Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Disintegration time of tablets'

In this thesis, the strength-enhancing mechanisms of dry binders in direct compression were studied. The systems investigated were binary mixtures containing various compounds and binders. Among the binders used were a series of different molecular weights of polyethylene glycol. The proposed simplified tablet model describing the fracture path in a tablet during strength testing offers an explanation for the increase in tablet strength caused by the binder. The model and results in this thesis indicate that fractures will usually propagate around the tablet particles and through the interparticulate voids during tablet strength testing.

One important characteristic of the binder is its ability to be effectively and evenly distributed through the interparticulate voids in a compound tablet. Characteristics such as high plasticity, low elasticity and a small particle size were associated with a more even distribution and a consequent pronounced effect on pore structure and marked improvement in tablet strength. The strength of tablets containing less plastic binders was governed more by the compactibility of the binder. The tablet porosity, bonding mechanisms and volume reduction mechanisms of the compound also influenced the effect of the binder. For example, the plasticity and particle size of the binder had the most significant effects on tablet strength when the tablet porosity of the com-pound was relatively low. A combination of the plasticity and the compactibility of the binder determined the strength of tablets when the tablet of a compound was more porous. The positive effect of a binder on pore structure and tablet strength resulted in an increase in the disintegration time. Although addition of a superdisintegrant generally improved the disintegration time, the effect was decreased when the formulation included more deformable binders.

The choice of a suitable binder for a tablet formulation requires extensive knowledge of the relative importance of binder properties for enhancing the strength of the tablet and also of the interactions between the various materials constituting a tablet. Thus, the increased knowledge of the functionality of a binder obtained in this thesis enables a more rational approach to tablet formulation.

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are a dosage form ideal for paediatric or geriatric patients as they disintegrate/disperse within the oral cavity. Direct compression manufacture of ODTs is increasing in popularity due to its cost effectiveness and use of traditional tableting equipment, however excipients are required to fulfil certain requirements to form robust, fast disintegrating tablets. Mannitol is a vital excipient for ODT manufacture due to its high palatability, however its fragmentation behaviour under compression leads to mechanically weak and friable tablets. The work in this thesis aimed to investigate the fragmentation behaviour of milled mannitol, followed by development of preblends to obtain ideal ODT properties without the use of any superdisintegrant. Development of a novel method for ODT disintegration testing was also conducted due to the lack of current techniques that are representative of oral conditions. Mannitol fracture occurred primarily at the (011) crystal plane, which was the most hydrophilic, therefore increasing the wettability of milled mannitol. Resulting ODTs had a faster disintegration time than the unmilled equivalent, with enhancement in compressibility due to increased plastic deformation. Milled mannitol presented a suitable alternative for ODT production compared to current commercial grades, with high mechanical strength and improved disintegration time. Novel optimised ODT preblends were developed with milled mannitol incorporated alongside micro crystalline cellulose (MCC) and silica to aid powder flow. Dry particle coating was also employed to develop an MCC/silica hybrid to enhance MCC properties. Silicified MCC had previously been shown to enhance MCC compression, whilst improving MCC powder flow and reducing lubricant sensitivity. Dry coated MCC was optimised with 1%w/w silica, with ODT disintegration being significantly lower than the spray dried alternative or uncoated MCC, whilst allowing a 40% drug load of a non-compressible API to be formed into a robust fast disintegrating ODT.A novel ODT disintegration method was developed to mimic In Vivo oral conditions. A vastly improved correlation to In Vivo results was observed with the newly developed method, in comparison to the recommended USP tester, with a linear correlation obtained with the new test method compared to the curved dataset gathered with the USP test. Novel preblends were developed utilising dry particle coating, with resultant ODTs showing improved ODT behaviour, with disintegration time being low even without the use of superdisintegrant. To supplement ODT disintegration, novel ODT disintegration time test method was developed and results indicated it was a superior alternative compared to the currently recommend USP test.

The pharmaceutical process of dry granulation using roller-compaction (DG/RC) is effectively a non-batch based procedure orientated to deliver a continuous stream of material free of a pre-defined batch-size with reduced plant equipment/scale-up R&D resources and an enhanced work-throughput, particularly suitable for moisture sensitive formulation. The desirable accreditations of DG/RC are many; yet by the nature of a more flexible approach than (i.e. wet-granulation), it must be highly monitored and controlled to accomplish higher-throughput rates and reduced ‘static’ material testing stages. To monitor rapidly and in-line with production, pre-granulated ribbons of RC (which highly correlates to the post milled granulates), terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) is used to elucidate the key physical attributes of post-compression density and thickness uniformity, key to end-product consistency. Invariably a great number of conditions apply to DG/RC (viz: System design, material characteristics, environmental and unit configuration), although widely regarded as the key processing parameters (PP’s) are roll-pressure and roll-gap [1-4]. The target of the study is to derive a strategy to position TDS as PAT to DG/RC. Two terahertz time-domain TD methods of a conventional transmission setup and reflection (TPI) THz analysis are used on standards of glass slides for verifying the interpretational foundations of the TD methods. Achieving RI/thickness error-discrepancies +2.2 to -0.4% c.f. literature ([150]) values provides foundations to test the solid-fraction ratios of pharma tablets with regard to RI’s being surrogate values to SF/path-length (R2 = 1). Combining transmission principles to the portion of reflected EMR removes the pre-requisite for RI or path-length knowledge, giving +1.5 to +2.4% RI agreement (vs. frequency-domain attained results) thus enabling thickness estimations to be above 95% against physical micrometre judgement in all models. Augmentation of the TD methods, refined in Experimental chapter 2 ,then chiefly focuses on TPI as the principle THz-TD method (as the most ideal tool for PAT) for adopting the RI measures for ribbon uniformity analysis in Experimental chapter 4 in an off-line environment again resulting in RI and thicknesses < 5 % error of known parameters of thickness and further use of RI as a proxy porosity equivalent to gas pycnometry. Elucidated in the work are the limitations encountered with tablets and RC’s, data interpretation of industrial considerations. Experimental chapter 3 diverges from RI to differentiate thickness in-order to assess the FD transmission for non-destructive mechanical assessment. This demonstrates a clear relationship between compaction force and the surrogate value for density, following a linear trend below a certain threshold of force. The ‘threshold’ value is observed for less massive tablets, and concluded is that the mechanistic interplay and permanent (plastic) consolidation is greater in instances where compaction-force increases proportionally with target-fill weights, and thus the various behaviour of MCC to stress.

This research thesis is an exploration into what possibilities lie beyond the representation of analog material when it transcends into the digital realm. Specifically, how printed comics can be altered in realtime by creator- allowed user interaction, when adapted for presentation within the digital sphere of mobile smartphones and computer tablets. Using legacy computer-game techniques like parallax scrolling with modern digital layer filters, device sensors and applying them in realtime to the comic creators digitally layered content, alternative forms of presentation arise.This is an investigation into the comic creator’s will of allowing possibilities of added depth perception, interactivity and alternative visual narratives in their comic, manga or graphic novels when employing new techniques based on sensor data input from a reader, like accelerometer-, gyroscope- or eye-tracking sensors. Several different techniques are evaluated. The focus is mainly on the context of creators of comics or manga who use digital tools and layer compositions when producing their work. Several aspects of the user-centered experience are also explored.Although mainly an interaction design project, most of the design methods are used from a service design approach, emphasizing co-design techniques like interviews, observations and user tests. The results are digital prototypes and proof-of-concepts featuring technology tests that support final design conclusions.The results will show both enthusiasm and reluctance from test subjects towards the new technologies presented. The professional craft of comic, manga and graphic novel creation has a deeply rooted aesthetic and production cycle in its history of the printed form. It could be difficult to alter its standard, reverence and nostalgia in the eyes of its readers and creators, when pursuing the digital format and narrative possibilities of the future. A video explaining the project’s “Drawn To Life” technology is available online.

A grande maioria da população mundial está crescentemente exposta à radiação eletromagnética proveniente de fontes que muitas vezes estão localizadas nas proximidades do corpo. A radiação eletromagnética é considerada um agente possivelmente cancerígeno para as pessoas, classificação 2B indicada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde-OMS (WHO/IARC, 2011). Devido às preocupações em relação aos riscos associados a esta exposição existem normas que recomendam os valores máximos de exposição permitidos (ICNIRP, 1998; FCC, 2001). A correta avaliação das doses de radiação é, portanto, relevante. Este trabalho tem a finalidade de avaliar o impacto dos resultados do cálculo da dose da Taxa de Absorção Específica (SAR) em usuários expostos a radiação por tablets operando na faixa de radiocomunicações Wi-fi. Os três modelos existentes de cabeça humana utilizados serão um manequim homogêneo SAM phantom e dois modelos de cabeça realistas heterogêneos: um adulto masculino e uma criança masculina. Será também utilizado nas simulações um modelo masculino de criança que foi desenvolvido através de imagens de tomografia computadorizada (TC) pelo processo de segmentação feito no software AMIRA. Será utilizado um modelo genérico de tablet. Os parâmetros dosimétricos usados para simulação da SAR serão computados pelo software SEMCAD X que é baseado no Método das Diferenças Finitas no Domínio do Tempo (FDTD). Será criado também um código do Método FDTD através do software MATLAB que servirá para a escolha dos parâmetros do SEMCAD X. A distância entre o tablet e os modelos de cabeças varia de 50 mm a 300 mm. Os resultados da SAR serão comparados com os limites de exposição recomendados pelas normas internacionais. Também serão simuladas diferentes posições da antena no tablet. Da análise dos resultados foi constatado que os valores de SAR são muito baixos e todos os resultados ficaram dentro dos limites do psSAR recomendados pela FCC de 1,6 W/kg em cada 1 g de tecido e de 2 W/kg em cada 10 g de tecido estabelecidos pela ICNIRP. Comparando os valores de SAR do modelo SAM com o modelo DUKE, o modelo SAM se mostra conservador, porém quando a comparação é feita com as crianças o SAM deixa de ser conservador.
The vast majority of the world population is increasingly exposed to electromagnetic radiation from sources which are often located near to the body. Electromagnetic radiation is considered a possible carcinogen for people, classification 2B indicated by the World Health Organization-WHO (WHO/IARC, 2011). Due to concerns regarding the risks associated with this exposition there are regulations suggesting maximum allowed exposure values (ICNIRP, 1998; FCC, 2001). The correct evaluation of radiation doses is therefore relevant. This work aims to assess the impact of the results of the calculation of Specific Absorption Rate dose (SAR) in users exposed to radiation from tablets operating in the Wi-fi band. The three existing models of human head used are a homogeneous dummy SAM phantom and two heterogeneous realistic head models: a male adult and a male child. It will also be used in the simulations a male child model which was developed from computed tomography (CT) imaging using the AMIRA software for the segmentation process. A generic model of tablet is used. Dosimetric parameters used for simulation of the SAR are computed using the SEMCAD X software which is based on the Finite Difference Method in Time Domain (FDTD). A FDTD code was developed using the MATLAB software in order to help to choose the input SEMCAD X parameters. The distances between the tablet and the head of the models varies from 50 mm to 300 mm. SAR results are compared with the exposure limits recommended by international standards. Different antenna positions on the tablet are simulated too. Examining the results it was found that the SAR values are very low and all results are within the psSAR limits recommended by FCC (1,6 W/kg averaged over 1 g of tissue) and by ICNIRP (2 W/kg in 10 g of tissue). Comparing the SAR in the SAM model with the SAR in the DUKE model, the SAM model shows to be conservative. However, when compared with the children, the SAM is not conservative.

La desintegració és una etapa important en la recuperació de paper vell, ja que té importants conseqüències en consum d'energia i en el comportament de les etapes posteriors.
Per això els objectius es centren en analitzar la desintegració des del punt de vista del temps de desintegració, els aspectes energètics, modelització de la màquina de desintegració utilitzada i anàlisi dels factors de cisallament calculats com a mesura global de les forces implicades en la desintegració. Els autors que hi han treballat donen diferents explicacions a aquestes forces. Fins avui només s'ha pogut avaluar qualitativament la influència que tenen cada un dels mecanismes en el temps necessari per a desintegrar i en el consum energètic.
Les característiques reològiques de les suspensions papereres, i el seu comportament no newtonià tenen una clara influència en el consum energètic i les forces de desfibrat en el desintegrador.
Els experiments de desintegració s'han realitzat en un púlper convencional, amb tres tipus de paper recuperat: paper estucat d'alta qualitat imprès offset (PQ), paper revista estucat imprès en color (PR), paper blanc imprès en impresora làsser (PF).
Anàlisi del temps de desintegració
Per cada un del papers estudiats (PQ, PR i PF), les fraccions màssiques des de 0.06 fins a la màxima que estat possible per cada paper (de 0.14 a 0.18), i a dues velocitats d'agitació diferents, s'ha determinat el temps de desintegració (tD) fins a aconseguir un índex de Sommerville de 0.01%. S'obté que en augmentar la fracció màssica disminueix potencialment el temps de desintegració.
S'ha estudiat la velocitat de desintegració, la producció teòrica del púlper en cada cas, i la seva relació amb les forces d'impacte i de fregament que produeixen la desintegració.
Aspectes energètics
El consum específic d'energia (SEC), definit com l'energia consumida per a desintegrar 1 kg de paper recuperat, disminueix molt en augmentar Xm, ja que a més de disminuir l'energia consumida en cada desintegració, el contingut en paper és més elevat.
Pel disseny de desintegradors, cal tenir en compte que en augmentar Xm i en augmentar la velocitat, sempre augmenta la potència consumida. Però així com els beneficis de treballar a Xm alt són de 10 vegades en termes de SEC i de producció, l'augment de potència és només de l'ordre de 2 vegades la necessària respecte de la Xm baixa.
Viscositat aparent i energia de fluidització
S'estudia la relació entre el temps de desintegració, les forces de fregament i els valors de viscositat aparent de la bibliografia. Per cada paper i velocitat s'ha observat que el consum específic d'energia disminueix en funció de la viscositat aparent.
Reologia del púlper
Utilitzant el mètode de Metzner i Otto (1957) per determinar la viscositat aparent mitjana de les suspensions papereres, modificat per Roustan, s'ha caracteritzat el pulper mitjançant el model: Np= K· Rex·Fry
S'han utilitzat dissolucions de glicerina com a fluid newtonià per a calcular les constants d'ajust, i a partir d'aquí, aïllar la viscositat aparent en funció de la potència neta i els paràmetres d'agitació.
La viscositat aparent, d'acord amb Fabry (1999) es substitueix pel concepte de factor de cisallament.
Factor de cisallament
Calculat el factor de cisallament per a cada paperot i condicions d'agitació, s'ha relacionat amb Xm, SEC, tD, consum de potència, potència instal·lada i fracció cel·lulòsica. El factor de cisallament és un paràmetre útil per a quantificar les forces globals implicades en la desintegració.
Disintegration is an important stage in paper recovery and it has important consequences in energy consumption and in the following stages.
The objectives of this thesis are focussed in analyzing disintegration considering disintegration time, power aspects, modelisation of the disintegration machine and analysis of the calculated shear factors as a global measurement of the forces implied in the disintegration.
Until now, it has only been possible a qualitative evaluation of the influence of every mechanism in the time necessary to disintegrate the pulp, and in the power consumption.
Rheological characteristics of suspensions and their non-Newtonian behaviour it is known that clearly influence power consumption and defibering forces acting during repulping. Disintegration experiments have been made in a conventional pulper, with three types of recovered paper: high quality coated printed offset paper, magazine coated colour printed paper and white laser printed paper.
Analysis of disintegration time
Time necessary to achieve a Somerville index of 0.01%, was determined for each paper studied, at mass fractions ranging from 0,06 until the maximum possible for each type of paper (0,14 or 0,18) and at two different agitation speeds. It has been found that when increasing the mass fraction, disintegration time decreases potentially. Disintegration speed and theoretical production of pulp have been studied in each case, and they have been related with friction and impact forces.
Power aspects
Specific energy consumption (SEC) defined as the energy consumed during disintegration of 1 kg of recovered paper, was reduced with increasing mass fraction (Xm), because the energy consumed during disintegration decreases and the pulp contend in the pulper is higher. And increase of Xm and pulper agitation speed always increases the power consumed. An increase of only 2 times of power consumption (due to working at high Xm) produces benefits in SEC and production of 10 times.
Apparent Viscosity and fluidisation energy
Relation between disintegration time, friction forces and apparent viscosity were studied. For each paper and speed it has been observed that SEC was reduced when increasing apparent viscosity.
Rheology of pulper
Using Metzner and Otto methodology to determine average apparent viscosity of suspensions, modified by Roustan, pulper was characterized by means of model Np=K·Rex·Fry. Glycerine dissolutions have been used as Newtonian fluid to calculate constants of adjustment, and from here, apparent viscosity was determined from net power and agitation parameters. Apparent viscosity, in agreement with Fabry, is replaced by the concept of shear factor.
Shear Factor
Once calculated the shear factor for each type of paper and conditions of agitation, the values obtained have been related to Xm, SEC, td, power consumption, installed power and cellulose fraction. Shear factor is a useful parameter to quantify the global forces acting in disintegration process.

Contained herein is a close examination of self-awareness and self-portraiture as it applies to the works of artist Jeffrey Hoffman. Water, frozen into various forms and combined with natural elements of wood, slowly melt over an indeterminable amount of time, each droplet documented as the process transforms the elements. Through this process, we see change. We see time. We see truth. This documentation of change and time through natural elements is where the artwork comes full circle. Working with new media to explore man's interconnectivity to life, energy, and the cosmos, he produces time based installations, photographs, videos, and sculptures that serve as both existential metaphors and Tantric symbols. With the use of digital cameras and video, a record is created by which the disintegration which occurs from the unseen forces of gravity, heat and time upon sculptures made from natural elements and ice is examined. In its sculptural form, his work can be categorized as Installation art and Performance art due to its evolving nature. Each piece is intended to either change over time or to have that change halted by another temporal force like that of flowing electricity. The possibility of allowing varying levels of self-awareness to emerge through self portraiture is also examined. The existential, as well as the metaphysical, can be present in a physical form when the form is imbued with evidence of an evolutionary process. In many ways, the work serves as a self portrait. It is a means for Hoffman to examine his own existentialism as a student of the modern western world and life.
ID: 031001330; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed April 8, 2013).; Thesis (M.F.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 31).
M.F.A.
Masters
Visual Arts and Design
Arts and Humanities
Emerging Media; Studio Art and the Computer

The thesis evaluates anhydrous and dihydrate calcium hydrogen phosphate from the view point of the tensile strength, disintegration time of tablets depending on the compression force. Two firm products - Anhydrous Emcompress® and Di-Cafos® A 60 are used as anhydrate and Emcompress® is used as dihydrate. A compression force together with lubricants (magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate) and an addition of microcrystalline cellulose (Vivapur® 102) are the influential factors. In addition to the characteristics of tablets, the energy balance of compression is also evaluated. Used compression forces were 12, 16 and 20 kN. The compression force 12 kN was used for the mixtures containing Vivapur® 102. Total energy of compression, energy for friction and energy accumulated by tablet after compression increased with compression force. The highest values were at Anhydrous Emcompress® , an addition Vivapur® 102 increased these values. There weren't more significant differences among the values of decompression energy. Plasticity decreased with the growing compression force, the highest values were at Anhydrous Emcompress® , Vivapur® 102 increased that. Tensile strength increased with compression force, Emcompress® provided the strongest tablets, Di-Cafos® A 60 provided at least strong tablets. Vivapur...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Student: Šárka Hávová Supervisor: PharmDr. Jitka Mužíková, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: A study of compaction process and properties of tablets with hypromellose and α-lactose monohydrate Thesis studied the co-processed dry binder RetaLac® from the aspect of his compressibility and dissolution of the active ingredient from tablets. RetaLac® contains α-lactose monohydrate and hypromellose in the identical proportion. The same parameters were tested in the corresponding physical mixtures of FlowLac® 100 with various types of hypromellose (Metolose® 100 SR, Metolose® 4000 SR, Metolose® 100 000 SR) and compared with the substance RetaLac® . Compressibility was evaluated by means of the energy profile of compression and tensile strength of tablets. Salicylic acid was used as the model active ingredient. Dissolution testing was performed using the method of the rotating basket.

The thesis deals with the comparison of compressibility and properties of tablets containing silicified microcrystalline cellulose and physical mixtures of microcrystalline cellulose with different types of colloidal silicon dioxide. The used excipients were silicified microcrystalline cellulose Prosolv® SMCC 90, microcrystalline cellulose Avicel® PH-102 and colloidal silicon dioxide Aerosil® 200 and 255. Tablets were compressed at three compression forces 2.5, 3 and 3.5 kN. The energy profile of compression, the tensile strength of tablets and the disintegration time of tablets were evaluated. The effect of 1 % magnesium stearate on these parameters under various mixing conditions and its homogenity in the tablet were evaluated. Total energy of compression increased with the growing compression force, it was the highest at Prosolv® SMCC 90. Plasticity decreased with compression force, mixtures of Avicel® PH-102 with both types of Aerosil showed its the highest values. These mixtures provided tablets with lower strength than Avicel® PH-102 and Prosolv® SMCC 90. Disintegration time of tablets increased with the growing compression force and it was longer in the case of tablets from Prosolv® SMCC 90 and Avicel® PH-102. The addition of magnesium stearate decreased tensile strength of tablets most in...

The thesis evaluates three types of anhydrous β-lactose combined with lubri- cants. The evaluation is made from the standpoint of compressibilty, tensile strength and ejection force, depending on the compression force used. Studied materials are Duralac H, SuperTab 21AN and Lactopress Anhydrous 250. Lubricants used in the concentration of 1% are magnesium stearate, glycerol-dibehenate and poloxamer 188. Compressibility is evaluated by the energy profile of compression. Total energy of compression increases with compression force used and de- pends on the type of anhydrous β-lactose and type of lubricant. Higher plasticity is shown by Duralac H and SuperTab 21AN. Ejection force is lowest in the case of Duralac H for all lubricants. Magnesium stearate appears to be the best lubricant for all types of anhydrous β-lactose. The effect of lubricants on the tensile strength of tablets depends on the compression force used. Highest values of disintegration time provides SuperTab 21AN, Duralac H with glycerol-dibehenate provides lowest values. 1

碩士
國立臺灣大學
藥學研究所
84
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of antacids on the disintegration of enteric coated drugs. The antacids and enteric coated tablets are collected from National Taiwan University Hospital. The quality of the antacids, in terms of preliminary antacid test (PAT) and neutralizing capacity (ANC) , as well as the quality of the enteric coated tablets, in terms of disintegration time were tested according to USP XXIII. In addition, the buffering capacity of antacids was tested in simulated physiological gastric secretion. According to USP XXIII criteria,Obira gel,showing a pH below 3.5 in preliminary antacid test (PAT), should not be labeled as an antacid, and was excluded from further experiment. The influence of the antacids on the disintegration of enteric coated tablets was tested by the following methods : I、tested according to USP XXIII with modification by adding the antacid to simulated gastric juice in the proportion of clinical dose / physiological gastric volume; II、tested in the mixture of antacids and simulated gastric juice with constant stirring on a stirer; III、tested in a mixture of simulated gastric juice containing a dose of antacid, with constant input (1.8 ml/min) of fresh simulated gastric juice and drainage of an equal volume of the reaction mixture from the container. The results demonstrated that the enteric coating of Dulcolax and Ecotrin were tolerable to any of the antacids in the three methods, while that of Voren was the most labile to any of the antacids in method I and II. NaHCO3 and Fanta 20ml showed the most strong effects,causing disintegration of the five enteric coated tablets in method I. On the contrary, Nacid, either 1 or 2 tablets, did not influence the disintegration of the five enteric coated tablets in the three methods. CaCO3 and Fanta 10ml were moderate,causing disintegration of most tablets only in method

Yes
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing has shown the most immediate potential for on-demand dose personalisation to suit particular patient's needs. However, FDM 3D printing often involves employing a relatively large molecular weight thermoplastic polymer and results in extended release pattern. It is therefore essential to fast-track drug release from the 3D printed objects. This work employed an innovative design approach of tablets with unique built-in gaps (Gaplets) with the aim of accelerating drug release. The novel tablet design is composed of 9 repeating units (blocks) connected with 3 bridges to allow the generation of 8 gaps. The impact of size of the block, the number of bridges and the spacing between different blocks was investigated. Increasing the inter-block space reduced mechanical resistance of the unit, however, tablets continued to meet pharmacopeial standards for friability. Upon introduction into gastric medium, the 1 mm spaces gaplet broke into mini-structures within 4 min and met the USP criteria of immediate release products (86.7% drug release at 30 min). Real-time ultraviolet (UV) imaging indicated that the cellulosic matrix expanded due to swelling of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) upon introduction to the dissolution medium. This was followed by a steady erosion of the polymeric matrix at a rate of 8 μm/min. The design approach was more efficient than a comparison conventional formulation approach of adding disintegrants to accelerate tablet disintegration and drug release. This work provides a novel example where computer-aided design was instrumental at modifying the performance of solid dosage forms. Such an example may serve as the foundation for a new generation of dosage forms with complicated geometric structures to achieve functionality that is usually achieved by a sophisticated formulation approach.

Many reasons may induce the introduction of new technologies in education. May it be to change stakeholders' productivity, to provide technical support for decision making, or to improve the learning outcomes, all of these situations are linked to the technology acceptance's issues. Understanding which factors play important roles in this dynamic process is essential to achieve the intended results. Furthermore, introducing a new technology may take time. Strategic plans to introduce technology could be more effective if we controlled how the technology acceptance evolves over time. This study explores the students' tablet acceptance evolution according to the DAME. We have analyzed answers from 169 students from three grades of two senior high schools in France. The discussion was built on the comparison between acceptance index (IU), predictors (PEOU, PU, IP and SP), actual usage (ASU), and experience times (before starting senior high school, and during the school years). The results suggest that (a) previous experience with tablet affected the students' acceptance predictors, and that (b) there were contextual factors that directly influenced the actual system usage, these factors had not been foreseen by the acceptance model used in this research. Even if the conclusions might not be applicable to all contexts, or that, at least, they should be further explored, we found that previous students' experience with technology and the educational establishments' strategic technology plan both have an important influence over the acceptance process. The first influence mentioned especially affects the acceptance predictors and the latter affects the actual system usage.
Il existe de nombreuses raisons d'introduire de nouvelles technologies à l'éducation. Que ce soit pour modifier la productivité des participants, pour fournir des aides techniques pour la prise de décision, ou pour améliorer l'apprentissage, toutes ces situations sont intimement liées aux questions de l'acceptation de la technologie. Comprendre quels sont les facteurs qui jouent un rôle important dans ce processus dynamique est primordiale pour atteindre les résultats attendus. Les plans stratégiques pour l'introduction d'une technologie pourraient être plus efficaces si nous contrôlions comment l'acceptation de la technologie évolue au fil du temps. Cette étude explore l'évolution de l'acceptation de la tablette des étudiants selon le DAME. Nous avons analysé les réponses de 169 élèves de Seconde, de Première et de Terminale de deux lycées en France. Notre analyse se construira autour de la comparaison entre l'indice d'acceptation (IU), les prédicteurs (PEOU, PU, IP et SP), l'utilisation réelle (ASU), et les temps d'expérience (avant et pendant le lycée). Les résultats suggèrent que (a) l'expérience antérieure avec la tablette a une incidence sur les prédicteurs d'acceptation des étudiants, et que (b) certains facteurs contextuels, qui ne furent pas pris en compte par le modèle d'acceptation utilisé dans cette recherche, influent directement l'utilisation réelle du système. Si l'on ne peut affirmer que les conclusions de cette recherche s'appliquent à tous les contextes, sans avoir, du moins, été plus amplement étudiées, nos résultats suggèrent que l'expérience antérieure des étudiants avec la technologie et le projet technologique stratégique des établissements scolaires influencent tous deux le processus d'acceptation. L'expérience antérieur influe plutôt les prédicateurs d'acceptations et le projet technologique plutôt l'utilisation réelle.
Existen muchas razones que pueden inducir la introducción de nuevas tecnologías en la educación. Ya sea para cambiar la productividad de las partes interesadas o proporcionar subsidios técnicos para la toma de decisiones o mejorar los resultados de aprendizaje, estas situaciones pasan a través de los problemas de aceptación tecnológica. Comprender cuales son los factores que desempeñan un papel importante en este proceso dinámico es primordial para lograr los resultados deseados. Planes estratégicos para la introducción de una tecnología podrían ser más efectivos si controláramos el como la aceptación de la tecnología evoluciona con el tiempo. Esta investigación explora la evolución de la aceptación de las tabletas por estudiantes según el modelo DAME. Analizamos las respuestas de 169 estudiantes de los tres grados de dos escuelas preparatoria (nivel bachillerato) en Francia. La discusión se compone por el contraste entre el índice de aceptación (IU), los indicadores de predicción (PEOU, PU, IP y SP), la utilización real (ASU), y los tiempos de experiencia (antes de comenzar la escuela preparatoria y durante los años escolares). Los resultados sugieren que (a) la experiencia previa con la tableta afectó los indicadores de predicción de la aceptación de los estudiantes, y que (b) había factores contextuales, no comprendidos por el modelo de aceptación utilizado en esta investigación, que influenciaron directamente la utilización real del sistema. Incluso si las conclusiones no deberían ser generalizadas, o al menos deberían ser más exploradas, proponemos que la experiencia previa de los estudiantes con la tecnología y el plan estratégico de los establecimientos educativos ejercen una influencia importante sobre el proceso de aceptación. El primero sobre los indicadores de predicción de aceptación y el segundo sobre la utilización real.
São diversos os motivos que podem induzir a introdução de novas tecnologias na educação. Seja para mudar a produtividade dos envolvidos, prover subsídios técnicos para tomada de decisões, ou ainda melhorar o aprendizado, todas essas situações passam por questões de aceitação de tecnologia. Entender quais são os fatores mais importantes desse processo é primordial para alcançar os resultados esperados. Além disso, introduzir novas tecnologias pode levar tempo. Planos estratégicos para a introdução de uma tecnologia podem ser mais efetivos se pudéssemos controlar como a aceitação de tecnologia evolui com o tempo. Este estudo explora a evolução da aceitação de tablete de estudantes conforme o modelo DAME. Analisamos respostas de 169 estudantes de três distintos anos do ensino secundário de duas escolas na França. Contrastamos os indicadores de aceitação (IU), os preditores (PEOU, PU, IP e SP), a utilização real (ASU), e os tempos de experiência (antes do estudante ingressar no colégio e após o seu ingresso no colégio). Os resultados sugeriram que (a) a experiência prévia dos estudantes com tablete afetou os preditores de aceitação, e que (b) houve fatores contextuais, não compreendidos pelo modelo de aceitação de tecnologia utilizado nesse estudo, que influenciaram a utilização real do tablete. Ainda que as conclusões não possam ser generalizadas, ou ao menos que deveriam ser exploradas em outros contextos, propomos que a experiência prévia dos estudantes com tecnologia e o plano tecnológico estratégico das instituições de ensino exercem uma importante influência sobre o processo de aceitação. O primeiro age sobre os preditores e o segundo sobre a utilização real.

碩士
臺北醫學大學
保健營養學系
93
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of garlic commercial tablets on the blood lipid profiles and LDL oxidized lag time in mild hyperlipidemic subjects who had serum total cholesterol (TC) > 200 mg/dL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >130 mg/dL or triglycerides > 200 mg/dL. Sixteen volunteers aged 20-50 years were assigned to supply with dried garlic powder 1200 mg (12 mg allicin)/d. Before the trial and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment, anthropometric measurements, fasting blood, and diet records were collected. Supplement with garlic significantly reduced serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL-C level after 4 weeks compared to baseline, and after 12 weeks serum triglycerides, HDL-C and TC/ HDL-C levels compared to baseline did not change significantly. There was a significant reduction in total serum cholesterol 5.8% and serum LDL 9.2%. LDL oxidized lag time were slightly prolonged. There were no significant differences in total calories intake during 12 weeks. Therefore, garlic powder supplementation for 12 weeks was effective in lowering serum cholesterol level in hyperlipidemic patients.