Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Discursive/non-discursive'

This thesis employs a discursive methodology to analyse the policy problem of cultural non-participation. In so doing it seeks to answer the questions of what the problem is, why a problem exists, and what the existence of the problem does ‘in the real’ (Bacchi, 2009). The study draws on primary data generated in the form of policy texts, speeches and 42 in-depth qualitative interviews with individuals working in or for publicly funded cultural organisations in Scotland. Employing the methodological approach of problematisation (Foucault, 2003a [1981]), the study offers a close analysis of the discursive logics upon which the construction of the problem relies. In so doing it is asserted that the problem construction functions as an articulatory practice (Laclau & Mouffe, 1985) that not only constitutes and organizes social relations but also supports asymmetric relations of power and allows inequality in society to be represented as both inevitable and sensible (Rancière, 2004). Beginning with a discussion of how cultural participation has been constructed as an object of enquiry, the thesis moves on to consider how cultural non-participation is constructed as a problem across the discursive planes of politics and professional practice. Having made visible the discursive logics of the problem construction, the discussion then examines the contingent historical conditions under which the existence of certain subjects, objects, and the intelligible relations between them became possible. Arguing that the Arts should be understood as a discursive institution, it is proposed that the subject identity of the non-participant is not only a necessary part of the discursive logic of this institution, but also provided the ideal boundary object (Star and Griesemer, 1989) around which the legitimacy of the relationship between the Arts and the state could, in part, be based. Drawing on the work of Jacques Rancière (1991; 2004; 2004), it is argued that the manner in which those labelled as non-participants are subjectified obscures their agency and in so doing suppresses their capacity to speak within the field of cultural policy. As such, the field of cultural policy remains characterized by asymmetric relations of power and dominated by those who lay claim to the discursive identity of cultural professionals. The result is state subsidised practices that while doing little to influence individual patterns of behavior, through performing inclusion and equality contribute to the maintenance of a status-quo in which state support will only be provided to individuals who accept the values of those who exercise the most power in the field.

This thesis presents the findings from a study that explores the language and discourses of HIV/AIDS in India circulating at different levels of the policy process during the early years of the pandemic, with a particular focus upon the work of NGOs in Kolkata, West Bengal. The study was exploratory and used Walt and Gilson's (1994) analytic framework of content, context, actors and process to guide data collection. Eleven NGOs were identified for case studies using a snowballing technique. The research design used multiple methods of data collection including semi-structured interviews, informal interviews, participant observation, the keeping of a research diary, and the collection of documentary sources, including policy documents, grey literature and Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) material. The texts were analysed using discourse analysis following Carabine (2002). The study found that global and national level policies assigned a significant role to NGOs in three areas: prevention and control, care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS and the promotion of human rights. However, at the state level there was marked ambivalence about working with NGOs and considerable disagreement about the extent of the pandemic. HIV/AIDS was constructed as un-Bengali and a problem for marginalized and poor groups. The targeted interventions approach, adopted for use at the time, seemed to offer a mismatch between problem construction and responses. However several of the NGOs in the study were offering a package of holistic services in addition to the targeted interventions. NGOs faced the problem of how to share these experiences and understandings with the wider policy community as there was limited opportunity to do this. Further, the involvement of NGOs in care and support was limited and they faced difficulties in promoting a human rights based approach to their work, in part because of a lack of support from the State AIDS Prevention and Control Society (SAS). The findings suggest that, within the context of West Bengal, policies need to be realistic in the role assigned to NGOs in HIV/AIDS programming, clearly identify a role for the state in the promotion of human rights, and develop strategies to enable NGOs to contribute their knowledge and expertise to the policy process.

Une modalite enonciative est identifiee, sous le nom de "modalisation autonymique" : elle consiste en un redoublement meta-enonciatif du dire d'un element par une representation reflexive faisant intervenir (via l'autonymie) la forme meme du dire (ex : on est alle dans une auberge, si on peut appeler ca une auberge, pour la nuit). Apres avoir situe cette configuration dans le champ d'ensemble du metalangage, une description systematique des types morpho-syntaxiques par lesquels elle se realise sur la chaine (incises, pseudo-anaphore, recursivite, rapport explicite interpretatif,. . . ) est menee, a partir d'un corpus de plus de 4000 exemples attestes, ecrits et oraux. Sont etudiees ensuite les images que les enonciateurs produisent ainsi de leur enonciation, comme affectee localement de "non-coincidences", ou d'heterogeneites, relevant de quatre champs : l'interlocution, l'interdiscursivite, le rapport mot chose, l'equivoque. La fonction que ces representations remplissent dans l'enonciation est saisie comme celle d'une negociation obligee avec le caractere, en fait, constitutif et permament de ces quatre non-coincidences (reconnu comme tel en appui sur les theories du sens et du sujet de bakhtine, pecheux, lacan), et le mode specifique sur lequel ils accomplissent cette negociation est etudie dans un certain nombre de discours a travers l'ensemble des formes de "non-coincidences representees" qu'ils comportent
A specific enunciative modality is introduced under the name of "autonymic modality" : ir consists in supplementing the utterance of an element with a reflexive representation involving ( through "mention" of the sign) the very form of the utterance (ex: x, to put it that way : x, so to speak). The place of this configuration within the golbal field of metalanguage is investigated. Starting with a corpus of more than 4000 written or spoken actual utterances, we thoroughly describe the various morpho-syntactic patterns in which it appears (parenthetical clause, pseudo-anaphora, recursivity. . . ). The speaker thus, brings out images of his enunciation as locally pertubed by "noncoincidence" or heterogeneity pertaining to 4 fields : intersubjective relation, interdiscourse, word thing relationship, equivocacy. The role fullfilled by these representations, in the enunciation process, is thought of as an indispensable negociation with the actual fact that above 4 "non-coincidences" are inherent and permanent in any speech (this point of view is based on the work of bakhtine, pecheux, lacan). The study of these reflexive images, brought out in various discourses, brings to light specific types of this negociation

Bibliography: leaves 156-167.
This study explores the discursive construction of subjective change and non-change in the narratives of women volunteering at a Rape Crisis (henceforth RC) centre). Of key interest within the study are the dilemmas and negotiations triggered when selves collide with new structures (and alongside this 'new' or alternative discourses and discursive subject positions). Structurally RC is a rich site offering a plethora of new ways of talking and 'seeing' complex issues surrounding sexuality, violence, heterosexual relationships and gender dynamics and involvement with the organisation thus compels selves to negotiate and reflect upon their current positionings. In order to explore these subjective dilemmas two individual and detailed interviews were conducted with 7 participants (totally a complete set of 14 interviews).

News values are used by journalists to construct events and news actors as newsworthy.The present study investigates the use of news values in the reporting on two territorial disputes, one between China and Japan (Diaoyu/Senkaku) and one between Japan and South Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima), in the US news outlets CNN, FOX News and the Washington Post. In addition, it also examines what news values tend to be associated with the involved parties, US-allies Japan and South Korea, and US non-allies China, as well as to what extent the news values associated with Japan differ between the reporting on the two disputes. This is done through a Discursive News Values Analysis (DNVA) which examines how news values are construed using linguistic resources. The aim is to produce new insights into how international conflicts are reported on, and how certain nations are made newsworthy in US media. The results suggest that the news values of Eliteness, Negativity, Superlativeness and Timeliness were foregrounded in the reporting on both disputes, while Proximity was far more common in the Diaoyu/Senkaku dispute articles. Eliteness and Personalisation were commonly associated with US allies while a combination of Superlativeness and Negativity was more common with US non-allies, which resulted in Negativity being further emphasised. Finally, Proximity was far more commonly associated with Japan in the Diaoyu/Senkaku dispute articles compared to the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute articles. Thus, the analysis shows that US allies tend to be constructed as newsworthy in a more positive light than non-allies, and it also indicates that nations defending a contested area in a territorial dispute appear to be framed more positively than their counterparts.

L‟objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre la possibilité et les développements de ce dont nous percevons comme une forme différente d‟aborder l‟histoire, celle qui privilégie la catégorie d‟événement dans sa composition. Pour soutenir cette idée, nous avons choisi de vérifier son opérabilité à travers l‟oeuvre de Michel Foucault en partant d‟une lecture qui rend explicites les relations entre les domaines du discursif et du non-discursif pour faire état des modifications acquises par son « événementialisation » de l‟histoire. Nous prétendons donc analyser une spécificité qui résulte de cette construction théorique qui vise à réaliser une histoire du présent : la configuration du pouvoir pastoral à partir de la problématique de sa conduction et sa relation avec le diagnostic foucaldien de l‟insurrection iranienne de 1979.
O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender a possibilidade e os desdobramentos do que percebemos como uma forma diferente de abordagem da história, que privilegia a categoria de acontecimento em sua composição. Para tal, escolhemos verificar sua operacionalidade através da obra de Michel Foucault partindo de uma leitura que explicita as relações entre os domínios do discursivo e do não-discursivo para dar conta das modificações trazidas por sua acontecimentalização da história. Pretendemos, desta maneira, analisar uma especificidade decorrente desta construção teórica que visa realizar uma história do presente: a configuração do poder pastoral a partir da problemática da condução e sua relação com o diagnóstico foucaultiano da Insurreição Iraniana de 1979.
The aim of this thesis is to understand the possibility and developments of what we perceive as a differentway of approaching history, one that gives privilege to the category of event in its composition. To achieve this, we have chosen to check its operational plausibility in the work of Michel Foucault based on a reading that makes explicit the relations between the domains of the discursive and the non-discursive. Our objective is to give an account of the modifications brought out by his eventalization of history. We thus aim to analyse a specific result stemming from the theoretical construction whose purpose is to accomplish a history of the present: the configuration of pastoral power as based on the problematic of its conduction and its relation to the Foucauldian diagnosis of the Iranian Insurrection of 1979.

Notre travail s'inscrit dans la visée d'une analyse de discours, ancrée dans la matérialité textuelle, et questionnant les effets de sens produits par le discours étudié, là où il est reçu - et non pas seulemnt là où il est produit. Or ces effets sont sous la dépendance des formations discursives présidant à leur émergence, et ne peuvent donc pas être tous accessibles à l'analyse. Il s'ensuit, pour ce dernier, la nécessité d'avoir à sa disposition les moyens de débusquer le maximum d'interprétations grammaticalement possibles, dans une mise à distance de sa compréhension spontanée. Dans le cas où figure un verbe interprétable en termes de dédoublement de l'énonciation (une manière de discours rapporté que nous pointons par l'expression "Verbe de Dire modalisé"), nous montrons que plusieurs interprétations - dépendant de présupposés interprétatifs préalables nécessairement à l'oeuvre - sont possibles et proposons de les examiner systématiquement. Tenir compte des formes langagières effectivement présentes suppose d'avoir une idée de leur fonctionnement. .
This thesis comes as an aid to that discourse analysis which is anchored in textual materiality, and which questions the meanings produced by the discourse at hand, as it is received - and not only as it is issued. Such meanings depend on those discursive formations which preside at their surfacing, and which are therefore not all accessible to the analyst. The latter subsequently needs to dispose of ways of finding out the maximum of grammatically possible interpretations, by temporally putting aside all spontaneous understanding. In case where a verb is interpretable in terms of splitting of enuniation (a sort of reported speech that we mark by the expression "Verbe de Dire Modalisé", we show that several interpratations - depending on preliminary interpretation presuppositions necessarily at work - are possible and we propose to examine them systematically. Taking into account the language forms actually present supposes one has an idea of how they function. .

This thesis examines how integration as a category of practice or as an emic concept functions in political discourses. In doing so, this study delimit itself by focusing on the problematization of non-western immigrants in socially vulnerable residential areas in the whitepaper ‘A Denmark Without Parallel Societies – No Ghettos in 2030’ presented by the Danish Government in March 2018. By adopting a theoretical framework of Umut Özkirimli’s take on nationalism, the concept of ‘othering’ and Carol Bacchi’s WPR approach to policy analysis, this paper finds that integration as a category of practice function as a code word for differentiation in identity formation where the ‘othering’ of non-western immigrants and socially vulnerable residential areas confirm a Danish national identity. Thus, this thesis contributes to a framework addressing the discursive construction of a Danish national identity in the societal debate on integration through the analysis of policies.

Le présent travail se propose d’examiner, par une analyse contrastive, les positionnements qui ressortent d’une terminologie relative aux politiques publiques sécuritaires. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une sélection de textes juridiques non contraignants, en français et en espagnol, publiés entre 2001 et 2018 par la Commission européenne et deux États membres : la France et l’Espagne. Le choix d’analyser les actes émis par les autorités européennes et nationales découle de certaines spécificités qui caractérisent la production du discours institutionnel. Les études récentes dans ce champ de recherche ont démontré que celles-ci tendent à favoriser une rhétorique consensuelle qui soit à même de désamorcer le débat politique. Or, ces stratégies discursives comportent en elles-mêmes la trace de positionnements idéologiques précis. L’observation de la circulation des termes, dans un contexte pluriel comme celui de l’UE, permet alors de détecter les discordances qui caractérisent les productions discursives plurielles concernant la sécurité commune. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une approche théorique qui articule la terminologie à certaines notions de l’analyse du discours « à la française » (ADF). La terminologie place le terme, à savoir l’unité lexicale utilisée dans un domaine spécialisé de la connaissance, au centre de sa réflexion. Nous focalisons donc notre étude sur la valeur que le lexique acquiert lorsqu’il est prononcé par une autorité légitime – l’institution – dans le secteur spécifique des politiques sécuritaires. La recherche terminologique a progressivement montré que les termes, comme les unités lexicales, sont liés au contexte d’utilisation et aux conditions de production du discours dans lequel ils s’insèrent. Les variantes dénominatives, qui émergent des sous-corpus, dépendent donc du contexte linguistique et extralinguistique qui entoure l’utilisation du terme. À partir de cet arrière-plan, nous nous sommes demandé si les variantes pouvaient être le symptôme de positions idéologiques discordantes. En ce sens, l’ADF, qui s’intéresse traditionnellement aux idéologies sous-jacentes au langage, nous a fourni les notions nécessaires pour comprendre les raisons pouvant expliquer la variation d’un terme. L’approche méthodologique nous a permis de combiner une analyse lexicométrique du corpus à une observation détaillée du terme dans son contexte, dans les reprises intertextuelles et dans les sources terminographiques. Nos résultats sont présentés après un parcours d’analyse qui commence, selon une méthode déductive, par le choix de certains termes : « prévention», « détection», « répression », « combattant terroriste étranger » et « criminalité transfrontalière». Ces derniers ont été sélectionnés sur la base de recherches menées en amont dans la littérature des relations internationales et sont représentatifs de certaines tensions qui alimentent le débat académique, politique et juridique. Il s’agit, d’une part, d’observer les termes concernant les actions stratégiques (« prévention », « détection », « répression ») et, d’autre part, de réfléchir à la conceptualisation de la menace et de l’ennemi (« combattant terroriste étranger » et « criminalité transfrontalière »). Dans le premier cas, nous nous attardons notamment sur les différentes temporalités qui caractérisent les stratégies de dissuasion et de condamnation d’une infraction ; dans le second cas, nous observons deux dénominations qui présentent des ambiguïtés sur le plan terminologique et discursif et qui évoquent le concept de « frontière » et d’appartenance à un État. En conclusion, notre travail vise à observer les décalages et les ouvertures interprétatives qui se créent lorsque des termes circulent et sont utilisés pour légitimer des pratiques discursives. La thèse montre que le discours institutionnel sur la sécurité finit par occulter les débats qui pourtant sont bien présents et qui devraient donc être explicitement inclus dans l’espace public
In reliance upon contrastive analysis, our study examines the standpoints which become manifest through the use of terminology as it relates to public policy in security matters. Our research rests upon a selection of non-binding instruments in French and in Spanish, published between 2001 and 2018 by the European Commission and by two Member States, namely France and Spain.Behind our decision to analyse documents issued by both European and domestic authorities, lie peculiarities in the way institutional discourse is produced. Recent studies in the area have shown that such discourse fosters a rhetoric of consensus, and tends to drown political debate. As it happens, these communication strategies themselves reflect clear-cut ideological standpoints. By examining how such terms circulate in an environment as diverse as the EU, one uncovers discrepancies that prove to be typical of the varied utterances produced in collective security matters.For our purpose here, we have adopted a theoretical approach that weaves the study of terminology into certain notions of French discourse analysis (ADF). Terminology places the term itself, i.e. the lexical unit used in a specialised field of knowledge, at its very core. Our own study will therefore focus on the value which the lexicon acquires when uttered by a legitimate authority – the institution – in the specific area of security policy. Terminological research has gradually shown that like lexical units, terms are bound both to the context in which they are used and to the circumstances in which their surrounding discourse is produced. Variants in the expressions used, as these emerge from each sub-corpus, will thus depend on the linguistic and extra-linguistic environment surrounding use of the term. Against that background, we have set out to ascertain whether the variants might be symptomatic of discrepant ideological standpoints. In that sense, ADF, which has traditionally dealt with the ideologies underpinning language, lends us the notions one requires to grasp the reasons that may lie behind shifts in a given term. The methodological approach has allowed us to combine lexicometric analysis of the corpus with detailed, in-context observation of a term’s inter-textual recurrences and terminographical sources. We set out our results further to a course of analysis which in reliance on deductive method, begins with selecting certain terms: “prévention”, “détection”, “répression”, “combattant terroriste étranger” et “criminalité transfrontalière”. The terms have been selected based upon upstream research into the literature of international relations, and typify the tensions that feed into academic, political and legal debate. In the first section, we examine the terms which pertain to strategic action (“prévention”, “détection”, “répression”), and in the second, we reflect on how the notions of a threat and the enemy have been conceptualised (“combattant terroriste étranger” and “criminalité transfrontalière”). Accordingly, we shall first scrutinise the stages proper to deterrence, prosecution and sentencing, before examining two expressions that are ambiguous from both a terminological and a rhetorical standpoint. These refer to the notion of border (“frontière”) and to belonging to a State.In conclusion, our work has been designed to examine the mismatches and interpretative loopholes that are generated, as terms circulate and are put to the purpose of legitimising rhetorical practices. Our thesis will demonstrate that at the end of the day, institutional discourse in security matters has obscured a debate which is nonetheless very much alive, and a worthwhile topic of concern to a far wider public

This study is a discourse analysis of leadership among Thai staffworking in non-profit cross-cultural organizations in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The purpose is to study the pervading leadership discourses, how these are affected by the fact that they are working in non-profit cross-cultural organizations, and how the staffexperiencesconflicting discourses in the organization. The material consists of six interviews with Thai staff. The result includeseight leadership discourses, where the two greatest are relational leadership and national culture. Relational leadership includes the importance of relationship between leaders and followers, something that also characterizes the Thai culture. The national culture discourse consists of descriptions of leadership stylesthatdepend onnational culture. Several of the other leadership discourses presented also include similarities with the Thai culture as explained by for example Hofstede (1980) and Ukosakul (2005), while others are descriptions of transformationalleadership, a leadership style said by some to be universal(Den Hartog, House,Hanges, & Ruiz-Quintanilla, 1999). The leadership discourses are affected by the fact that the informants are working in non-profit cross-cultural organizations, causing for example challenges in communication. The informants also describe that they adapt to theculturesof the people they are working with, but also expect leaders to adapt to the local culture and context. Despite differences in national culture, the organizational goals create a common base. The conflicting discourses that are describedhave to do with national cultures, both between different national cultures, but also between culture and personality or religious discourses.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente dissertaÃÃo propÃe uma anÃlise das aposiÃÃes nÃo restritivas nominais em artigos de opiniÃo, utilizando o suporte teÃrico da GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional, de Hengeveld e Mackenzie (2008). Rediscutimos a tipologia adotada por Nogueira (1999), mais especificamente em relaÃÃo à correspondÃncia entre funÃÃes textual-discursivas e relaÃÃes textual-semÃnticas no fenÃmeno da aposiÃÃo, visto que a unidade apositiva pode ter sua funcionalidade voltada para todo o discurso que a circunda. As construÃÃes apositivas nÃo restritivas nominais foram extraÃdas de artigos de opiniÃo disponÃveis no site das OlimpÃadas de LÃngua Portuguesa. Por conta da predominÃncia da sequÃncia argumentativa em tal gÃnero, lanÃamos como hipÃtese geral neste trabalho que a relaÃÃo textual-semÃntica mais frequente seria a de atribuiÃÃo, motivada por sua funÃÃo textual-discursiva de avaliaÃÃo. A anÃlise dos dados comprova parcialmente nossa hipÃtese: de fato, a avaliaÃÃo constitui a funÃÃo discursiva mais frequente nos textos, ao passo que a relaÃÃo semÃntica de equivalÃncia referencial foi predominante. ConcluÃmos que a avaliaÃÃo, nesse contexto, alÃm de estar a serviÃo da indicaÃÃo da atitude do falante em relaÃÃo ao que ele diz na primeira unidade apositiva, tambÃm està relacionada diretamente à tese que ele procura defender em todo seu texto, lanÃando mÃo de estratÃgias de referenciaÃÃo textual.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho tem o objetivo geral de descrever os gÃneros multimodais animados (GEMUA), considerando seus aspectos enunciativos e sua natureza multimodal. A pesquisa caracteriza-se epistemologicamente como interpretativa, de base empÃrica e de carÃter indutivo no sentido lato do termo. Ã luz dos pressupostos de Bakhtin (2006, 2003, 2002) sobre a relaÃÃo sujeito e linguagem e gÃneros discursivos, dos estudos sobre multimodalidade de Kress & van Leeuwen (1996), Kress (2010) e das discussÃes teÃricas acerca dos elementos nÃo-linguÃsticos na comunicaÃÃo humana de Fiorillo e Torres (2003), Cestero (1999), Poyatos (1994), Davis (2009), Albaladejo (2007) e Marcushi (1986), esta pesquisa se concentra em buscar respostas para a seguinte problemÃtica: como se caracterizam os gÃneros multimodais animados? O estudo do corpus, gÃneros multimodais animados, mostrou que ele apresenta dois possÃveis caminhos de observaÃÃo: o eixo da composiÃÃo e o eixo do funcionamento. A tese concentra a anÃlise no eixo da composiÃÃo, cujos dados mostraram que os GEMUA precisam ser analisados partindo de aspectos (i) linguÃsticos, (ii) sonoros, (iii) proxÃmicos, (iv) cinÃsicos e (v) imagÃticos. A maneira encontrada para operacionalizar os parÃmetros de observaÃÃo foi elaborar um fichamento analÃtico e submeter cada uma das 150 amostras do corpus discretizando cada aspecto composicional. A anÃlise mostrou que os GEMUA sÃo gÃneros que apresentam composiÃÃo altamente dinÃmica e plÃstica, alÃm de indicar a rica potencialidade desses gÃneros em mÃltiplos contextos sÃcio-discursivos.

Through a vast journalistic work and despite a short existence, Abraham Valdelomar establishes the foundation of modern narrative journalism in Peru, anticipating, in more than one case and for several decades, many of the dictates and rules imposed by the called “New Journalism” in the United States thanks to great literary figures like Truman Capote and Tom Wolfe. Valdelomar made of chronic and reportage works of art, under a style that accompanied the gradual modernization of Lima with an esthetician conscious and close to dandyism vision. Valdelomar contributes decisively to eliminate borders between journalistic writing and fiction writing, especially through the, chronic genre in which he reached an unparalleled mastery.
A través de una vasta obra periodística y a pesar de una corta existencia, Abraham Valdelomar establece las bases del periodismo narrativo moderno en el Perú, anticipándose, en más de un caso y por varias décadas, a muchos de los dictados y las normas impuestas por el llamado “nuevo periodismo” o New Journalism que fundaran en Estados Unidos grandes figuras como Truman Capote o Tom Wolfe. Valdelomar hizo de la crónica y el reportaje verdaderas obras de arte, en virtud de un estilo que acompañaba la paulatina modernización de Lima con una visión esteticista y cercana al decadentismo. Valdelomar contribuye de manera decisiva a eliminar fronteras entre la escritura periodística y la escritura de ficción, en especial a través de la crónica, género en el que alcanzó una inigualable maestría.

De quelle manière un enseignant de discipline dite non linguistique (DdNL) prend-il en charge la situation exolingue de sa classe ? En d’autres termes, quelle place pour la L2 dans les pratiques des enseignants de DdNL ? Cette question de recherche a été posée à 60 acteurs éducatifs variés de trois écoles religieuses bilingues français-arabe en Egypte. Le corpus est constitué de séquences filmées de cours de sciences et de mathématiques en français, d’entretiens audios des différents acteurs et de matériel pédagogique. Cela a permis de procéder à une analyse quantitative et qualitative, contextualisée, des pratiques observées. Les résultats montrent que les enseignants mettent tous en œuvre des gestes de médiation et des gestes discursifs en cours de DdNL, qu’il existe des gestes de médiation plus spécifiquement disciplinaires, que l’alternance codique est utilisée par tous, et que les enseignants utilisent la dimension métalangagière et métalinguistique pour expliquer le fonctionnement de la L2 tout en constituant un registre discursif disciplinaire. Ceci permet de conclure que les enseignants de DdNL ont aussi pour objet d’enseignement certaines dimensions de la L2. Toutefois, l’existence de ces pratiques ne suffit pas à les légitimer, ni auprès des enseignants de DdNL, ni auprès des autres acteurs éducatifs. Ce paradoxe entre pratiques et représentations induit une zone d’incertitude sur ce que doivent être les gestes de métiers des enseignants de DdNL. La finalité de notre étude tente de lever cette ambiguïté en observant, en relevant, en définissant et en catégorisant les gestes professionnels traitant de la L2 en cours de DdNL et en convoquant l’état de la recherche dans le domaine de la didactique des DdNL
How teachers of non-linguistic subjects take in charge the exolingual situation of their classroom ? What space is made for L2 within the practices of these teachers ? This question was asked to 60 educational actors from three religious bilingual French-Arabic schools in Egypt. The corpus is made of sequences of footage during science and mathematics classes, of recorded interviews of various actors and of teaching material. This allows to move forward with a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the practices observed. The results show that all the teachers use mediation and discursive gestures in their lessons. Some mediation gestures are more specific to some subjects, all teachers use code switching, and metalinguistic and « metalangagière » dimension for L2 explanation, which is helping for developing discursive register for each discipline. In conclusion, non-linguistic subject teachers consider L2 as a teaching target. Nevertheless, the existence of these practices doesn’t allow legitimation by teachers themselves or by other educational actors. This paradox between practices and representations produces doubt about what should be a professional gesture for the sample of teachers in our corpus. The outcome of our study is precisely to remove this ambiguity by observing, pointing out, defining and categorizing professional gestures concerning L2 during a non- linguistic subject lesson and supporting by present research on immersion and integration, in a didactic field

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender e analisar os movimentos de constituição de autoria dos profissionais que assumem o papel de conceptores em museus de ciências no processo de produção do discurso expositivo. Consideramos que o discurso expositivo diz respeito não somente aos saberes dos sujeitos envolvidos na concepção e no desenvolvimento das exposições, mas se refere também às condições de produção que caracterizam o processo como um todo e os sentidos atribuídos na materialização desse discurso. A abordagem metodológica utilizou o referencial das pesquisas qualitativas em educação e teve como foco a exposição de longa duração do Museu de Microbiologia do Instituto Butantan (SP). O referencial teórico adotado tem por base os pressupostos da abordagem sócio-histórica para o estudo da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin e seu Círculo, que evidencia características dialógicas em diferentes meios textuais e se objetiva como acontecimento concreto relacionado às condições que circunscrevem a vida dos sujeitos e as posições por eles assumidas. Para a análise, recorremos às contribuições que auxiliam a abordar o princípio de autoria na produção discursiva, tais como dialogismo, enunciado, horizontes sociais, alteridade, vozes e o conceito de gênero. A pesquisa fundamentou-se em duas etapas complementares e articuladas entre si que integram os procedimentos metodológicos. Na primeira etapa, investiu-se no estudo das exposições dos museus de ciências enquanto esfera de atividade na qual emerge o nosso objeto de investigação, onde foram utilizadas discussões sobre as concepções de educação e comunicação nessa unidade particular. A segunda etapa procurou focalizar a dimensão enunciativo-discursiva das produções discursivas dos profissionais que participam da concepção e do desenvolvimento da exposição de longa duração do Museu de Microbiologia. A partir do estudo realizado, situado por um breve histórico e o contexto de emergência do Museu de Microbiologia no Instituto Butantan, a exposição de longa duração do Museu foi descrita e foram analisados aspectos do seu processo de constituição, como as contrapalavras presentes na concepção da exposição, a estrutura composicional, com ênfase nos textos e nos objetos, e a presença do outro na produção do discurso expositivo. Os resultados obtidos demonstram a existência de especificidades nos movimentos de constituição de autoria desse evento discursivo, que o tornam singular na maneira como expressa a articulação entre as condições sociais de produção, os conhecimentos, os sentidos atribuídos pelos conceptores e seus interlocutores. Um aspecto observado se relaciona ao modo como a dimensão temporal e espacial é incorporada no discurso expositivo e condiciona os atributos e sentidos expressos nos textos e objetos. Outro aspecto se relaciona às vozes que caracterizam os discursos das diversas esferas sociais (científica, educativa, estético-espacial, entre outras) e que se deixam entrever por meio de marcas que se manifestam no discurso expositivo. Com base nas analises realizadas postula-se que exposição de museus de ciências poderia ser considerada um gênero de discurso de caráter híbrido, do ponto de vista enunciativo-discursivo.
The objective of this research is to understand and analyze the authorship constitution movements of professionals who play the role of designers in the production process of the expository discourse in science museums. We believe that the exhibition discourse concerns not only the knowledge of the subjects involved in the design and in the development of the exhibitions, but also refers to the production conditions that characterize the process as a whole, as well as to the meanings attributed during the materialization of this discourse. The methodological approach used the framework of qualitative research in education, and focused on the long-term exhibition at the Museum of Microbiology of the Instituto Butantan (SP). The theoretical approach is based on the assumptions of socio-historical approach to the study of language of Mikhail Bakhtin and his Circle, which shows dialogical characteristics in different textual media and results as a concrete event related to the conditions that circumscribe the lives of individuals and the positions assumed by them. For this analysis we used the contributions that help addressing the principle of authorship in the discursive production, such as dialogism, statement, social horizons, otherness, voices and the concept of gender. The research was based on two complementary and articulated steps that integrate the methodological procedures. On the first step we invested in the study of exhibitions in science museums as a sphere of activity in which the object of our research emerges, where discussions on the concepts of education and communication were used in this particular unit. The second stage sought to focus the enunciative-discursive dimension of discursive productions of professionals participating in the design and development of the long-term exhibition of the Museum of Microbiology. From this study, in which a brief historical background and the emerging context of the Museum of Microbiology at the Butantan Institute were established, the long-term exhibition at the Museum was described and aspects of its constitutional process, such as the counter words present in the design of the exhibition, the compositional structure with emphasis on the texts and objects and the presence of the other in the production of expository discourse were analyzed. The results show that there are specificities in the authorship constitution movements of this discursive event, which makes it unique in the way that it expresses the relationship between social conditions of production, knowledge, the senses attributed by designers and their interlocutors. A noticeable aspect relates to how the space and time dimension is incorporated into the exhibition discourse and determines the attributes and meanings expressed in the text and objects. Another aspect relates to the voices which characterize the discourses of different social spheres (scientific, educational, aesthetic, spatial, among others) and that afford a glimpse through marks that are expressed in the exhibition discourse. Based on the analysis performed it is believed that exhibitions in science museums could be considered a kind of discourse, hybrid in nature in terms of enunciative-discursive.

Ce travail s’inscrit en sciences du langage, dans le champ de l’analyse du discours, et utilise les outils de l’analyse conversationnelle et interactionnelle. L’objectif est de montrer la corrélation entre l’objet d’étude – le dysfonctionnement interactionnel – et le genre du discours – le débat politique télévisé. Le corpus choisi est le débat de l’entredeuxtours de l’élection présidentielle de 2007, entre Ségolène Royal et Nicolas Sarkozy. La transcription intégrale de cette interaction permet de recenser l’ensemble des dysfonctionnements et de les classer. Il existe ainsi deux types de dysfonctionnement : les ratés du système des tours (interruption, chevauchement, silence prolongé entre deuxtours) et la non-pertinence de l'enchaînement (échange tronqué, seconde partie de paire non pertinente). Chacun de ces dysfonctionnements est étudié en fonction des visées auxquelles il obéit (coopérer, polémique, gérer l’interaction…), et par rapport à la stratégie globale à laquelle il participe. L’analyse précise de chaque catégorie de dysfonctionnement interactionnel permet de montrer les constantes et les spécificités de ces phénomènes discursifs. En outre, cette analyse porte sur la relation interpersonnelle et mobilise les notions de face et d’ethos, l’image des candidats locuteurs s’élaborantaussi au travers de ces dysfonctionnements. Plus largement, le but de cette étude est d’esquisser une cartographie des dysfonctionnements interactionnels pouvant servir de modèle à d’autres analyses. Les études futures pourront porter sur d’autres débats ou d’autres genres du discours, afin de mener une étude comparative, en utilisant les outils mis en évidence dans ce travail
The second-round debate of presidential elections has been a significant event in French politics since 1974. The final TV debate of 2007, during which presidential candidates Ségolène Royal and Nicolas Sarkozy confronted each other, constitutes the corpus of the present study. The analysis focuses on turn-taking dysfunctions : interruption, overlapand problematic sequence. The aim of this study is to understand the function of these discursive devices in this TV political debate. First, the detailed transcription shows many turn-taking dysfunctions. Second, the analysis of the data reveals different types of interruption (intentional or not, with or without simultaneous speech, isolated or with others interruptions), different types of overlap (when two speakers begin together, when the current speaker continues speaking after the overlap or when he lets the next speaker talk) and different types of problematic sequence (when the next speaker does not answer at all or does not answer well to the first speaker). Third, each type is precisely examined. The discourse analysis demonstrates how the debater uses them to defend himself or to criticize the other person. Furthermore, as turn-taking dysfunctions are conversational insults, the discourse surrounding them is analysed as a way to save face and to build the discursive ethos. The results of this study may help the field of linguistics to understand the discursive strategies of politicians. More generally, it presents a model to analyse every type of turn-taking dysfunction. Future research might focus on other TV political debates and other discursive genres (interviews, TV programmes with politicians) so as to carry out a comparative analysis

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This paper aims to present considerations that may contribute to the shape linguistic and semantic function as discursive situation of interjections and phrases interjetivas, from the theoretical assumptions with main focus on studies Gonçalves (2002), Bakhtin (2000, 2002a, 2002b), Bakhtin / Voloshinov (2004) and Marcuschi (2007). The intention of this paper is to reflect and discuss the considerations of the use of interjections and phrases interjetivas acts as expressive, natural conversation, expressing your feelings through words and body language, featuring different senses of semantic and discursive. For data analysis, this research sought supports the theories of speech acts, based on theoretical and Austin (1962) and Searle (1981), in conversation analysis with theoretical support in Marcuschi (1991) and Dionysus (2011), and in the language of visual imagery, verbal and non-verbal of comic strips with methodological studies of Gumperz (1998) and Ramos (2010). The corpus chosen for this research consists in comic strips, selected the Folha de São Paulo in 1970 and 1990, in textbooks and electronic sites. This is a survey of the basic nature of the qualitative type that you want to analyze the form and function of interjections and phrases within interjetivas comic strips, observing the discursive and semantic factors. The analysis results show that, as of interjections and phrases can be interjetivas list the basic emotions of expressive acts and explain its flexibility from factors of pragmatic, and expressive acts that are not in the service of transmitting a information, but the service of a manifestation of an emotional state, observed in speech acts and conversation between characters when it materializes the image visual communication, verbal and nonverbal. Thus, it is expected that this research will bring a contribution for teachers of English, which can be used as a source of research, contributing to the construction of knowledge of teachers and students in the context of the classroom as a way of meaningful learning.
Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar considerações que podem contribuir com relação à forma linguística e à função semântica enquanto situação discursiva das interjeições e locuções interjetivas, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos com enfoque principal nos estudos de Gonçalves (2002); Bakhtin (2000, 2002a, 2002b), Bakhtin/Voloshinov (2004) e Marcuschi (2007). A intenção deste trabalho é refletir e discutir sobre as considerações do uso das interjeições e locuções interjetivas como atos expressivos, conversação natural, demonstrando seus sentimentos por meio de palavras e expressões corporais, caracterizando diferentes sentidos de ordem semântica e discursiva. Para análise dos dados, esta investigação buscou suportes nas teorias dos atos de fala, com base em teóricos como Austin (1962) e Searle (1981); na análise da conversação com suporte teórico em Marcuschi (1991) e Dionísio (2011); e na linguagem da imagem visual, verbal e não verbal das tiras em quadrinhos com os estudos metodológicos de Gumperz (1998) e Ramos (2010). O corpus escolhido para essa pesquisa é constituído nas tiras em quadrinhos, selecionadas do Jornal Folha de São Paulo dos anos de 1970 e 1990, em livros didáticos e em sites eletrônicos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza básica do tipo qualitativa que pretende analisar a forma e a função das interjeições e das locuções interjetivas dentro das tiras em quadrinhos, observando os fatores semânticos e discursivos. Os resultados da análise demonstram que, a partir das interjeições e locuções interjetivas podem-se elencar as emoções básicas dos atos expressivos e explicar sua flexibilidade a partir de fatores de ordem pragmáticos, e que os atos expressivos, não estão a serviço da transmissão de uma informação, e sim a serviço de uma exteriorização de um estado emocional, observados nos atos de fala e na conversação entre os personagens quando se materializa a comunicação de imagem visual, verbal e não verbal. Dessa forma, espera-se que esta pesquisa traga uma contribuição para professores de língua portuguesa, que poderá ser utilizada como fonte de pesquisa, contribuindo para a construção do conhecimento dos docentes e dos discentes no contexto da sala de aula como uma forma de aprendizagem significativa.

Att språket spelar en nyckelroll för att nå skolframgång och för att – i ett större perspektiv – kunna verka aktivt i samhället är man inom utbildningsväsendet enig om. Vikten av att eleven utvecklar ett adekvat språkligt register med vilket kunskapen uttrycks – och i synnerhet ett diskursivt sådant – kan alltså inte förnekas, och genrepedagogiken har ur detta perspektiv haft ett särskilt inflytande i svensk skola, med dess explicita modellering i skrivande och metaspråkliga dekonstruktion av texter. Mot denna bakgrund är det därför relevant att undersöka hur läromedel i svenska instruerar i diskursivt skrivande, eller med andra ord vilka förutsättningar för metaspråklig förståelse om diskursivt skrivande som eleven erbjuds i mötet med läromedlen.      Syftet med föreliggande examensarbete har därför varit att utveckla en förståelse för hur vi som lärare kan förhålla oss till läroböcker i svenska, utifrån avsikten att utveckla elevernas skriftspråkliga repertoar i diskursiv riktning. Teoretiska utgångspunkter är SFL:s funktionella språkmodell, där språk betraktas som bestående av olika lager, samt betydelsen av metaspråklig förståelse i skrivprocessen och explicit skrivundervisning. Materialet utgörs av skrivkapitlet i en lärobok riktad mot gymnasiekursen Svenska 1 och analyseras genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys i två steg. Först analyseras bokens görande, det vill säga dess metaspråkliga beskrivningar av diskursiva texter, för att i nästa skede tolkas mot teorier där metaspråklig förståelse, explicit undervisning och sambandet mellan språkets form och funktion är centralt.    Resultatet visar att lärobokens metaspråkliga instruktioner ger tämligen mycket stöd för vad de olika texterna ska innehålla och hur innehållet ska disponeras, men att textens komponenter ofta inte dekonstrueras till lokal nivå, vilket alltså medför en otydlighet i hur man språkligt realiserar innehållet och hur en viss stil kan uppnås. Slutsatsen är att läraren behöver vara beredd på att komplettera lärobokens huvudsakliga fokus på innehåll och struktur, med en inzoomning på textens lokala nivå för att synliggöra och konkretisera skrivandets hantverk. Inte minst kan det krävas ett särskilt fokus på hur olika textaktiviteter framställs och hur en formell stil kan åstadkommas, samt på relationen mellan form och funktion.

Ce travail s’inscrit dans une démarche d'enseignement du portugais langue étrangère centrée sur l’enseignement de la langue à des apprenants non natifs ayant des besoins communicatifs pour agir en situation professionnelle. A partir d’un corpus de données orales sur le portugais parlé par des réceptionnistes d’hôtel au Portugal, nous avons mené un travail de description linguistique de ce genre discursif, en nous focalisant sur les aspects pragmatiques et discursifs : les actes de langage, la modalisation et les formes d’adresse. Cette analyse a débouché sur un travail de conceptualisation didactique pour l’enseignement du portugais de l’hôtellerie. Elle envisage les compétences générales et communicatives (discursives, stratégiques, interculturelles et linguistiques) que les apprenants non lusophones doivent acquérir au niveau B1 du CECR. Notre travail se termine par la présentation de pistes didactiques utiles pour l’enseignant du portugais de l’hôtellerie : l’enseignement par le genre et par la tâche et une perspective actionnelle centrée sur l’unité didactique
This work focuses on the teaching of Portuguese as a foreign language by taking into account the teaching of Portuguese to non-native learners who require the language for professional purposes. It draws upon a spoken corpus of European Portuguese used by hotel receptionists in order to explore the pragmatic and discursive phenomena present in this discursive genre. The phenomena analysed include speech acts, modalisation and the address system. Following this linguistic analysis, teaching conceptualisation work was undertaken with regard to the teaching of Portuguese in the hotel industry. This conceptualisation includes the general and communicative (discursive, strategic, intercultural and linguistic) competencies required at the B1 level of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The research is concluded by a presentation of teaching proposals related to teaching Portuguese in the hotel industry such as discursive genre and task teaching or an action-oriented approach focussed on the didactic unit

This research is a follow-up of Sierpinska, Bobos, and Pruncut’s 2011 study, which experimented with three teaching approaches to teaching absolute value inequalities (AVI), visual, procedural, and theoretical, presented over an audio lecture with slides. The study demonstrated that participants treated with the visual approach were more likely to engage in theoretical thinking than those treated with the other two approaches. In the present experiment, two groups of participants enrolled in prerequisite mathematics courses at a large, urban North American University were taught AVI with the visual approach using two different teaching styles: discursive (permitting and actively encouraging teacher-student interactions during the lecture) and non-discursive (not allowing teacher-student interactions during the lecture). In Sierpinska et al.’s study, the non-discursive style was used in all three approaches (the lectures were recorded and the teacher was not present in person). In the present study, a live teacher was lecturing in both treatments. Another difference was that in Sierpinska et al.’s study, lectures were delivered individually to each participant, while in the present study, all participants in a group were treated simultaneously. Therefore, in the discursive approach, not only teacher-student but also student-student interactions during the lecture were possible. The aim of this research was to explore the conjecture that the discursive approach is more likely to promote theoretical thinking in students. The group exposed to the discursive approach was, therefore, my experimental group and the other played the role of the control group. The conjecture was not confirmed, but the two approaches seem to have provoked different aspects of theoretical thinking. The experimental group was found to be more reflective, while the control group tended to be more systemic in their thinking. Some striking results, not predicted by Sierpinska et al.’s study, were also found with respect to reflective thinking, definitional thinking, proving behavior, and analytic thinking.

Alcohol is a significant part of life for college students. Whether they choose to imbibe in or abstain from, college students find that the substance has a profound effect on the construction of their social lives. This study analyzed focus group interviews of drinkers and non-drinkers using Baxter’s (2011) Relational Dialectics Theory to examine the struggle between different ways of speaking about alcohol in a college setting. Findings revealed that both groups use various discursive moves to both limit and expand the overall discourse of college drinking and non-drinking, negotiating alcohol’s importance in college life and adulthood.

Sociological explanations for human conduct usually place major ontological and epistemological emphasis upon either discursive or material relations without ever establishing or adequately specifying the validity of this dichotomy. Early texts by the Critical Realist philosopher Roy Bhaskar address this forced separation by creating an integrated ontological and epistemological field that provides a more detailed and precise theoretical ordering to agents, objects, and entities. Undertaking a developmental critique of Bhaskar’s arguments, this thesis extends Critical Realism’s role as theoretical ‘underlabourer’ and creates an expanded theoretical framework that balances discursive and material accounts. Utilising the sophisticated analyses of the structure and operation of discourses found in the work of Michel Foucault alongside the innovative arguments for aleatory materialism developed by Louis Althusser, a critique is established that shows discursive, material, and social relations to be complex, immanent, and, importantly, mutually constitutive. In each theory three core concepts of events, emergence, and the extra-discursive are shown to not only be present but also to operate as the main means of explaining social change. The result of integrating Critical Realism, Foucault, and Althusser in this sympathetic but non-syncretic form is the generation of a non-reductionist materialism combined with discursive relations. On this basis, social change is shown to be the result of restructured discursive and material relations of which human agents are only one part. The thesis provides an illustration of the theoretical argument with an empirical component which examines the formation and decline of the British nuclear industry between its inception in the early 1950s to the year 2000. The conclusion is that the form taken by nuclear energy is not entirely determined by any single one of political, economic, or scientific forces but is, instead, the product of multiple and complex interactions of immanent discursive and material relations that are, importantly, mutually reinforcing.
Thesis (Ph.D, Sociology) -- Queen's University, 2012-09-27 12:38:25.909

(in English): The thesis is attempting to present theory of art by Susanne Langer. In the first phase it presents her view of perception, which is deeply intertwined with other processes of our mind. Therefore, the thesis is focusing, in her view of perception, on basic principles of human communication and expression, which are all regulated in perspective of this theory by a concept of a symbol. A symbol is presented here as an element, which we revive through perception on one hand and project it into the perceived at other. Therefore the attempt is accompanied by explanation of all aspects of the symbol as one of the basic units operating in the mind, before focusing on perception in general. The thesis then proceeds to narrow perception, to a perception of art, in distinguishing a discoursive and non-discoursive symbol, and a specific non-discoursive symbol in art. On the basis of this distinction, the aim is to explain how Langer views the art, art creation and its value in such a realm of symbolism. In parallel with this development, from the general perception to the definition of art, the term feeling will be increasingly employed in the text. The concept will be presented also as a necessary part of our actions, communication and perception, although feeling is commonly understood as...

O presente projeto de investigação consiste num estudo sobre aspetos do processo de desenvolvimento da competência pragmática dos alunos de Português Língua Não Materna (PLNM) em Joanesburgo, África do Sul. Através da implementação, em contexto de sala de aula, de um processo de análise de um corpus constituído e delimitado para o efeito, pretendeu-se identificar e apurar as dificuldades que os participantes da amostra revelavam na aplicação, a contextos diversificados, de aspetos de desenvolvimento da competência pragmática, em particular no que refere à cortesia e/ou delicadeza verbal. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a linguagem, sendo um ato social, só faz sentido se todos os intervenientes estiverem em sintonia e partilharem o mesmo conhecimento, verificando-se que esta “intercompreensão” gradual denota o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa dos aprendentes. A maioria dos aprendentes mostrou também possuir um real nível linguístico que lhes permite compreender atos de fala indiretos, de acordo com o Princípio da Cortesia e/ou Dimensão da delicadeza. Além disso, a consciencialização da dificuldade do desenvolvimento da competência pragmática pelos sujeitos aprendentes de uma língua não materna, mostra que os mesmos, em diferentes contextos e situações em que se encontram, adequam os seus atos comunicativos em função dos conhecimentos adquiridos através da língua materna. Finalmente, este estudo demonstra a importância da Pragmática em geral, e da cortesia verbal em particular, como estratégia alternativa para o desenvolvimento das competências interativas no processo ensino-aprendizagem de PLNM, ajudando a promover uma convivência pacífica entre os cidadãos, num mundo socializado que urge mudar.
The present research project consists in a study on the aspects of the development process of the pragmatic competence of Portuguese as a “Non Native Language”, in Johannesburg, South Africa. Through the implementation, in classroom context, of an analysis process of a corpus constituted and delimited for this purpose, it was tried to identify and ascertain the difficulties that the sample participants reveal on the application of aspects of the pragmatic competence development, in diverse contexts, particularly regarding the courtesy and/or politeness. The results show that the language, being a social act, only makes sense if all the actors are tuned and shared knowledge, verifying that this gradual "inter-comprehension" denotes the communicative competence development of the learners. Most learners have also shown to have a real linguistic level that allows them to understand indirect speech acts, according to the Principle of Courtesy and/or Dimension of Delicacy. Moreover, having the notion of the difficulty of the development of the pragmatic competence, by individuals learning a non-native language, it was verified that they, in different contexts and situations in which they are, adapt their communicative acts in function of the knowledge acquired through the mother tongue. Finally, this study demonstrates the importance of Pragmatics in general, and politeness in particular, as an alternative strategy for the development of interactive skills in the PFL teaching-learning process, helping to promote peaceful coexistence among citizens in a socialized world that it is urgent to be changed.