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1

Košuthová, L., Ľ. Šmiga, M. Oros, D. Barčák, and P. Košuth. "The pathogenic Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934 (Cestoda) in the Red discus (Symphysodon discus)." Helminthologia 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0044.

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Abstract The Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, was detected for the first time in breeding of discus fish Symphysodon discus (Perciformes, Cichlidae), a popular South American cichlid. In examined samples, the adult and juvenile cestodes of B. acheilognathi with mean intensity of infection 30 (range 19 - 47) individuals per fish were found. The infected fish displayed acute behavioral symptoms. Mortality was significant; it reached almost 80 % in youngest age categories. As treatment, praziquantel immersions in dose 2 mg per liter were well tolerated and efficacious. The risk of spreading pathogens via imported fish is actual menace for ornamental breeding fish, therefore, thorough quarantine and prophylactic measures needs to be done by all fish imports and introductions. Import and subsequent release of infected ornamental fish into freshwater ecosystems may represent serious risk for spread and establishment of the parasite in native fish species. This case study illustrates that ornamental fish play also a key role in national and international movements of parasites in freshwater habitats.
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2

Chellappa, S., M. R. Câmara, and J. R. Verani. "Ovarian development in the Amazonian red discus, Symphysodon discus Heckel (Osteichthyes: Cichlidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 65, no. 4 (November 2005): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842005000400007.

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The Neotropical red discus fish, Symphysodon discus, originates from the Amazonian basin and has a discoid body. Although this species is popularly used in aquaria and is exported as an ornamental fish, it has not been intensively studied. The purpose of this work was to study the morphological and histological aspects of the ovarian development in the red discus. Forty females of S. discus of varying body sizes and different stages of gonadal development were used in this study. The ovaries were weighed and examined macroscopically in order to observe the maturation stages. Histological staining of hematoxilin-eosin was used for microscopic observations of the ovaries. Macroscopic observations showed immature, maturing, mature and partially spent stages of ovarian development. Microscopic examination of the ovaries revealed five stages and five phases of ovarian development. The ovaries of the mature females showed all the different phases of oocyte development, indicating the multiple spawning habit of this species.
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3

Rahmati-Holasoo, Hooman, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, Mehdi Soltani, Seyedhossein Hosseini, Masoomeh Ghadam, and Reza Samani. "Capillariosis in breeder discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) in Iran." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 3 (2010): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1003253r.

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The global ornamental fish trade is a rapidly growing industry. Cultivation and propagation of ornamental fishes have been increasing in the last 20 years in Iran. Discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) from Cichlidae is one of the most popular and expensive aquarium fish. In the past few years farming of this fish has been well developed in Iran. Two breeder discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) from two different propagation centres (with high mortality) with signs of anorexia, loss of balance, moribundity and darkness in skin colour were referred to Laboratory of Aquatic Diseases of Veterinary Faculty, University of Tehran. After the survey of ectoparasites, necropsy was performed under aseptic conditions; bacterial culture on standard media was done and the alimentary canal was extruded. In both fish no ectoparasite was detected and no bacteria from these cases grew on the standard media. In internal survey 5 and 25 nematodes were detected in each fish. A high number of free eggs were observed in intestine of fish. Regarding morphological characteristics of the nematodes and their eggs, they were identified as Capillaria sp. Treatment of other fish with levamisole was effective and the loss was terminated. Some helminthes like Capillaria pterophylli Heinze, 1933, can cause a high mortality in cichlid aquarium fishes. This study showed that infection with some species of Capillaria could cause a heavy loss in ornamental fish from Cichlidae. Diagnosis of parasites of these fishes can help us to prevent high mortalities.
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Honorato, Claucia, Rudã Fernandes Brandão Santos, Ângelo Raphael Alexandre da Silva, Higo Andrade Abe, Larissa Selini Dorce, Daniel de Magalhães Araujo, and Rodrigo Yudi Fujimoto. "Fruit residues as diet ingredients for Symphysodon discus: nutrient digestibility." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 43, no. 4 (May 30, 2022): 1875–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2022v43n4p1875.

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The selection of ingredients is an important aspect for diets formulation for fish in captivity. The use of fruit industry by-products can be an alternative for inclusion in diets for ornamental fish, as discus fish case, to improve health and reduction of production costs, further to reducing the environmental impacts of fruits industries residues. The objective the studies was to evaluate the bioavailability of fruit industry by-products in the diet for discus fish by coefficients of digestibility. The digestibility of three by-products: pineapple by-product, mango by-product, and passion fruit by-product were evaluated. Thirty-two discus fish (106 ± 26.6 g) were distributed in 4 tanks for feeding and fecal collection, constituting an experimental design in Latin square (4 diets test- x 4 periods of fecal collection x 4 replicates). The three by-products had digestibility coefficients above 80%, 70%, and 69% for dry matter, protein, and fat, respectively, being possible to use them as a source of these nutrients in diets for the discus fish. However, it was observed that the mango and passion fruit by-product had the lowest energy digestibility coefficient, with bioavailabilities less than 50% of utilization. The co-products of the fruit processing industry tested in this work have nutritional conditions to be used as food for root discs. The use of these co-products as food for ornamental fish can be an alternative use and value.
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5

Ronald Belferik and Micka Krisdayani br Manurung. "DISCUS AQUARIUM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING THE METHOD FUZZY MAMDANI." Jurnal ilmiah Sistem Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer 2, no. 3 (November 18, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/juisik.v2i3.310.

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Aquarium is one of the media that is often used as a habitat for various types of animals that live both on land and in water. Many beautiful fish in the scenery are placed in aquariums filled with water as decorations. However, to place fish whose natural habitat is in vast water into an aquarium must require knowledge of the water quality that is suitable for these fish. Clear water is not necessarily suitable for the living conditions of fish. Fish that live in an open water environment grow well because not only is there sufficient food but there is an exchange of matter and energy such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts. Whereas in an aquarium environment, as a closed system, sudden and drastic changes to water parameters often occur (such as temperature, ph and ammonia content), which will cause fish stress and often lead to death. Therefore, the knowledge and ability to determine good fish aquarium water quality is an important element for fish keepers, especially hobbyists of ornamental fish such as discus. Classifying quality with a crisp set is a common practice. The number of variables involved in the aquarium (in this case, the object of research is discus) causes determination with a firm (crisp) set to be less appropriate. Therefore, the fuzzy mamdani method will produce outputs that are more suitable for analyzing the quality of aquarium discus. The input variables are density, temperature, and acidity. The outputs used are "Good", "Medium", "Bad".
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6

Nguyen, Tu P. C. "Effects of replacement of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in the diets on growth performance of discus fish (Symphysodon sp.)." Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 5 (October 28, 2019): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.5.05.2019.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the replacement of fishmeal by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) (BSF) meal, frozen beef heart, and commercial pellet on growth performance, survival rate, and feed utilization of discus fish (Symphysodon sp.). Discus juveniles were graded into small, medium and large size groups as block in a completely randomized block design. Five trial diets included frozen beef heart (T1), commercial feed for discus fish (T2) and three diets containing graded levels of BSF as replacements for protein from fishmeal of 0% (T3), 25% (T4), and 50% (T5). The results showed that TAN and nitrite levels in the beef heart treatment were higher than those in the other ones. Moreover, discus fish in treatment 1 had a higher growth rate and a lower feed conversion ratio than those in the other treatments. On the other hand, no statistically significant differences among the pellet treatments were observed for growth rates of discus's weight, length and height and feed conversion ratio (P > 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that discus fish in the two BSF treatments did not suffer from diseases and had higher survival rates than those in the other treatments.
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7

Phillips Savage, Ayanna Carla N., Rod Suepaul, Stephen A. Smith, Arianne Ali, Nirveeta Ramcharan, Shivana Ramnarine, and Risha Sookdeo. "Cryptobia iubilans Infections in Discus Fish in Trinidad and Tobago." Journal of Parasitology 106, no. 4 (August 3, 2020): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/18-98.

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8

Silva, C. A., R. C. A. Lima, and A. S. Teixeira. "Isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 and Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840) from the Central Amazon." Genetics and Molecular Research 7, no. 3 (2008): 791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/vol7-3gmr450.

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9

PRONINA, G. I., and O. V. SANAYA. "COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FISH SPECIES OF CICHLIDAE AND CYPRINIDAE FAMILIES." Izvestiâ Timirâzevskoj selʹskohozâjstvennoj akademii, no. 6 (2020): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/0021-342x-2020-6-26-33.

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Modern aquaculture is rapidly developing. It includes food fish farming and decorative fish breeding. Like in any fast-growing livestock industry, there may be problems related to the health of fish. Carp is the main object in Russian fish farming, representing the basic type of unpretentious, omnivorous and fast-growing pond polyculture. Tilapia is one of the most preferred species of global aquaculture, due to its hardiness, rapid weight gain and ability to tolerate high planting density. Discus is the most popular of the ornamental fish species; it features a large number of color variations, interesting behavior and is cost-effective in breeding. The authors carried out comparative physiological assessment of bony fish of the cyprinid and cichlid families. Hematological parameters were determined – erythrocyte and leukocyte formulas (by means of differential analysis techniques); biochemical parameters of blood serum (with the analyzer), the average cytochemical coefficient of lysosomal cationic protein content in fish blood neutrophils. The research results showed specific features in the intensity of erythro- and leukopoiesis, the proportion 32 of granular cells of the myeloid series. It was revealed that the peculiarity of discus is the presence of blast forms of white blood cells in the blood: myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes. In the blood of tilapia, in contrast to discus and carp, there is a high content of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils of monocytes and lymphocytes in the leukogram. Differences between species were noted based on the results of the lysosomal cation test. The difference in a number of biochemical parameters can also be seen: in tilapia as compared with other species – in the content of albumins, alkaline phosphatase and ALT, in discus – in the activity of lactate and KK enzymes.
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10

Дмитриева, S. Dmitrieva, Бычкова, L. Bychkova, Гаврилин, K. Gavrilin, Мамыкина, and G. Mamykina. "Screening of new chemotherapeutic agents to combat fish diseases caused by parasitic diplomaragnidae (Diplomonadida Wenyon, 1926)." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 1 (March 24, 2016): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18365.

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Objective of research. The purpose of the study – screening of new chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of hexamita ornamental fish. Materials and methods. The test drugs were performed on juveniles of the discus Symphysodon discus a body mass of 15 g, spontaneously infested hexamitidae (Diplomonadida). 35 discus of the infected individuals were divided into 7 groups of 5 copies of the Fish 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6th groups were appointed in the composition of granulated feed, respectively pyrimethamine at a dose of 50 mg/kg albendazole – 50, fenbendazole – 50, mebendazole – 10, magnesium sulfate – 500 and metronidazole in a dose of 50 mg/kg for 5 days. Fish 7 the first group was control and received feed without the drug. The effectiveness was considered after 5 days after the last Dachi medicated feed. Fish were dissected, the intestines were isolated, which were released from the food pulp, homogenized, and were studied by optical microscopy at a magnification of 180 times. Results and discussion. The number of examined in treated fish compared with the control decreased after the application of metronidazole by 95.5 %, mebendazole – 77.8, magnesium sulfate, which is 74.5, fenbendazole – by 56.6, albendazole – 50.5 and pyrimethamine – 24.4 %. Advanced for further testing are mebendazole, magnesium sulphate, fenbendazole and albendazole. The most effective was a basic drug – metronidazole. During the test degradation of fish were noted. Food activity was moderate at the level of 2% of ichthyomass. In fish treated with metronidazole, mebendazole and magnesium sulfate, have improved the condition.
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11

Sousa, Fabricio B., Tiago Milanin, André C. Morandini, Luis L. Espinoza, Anai Flores-Gonzales, Ana L. S. Gomes, Daniele A. Matoso, and Patrick D. Mathews. "Molecular diagnostic based on 18S rDNA and supplemental taxonomic data of the cnidarian coelozoic Ceratomyxa (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) and comments on the intraspecific morphological variation." Zoosystematics and Evolution 97, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.97.64769.

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Ceratomyxa amazonensis is a cnidarian myxosporean originally described with strongly arcuate crescent-shaped myxospores, absence of vegetative stages and infecting Symphysodon discus, an important Amazonian ornamental fish in the aquarium industry. As part of a long-term investigation concerning myxosporeans that infect discus fish Symphysodon spp. from different rivers of the Amazon Basin, thirty specimens of S. discus collected from Unini River were examined. Plasmodial vegetative stages therefrom were found freely floating in the bile of gall bladders from eighteen fish. Mature myxospores were slightly crescent-shaped, measuring 4.72 ± 0.1 (4.52–4.81) μm in length, 24.2 ± 0.4 (23.9–25.3) μm in thickness with polar capsules 2.31 ± 0.1 (2.29–2.33) μm in length and 2.15 ± 0.1 (2.13–2.17) μm in width. Strong morphological differences were observed between the newly isolated myxospores obtained and the previously described C. amazonensis; however, molecular assessment, based on 18S rDNA, revealed a high similarity (99.91%), with only a single nucleotide base change. This study provides new data, expanding the original description of the species with a discussion on differences in myxospore-morphology in the context of intraspecific morphological plasticity.
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12

Satoh, Shun, Hirokazu Tanaka, and Masanori Kohda. "Facial Recognition in a Discus Fish (Cichlidae): Experimental Approach Using Digital Models." PLOS ONE 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2016): e0154543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154543.

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13

Mattos, Douglas da Cruz, Leonardo Demier Cardoso, Paulo José Fosse, Marcella Costa Radael, João Carlos Fosse Filho, João Vitor de Azevedo Manhães, Dalcio Ricardo de Andrade, and Manuel Vazquez Vidal. "Description of the ontogenic and larval period of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)." Zygote 23, no. 3 (April 3, 2014): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199414000069.

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the embryonic and larval development of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus), and to determine the time required, hours post fertilization (hpf), for the emergence of various structures. To describe embryonic and larval stages, observations were made at regular periods under an optical microscope and images were taken with a digital camera attached to a microscope. The average temperature reached in the experimental tank was 27.9°C. Important facts in embryonic and larval development are described, such as the closure of the blastopore, which occurred at 31.5 hpf; a period of eruption, which occurred at 58.5 hpf; and a mouth opening, which occurred at 90.5 hpf; and larvae that exhibited oriented swimming and eating exogenous food at 136.5 hpf.
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Satoh, Shun, Hideaki Tanoue, and Masahiko Mohri. "Costs and benefits of biparental mucus provisioning in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)." Ichthyological Research 65, no. 4 (May 7, 2018): 510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-018-0636-5.

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15

Crampton, William G. R. "Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)." Neotropical Ichthyology 6, no. 4 (December 2008): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252008000400008.

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The discus fishes of the genus Symphysodon are popular ornamental cichlids that occur in floodplain lakes and flooded forests of the lowland Amazon Basin. These habitats are characterized by extreme seasonal fluctuations in the availability of food, shelter and dissolved oxygen, and also the densities of predators and parasites. Most aspects of discus biology are influenced by these fluctuating conditions. This paper reports an autoecological study of the western Amazonian discus S. haraldi (until recently classified as S. aequifasciatus). This species feeds predominantly on algal periphyton, fine organic detritus, plant matter, and small aquatic invertebrates. At high water it forages alone or in small groups in flooded forests. At low water it forms large aggregations in fallen tree crowns along lake margins. Breeding occurs at the beginning of the flood season, ensuring that the progeny are well grown before the next low water period. Symphysodon haraldi is an iteroparous partial spawner, reaches reproductive maturity within a year, and undertakes parental care of its eggs and larvae. The timing of spawning events, and/or the rate of brood survival, may be influenced by fluctuations in the flood level, resulting in a non-unimodal distribution of size classes for the subsequent 1+ cohort.
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Sobecka, Ewa, Ewa Łuczak, and Michał Marcinkiewicz. "New cases of pathogens imported with ornamental fish." Biological Letters 49, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-012-0001-8.

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Abstract The global trade in live ornamental fish carries with it the potential threat of unwanted movement of pathogens. The live ornamental fish, when released into the natural environment of their destination countries, may disseminate their parasites, threatening local fish and causing economic loss in fish aquaculture. This study was aimed to explain the reasons for deterioration of health and premature death of ornamental fish: Nannostomus spp. from Colombia and Symphysodon spp. Some specimens of Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 were captured from their natural habitats in the Amazon River basin and shipped to Poland by air mail. The hybrids of Symphysodon spp. originated from an aquarium in Poland (shared with S. aequifasciatus). The third discus fish species, Symphysodon discus Heckel, 1840 came from a fish farm in Thailand and represents an Asian breeding line. All the studied fish were infected with pathogens. Nannostomus spp. housed a single parasite species on its skin, namely Artystone minima. This isopod species was not recorded in Poland and probably in Europe before. The examined fish of the genus Symphysodon yielded 13 pathogens. Five of them Philodina sp., Ichthyobodo necator, Hexamita symphysodonis, Sciadicleithrum variabilum and Eustrongylides sp. were not earlier recorded in this host species in Poland. The findings of Ichthyophonus hoferi and Myxobolus sp. are new host records for Symphysodon spp. fish. Hybrid fish and S. aequifasciatus are reported here as hosts of Entamoeba sp. for the first time.
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17

Liu, Xiaodong, Hanxin Wang, and Zaizhong Chen. "Effect of carotenoids on body colour of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus axelrodiSchultz, 1960)." Aquaculture Research 47, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.12591.

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18

Lin, Ruijuan, Lei Wang, Yuming Zhao, Jianzhong Gao, and Zaizhong Chen. "Gonad transcriptome of discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi ) and discovery of sex-related genes." Aquaculture Research 48, no. 12 (August 2, 2017): 5993–6000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.13424.

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19

Yang, Bo-Tian, Bin Wen, Yu Ji, Qin Wang, Hao-Ran Zhang, Yuan Zhang, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Comparative metabolomics analysis of pigmentary and structural coloration in discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi)." Journal of Proteomics 233 (February 2021): 104085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104085.

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Satoh, Shun, Hideaki Tanoue, Sandrine Ruitton, Masahiko Mohri, and Teruhisa Komatsu. "Morphological and behavioral ontogeny in larval and early juvenile discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus." Ichthyological Research 64, no. 1 (May 27, 2016): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10228-016-0530-y.

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21

Zhang, Yuan, Bin Wen, Micah Adekunle David, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Comparative analysis of intestinal microbiota of discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi) with different growth rates." Aquaculture 540 (July 2021): 736740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736740.

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MATTOS, Douglas da Cruz, Rafaela SCRENCI-RIBEIRO, Leonardo Demier CARDOSO, and Manuel Vazquez Vidal JUNIOR. "Couple formation and spawning between two female Discus Fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus - Cichlidae) in captivity." Acta Amazonica 47, no. 2 (June 2017): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201601974.

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ABSTRACT In an experiment performed to characterize the reproductive behavior of the discus fish in captivity, couple formation with two females was observed. The observations were carried out in captivity, based on ad libitum methodology. Adult individuals were allowed to naturally form couples. The couple formation was considered when individuals performed the substrate cleaning behavior. Fifteen couples were selected. The eggs of three couples did not initiate embryonic development and became infeasible within three days after spawning. We found that these spawnings belonged to all-female couples. The sex of the individuals in same-sex couples was confirmed through subsequent couple formation and spawning of fertile eggs with known males. Eggs were deposited by one or both females in the same-sex couples. Double spawnings were larger and differentially colored. The motivations that lead individuals of the same sex to form couples in this species are still unknown.
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Zhang, Nan, Bin Wen, Lei Wang, Zai‐Zhong Chen, and Jian‐Zhong Gao. "Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the dmrt1 gene from discus fish ( Symphysodon aequifasciatus )." Aquaculture Research 50, no. 6 (April 29, 2019): 1735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.14061.

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Zhang, Yuan, Bin Wen, Liu-Jiang Meng, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Dynamic changes of gut microbiota of discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi) at different feeding stages." Aquaculture 531 (January 2021): 735912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735912.

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Chong, Alexander S. C., Roshada Hashim, Ahyaudin Ali, and Kenji Hara. "Amino Acid Profile of Various Body Tissues and Eggs of Discus Fish,Symphysodon aequifasciata." Journal of Applied Aquaculture 16, no. 1-2 (December 22, 2004): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j028v16n01_14.

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Khong, Hou-Keat, Meng-Kiat Kuah, Annette Jaya-Ram, and Alexander Chong Shu-Chien. "Prolactin receptor mRNA is upregulated in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata) skin during parental phase." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 153, no. 1 (May 2009): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.01.005.

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Chong, Kenny, Tham Sock Ying, John Foo, Lam Toong Jin, and Alexander Chong. "Characterisation of proteins in epidermal mucus of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.) during parental phase." Aquaculture 249, no. 1-4 (September 2005): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.045.

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Саная, Ольга Владимировна, Галина Иозеповна Пронина, and Артем Олегович Ревякин. "Study of the lactoferrin content in the epidermal secretion of nursing discus fish on the survival of the reared offspring." Herald of Tver State University. Series: Biology and Ecology, no. 4(64) (December 28, 2021): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtbio224.

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Лактоферрин - это многофункциональный белок, который принимает участие в иммунной системе, обладает антибактериальной, противогрибковой, противовирусной и противопаразитарной активностью. Встречается у млекопитающих в секреторных жидкостях эпидермального происхождения. Данные о наличии лактоферрина у более низших животных отсутствуют. Сделано предположение, что представители семейства Цихлиды, выкармливающие личинок секретом собственного тела, могут создавать колостральный иммунитет у потомства. Ранние исследования кожного секрета дискусов показали наличие в нём компонентов схожих с молоком млекопитающих. Исследовали корреляцию содержания лактоферрина в эпидермальном секрете и крови кормящих дискусов, а также влияние количества лактоферрина в эпидермальном секрете родительских пар на выживаемость потомства в личиночной стадии. Лактоферрин определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. В эпидермальном секрете дискусов обнаружен лактоферрин, при повышении его концентрации в кожной слизи наблюдается снижение концентрации в крови. Родительские пары дискусов с высоким уровнем лактоферрина в эпидермальным секрете реже уничтожали кладки икры и личинок, также наблюдалось большее количество принятых личинок. Выявлено, что повышенный уровень лактоферрина в эпидермальным секрете кормящих дискусов достоверно увеличивает выживаемость личинок Lactoferrin is a multifunctional protein that participates in the immune system. It has antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activity. It occurs in mammals in secretory fluids of epidermal origin. There are no data on the presence of lactoferrin in lower animals. It is assumed that representatives of the Cichlid family, feeding larvae with the secret of their own body, can create colostral immunity in offspring. Early studies of the skin secretion of discus showed the presence of components similar to mammalian milk in it. The correlation of lactoferrin content in epidermal secretions and blood of nursing discus, as well as the effect of the amount of lactoferrin in the epidermal secretions of parental pairs on the survival of offspring in the larval stage was investigated. Lactoferrin was determined by enzyme immunoassay. Lactoferrin was found in the epidermal secretion of discus, with an increase in its concentration in the skin mucus, a decrease in the concentration in the blood is observed. Parental pairs of discus fish with a high level of lactoferrin epidermal secretions were less likely to destroy eggs and larvae clutches, and a greater number of adopted larvae were also observed. It was revealed that the increased level of lactoferrin in the epidermal secretion of nursing discus fish significantly increases the survival of larvae.
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Wei, Yu-Ling, Bin Wen, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Brain transcriptome analysis reveals genes involved in parental care behaviour in discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi)." General and Comparative Endocrinology 309 (August 2021): 113793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113793.

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30

Huang, Jun-Nan, Yuan Zhang, Lei Xu, Kai-Xuan He, Bin Wen, Pei-Wen Yang, Jie-Yu Ding, et al. "Microplastics: A tissue-specific threat to microbial community and biomarkers of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus)." Journal of Hazardous Materials 424 (February 2022): 127751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127751.

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31

Chong, Alexander S. C., Roshada Hashim, Lee Chow-Yang, and Ahyaudin B. Ali. "Partial characterization and activities of proteases from the digestive tract of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciata)." Aquaculture 203, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00630-5.

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32

Maunder, Richard J., Katherine A. Sloman, Adalberto L. Val, Janet Pearce, and Jonathan Buckley. "Uptake, tissue distribution and excretion of dietary cadmium and copper in discus fish Symphysodon spp." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.098.

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33

SANTOS, Rudã Fernandes Brandão SANTOS, Mayara Schueroff SIQUEIRA, Ryuller Gama Abreu REIS, Weliton Vilhalba SILVA, Henrique Momo ZIEMNICZAK, and Claucia Aparecida HONORATO. "INFLUENCE OF A BLEND OF DIETARY ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS ON GROWTH, ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY, AND INTESTINAL HISTOLOGY OF BLUE DISCUS." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 47 (2021): e599. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2021.47.e599.

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Symphysodon aequifasciatus is a fish with a disk-shaped body and bright colors, important characteristics of ornamental fish. We evaluated amino acid supplementation strategies to reduce crude protein in the diet for evaluation of performance, the content of digestive enzymes, liver metabolism, and intestinal histopathology. A total of 180 fish were randomly distributed in 12 separate 50 L glass aquariums, consisting of a completely randomized design with four treatments (DC - Control diet with 34.4% crude protein; DL - Control diet plus 1% of lysine; DEAA - Control diet plus 1% free essential amino acids (threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, arginine, and tryptophan); and DHP - Diet with a high level of crude protein 48.4%), three repetitions, lasting 60 days. The use of DL and DEAA diets resulted in higher intestinal villus height and higher zootechnical performance. The use of DL diet increased alkaline phosphatase and digestive amylase activity. The use of DHP diets promotes severe liver changes due to increased activity of Alanine aminotraserase. Therefore, it was possible to observe that the use of amino acids can supply the nutritional need of blue discus. Supplementation of diets with AAs allows the reduction of dietary protein, which is a strategy for feeding management.
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34

Wen, Bin, Jian-Qiao Zhou, Jian-Zhong Gao, Hao-Ruo Chen, Yi-Qing Shen, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Sex-dependent changes in the skin mucus metabolome of discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi) during biparental care." Journal of Proteomics 221 (June 2020): 103784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103784.

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35

Maunder, Richard J., Jonathan Buckley, Adalberto L. Val, and Katherine A. Sloman. "Accumulation of dietary and aqueous cadmium into the epidermal mucus of the discus fish Symphysodon sp." Aquatic Toxicology 103, no. 3-4 (June 2011): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.03.005.

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36

Řehulka, J., J. Kaustová, and E. Řehulková. "Causal Agents of Mycobacterial Diseases in Freshwater Ornamental Fish and their Importance for Human Health in the Czech Republic." Acta Veterinaria Brno 75, no. 2 (2006): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb200675020251.

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In the period from 1995 to 2004, the following mycobacterial species were isolated during the examination of the state of health of aquarium fish from the Moravian-Silesian region of the Czech Republic: Mycobacterium fortuitum (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Poecilia sphenops, Hemigrammus rhodostomus, Hyphessobrycon flammeus), M. chelonae (P. axelrodi, Betta splendens, Xiphophorus helleri, Puntius tetrazona), M. kansasii (P. axelrodi, B. splendens), M. simiae (Hyphessobrycon ecuadoriensis), and M. gordonae (P. axelrodi, Colisa lalia, B. splendens, Symphysodon discus). The first isolation from aquarium fish was recorded in the case of M. kansasii and the second isolation in the case of M. simiae; both should also be taken into account as aetiological agents of mycobacterial infections in humans. The measures to reduce mycobacterial infections in both fish and humans should include monitoring water mains as possible sources of M. kansasii infections, compliance with the sanitation principles in handling fish suspected of being infected and the content of tanks (molluscs, water, plants), and the introduction of strict veterinary inspection of imported fish, fish from aquarist shops and from large-scale distributors.
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Huang, Jun-Nan, Bin Wen, Lei Xu, Huan-Chao Ma, Xin-Xin Li, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Micro/nano-plastics cause neurobehavioral toxicity in discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus): Insight from brain-gut-microbiota axis." Journal of Hazardous Materials 421 (January 2022): 126830. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126830.

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38

Celik, Pinar, and Ihsan Celik. "Effect of Lunar Synchronization on the Reproduction Time of Discus Fish (Symphysodon sp.) Under Controlled Aquarium Conditions." Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 890–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2011.890.893.

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39

Wen, Bin, Shi-Rong Jin, Zai-Zhong Chen, Jian-Zhong Gao, Lei Wang, Ying Liu, and Han-Peng Liu. "Plasticity of energy reserves and metabolic performance of discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) exposed to low-temperature stress." Aquaculture 481 (December 2017): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.09.002.

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40

Rossoni, Felipe, Sidinéia Amadio, Efrem Ferreira, and Jansen Zuanon. "Reproductive and population parameters of discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP), lower Purus River, Amazonas, Brazil." Neotropical Ichthyology 8, no. 2 (2010): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252010000200018.

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The ornamental discus fish Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin, 1904, is a popular endemic cichlid species from the Amazon basin, however scientific information concerning biology and ecology in its natural habitat is scarce despite its importance on the international aquarium trade. In this study we evaluated reproductive parameters of S. aequifasciatus in natural habitat in Piagaçu-Purus Sustainable Development Reserve (RDS-PP), lower Purus River, Brazilian Amazon. Males are more frequent in the larger size classes and this might be related to the complex breeding behavior known for S. aequifasciatus. Values of L50 for both sexes corresponded to more than 60% of the maximum attained length which may indicate that energy allocation for somatic growth takes longer in S. aequifasciatus than in other species. Average fecundity for female discus was 1490, ranging from 950 to 1892 oocytes and its correlations with standard length and total weight were very low, probably due to the highly compressed discus' body shape. Egg size distribution showed four types of patterns, indicating one to four modes besides the reserve oocytes group. Our results indicate that S. aequifasciatus shows total spawning, in the beginning of flooding period, with the peculiar capacity of releasing multiple egg batches as a strategy that potentially enhances reproductive success.
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41

SANCAK, Tunahan, and Şükrü ÖNALAN. "The Use of Different Suture Methods in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fish." Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 597–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.35229/jaes.1209750.

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In this study, it is aimed to compare the suture methods in wounds created for different purposes in the field of aquaculture. For this purpose, Tilapia fish, which took the second place after carp in the inland waters fish breeding of hot countries, were used. In the study, Control group (n = 3), simple suture (n = 3), U suture (n = 3) and X (Sultan) suture (n = 3) applications were performed. The fish were subjected to 7 days of adaptation before starting the study. During the study, feeding was done once a day with Tetra Discus food. For the formation of cut wounds, scales were removed in Tilapia fish under anesthesia, and 2 cm long incision were performed. As a result of the study, it was observed that the cut wounds were closed on the 6th day in the U suture group, at the end of the 7th day in the control group and simple suture groups, and the 9th day in the X suture group. It was observed that the absorbable suture materials were absorbed in all fish in which they were applied, but in the X suture group, 1 fish was absorbed at the end of the 9th day. It is concluded that it is healthier to prefer simple suture and U suture primarily in areas such as marking, remote sensing, monitoring and management of fish methods, and fish health.
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42

Ouyang, Ming‐Yan, Bin Wen, Huan‐Chao Ma, Chen Chen, Jian‐Zhong Gao, Yuan Zhang, and Zai‐Zhong Chen. "Minimally invasive evaluation of the anaesthetic efficacy of MS‐222 for ornamental discus fish using skin mucus biomarkers." Aquaculture Research 51, no. 7 (April 13, 2020): 2926–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.14631.

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43

Song, Xuelu, Lei Wang, Xiaoqin Li, Zaizhong Chen, Gaoyang Liang, and Xiangjun Leng. "Dietary astaxanthin improved the body pigmentation and antioxidant function, but not the growth of discus fish (Symphysodon spp.)." Aquaculture Research 48, no. 4 (October 24, 2016): 1359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/are.13200.

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44

Suryadi, Wahyu, Sukarman Sukarman, Mustahal Mustahal, and Mas Bayu Syamsunarno. "Utilization of Golden Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) for Growth and Stimulate Color of Red Melon Discus Fish Juvenile (Symphysodon aequifasciata)." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33512/jpk.v9i1.7072.

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45

Miyasaki, Taiko, and Katsuhiko Harada. "Effects of specific purine and pyrimidine compounds on the ingestion of test diets by the abalone Haliotis discus and the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02066.

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To improve the feed ingestion of cultured fish and shellfish, 26 purine and pyrimidine compounds were examined as dietary supplements at a concentration of 1.0 mmol kg–1 (or L–1) of diet. For the black abalone Haliotis discus, feeding was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by thymidine, adenosine-5�-monophosphate, adenosine- 5�-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine-5�-triphosphate, guanosine-5�-monophosphate (GMP), inosine-5- monophosphate (IMP) and 2�-deoxycytidine-5�-monophosphate. For the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, feeding was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by thymidine, ADP, IMP and thymidine-5�-monophosphate (TMP). At one-tenth of the initial concentration, ADP, GMP and IMP were effective for the abalone and thymidine and TMP were effective for the weatherfish. None of the compounds inhibited feeding of either species.
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46

SUZUKI, TOSHIYUKI, SERGEY V. BOGORODSKY, and JOHN E. RANDALL. "Gobiid fishes of the genus Bryaninops from the Red Sea, with description of two new species and two new records." Zootaxa 3170, no. 1 (January 24, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3170.1.1.

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Three species of the gobiid fish genus Bryaninops were previously known for the Red Sea: B. natans, B. ridens, and B.yongei. Two new species are described, B. discus, similar to B. loki, differing in coloration and in having dish-like insteadof cup-like pelvic fins in adults; and B. spongicolus, closely related to B. dianneae from Fiji, distinct in having shorterpelvic fins, a rounded instead of truncate caudal fin, and differences in life color. Bryaninops loki and B. tigris are reportedas first records for the Red Sea, the former from a specimen from Sudan and an underwater photo from the Sinai Peninsula, the latter from an underwater photo taken off Egypt.
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47

Liu, Ying, Yi-Nan Liu, Xiao-Cen Tian, Han-Peng Liu, Bin Wen, Nan Wang, Jian-Zhong Gao, and Zai-Zhong Chen. "Growth and tissue calcium and phosphorus deposition of juvenile discus fish (Symphysodon haraldi) fed with graded levels of calcium and phosphorus." Aquaculture 541 (August 2021): 736755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736755.

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48

Gross, M. C., E. Feldberg, D. M. Cella, M. C. Schneider, C. H. Schneider, J. I. R. Porto, and C. Martins. "Intriguing evidence of translocations in Discus fish (Symphysodon, Cichlidae) and a report of the largest meiotic chromosomal chain observed in vertebrates." Heredity 102, no. 5 (February 25, 2009): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2009.3.

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49

Jung, Won-Gwan, Hee Sung Kim, Ki Wook Lee, Ye Eun Kim, Dong Kyu Choi, Bok-Il Jang, Sung Hwoan Cho, Cheol Young Choi, Byeng-Hak Kim, and Yang-Ick Joo. "Growth and Body Composition Effects of Tuna Byproduct Meal Substituted for Fish Meal in the Diet of Juvenile Abalone,Haliotis discus." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 47, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12255.

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50

Amesberger‐Freitag, Alessandra, Alexander Tichy, Mansour El‐Matbouli, and Eva Lewisch. "Hole‐in‐the‐head disease in discus fish, Symphysodon (Heckel, 1840): Is it a consequence of a dietary Ca/P imbalance?" Journal of Fish Diseases 42, no. 8 (May 26, 2019): 1133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfd.13023.

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