: Stigma is a significant barrier to breastfeeding. Internationally, mothers have reported stigma surrounding public breastfeeding. In the United Kingdom, the Equality Act 2010 gives women the right to breastfeed in public, including within private businesses. In April 2014, a woman who was breastfeeding in a UK sports shop was asked to leave, resulting in a localized protest by breastfeeding mothers. This resulted in the issue of public breastfeeding being highlighted in local, national, and social media. Objective: To examine online opinion regarding breastfeeding in public and protesting about the right to breastfeed in public within the context of a single case. Methods: Online user-generated content relating to the case of Wioletta Komar was downloaded from Twitter and the comments section of a UK online news source, Mail Online. Data comprised 884 comments and 1210 tweets, collected within 24 hours of the incident. Semiotic and thematic analysis was facilitated by NVivo 10. Results: Comments from Twitter were supportive (76%) or neutral (22%) regarding the protesting women and public breastfeeding. Conversely, Mail Online comments were mostly negative (85%). Mail Online posters questioned the legality of public breastfeeding, while Twitter comments acknowledged and supported women’s legal right to breastfeed publicly. Many Mail Online commenters stated that they found it uncomfortable to watch breastfeeding or thought it was unnecessary to breastfeed in public. Conclusion: If the UK government is serious about increasing breastfeeding, interventions to promote public support for public breastfeeding are urgently required.
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Meziani, Yamina, and Jacco van Sterkenburg. "Discrimination, management and social movements in the world of sports and mediated sports." Staps N° 144, no. 1 (April 24, 2024): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sta.144.0015.
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Delorme, Nicolas, and Amy Pressland. "The Visibility of Female Athletes: A Comparison of the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympic Games Coverage in French, British, and Spanish Newspapers." Sociology of Sport Journal 33, no. 4 (December 2016): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2016-0017.
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The media coverage of sport events in relation to athletes’ sex has been extensively analyzed in the scientific literature. Apart from sports mega-events such as the Olympic Games, the findings of these studies seem consistent in that female participants are systematically underrepresented in sports media coverage. However, much of the research in this area relates to North America. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine sex equity in the coverage of the Sochi 2014 Winter Olympics by French, British and Spanish newspapers to provide new insights in this research field from a different cultural perspective. A content analysis was carried out and mixed results were found. French coverage shows significant discrimination of female athletes on most of the variables analyzed. Conversely, British coverage shows significant discrimination of male athletes on most of the variables studied. Finally, Spanish coverage is fair. These mixed results show the value of conducting such studies in geographical areas outside North America.
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Williams, Jodine Rianna. "Voices of the minority: Diverse experiences from practitioners in the field of sports and exercise psychology." Sport & Exercise Psychology Review 17, no. 2 (September 2022): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpssepr.2022.17.2.36.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the lived experiences of sports and exercise psychologists and sports and exercise psychology trainees from minority groups as they practice within the field. The experiences of UK minority sports and exercise psychologists and trainees within the field have not been widely explored in the literature. The lived experiences of three practitioners were explored through the lens of race, sexual orientation and religion. Forty-five-minute semi-structured interviews were analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis. The following themes arose from the study: the unseen minority, embed discrimination in sport, improving the field, journey barriers and the qualities of a practitioner. Based on the themes explored future research areas are discussed.
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Silva Dias, Teresa, Katerina Novotná, Helder Zimmermann Oliveira, Carlos Azevedo, Nuno Corte-Real, Pavel Slepička, and António Manuel Fonseca. "Why talented athletes drop out from sport? The Portuguese and Czech case." Education + Training 60, no. 5 (June 11, 2018): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-12-2017-0207.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to perceive the perspective of Portuguese and Czech’ talented athletes regarding: the main reasons pointed to drop out of sport, putting into analysis motivational factors; the conciliation of School and Sport, and how the organization of schools and sports contexts are articulated in relation to the training and promotion of students, athletes and citizens; and the contributions (positive/negative) of sports to daily life and society. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach to interview eight talented athletes from different sports that had to drop out the practice of sport and explores their narratives regarding experiences and the relational dynamics between sports contexts and schools. Findings Athletes identify factors that led to drop out: the coach profile or the methodology and dynamics of practicing/training; time consuming; and the impossibility of reconciling sports with school/job. Athletes can identify the sport’s culture, self-development and health being as positive contributions of sports, whereas injuries were referred as the main negative factor of sport. As proposal of changes, athletes referred to the need of a more professional organization of the sport contexts and to more proximity between school policies and sport policies allowing conciliating both. Research limitations/implications One limitation that could be pointed to this research is the difference between the Czech and Portuguese socio-cultural and political situation, not only in the concept and organization of sports activities (since scholar years) but also in the general society. This difference could have more visibility when interpreting the data that led to this fact referred above. Practical implications It is recommended a more proximity relationship between researchers and the contexts of practice (sport contexts) being that it is important that these contexts should have feedback from the investigations carried out. Only in this way coaches, federations and confederations can be aware of the motivational factors that lead to talented athletes drop out, and make a greater investment in initial formation of the coaches and propose policies that try to establish partnerships with schools or professional contexts which could help the management of athletes’ times outside of sport. Originality/value Departing from the athletes’ feelings, concerns and motivations related to sport and the reasons that led to their drop out, we argue for the definition of public policies, in both countries, that promote non-discrimination of young people who wish to maintain a path linked to sports in articulation with other areas of their lives.
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Kahn, Lawrence M. "The Sports Business as a Labor Market Laboratory." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 75–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.75.
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With superior data on compensation and productivity, as well as the occurrence of abrupt, dramatic market structure and player allocation rules changes, sports labor markets offer an excellent setting in which to test economic hypotheses. This paper reviews evidence from sports in four areas: employer monopsony, discrimination, the Coase Theorem, and incentive contracts, supervision and performance. There is considerable evidence of monopsony as well as for the existence of some forms of discrimination against minority athletes. Incentive contracts have strong effects on player performance and behavior, and there is mixed evidence on the predictions of the Coase Theorem.
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McAll, Christopher. "English/Freneh Canadian Differences in Sport Participation: Comment on White and Curtis." Sociology of Sport Journal 9, no. 3 (September 1992): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.3.307.
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This paper questions both the validity of the “value-differences thesis” put forward by White and Curtis as an explanation for differences in sport participation on the part of Canadian Anglophones and Francophones, and the inference of these authors that such hypothetical value-differences may better explain historical and contemporary inequalities between the two language groups than the alternative “conquest and discrimination” model. It is suggested that White and Curtis’ argument only stands up insofar as the discrimination model is not thoroughly discussed and tested. In particular the central role played by sports as a site in which social inequalities are structured and reinforced is not adequately taken into account by these authors.
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Solves, Josep, Sebastián Sánchez, and Inmaculada Rius. "The prince and the pauper: Journalistic culture and Paralympic games in the Spanish print press." Journalism 19, no. 12 (October 8, 2016): 1713–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464884916671894.
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The Paralympic Games are one of the world’s most important multisport events, maybe second only to the Olympic Games. However, research conducted to date shows that the media do not devote as much space to them as would accordingly be expected. This article proposes, through a case study, a new way of approaching this hypothetical discrimination by comparing the attention that the London Paralympic Games received from the Spanish print press with the attention that other sports received (football, basketball, tennis, cycling, motor sports and other minority sports) while those Games were being held. The main finding of our study is that over the period analysed, the Spanish press devoted less space to the Paralympic Games than to any other sport.
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Kahn, Lawrence M. "Discrimination in Professional Sports: A Survey of the Literature." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44, no. 3 (April 1991): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524152.
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Phillips, John C. "Racial Discrimination in Sports: Unequal Opportunity for Equal Ability." Sociological Focus 30, no. 4 (October 1997): 333–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1997.10571084.
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Kahn, Lawrence M. "Discrimination in Professional Sports: A Survey of the Literature." ILR Review 44, no. 3 (April 1991): 395–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399104400301.
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Joyce Jolly, Umbo. "Factors Responsible for Gender Discrimination in Sports in Rivers State, Nigeria." British Journal of Education, Learning and Development Psychology 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/bjeldp-hcgxpar2.
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The researcher investigated the Factors Responsible for Gender Discrimination in Sports in Rivers State. Three research questions and three hypotheses guided the study. The researcher used a self-developed instrument titled “Factors Responsible for Gender Discrimination in Sports in Rivers State (FRFGDSRS)” as the instrument for data collection. The instruments were administered to 570 undergraduates in the department of Human Kinetics at the University of Port Harcourt and the Ignatius Ajuru University of Education all in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. The population of the study was 12,241 students in Rivers State. The researcher employed the correlational research design for the study. The reliability coefficient yielded 0.80 using a test-retest method which shows that the instrument is reliable. Based on the findings the researcher revealed that cultural beliefs, parents and religion are the socio-cultural factors responsible for gender discrimination in sports in Rivers State. Therefore, the researcher recommends that the government at all levels should create enabling environment for unfettered participation of women in sports and its management. The private organisations and individuals in the society should support the government at all levels to provide and improve sports facilities and equipment in schools so as to enable more participation in sports by both sexes.
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Jones, Bethany Alice, Jon Arcelus, Walter Pierre Bouman, and Emma Haycraft. "Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies." Sports Medicine 47, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y.
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Abstract Background Whether transgender people should be able to compete in sport in accordance with their gender identity is a widely contested question within the literature and among sport organisations, fellow competitors and spectators. Owing to concerns surrounding transgender people (especially transgender female individuals) having an athletic advantage, several sport organisations place restrictions on transgender competitors (e.g. must have undergone gender-confirming surgery). In addition, some transgender people who engage in sport, both competitively and for leisure, report discrimination and victimisation. Objective To the authors’ knowledge, there has been no systematic review of the literature pertaining to sport participation or competitive sport policies in transgender people. Therefore, this review aimed to address this gap in the literature. Method Eight research articles and 31 sport policies were reviewed. Results In relation to sport-related physical activity, this review found the lack of inclusive and comfortable environments to be the primary barrier to participation for transgender people. This review also found transgender people had a mostly negative experience in competitive sports because of the restrictions the sport’s policy placed on them. The majority of transgender competitive sport policies that were reviewed were not evidence based. Conclusion Currently, there is no direct or consistent research suggesting transgender female individuals (or male individuals) have an athletic advantage at any stage of their transition (e.g. cross-sex hormones, gender-confirming surgery) and, therefore, competitive sport policies that place restrictions on transgender people need to be considered and potentially revised.
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Armstrong, Ketra L. "The Nature of Black Women’s Leadership in Community Recreation Sport: An Illustration of Black Feminist Thought." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 16, no. 1 (April 2007): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.16.1.3.
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Sport is a social institution that is rife with raced and gendered discursive fields, creating structural and power relations that may influence the leadership experiences of Black women there-in. Tins study utilized the tenets of Black Feminist Thought as a foundation for examining the leadership experiences of a case selection of Black women (n=21) in community recreational sports. The results revealed that a personal interest in sport and an ethic of caring motivated the women’s involvement in the leadership of community recreation sports. Although the women reported barriers of gender inequity, racial discrimination, poor communication, lack of resources, and organizational constraints, they appeared to rely on their internal fortitude as a reservoir for resistance to combat the institutional challenges faced and have meaningful sport leadership experiences. The study illuminated the importance of individual consciousness to these women’s sense of self and their ability to resist the domination of the power and ideologies situated in their sport leadership settings.
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Slavko, A. S. "The right to sport in constitutional legislation: a comparative aspect." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (November 27, 2022): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2022.04.12.
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Sport has a close connection with human rights. This connection is manifested in several main aspects: the possibility of promoting human rights through sports events, holding sports events and competitions on the basis of equality and non-discrimination, and directly forming the right to sports. For example, respect for human rights is enshrined in the Olympic Charter and the World Anti-Doping Code.
The European Court of Human Rights’ practice in protecting the rights of athletes and persons related to sports is also quite rich. The latter include, for example, sports associations or fans or their groups. The court considered cases associated with the deprivation of freedom of fans to prevent mass riots after football matches, interference in the privacy of athletes due to doping control, violation of the right to a fair trial due to consideration of sports disputes in specialized arbitrations, etc.
An analysis of the constitutional legislation of foreign countries shows a trend according to which state policy on sports mentions appears in newer constitutions. On the other hand, earlier constitutions did not pay attention to this sphere of public life. Those states that granted the sports sphere the status of constitutional regulation use one of several models: 1) the state undertakes to "promote" sports. Such assistance can take various forms - from simple non-interference to targeted support of certain types of professional sports. In some cases, it is even about compulsory involvement of schoolchildren in mass sports (Switzerland); 2) the state defines and guarantees the right to sport. The right to sport is understood as a separate right, for the implementation of which the state creates the appropriate infrastructure. It also involves supporting mass sports because the right to sports is guaranteed to "everyone" and "all people"; 3) sport is understood as part of another right, for example, the right to health and medical care. Accordingly, measures to support sports are part of comprehensive programs to support the population’s health; emphasis is also placed on mass sports. Judging from the text of the Constitution, Ukraine chose the third option. However, the analysis of relevant legislation allows us to talk about forming the right to sport in the domestic legal system.
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Estrada Fernández, Xavier, Carles Alsinet Mora, Agnès Ros Morente, Gemma Viera Segura, and Laura Vicens Núñez. "Relationship of visual, attentional and contextual variables together with internalized (depression), and externalized (behavior) problems." Sportis. Scientific Journal of School Sport, Physical Education and Psychomotricity 7, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 239–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2021.7.2.7365.
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Physical exercise as an educational formula improves the motor and cognitive learning of students, and allows us to strengthen the motor, coordinative and visual skills of the students, boys and girls, that will be decisive for their integral development. The general objective of the study is to examine the relationship of visual, attentional and contextual variables, together with internalized problems (depression), and externalized problems (behavior) in primary school students. 76 students participated in the study, of which 53 were boys (69.73%) and 23 girls (30.27%), with a mean age of 6.68 and a standard deviation of .799. The students participated in a multisport activity where three protocols were previously administered: an optometric evaluation, the Caras-R, Identical Forms-R and SENA to evaluate visual discrimination, sustained attention and contextual factors. The regressive models of the study predict, firstly, that better visual and attentional discrimination avoids depressive symptoms in students, and, secondly, that contextual factors act exclusively and directly in the face of depressive-type symptoms. The importance of the visual task as a variable directly related to depression and significantly together with attention in the prediction of adaptive behaviors stands out as a novelty. Thus, good visual discrimination is an important factor in sports practice and in the prevention of emotional and behavioral problems.
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Tagg, Brendon. "Transgender Netballers: Ethical Issues and Lived Realities." Sociology of Sport Journal 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.29.2.151.
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Transgender people are increasingly tolerated, and sometimes even actively celebrated, within contemporary Western popular culture. However, despite the broader political movement against gender-based discrimination, transgender people’s participation in élite sport remains contentious. Although American transgender professional tennis player Renee Richards drew attention to transgender athletes as early as the mid-1970s, even major sports organizations such as the International Olympic Committee (IOC) struggle to formulate fair and consistent gender policies. This article discusses the specific case of transgender players in men’s netball in New Zealand, a somewhat uniquely gendered sport, as a means of understanding emerging issues surrounding transgender athletes’ participation in sport more broadly.
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Chang, Chinchia. "Research on Gender Treatment and Discrimination of World Mainstream of World Mainstream Sports Events." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 27 (March 21, 2024): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/rerxkp33.
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Sports exist in various different ways. People could play sports for fun, for the school team, and professionally. As sports may differ from one to another: different playing styles, different rules, different environments, but there had always been one characteristic that is stuck in every single version of sports possible, men>women. And for those who chose to play sports in a professional manner, gender turns into control on how different players are treated regardless of the sports they play. This paper dives deep into the reasons on why in the magnificent realm of sports tends to display characteristics of sexism where male athletes tend to earn more income than female athletes across different types of sports and possible reasons why this phenomenon exists. Lastly, through analyzing these reasons, attempt to find possible solutions to try and equalize the gender pay gap that currently is favoring men over women athletes. Therefore, creating a realm of equal opportunities and future for every single human being trying to make it into the professional sporting leagues.
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Kim, KiWoon. "Spatial Discrimination of Disabled Sports through the Bourdieu’s Capital Theory." Korean Society for the Sociology of Sport 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22173/ksss.2022.35.1.3.
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George-Komi, Leesi, and Leah Robinson. "230 Assessing the Role of Youth Sports in Diabetes Prevention and Perceived Discrimination." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 8, s1 (April 2024): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2024.212.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Our study aims to 1) examine the link between engagement in CLR Academy and youth diabetes risk factors—physical activity, nutrition, mental health, and weight status; 2) examine CLR’s role in moderating the relationship between perceived discrimination and these risk factors. Includes a program evaluation of CLR & interviews of members. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Youth-onset diabetes is rising in American minority communities. Youth sports programs like the Community Leadership Revolution (CLR) Academy in Washtenaw County, MI are emerging responses to this issue. CLR targets diabetes risk factors through team sports by promoting mindfulness and healthy habits. Employing a mixed-methods, pretest-posttest approach, our study focuses on how the frequency of engagement in CLR impacts CLR’s effect on youth’s diabetes risk factors. Considering the discrimination minority youth experience, we also aim to see if CLR potentially buffers the impact of perceived discrimination on diabetes risk factors. A posttest program evaluation of CLR will also include semi-structured interviews with CLR staff and participants. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: There is potential that youth with high engagement in CLR Academy may see enhanced benefits in managing diabetes risk factors compared to less active participants. This may be particularly true for youth experiencing high perceived discrimination, with potential marked improvements in mental health, like reduced anxiety and depression. Additionally, through a program evaluation and semi-structured interviews, our study aims to uncover the factors contributing to CLR’s success as a community-led intervention while also identifying areas for enhancement. Post-study, CLR will receive financial support to integrate these insights into their program, furthering their effectiveness in youth diabetes prevention and overall well-being. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This study may provide significant insights into the relationship between sports participation, diabetes risk factors, and perceived discrimination. The findings could help CLR improve its program and guide more effective diabetes prevention strategies in minority youth through other youth sports programs.
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Phipps, Catherine. "“We Already Do Enough Around Equality and Diversity”: Action Taken by Student Union Officers to Promote LGBT+ Inclusion in University Sport." Sociology of Sport Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0119.
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Sport is often considered an important part of United Kingdom (U.K.) university life. However, a limited amount of research has explored inclusion in university sport, particularly considering student union officers’ perceptions. As part of a wider study on LGBT+ sport, a U.K.-wide survey was conducted with officers, alongside focus groups at four institutions. Findings suggest further action can be taken to increase sports’ accessibility. Despite evidence of discrimination toward LGBT+ students, accessible practices were not prioritized at all institutions. For instance, equality policies and trans* inclusion policies had not always been created or embedded into the running of the student unions. The findings may be useful for student unions and others in control of sport provision to increase inclusion for all.
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Moustakas, Louis, and Lisa Kalina. "Fighting Discrimination through Sport? Evaluating Sport-Based Workshops in Irish Schools." Education Sciences 13, no. 5 (May 19, 2023): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13050516.
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Discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation remains a pressing challenge throughout Europe, including within Ireland. Despite this, anti-discrimination education is lacking and uneven within school settings. Responding to this gap and seeking to capitalise on the perceived social potential of sport, one Irish NGO has begun delivering sport-based anti-discrimination workshops to students in primary and secondary schools nationwide. This paper presents an evaluation of these workshops, putting a specific focus on the learning outcomes generated. Data were obtained from standardised, open-ended student feedback forms and qualitatively analysed using a Framework Analysis. The results illustrate fairly consistent learning outcomes, but these outcomes generally focus on individual behaviours and attitudes. This contrasts strongly with literature on anti-discrimination education, which recognises a need to reflect on privilege and social structures while also developing clear strategies to address discrimination. To conclude, we propose recommendations and ways forward to help address both individual and structural realities within such sport-based workshops.
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Antony, Reethee, Stephanie Fazio, Isabel Falguera, Erica Scheinberg, Emma Schaedler, and Sreedhanya Padappam Kandi. "Auditory separation and perceptual advantage in team sports players: A behavioral study." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023123.
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There is a dearth of research related to perceptual advantages in noise, specifically in speech perceptual skills. In an initial study from this lab, the investigators observed that perceptual advantage was present in team sports players with higher percent correct scores relative to non-team sports players, specifically in noise. Research is required to understand if the perceptual advantage is present only for players engaged in specific team sports or not, hence the need for this study. The purpose of this study was to compare speech discrimination and identification skills in soccer players, other team sports players, and non-team sports persons. Thirty participants in the age range of 20-45 years were recruited: 10 soccer players, 10 other team sports players, (e.g., football), and 10 with no experience in team sports. Speech sounds /a/ and /s/ were presented in quiet and in the presence of background noise using speech babble at 0 signal-to-noise ratio. The procedure included a speech discrimination task using AX paradigm and speech identification using four closed-set response. Percent correct responses and reaction times were measured and analyzed using mixed model ANOVA. The findings from the study help towards applying speech in noise perception in sports rehabilitation.
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Sur, Pramod Kumar, and Masaru Sasaki. "Measuring Customer Discrimination: Evidence From the Professional Cricket League in India." Journal of Sports Economics 21, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 420–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002520913104.
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This article examines customer discrimination considering a unique data set from the most popular sports industry in India, that is, cricket. Relying on Playing XI vote in the Indian Premier League, we analyze whether supporters have different personal preferences toward players based on their location of origin and religion. In contrast to the often-heated rhetoric surrounding discrimination and previous literature, we overall do not find any discrimination in voting. We instead find a positive preference for popular foreign players. Our results further suggest that if we examine discrimination by controlling for proxy productivity characteristics, it may produce bias results.
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Vaculíková, Pavlína, Lenka Svobodová, Dagmar Šimberová, and Kristýna Honková. "Analýza vztahu rytmické realizace a rytmické percepce v tanečním sportu." Studia sportiva 5, no. 2 (December 19, 2011): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/sts2011-2-6.
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Dance sport, like other sports belongs to the aesthetic and coordinating sports; with high demands of nearly all motoric skills. They require mainly the ability to coordinate, which is often the limiting factor of performance in dance sport. Due to the fact that dance is synonymous with music and closely associated with the rhythmic capabilities, we will focus further on detailed characteristics of the two rhythmic abilities: rhythmic perception and rhythmic execution. The research sample consisted of 153 test subjects in the age range 17-34 years. The experimental group consists of 104 dancers (53 women and 51 men). The control group consisted of 49 high school students. To examine the level of rhythmic perception, we used a test called rhythmic discrimination. To examine the level of rhythmic execution, we used a test called rhythmic drumming. We proved that dance sport has a positive effect on the level of our selected rhythmic ability, the longer the subjects danced, the better the results achieved in tests. We were unable to prove a statistically significant relationship between rhythmic perception and implementation.