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Journal articles on the topic 'Diseases of vocal tract'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Ziarno, Remigiusz, Anna Suska, Wojciech Kulinowski, Aleksandra Grudzień-Ziarno, Magdalena Kostrzon, Magdalena Paciorek, and Jacek Składzień. "Czy smog ma wpływ na częstość występowania zaostrzeń przewlekłego zapalenia krtani? Analiza na przykładzie mieszkańców województwa małopolskiego." Otolaryngologia Polska 71, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.0128.

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Introduction: Due to dynamic industrialisation smog became a frequent phenomenon in most developing cities. According to the last WHO report from Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Krakow has been classified in the 11th place among the most polluted cities in Europe. It seems to be an urgent issue because of the influence of air pollution on the condition of upper respiratory tract. Materials & Methods: In December 2015 there were 141 patients aged 17-91 years with upper respiratory tract diseases admitted to the phoniatric outpatient clinic in the University Hospital in Cracow. They suffered from cough, hoarseness and periodic aphonia. On the basis of the results of videolaryngostroboscopy 60 patients with exacerbation of the chronic laryngitis were selected into two numerically equal groups: from Cracow and from other places at least 60 km away. The groups were equal to each other also in three categories: sex, age and voice usage. The patients were referred to the Pedagogical University in Cracow for laryngography to evaluate the movement of the vocal folds and to trace a voice profile. Finally, there were two possible types of treatment – conventional pharmacotherapy or subterraneotherapy in the underground Health Resort in the "Wieliczka" Salt Mine. Results: Pearson correlation coefficient between the distance from the place of residence to Cracow and the scale of exacerbation of inflammation of upper respiratory tract presenting as vocal fold dysfunction was observed (r= 0,617; p<0,05). Conclusion: The place of residence (in or out of the industrial area) and exacerbations of chronic laryngitis are highly correlated. Air pollution seems to be the main factor influencing on the condition of upper respiratory tract. In our local conditions of Lesser Poland Voivodeship subterraneotherapy may be an interesting, non-invasive method preventing from exacerbations of upper respiratory tract diseases.

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2

Kang, Jeong Wook, and Young-Gyu Eun. "Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment in 2021." Journal of The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics 32, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22469/jkslp.2021.32.2.56.

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Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) is an inflammatory condition of the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa induced by reflux content from stomach. Some of vocal cord diseases are associated with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Because of the pathophysiological features, proton pump inhibitor shows therapeutic effect on some vocal cord diseases. As like that, the gastric reflux contents can make macroscopic or microscopic morphological changes in the upper aerodigestive tract mucosa. Although the pathophysiology of LPRD is relatively clear, clinical diagnosis is still difficult. The diagnosis of LPRD includes objective tests such as 24-hours multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH metry and subjective tests such as questionnaire method. However, the objective verification of reflux is difficult due to invasiveness of the method, and the questionnaire methods have limitations because many symptoms are not specific for LPRD. Moreover, most methods are not fully standardized until now. Despite these limitations, many researchers are struggling to standardize diagnosis and treatment of LPRD, and there are several new achievements recently. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review the recent literature on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of LPRD, and to systematize our knowledge.

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Isaeva, Tatiana, and Elena Goryunova. "University teacher’s speech and self-presentation in e-learning and distance professional communication." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 12147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127312147.

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The organization of professional communication in the context of e-learning is unthinkable without solving a number of issues related to the university teachers’ speech behaviour. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of studying of the teacher’s vocal tract functioning, the prevention of occupational diseases of the vocal tract, as well as identifying the psychological and linguistic features of the teacher’s speech during online classes, webinars and video lectures has become more than relevant. Basing on the study of the normative and methodological regulation issues of the online-speaker’s speech in distance communication, the peculiarities of speech technique and oratory competency in conditions of distance learning, an interdisciplinary study was carried out, which made it possible to determine the factors that increase the effectiveness of e-learning, activate the students’ attention and form a positive visual and audiolingual teacher’s image. The use of empirical research methods made it possible to determine a number of features of the teacher’s professional communication in the context of e-learning. The article offers recommendations for teachers and university authorities to improve professional qualifications in the field of the issues studied.

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Balali-Mood, Mahdi, Reza Afshari, Ramin Zojaji, Hadi Kahrom, Maedeh Kamrani, Davood Attaran, Seyed Reza Mousavi, and Gholam Ali Zare. "Delayed toxic effects of sulfur mustard on respiratory tract of Iranian veterans." Human & Experimental Toxicology 30, no. 9 (November 11, 2010): 1141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327110389501.

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To investigate late toxic effects of sulfur mustard (SM) on the upper and lower respiratory tracts of Iranian veterans, 43 male veterans with more than 25% disability due to SM poisoning in 20−25 years after exposure, were studied. Direct laryngoscopy, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gasses and pH, computed tomography of sinuses and lungs were investigated. The patients were aged 50.6 (8.9 SD) years with body mass index (BMI) of 26.6 (4.0) and disability of 53.2 (17.0%). The common findings of the upper respiratory tract were dysphonia (79.1%), post-nasal discharge (PND; 41.9%), lower larynx position (30.2%), limitation of vocal cords (25.6%) and mucosal inflammation of larynx (14.8%). The common lower respiratory diseases were diagnosed as chronic obstructive respiratory disease (84%), bronchiectasis (44.1%) and lung fibrosis (7.7%). Severity of disability was negatively correlated with BMI ( p = 0.032), spirometric parameters ( p < 0.001) and oxygen saturation ( p < 0.001), but positively correlated with low-density lipoproteins (LDL <0.010), blood pressure ( p = 0.008), diabetes mellitus ( p < 0.001), wheezing ( p = 0.0043) and bronchiectasis ( p < 0.001). Delayed toxic effects of SM in upper and lower respiratory tracts were mostly inflammatory and infectious complications, SM-induced disabilities were significantly correlated with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, LDL and lower-respiratory complications.

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Boltežar, Lučka, and Maja Šereg Bahar. "Voice Disorders in Occupations with Vocal Load in Slovenia / Glasovne Težave V Poklicih Z Glasovno Obremenitvijo V Sloveniji." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 53, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2014-0033.

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Abstract Aim. The aim of this paper is to compare the prevalence of voice disorders and the risk factors for them in different occupations with a vocal load in Slovenia. Methods. A meta-analysis of six different Slovenian studies involving teachers, physicians, salespeople, catholic priests, nurses and speech-and-language therapists (SLTs) was performed. In all six studies, similar questions about the prevalence of voice disorders and the causes for them were included. Results. The comparison of the six studies showed that more than 82% of the 2347 included subjects had voice problems at some time during their career. The teachers were the most affected by voice problems. The prevalent cause of voice problems was the vocal load in teachers and salespeople and respiratory-tract infections in all the other occupational groups. When the occupational groups were compared, it was stated that the teachers had more voice problems and showed less care for their voices than the priests. The physicians had more voice problems and showed better consideration of vocal hygiene rules than the SLTs. The majority of all the included subjects did not receive instructions about voice care during education. Conclusions. In order to decrease the prevalence of voice disorders in vocal professionals, a screening program is recommended before the beginning of their studies. Regular courses on voice care and proper vocal technique should be obligatory for all professional voice users during their career. The inclusion of dysphonia in the list of occupational diseases should be considered in Slovenia as it is in some European countries.

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Sowa, Klaudia, Anna Łobaczuk-Sitnik, Bartosz Piszczatowski, Emilia Duchnowska, Bożena Kosztyła-Hojna, Klaudiusz Nadolny, Jerzy Robert Ładny, and Maciej Zdrojkowski. "SPECIFICS AND DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE IN REFLUX-RELATED DYSPHONIA." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 4 (2020): 814–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202004137.

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Voice is a work tool for many professional groups. Currently, cases of dysphonia of multiple origin consist a growing issue. Voice disorders may result from disturbed voice production process, congenital defects, post-traumatic conditions, chronic diseases or hormonal disorders. Chronic diseases causing voice disorders include laryngopharyngeal reflux disease and esophageal reflux disease. The chronic character of reflux causes the formation of numerous morphological changes of the larynx, including: hyperemia of the mucosa limited to arytenoid and intraarytenoid area, edema of the vocal folds, edema of the larynx mucosa. These changes contribute to voice disorders. Among the pathological changes of voice organ etiologically associated with reflux, the following disease units may be distinguished: reflux laryngitis, subglottic edema, contact ulceration, larynx granuloma, larynx and pharynx cancer. Many of disorders in the upper respiratory tract are etiologically related to reflux, e.g. dysphonia, grunting, coughing and dyspnoea.

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Pekarskikh, Svetlana, Evgeny Kostyuchenko, and Lidiya Balatskaya. "Evaluation of Speech Quality Through Recognition and Classification of Phonemes." Symmetry 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2019): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11121447.

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This paper discusses an approach for assessing the quality of speech while undergoing speech rehabilitation. One of the main reasons for speech quality decrease during the surgical treatment of vocal tract diseases is the loss of the vocal tractˈs parts and the disruption of its symmetry. In particular, one of the most common oncological diseases of the oral cavity is cancer of the tongue. During surgical treatment, a glossectomy is performed, which leads to the need for speech rehabilitation to eliminate the occurring speech defects, leading to a decrease in speech intelligibility. In this paper, we present an automated approach for conducting the speech quality evaluation. The approach relies on a convolutional neural network (CNN). The main idea of the approach is to train an individual neural network for a patient before having an operation to recognize typical sounding of phonemes for their speech. The neural network will thereby be able to evaluate the similarity between the patientˈs speech before and after the surgery. The recognition based on the full phoneme set and the recognition by groups of phonemes were considered. The correspondence of assessments obtained through the autorecognition approach with those from the human-based approach is shown. The automated approach is principally applicable to defining boundaries between phonemes. The paper shows that iterative training of the neural network and continuous updating of the training dataset gradually improve the ability of the CNN to define boundaries between different phonemes.

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Bai, Yu, Xi-Rui Jing, Yun Xia, and Xiao-Nan Tao. "Paroxysmal Laryngospasm: A Rare Condition That Respiratory Physicians Must Distinguish from Other Diseases with a Chief Complaint of Dyspnea." Canadian Respiratory Journal 2020 (July 6, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2451703.

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Background. In recent years, we have observed respiratory difficulty manifested as paroxysmal laryngospasm in a few outpatients, most of whom were first encountered in a respiratory clinic. We therefore explored how to identify and address paroxysmal laryngospasm from the perspective of respiratory physicians. Methods. The symptoms, characteristics, auxiliary examination results, treatment, and prognosis of 12 patients with paroxysmal laryngospasm treated in our hospital from June 2017 to October 2019 were analyzed. Results. Five males (42%) and 7 females (58%) were among the 12 Han patients sampled. The average age of the patients was 49.25 ± 13.02 years. The disease course ranged from 14 days to 8 years and was characterized by sudden dyspnea, an inability to inhale and exhale, a sense of asphyxia, and voice loss during an attack. Eight patients with gastroesophageal reflux were cured after antacid treatment. One case of upper respiratory tract infection (URI) was completely relieved after symptomatic treatment. One patient with left vocal cord paralysis experienced complete relief after specialist treatment by an otorhinolaryngologist. Episodes in 1 patient were significantly reduced after lifestyle improvement. One patient experienced spontaneous relief after rejecting treatment. Conclusions. Paroxysmal laryngospasm is a rare laryngeal disease that generally occurs secondary to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and antireflux therapy is frequently effective for its treatment. A respiratory physician should master and identify the symptoms and differentiate this condition from hysterical stridor, reflux-related laryngospasm, and asthma. Timely referral to otolaryngologists, gastroenterologists, and other specialists for standardized examination and regular treatment should be provided when necessary.

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Lechien, Jerome R., Stéphane Hans, Francois Bobin, Christian Calvo-Henriquez, Sven Saussez, and Petros D. Karkos. "Atypical Clinical Presentation of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: A 5-Year Case Series." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 2439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112439.

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Background: Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a common disease in otolaryngology characterized by an inflammatory reaction of the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract caused by digestive refluxate enzymes. LPR has been identified as the etiological or favoring factor of laryngeal, oral, sinonasal, or otological diseases. In this case series, we reported the atypical clinical presentation of LPR in patients presenting in our clinic with reflux. Methods: A retrospective medical chart review of 351 patients with LPR treated in the European Reflux Clinic in Brussels, Poitiers and Paris was performed. In order to be included, patients had to report an atypical clinical presentation of LPR, consisting of symptoms or findings that are not described in the reflux symptom score and reflux sign assessment. The LPR diagnosis was confirmed with a 24 h hypopharyngeal-esophageal impedance pH study, and patients were treated with a combination of diet, proton pump inhibitors, and alginates. The atypical symptoms or findings had to be resolved from pre- to posttreatment. Results: From 2017 to 2021, 21 patients with atypical LPR were treated in our center. The clinical presentation consisted of recurrent aphthosis or burning mouth (N = 9), recurrent burps and abdominal disorders (N = 2), posterior nasal obstruction (N = 2), recurrent acute suppurative otitis media (N = 2), severe vocal fold dysplasia (N = 2), and recurrent acute rhinopharyngitis (N = 1), tearing (N = 1), aspirations (N = 1), or tracheobronchitis (N = 1). Abnormal upper aerodigestive tract reflux events were identified in all of these patients. Atypical clinical findings resolved and did not recur after an adequate antireflux treatment. Conclusion: LPR may present with various clinical presentations, including mouth, eye, tracheobronchial, nasal, or laryngeal findings, which may all regress with adequate treatment. Future studies are needed to better specify the relationship between LPR and these atypical findings through analyses identifying gastroduodenal enzymes in the inflamed tissue.

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Daqrouq, Khaled, Abdel-Rahman Al-Qawasmi, Ahmed Balamesh, Ali S. Alghamdi, and Mohamed A. Al-Amoudi. "The Use of Arabic Vowels to Model the Pathological Effect of Influenza Disease by Wavelets." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4198462.

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Speech parameters may include perturbation measurements, spectral and cepstral modeling, and pathological effects of some diseases, like influenza, that affect the vocal tract. The verification task is a very good process to discriminate between different types of voice disorder. This study investigated the modeling of influenza’s pathological effects on the speech signals of the Arabic vowels “A” and “O.” For feature extraction, linear prediction coding (LPC) of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) subsignals denoted by LPCW was used. k-Nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were used for classification. To study the pathological effects of influenza on the vowel “A” and vowel “O,” power spectral density (PSD) and spectrogram were illustrated, where the PSD of “A” and “O” was repressed as a result of the pathological effects. The obtained results showed that the verification parameters achieved for the vowel “A” were better than those for vowel “O” for both KNN and SVM for an average. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for interpretation. The modeling by the speech utterances as words was also investigated. We can claim that the speech utterances as words could model the influenza disease with a good quality of the verification parameters with slightly less performance than the vowels “A” as speech utterances. A comparison with state-of-the-art method was made. The best results were achieved by the LPCW method.

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Xing, Fangxu, Maureen Stone, Tessa Goldsmith, Jerry L. Prince, Georges El Fakhri, and Jonghye Woo. "Atlas-Based Tongue Muscle Correlation Analysis From Tagged and High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 7 (July 15, 2019): 2258–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0495.

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Purpose Intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles in healthy and diseased populations vary both in their intra- and intersubject behaviors during speech. Identifying coordination patterns among various tongue muscles can provide insights into speech motor control and help in developing new therapeutic and rehabilitative strategies. Method We present a method to analyze multisubject tongue muscle correlation using motion patterns in speech sound production. Motion of muscles is captured using tagged magnetic resonance imaging and computed using a phase-based deformation extraction algorithm. After being assembled in a common atlas space, motions from multiple subjects are extracted at each individual muscle location based on a manually labeled mask using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and a vocal tract atlas. Motion correlation between each muscle pair is computed within each labeled region. The analysis is performed on a population of 16 control subjects and 3 post–partial glossectomy patients. Results The floor-of-mouth (FOM) muscles show reduced correlation comparing to the internal tongue muscles. Patients present a higher amount of overall correlation between all muscles and exercise en bloc movements. Conclusions Correlation matrices in the atlas space show the coordination of tongue muscles in speech sound production. The FOM muscles are weakly correlated with the internal tongue muscles. Patients tend to use FOM muscles more than controls to compensate for their postsurgery function loss.

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Suzuki, Hisayoshi, and Takayoshi Nakai. "Speech production by a vocal cords‐vocal tract‐vocal tract wall vibration model." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84, S1 (November 1988): S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2025746.

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Kent, R. D. "Vocal tract acoustics." Journal of Voice 7, no. 2 (June 1993): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(05)80339-x.

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Boë, Louis-Jean, Jean-Louis Heim, Christian Abry, and Pierre Badin. "Neandertal vocal tract." Interaction Studies 5, no. 3 (April 18, 2005): 409–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/is.5.3.06boe.

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Potential speech abilities constitute a key component in the description of the Neandertals and their relations with modern Homo Sapiens. Since Lieberman & Crelin postulated in 1971 the theory that “Neanderthal man did not have the anatomical prerequisites for producing the full range of human speech” their speech capability has been a subject of hot debate for over 30 years, and remains a controversial question. In this study, we first question the methodology adopted by Lieberman and Crelin, and we point out articulatory and acoustic flaws in the data and the modeling. Then we propose a general articulatory-acoustic framework for testing the acoustic consequences of the trade-off between oral and pharyngeal cavities. Specifically, following Honda & Tiede (1998), we characterize this trade-off by a Laryngeal Height Index (LHI) corresponding to the length ratio of the pharyngeal cavity to the oral cavity. Using an anthropomorphic articulatory model controlled by lips, jaw, tongue and larynx parameters, we can generate the Maximal Vowel Space (MVS), which is a triangle in the F1 / F2 plane, the three point vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/ being located at its three extremities. We sample the evolution of the position of the larynx from birth to adulthood with four different LHI values, and we show that the associated MVS are very similar. Therefore, the MVS of a given vocal tract does not depend on the LHI: gestures of the tongue body, lips and jaw allow compensations for differences in the ratio between the dimensions of the oral cavity and pharynx. We then infer that the vowel space of Neandertals (with high or low larynx) was potentially no smaller than that of a modern human and that Neandertals could produce all the vowels of the world’s languages. Neandertals were no more vocally handicapped than children at birth are. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the lowering of the larynx and a concomitant increase in pharynx size are necessary evolutionary pre-adaptations for speech. However, since our study is strictly limited to the morphological and acoustic aspects of the vocal tract, we cannot offer any definitive answer to the question of whether Neandertals could produce human speech or not.

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Zwirner, Petra, and Gary J. Barnes. "Vocal Tract Steadiness." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 4 (August 1992): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3504.761.

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Acoustic analyses of upper airway and phonatory stability were conducted on samples of sustained phonation to evaluate the relation between laryngeal and articulomotor stability for 31 patients with dysarthria and 12 non-dysarthric control subjects. Significantly higher values were found for the variability in fundamental frequency and formant frequency of patients who have Huntington’s disease compared with normal subjects and patients with Parkinson’s disease. No significant correlations were found between formant frequency variability and the variability of the fundamental frequency for any subject group. These findings are discussed as they pertain to the relationship between phonatory and upper airway subsystems and the evaluation of vocal tract motor control impairments in dysarthria.

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Guenther, Frank H., Michelle Hampson, and Daniele Micci Barreca. "Approximate vocal tract shape invariance without vocal tract shape targets." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 100, no. 4 (October 1996): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.417446.

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Wang, Yun-Ting, Geng-He Chang, Yao-Hsu Yang, Chia-Yen Liu, Yao-Te Tsai, Cheng-Ming Hsu, Yi-Chan Lee, et al. "Allergic Rhinitis and Laryngeal Pathology: Real-World Evidence." Healthcare 9, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010036.

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Allergic rhinitis (AR) is correlated with diseases including allergic laryngitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The unified airway model suggests that inflammation can spread in both lower and upper respiratory tracts. Moreover, some voice problems—laryngeal edema, dysphonia, and vocal nodules—have been associated with AR. We examined the association between AR and laryngeal pathology. We investigated 51,618 patients with AR between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 2013, along with 206,472 patients without AR matched based on age, gender, urbanization level, and socioeconomic status at a 1:4 ratio. We followed patients up to the end of 2013 or their death. The occurrence of laryngeal pathology was the primary outcome. Individuals with AR had a 2.43 times higher risk of laryngeal pathology than the comparison cohort group (adjusted HR: 2.43, 95% CI: 2.36–2.50, p < 0.001). Patients diagnosed as having AR exhibited higher comorbidity rates, including of asthma, COPD, CRS, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and nasal septum deviation, than those of the comparison cohort. Our results strongly indicate that AR is an independent risk factor for laryngeal pathology. Therefore, when treating AR and voice problems, physicians should be attuned to possible laryngeal pathology.

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Sharifpoor, Mohamad, Mehdi Dehghan, Shima Matloubi, and Soraya Khafri. "The Study of Vowel Space and Formant Structure in Mazani Language." Journal of Rehabilitation 21, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/rj.21.2.2735.1.

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Objective: One of the parameters showing the correct phonetic and phonological development is the correct and clear articulation of vowels is achieved by changing the shape of vocal cords through altering the height and position of the tongue and the movement of the lips and jaw. The tongue’s height and position are the basis of the production and difference of vowels. In other words, the raw sound produced by vocal cords, which has a base frequency, changes and intensifies according to the displacement of organs and vocal tract cavities which makes harmonies from the base sound called formats. These intensified harmonies depend on the shape, size, and material of the cavities, and can affect a person’s speech clarity and, consequently, the listeners’ perception. Due to such effects and the significant role of vowels space and formants on communicative aspects in each language, they are considered as one of the most important acoustic characteristics of any spoken language. Therefore, determining a scale as a tool to assess vowel errors and speech disorders is necessary. This study aimed to investigate vowel space and formant structure of Mazani language in adults. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 60 adults (30 males and 30 females) with Mazani language aged 18-40 years who were selected randomly and based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria (no history of respiratory diseases, verbal and auditory disorders and having at least 5 years of experience in living in Babol county. After producing the vowels by participants, the first, second, and third formants (F1, F2, and F3) of all 6 vowels were obtained in PRAAT v.6.0 program, and analyzed finally using independent t-test in SPSS v. 18 software. Results: In men, the highest mean value for the base frequency was related to the vowels /i/ and /u/ (136 Hz), and for F1, F2, and F3, it was related to the vowels /æ/ (646 Hz), /i/ (2182 Hz), and /i/ (2888 Hz), respectively. On the other hand, their lowest mean values were related to the vowels /a/ (124 Hz), /i/ (283 Hz), /a/ (1150 Hz), and /e/ (2629 Hz), respectively. In women, the highest mean values of base frequency, F1, F2 and F3 were related to the vowels /u/ (222 Hz), /æ/ (828 Hz), /i/ (2346 Hz), and /i/ (3151 Hz), while the lowest mean values were related to the vowels /æ/ and /e/ (202 Hz), /i/ (364 Hz), /a/ (1167 Hz), and /o/ (2775 Hz), respectively. Conclusion: There was difference in formants and vowel space between men and women with Mazani language. The /a/ was the lowest pitch vowel and /i/ and /u/ were the highest pitch the vowels in men, while /æ/ and /e/ were the lowest pitch vowels and /u/ was the highest pitch vowel in women. Furthermore, the most open, closed, backward and forward vowels were /æ/, /i/, /i/ and /a/, respectively. The /e/ in men and /o/ in women were the most rounded vowels, while the /i/ in both genders was the most unrounded vowel. The results are somewhat different from the results of studies conducted on the production of vowels in standard Persian language. Since the speech clarity and fluency can be affected by the incorrect production of vowels, the results of this study can be used to evaluate and diagnose speech disorders in Mazani language for clinical and research purposes.

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Sorokin, V. N., and I. V. Geras’kin. "Vocal-tract length estimation." Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics 58, no. 12 (December 2013): 1292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1064226913120164.

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Houghton, Philip. "Neandertal supralaryngeal vocal tract." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 90, no. 2 (February 1993): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330900202.

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Koizumi, Takuya, Shuji Taniguchi, and Seijiro Hiromitsu. "Glottal source–vocal tract interaction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78, no. 5 (November 1985): 1541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.392789.

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Benkrid, A., A. Benallal, and K. Benkrid. "Real-Time Vocal Tract Modelling." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2007 (2007): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/28456.

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To date, most speech synthesis techniques have relied upon the representation of the vocal tract by some form of filter, a typical example being linear predictive coding (LPC). This paper describes the development of a physiologically realistic model of the vocal tract using the well-established technique of transmission line modelling (TLM). This technique is based on the principle of wave scattering at transmission line segment boundaries and may be used in one, two, or three dimensions. This work uses this technique to model the vocal tract using a one-dimensional transmission line. A six-port scattering node is applied in the region separating the pharyngeal, oral, and the nasal parts of the vocal tract.

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Ogata, Kohichi, Tayuto Kodama, Tomohiro Hayakawa, and Riku Aoki. "Inverse estimation of the vocal tract shape based on a vocal tract mapping interface." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 145, no. 4 (April 2019): 1961–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5095409.

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Adachi, Seiji, Hironori Takemoto, Tatsuya Kitamura, Parham Mokhtari, and Kiyoshi Honda. "Vocal tract length perturbation and its application to male-female vocal tract shape conversion." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 6 (June 2007): 3874–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2730743.

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25

Bele, Irene Velsvik. "Artificially lengthened and constricted vocal tract in vocal training methods." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 30, no. 1 (June 2005): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14015430510006677.

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26

Murtola, Tiina, Atte Aalto, Jarmo Malinen, Daniel Aalto, and Martti Vainio. "Modal Locking Between Vocal Fold Oscillations and Vocal Tract Acoustics." Acta Acustica united with Acustica 104, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 323–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/aaa.919175.

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27

Lee, Jung-Won, Hong-Goo Kang, Jeung-Yoon Choi, and Young-Ik Son. "An Investigation of Vocal Tract Characteristics for Acoustic Discrimination of Pathological Voices." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/758731.

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This paper investigates the effectiveness of measures related to vocal tract characteristics in classifying normal and pathological speech. Unlike conventional approaches that mainly focus on features related to the vocal source, vocal tract characteristics are examined to determine if interaction effects between vocal folds and the vocal tract can be used to detect pathological speech. Especially, this paper examines features related to formant frequencies to see if vocal tract characteristics are affected by the nature of the vocal fold-related pathology. To test this hypothesis, stationary fragments of vowel /aa/ produced by 223 normal subjects, 472 vocal fold polyp subjects, and 195 unilateral vocal cord paralysis subjects are analyzed. Based on the acoustic-articulatory relationships, phonation for pathological subjects is found to be associated with measures correlated with a raised tongue body or an advanced tongue root. Vocal tract-related features are also found to be statistically significant from the Kruskal-Wallis test in distinguishing normal and pathological speech. Classification results demonstrate that combining the formant measurements with vocal fold-related features results in improved performance in differentiating vocal pathologies including vocal polyps and unilateral vocal cord paralysis, which suggests that measures related to vocal tract characteristics may provide additional information in diagnosing vocal disorders.

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28

Stone, Maureen. "Imaging the tongue and vocal tract." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 26, no. 1 (January 1991): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13682829109011990.

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29

Keyser, Samuel Jay, and Kenneth N. Stevens. "Feature geometry and the vocal tract." Phonology 11, no. 2 (August 1994): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001950.

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Perhaps the most important insight in phonological theory since the introduction of the concept of the phoneme has been the role that distinctive features play in phonological theory (Jakobson et al. 1952). Most research since Jakobson's early formulation has focused on the segmental properties of these features without reference to their hierarchical organisation. Recent research, however, has shed considerable light on this latter aspect of the phoneme as a phonological unit. In his seminal article ‘The geometry of phonological features’, for example, Clements (1985), building on earlier work of scholars such as Goldsmith (1976), argues that features are not ‘bundles’ in Bloomfield's sense, but are, in fact, organised into phonological trees with each branch corresponding to what has been called a tier. An overview of the current state of feature geometry can be found in Clements & Hume (forthcoming) and Kenstowicz (1994).

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30

Warren, Donald W., Anne Putnam Rochet, Rodger M. Dalston, and Robert Mayo. "Controlling changes in vocal tract resistance." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91, no. 5 (May 1992): 2947–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.402930.

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31

Chen, Jer‐Ming, John Smith, and Joe Wolfe. "Vocal tract interactions in saxophone performance." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123, no. 5 (May 2008): 3124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2933053.

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32

Wee, Keng Hoong, Lorenzo Turicchia, and Rahul Sarpeshkar. "An Analog Integrated-Circuit Vocal Tract." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 2, no. 4 (December 2008): 316–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbcas.2008.2005296.

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33

Sondhi, Man Mohan. "Resonances of a bent vocal tract." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 79, no. 4 (April 1986): 1113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.393383.

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34

Ohms, Verena R., Peter Ch Snelderwaard, Carel ten Cate, and Gabriël J. L. Beckers. "Vocal Tract Articulation in Zebra Finches." PLoS ONE 5, no. 7 (July 30, 2010): e11923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011923.

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35

Lee, Sungbok. "Formant sensitivity in the vocal tract." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 94, no. 3 (September 1993): 1764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.408062.

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36

Story, Brad H. "Acoustic communication by vocal tract modulation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5035848.

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37

Titze, Ingo R. "Source‐vocal tract interaction in singing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4781948.

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38

Firth, Ian M. "Modal analysis of the vocal tract." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (December 1986): S97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024069.

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39

Ladefoged, Peter. "Testing parameters of Vocal tract shape." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 80, S1 (December 1986): S98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024075.

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40

Fant, Gunnar, and Qi‐guang Lin. "Glottal source‐vocal tract acoustic interaction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 81, S1 (May 1987): S68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2024357.

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41

Vorperian, Houri K., Cliff M. Kalina, Ray D. Kent, Brian S. Yandell, and Lindell R. Gentry. "Vocal tract length development: MRI procedures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 2446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4744668.

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42

Fletcher, N. H., and A. Tarnopolsky. "Acoustics of the avian vocal tract." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 105, no. 1 (January 1999): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.424620.

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43

Houde, Robert A., and James M. Hillenbrand. "Vocal tract normalization for vowel recognition." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121, no. 5 (May 2007): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4782401.

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44

Ladefoged, Peter. "Teaching how the vocal tract resonates." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 92, no. 4 (October 1992): 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.405043.

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45

Gillivan-Murphy, Patricia, Paul Carding, and Nick Miller. "Vocal tract characteristics in Parkinsonʼs disease." Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery 24, no. 3 (June 2016): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/moo.0000000000000252.

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46

Fuchs, Susanne. "Vocal tract variations affect vowel sounds." Nature Human Behaviour 3, no. 10 (August 19, 2019): 1043–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0683-6.

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47

Fletcher, Neville, and Alex Tarnopolsky. "Acoustics of the avian vocal tract." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421937.

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48

Kim, Jangwon, Asterios Toutios, Sungbok Lee, and Shrikanth S. Narayanan. "Vocal tract shaping of emotional speech." Computer Speech & Language 64 (November 2020): 101100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2020.101100.

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49

Perrier, Pascal, Louis-Jean Boë, and Rudolph Sock. "Vocal Tract Area Function Estimation From Midsagittal Dimensions With CT Scans and a Vocal Tract Cast." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 1 (February 1992): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3501.53.

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The generation of area functions from measurements of the sagittal section is an important step in the study of the relation between vocal tract geometry and speech acoustics. We present a new model to perform this transformation, inspired by the αβ model of Heinz & Stevens (1965). Our model is based on analysis of a vocal tract cast for large sagittal dimensions and for small sagittal dimensions on CT scans of the vocal tract constriction zones for the three cardinal vowels [i, a, u] of French. We extracted two sets of coefficients, appropriate for large and small sagittal dimensions respectively. We then compared the predictions of the model with those of other models from the literature. Finally, the usefulness of this dual coefficient procedure for the acoustic simulation of vowels was tested using sagittal sections generated by an acoustic model of the vocal tract.

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50

Fitch, W. Tecumseh, Bart de Boer, Neil Mathur, and Asif A. Ghazanfar. "Monkey vocal tracts are speech-ready." Science Advances 2, no. 12 (December 2016): e1600723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600723.

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For four decades, the inability of nonhuman primates to produce human speech sounds has been claimed to stem from limitations in their vocal tract anatomy, a conclusion based on plaster casts made from the vocal tract of a monkey cadaver. We used x-ray videos to quantify vocal tract dynamics in living macaques during vocalization, facial displays, and feeding. We demonstrate that the macaque vocal tract could easily produce an adequate range of speech sounds to support spoken language, showing that previous techniques based on postmortem samples drastically underestimated primate vocal capabilities. Our findings imply that the evolution of human speech capabilities required neural changes rather than modifications of vocal anatomy. Macaques have a speech-ready vocal tract but lack a speech-ready brain to control it.

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