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Journal articles on the topic 'Dislocation patterns'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Lyu, Dandan, and Shaofan Li. "Recent developments in dislocation pattern dynamics: Current opinions and perspectives." Journal of Micromechanics and Molecular Physics 03, no. 03n04 (September 2018): 1840002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2424913018400027.

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The development of crystal plasticity theory based on dislocation patterns dynamics has been an outstanding problem in materials science and condensed matter of physics. Dislocation is the origin of crystal plasticity, and it is both the individual dislocation behavior as well as the aggregated dislocations behaviors that govern the plastic flow. The interactions among dislocations are complex statistical and stochastic events, in which the spontaneous emergence of organized dislocation patterns formations is the most critical and intriguing events. Dislocation patterns consist of quasi-periodic dislocation-rich and dislocation poor regions, e.g. cells, veins, labyrinths, ladders structures, etc. during cyclic loadings. Dislocation patterns have prominent and decisive effects on work hardening and plastic strain localization, and thus these dislocation micro-structures are responsible to material properties at macroscale. This paper reviews the recent developments of experimental observation, physical modeling, and computer modeling on dislocation microstructure. In particular, we focus on examining the mechanism towards plastic deformation. The progress and limitations of different experiments and modeling approaches are discussed and compared. Finally, we share our perspectives on current issues and future challenges in both experimental, analytical modeling, and computational aspects of dislocation pattern dynamics.

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2

Lu, G., J. G. Wen, W. Zhang, and R. Wang. "Simulation and application of the distorted ZOLZ patterns from dislocations in Si." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 46, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767389010275.

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The previously reported distorted zeroth-order fringes in a bright-field Tanaka pattern from a dislocated region in silicon have been computer simulated and the experimental and the many-beam calculated patterns agree well. Calculations are carried out for nine distinct cases of edge, screw and 60° dislocations in a silicon crystal. The general usefulness of the distortion of the ZOLZ pattern in determining geometrical properties of a dislocation is discussed.

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3

Nabarro, F. R. N. "Sequences of dislocation patterns." Materials Science and Engineering: A 317, no. 1-2 (October 2001): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(01)01192-3.

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4

Kummer, Anne, Xavier Crevoisier, Antoine Eudier, and Paul E. Di Cesare. "Calcaneocuboid and Naviculocuneiform Dislocation: An Unusual Injury of the Midfoot." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2020 (September 28, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8818823.

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Introduction. Midfoot dislocations are rare traumatic injuries. The best known patterns involve the Lisfranc and Chopart joints, although some other types have been described. Dislocations that occur at the level of the naviculocuneiform and calcaneocuboid joints simultaneously represent a very rare configuration of dislocation. Case Presentation. A 34-year-old man sustained a crush injury to his left foot causing a complete dislocation through the naviculocuneiform and calcaneocuboid joints. Immediate closed reduction and percutaneous pinning were performed, followed by open reduction and stabilization of both joints two weeks later. Anatomical reduction was obtained, and the clinical outcome remained satisfactory 10 months after surgery. Discussion. Anatomical reduction is essential to obtain favorable outcomes in traumatic midfoot injuries. An unusual pattern of midfoot dislocation can be treated according to the same principles as those for classical Lisfranc or Chopart injuries.

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5

Rauch, Edgar F., and G. Shigesato. "The Dislocation Patterns in Deformed Metals: Dislocation Densities, Distributions and Related Misorientations." Materials Science Forum 550 (July 2007): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.550.193.

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The dislocation substructure that appears in deformed metals and alloys have been extensively investigated in the past by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). They are known to form a broad variety of microstructures. These substructures are characterized by three main parameters, namely the density of the dislocations that are trapped in the tangles, their degree of patterning and the misorientation between the cells. The aim of the present work is to investigate the relationship between these features and the mechanical properties of the material.

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6

Estrin, Y., H. Braasch, and Y. Brechet. "A Dislocation Density Based Constitutive Model for Cyclic Deformation." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2805940.

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A new constitutive model describing material response to cyclic loading is presented. The model includes dislocation densities as internal variables characterizing the microstructural state of the material. In the formulation of the constitutive equations, the dislocation density evolution resulting from interactions between dislocations in channel-like dislocation patterns is considered. The capabilities of the model are demonstrated for INCONEL 738 LC and Alloy 800H.

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7

Moatshe, Gilbert, Grant J. Dornan, Sverre Løken, Tom C. Ludvigsen, Robert F. LaPrade, and Lars Engebretsen. "Demographics and Injuries Associated With Knee Dislocation: A Prospective Review of 303 Patients." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 5, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 232596711770652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967117706521.

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Background: Information on the incidence, injury mechanisms, ligament injury patterns, and associated injuries of knee dislocations is lacking in the literature. There is a need to characterize ligament injury patterns and associated injuries in knee dislocations to avoid missing common associated diagnoses and to plan surgical treatment. Purpose: To evaluate patient demographics, ligament injury patterns and associated injury patterns, and associated injuries in patients with knee dislocation. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 303 patients with knee dislocations treated at a single level 1 trauma center were followed prospectively. Injury mechanism; ligament injury patterns; associated neurovascular, meniscal, and cartilage injuries; and surgical complications were recorded. The Schenck knee dislocation classification was used to classify the ligament injury patterns. Results: The mean age at injury was 37.8 ± 15.3 years. Of the 303 patients included, 65% were male and 35% were female. There was an equal distribution of high-energy and low-energy injuries. Injury to 3 major ligaments was the most common, with Schenck classification type KD III-M constituting 52.4% of the injuries and KD III-L comprising 28.1%. Meniscal injuries and cartilage injuries occurred in 37.3% and 28.3% of patients, respectively. Patients with acute injuries had significantly lower odds of a cartilage injury than those with chronic injuries (odds ratio [OR], 0.28; 95% CI, 0.15-0.50; P < .001). Peroneal nerve injuries were recorded in 19.2% of patients (10.9% partial and 8.3% complete deficit), while vascular injuries were recorded in 5%. The odds of having a common peroneal nerve injury were 42 times greater ( P < .001) among those with posterolateral corner injury (KD III-L) than those without. The odds for popliteal artery injury were 9 times greater ( P = .001) among those with KD III-L injuries than other ligament injury types. Conclusion: Medial-sided bicruciate injuries were the most common injury pattern in knee dislocations. Cartilage injuries were common in chronically treated patients. There was a significant risk of peroneal nerve injury with lateral-sided injuries.

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8

Hansen, N., X. Huang, W. Pantleon, and G. Winther. "Grain orientation and dislocation patterns." Philosophical Magazine 86, no. 25-26 (September 2006): 3981–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786430600654446.

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9

Yang, Wei, Xiaoyi Wu, and Qiang Yang. "Scale dependence of dislocation patterns." Metals and Materials 4, no. 4 (July 1998): 968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03026432.

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10

Kubin, L. P., and G. Canova. "The modelling of dislocation patterns." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 27, no. 8 (October 1992): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(92)90456-o.

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11

GONZÁLEZ-VIÑAS, W., S. CASADO, J. BURGUETE, H. MANCINI, and S. BOCCALETTI. "DEFECT DYNAMICS DURING A QUENCH IN A BÉNARD–MARANGONI CONVECTION SYSTEM." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 11, no. 11 (November 2001): 2887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127401003930.

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We report experimental evidence of defect formation and dynamics in a symmetry breaking transition for a conduction–convection Bénard–Marangoni system. As opposite to the behavior of perfect patterns, defects appear to interact in a spatial region, responsible for the formation of bounded states that survive much longer than the characteristic time scales. The analysis of the transient defect dynamics allows to define this defect interaction region in the space, giving rise to penta–hepta-like defects on top of the hexagonal pattern. Other defect configurations are shown to disappear rapidly either through dislocations moving toward the boundaries or through dislocation–dislocation annihilation. This evidence suggests that the scaling law of defects in the final structure versus quench time might be investigated by analyzing the probability of two or more dislocations to appear in the same interaction region.

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12

Aifantis, E. C. "Gradient Deformation Models at Nano, Micro, and Macro Scales." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2812366.

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Various deformation models incorporating higher-order gradients are discussed and their implications are considered in a variety of problems ranging from the determination of the size of dislocation cores or elastic dislocation interaction to the determination of wavelengths of dislocation patterns or heterogeneous dislocation distributions and the determination of the structure of solid interfaces and of localized strain zones during adiabatic shear deformation. Different scales are involved in each one of these problems: the nanoscale for single dislocations, the microscale for dislocation patterning, and the macroscale for adiabatic shear banding. Accordingly, different gradient models apply for each case, different types of gradient terms are involved and different expressions of the gradient coefficients are assumed.

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13

Hoshino, Norihiro, Michio Tajima, M. Naitoh, Eiichi Okuno, and Shoichi Onda. "Expansion of Stacking Faults in 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layer under Laser Light Excitation during Room Temperature Photoluminescence Mapping." Materials Science Forum 600-603 (September 2008): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.600-603.349.

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We investigated the expansion of single Shockley stacking faults (SSFs) in a 4H-SiC epitaxial layer under high-intensity scanning laser beam during room temperature photoluminescence mapping, which is similar to the degradation of bipolar pin diodes during forward current injection. In an epitaxial layer on an 8 off-axis (0001) substrate, the SSF-related intensity patterns induced by scanning high-intensity laser beam were classified into two types. The first one was a triangular pattern and the second a pattern which expanded in accordance with the motion of the scanning laser beam. The origins of the SSFs responsible for both patterns are presumably due to the preexisting basal plane dislocations and the dislocation-loops on the basal plane in the epitaxial layer, respectively. On the other hand, most of the SSF-expansion in on-axis (11 2 0) epitaxial layers were similar to the second type in the (0001) epitaxial layer. We, therefore, suggest that the dislocation-loops, which were located close to the surface, were dominant nucleation-sites of the SSFs in the (11 2 0) epitaxial layers.

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14

Kraeutler, Matthew J., Dustin W. Currie, Zachary Y. Kerr, Karen G. Roos, Eric C. McCarty, and R. Dawn Comstock. "Epidemiology of Shoulder Dislocations in High School and Collegiate Athletics in the United States: 2004/2005 Through 2013/2014." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 10, no. 1 (May 30, 2017): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738117709764.

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Background: Shoulder dislocations occur frequently in athletes across a variety of sports. This study provides an updated descriptive epidemiological analysis of shoulder dislocations among high school and college athletes and compares injury rates and patterns across these age groups. Hypothesis: There would be no difference in injury rates/patterns between high school and college athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Shoulder dislocation data from the High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) databases were analyzed from the 2004/2005 through 2013/2014 (NCAA) or 2005/2006 through 2013/2014 (RIO) academic years in 11 different sports. Rate ratios (RRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) were calculated to make comparisons between age groups. Results: During the study period, 598 shoulder dislocations were reported during 29,249,482 athlete-exposures (AEs) among high school athletes, for an overall shoulder dislocation rate of 2.04 per 100,000 AEs; 352 shoulder dislocations were reported during 13,629,533 AEs among college athletes, for an overall injury rate of 2.58 per 100,000 AEs. College athletes had a higher rate of shoulder dislocation than high school athletes (RR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.11-1.44). However, the injury rate in football was lower in collegiate than high school athletes (RR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.43-0.62). Surgery was performed to correct 28.0% of high school and 29.6% of college shoulder dislocations. Shoulder dislocations resulted in longer return-to-play times than other shoulder injuries. Conclusion: Overall, shoulder dislocation rates were higher among collegiate than high school athletes. This may be due to greater contact forces involved in sports at higher levels of play, although the increased rate in high school football warrants additional research. Clinical Relevance: Higher shoulder dislocation rates within collegiate athletics are likely due to the higher level of intensity at this level of play, with stronger and faster athletes resulting in more forceful collisions.

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15

Rahman, Tabishur, Ghulam Sarwar Hashmi, Syed Saeed Ahmed, and Sajjad Abdur Rahman. "Posttraumatic Lateral Dislocation of Mandibular Condyle: A Proposed New Classification with Report of 14 Dislocated Condyles." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 12, no. 4 (December 2019): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1677725.

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Lateral dislocation of the intact mandibular condyle is a relatively uncommon clinical condition. Since the first description and classification of these dislocations given by Allen and Young, few classification systems have been proposed in literature with incorporation of different patterns of dislocations identified over the years. We share our clinical experience of nine cases of such dislocations with 14 dislocated condyles, and on the basis of clinical and radiological findings coupled with the review of existing classification systems, we propose a new classification system which includes all the possible patterns of such dislocations overcoming the major shortcomings of preexisting classification systems identified by the authors.

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16

Salazar, J. Marcos, and R. Fournet. "Modelling Dislocation Patterns by Molecular Dynamics." Solid State Phenomena 35-36 (September 1993): 613–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.35-36.613.

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17

Madec, R., B. Devincre, and L. P. Kubin. "Simulation of dislocation patterns in multislip." Scripta Materialia 47, no. 10 (November 2002): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(02)00185-9.

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18

Fournet, R., and J. M. Salazar. "Formation of dislocation patterns: Computer simulations." Physical Review B 53, no. 10 (March 1, 1996): 6283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.53.6283.

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19

Salazar, J. M., R. Fournet, and N. Banal. "Dislocation patterns from reaction-diffusion models." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 43, no. 3 (March 1995): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(95)92626-8.

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20

Turkin, A. A., and V. I. Dubinko. "Formation of dislocation patterns under irradiation." Applied Physics A Solids and Surfaces 58, no. 1 (January 1994): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00331514.

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21

Salazar,, J. M., R. Fournet,, and E. C. Aifantis,. "Dislocation Patterns Induced by Non-Linear Dislocations Interactions: Spatial and Temporal Behavior." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 5, no. 3 (June 1994): 335–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm.1994.5.3.335.

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22

Breuer, D., P. Klimanek, and W. Pantleon. "X-ray determination of dislocation density and arrangement in plastically deformed copper." Journal of Applied Crystallography 33, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 1284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889800008256.

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Using the kinematical theory of X-ray scattering by crystals with dislocations as developed by Krivoglazet al.and Wilkens, the dislocation content of compressed copper single and polycrystals was investigated by means of profile analysis of selected diffraction peaks. Measurements of radial intensity distributionsI(2θ) were performed with a double-crystal spectrometer in the case of the single crystals and with conventional polycrystal diffractometers in the case of the polycrystals. Additionally, the misorientations Θ occurring within the dislocation cell structure because of the accumulation of excess dislocations of one sign were investigated by means of rocking curves of the single-crystal reflections and by evaluation of electron backscattering patterns (EBSPs). Within a wide deformation range, the mean total dislocation density ρdcan be related well to the flow stressviathe Taylor relationship. Assuming a random distribution of the misorientations Θ between adjacent dislocation cells, the evaluation of the rocking curves gives mean values 〈|Θ|〉 much smaller than those determined by EBSP analysis. For this reason, a model of a dislocation cell structure with restrictedly correlated misorientations, which leads to better agreement of the X-ray and the EBSP data, is proposed.

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23

Huang, Patrick, Don Li, Logan Petit, Jack Porrino, Michael Medvecky, and Joseph Kahan. "The Multiligament Knee Injury Classification Stratifies Patients into Risk Categories." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, no. 7_suppl6 (July 1, 2020): 2325967120S0049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00493.

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Objectives: Our goal was to characterize the precise ligamentous injury locations and patterns of acute multi-ligament knee injuries (MLKI) and determine associated rates of dislocations, fractures, peroneal nerve palsies, and vascular injuries. Methods: All patients at a single level one trauma center who received operative treatment for MLKI between 2001 and 2019 were retrospectively identified. Demographic, injury mechanism, injury patterns, presence of dislocation, and associated injuries including vascular injury, peroneal nerve palsy, and fracture were assessed for each patient. MLKI both with and without a document knee dislocation were classified into five classes based on pattern of ligamentous tear (Figure 1). Class 1 included unicruciate tear with any combination of collateral tear. Class 2 are a bicruciate tear without collateral involvement. Class 3 are bicruciate tears with either a medial or lateral sided tear. Class 4 are bicruciate tears with both medial and lateral sided tears. Class 5 are periarticular fracture with any of the preceding ligamentous injury patterns. Rates of dislocation, vascular injury and peroneal nerve injury were analyzed among each class. Single variable statistics such as t-tests as well as multivariable techniques such as Chi square and multiple regression analysis was performed to identify patterns of injury and to predict risk of associated injuries. Results: 100 knees were identified as multiligament knee injuries. 34 of the knees (34%) were dislocated at presentation, and the remaining 66 (66%) did not have a documented knee dislocation. Patients with a documented knee dislocation had higher rates of vascular injury (24% vs. 3%, p = 0.0148), but not higher rates of peroneal nerve injury (32% vs. 20%, p = 0.0863). Patients with PLC injuries had statistically higher rates of peroneal nerve injury compared to acute multiligament knee injuries without a lateral sided injury (30% vs. 3%, p = 0.005). Rates of vascular injury between MLK Class are shown in Table 1. MLK Class was found to be predictive of vascular injury, but not of peroneal nerve injury. Conclusion: We present a new classification of multiligament knee injuries with the goal of providing a more precise diagnosis to aid in the surgical planning and decision making as well as to enhance clinical outcomes research of these complicated injury patterns. By classifying these injuries into five separate classes and further subclassified based on presence of dislocation and lateral sided injury, we are better able to predict likelihood of neurovascular injury. We hope that understanding the risks associated with each class will allow physicians to better appreciate the likelihood of potential complications of these injuries.

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24

Zbib, Hussein M., Tomas Diaz de la Rubia, and Vasily Bulatov. "A Multiscale Model of Plasticity Based on Discrete Dislocation Dynamics." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 124, no. 1 (May 28, 2001): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1421351.

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We present a framework coupling continuum elasto-viscoplasticity with three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics. In this approach, the elastic response is governed by the classical Hooke’s law and the viscoplastic behavior is determined by the motion of curved dislocations in a three-dimensional space. The resulting hybrid continuum-discrete framework is formulated into a standard finite element model where the dislocation-induced stress is homogenized over each element with a similar treatment for the dislocation-induced plastic strain. The model can be used to investigate a wide range of small scale plasticity phenomena, including microshear bands, adiabatic shear bands, stability and formation of dislocation cells, thin films and multiplayer structures. Here we present results pertaining to the formation of deformation bands and surface distortions under dynamic loading conditions and show the capability of the model in analyzing complicated deformation-induced patterns.

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Aborobongui, Georges Martial Embanga, Fatima Hamlaoui, and Annie Rialland. "Syntactic and prosodic aspects of left and right dislocation in Embɔsi (Bantu C25)." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 26–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.418.

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This paper deals with left and right dislocation in Embɔsi, a Bantu language (C25) spoken in Congo-Brazzaville. The prosody of dislocation has gathered considerable attention, as it is particularly informative for the theories of the syntax-prosody mapping of Intonation Phrases (a.o. Selkirk, 2009, 2011; Downing, 2011). Concentrating on selected Bantu languages, Downing (2011) identifies two main phrasing patterns. She primarily distinguishes languages in which only right dislocated phrases display a lack of prosodic integration ("asymmetric" languages), from languages in which both left and right dislocations phrase separately ("symmetric" languages). Hiatus avoidance processes, boundary tones and register expansion/reduction indicate that Embɔsi displays a somewhat more intricate phrasing pattern. In this language, both left and right dislocated items sit outside of the Intonation Phrase formed by the core-clause, but only the latter form their own Intonation Phrase. We also discuss the prosody of multiple dislocations (i.e. with two dislocated arguments), which have not so far received all the attention they deserve. What we observe in Embɔsi is that either the two dislocated items phrase together and are not integrated to the core Intonation Phrase, or only the outermost dislocated element phrases separately.

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26

Winther, G. "Slip patterns and preferred dislocation boundary planes." Acta Materialia 51, no. 2 (January 2003): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(02)00423-8.

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27

Zaiser, M., K. Bay, and P. Hähner. "Fractal analysis of deformation-induced dislocation patterns." Acta Materialia 47, no. 8 (June 1999): 2463–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6454(99)00096-8.

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Chen, Y., S. Shao, X. Y. Liu, S. K. Yadav, N. Li, N. Mara, and J. Wang. "Misfit dislocation patterns of Mg-Nb interfaces." Acta Materialia 126 (March 2017): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.041.

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29

Landau, P., R. Z. Shneck, G. Makov, and A. Venkert. "Evolution of dislocation patterns in fcc metals." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 3 (July 1, 2009): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/3/1/012004.

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30

Aifantis, Elias C. "On the dynamical origin of dislocation patterns." Materials Science and Engineering 81 (August 1986): 563–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(86)90293-4.

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Henshke, Yehudit. "Patterns of Dislocation: Judeo-Arabic Syntactic Influence on Modern Hebrew." Journal of Jewish Languages 3, no. 1-2 (October 16, 2015): 150–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-12340057.

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This article deals with a phenomenon of Modern Hebrew that exhibits the influence of Judeo-Arabic: the phenomenon of dislocation as found in the Hebrew sociolect of the Israeli periphery, among descendants of Middle Eastern and North African Jews. I call this sociolect Israeli Periphery Hebrew (iph). The article examines the widespread use of dislocation constructions in iph—specifically pronominal dislocation, as well as echo and anchoring constructions—and their unique features. Even though dislocation is typical of spoken language in general, it is argued here that its frequency and unique constructions in iph reflect the influence of the Judeo-Arabic substrate. The article attempts to illuminate the sources and roots of these dislocated constructions.

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32

Meixner, Cory, and Randall T. Loder. "The Demographics of Fractures and Dislocations Across the Entire United States due to Common Sports and Recreational Activities." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119882930.

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Background: There exists little nationwide data regarding fracture and dislocation patterns across a wide variety of sporting activities for all ages and sexes. Hypothesis: Participant demographics (age and sex) will vary with regard to fracture and joint dislocation sustained during sport-related activities. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program data 2005 through 2013 were accessed; 18 common sports and recreational activities in the United States were selected. Statistical software was used to calculate the numbers of fractures and dislocations, and incidence was calculated using US Census Bureau data. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the odds ratios (ORs) for the occurrence of a fracture or dislocation. Results: A fracture occurred in 20.6% and a joint dislocation in 3.6% of the emergency department visits for sports-related injuries; annual emergency department visit incidence was 1.51 for fractures and 0.27 for dislocations (per 1000 people). Most of the fractures occurred in football (22.5%). The OR for fracture was highest for inline skating (OR, 6.03), males (OR, 1.21), Asians, whites, and Amerindians compared with blacks (OR, 1.46, 1.25, and 1.18, respectively), and those older than 84 years (OR, 4.77). Most of the dislocations occurred in basketball (25.7%). The OR for dislocation was highest in gymnastics (OR, 4.08), males (OR, 1.50), Asians (OR, 1.75), and in those aged 20 to 24 years (OR, 9.04). The most common fracture involved the finger, and the most common dislocation involved the shoulder. Conclusion: Inline skating had the greatest risk for fracture, and gymnastics had the greatest risk for joint dislocation. Clinical Relevance: This comprehensive study of the risks of sustaining a fracture or dislocation from common sports activities across all age groups can aid sports health providers in a better understanding of those sports at high risk and be proactive in prevention mechanisms (protective gear, body training).

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33

Jóni, Bertalan, Talal Al-Samman, Sandip Ghosh Chowdhury, Gábor Csiszár, and Tamás Ungár. "Dislocation densities and prevailing slip-system types determined by X-ray line profile analysis in a textured AZ31 magnesium alloy deformed at different temperatures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2013): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812046705.

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Tension experiments were carried out at room temperature, 473 K and 673 K on AZ31-type extruded magnesium alloy samples. The tensile deformation has almost no effect on the typical extrusion texture at any of the investigated temperatures. X-ray diffraction patterns provided by a high-angular-resolution diffractometer were analyzed for the dislocation density and slip activity after deformation to fracture. The diffraction peaks were sorted into two groups corresponding either to the major or to the random texture components in the specimen. The two groups of reflections were evaluated simultaneously as if the two texture components were two different phases. The dislocation densities in the major texture components are found to be always larger than those in the randomly oriented grain populations. The overwhelming fraction of dislocations prevailing in the samples is found to be of 〈a〉 type, with a smaller fraction of 〈c + a〉-type dislocations. The fraction of 〈c〉-type dislocations is always obtained to be zero within experimental error.

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34

Jiménez, Isidro, and Martine Dury. "Combined Perihamate Peripisiform and Peritrapezium Open Axial Carpal Dislocation: Description of a New Pattern of Crush Injury." HAND 12, no. 5 (December 5, 2016): NP73—NP77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716681978.

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Background: Axial carpal dislocations and fracture-dislocations remain difficult to understand and to treat. The outcome is directly related to the injury pattern and long-term results are not good in most cases. Methods: 39-year-old male admitted to our emergency department after his left hand was caught between 2 rollers for 10 minutes. He was diagnosed of an open axial carpal dislocation type B (perihamate peripisiform) and type E (peritrapezium) of Garcia-Elias. An extensive debridement, reduction of the carpometacarpal dislocations and stabilization with Kirschner wires was performed requiring a full thickness skin graft 14 days after the trauma. Results: At 4-year follow-up, he had 70° of wrist extension, and 78° of wrist flexion, grip strength of 65% compared to the healthy side and x-ray showed mild signs of osteoarthritis. He was satisfied and returned to the same job. Conclusions: Axial carpal dislocations continue to be difficult injuries to address but also to classify. Since the prognosis depends on the injury pattern and other associated lesions, we believe that adding a type G which include the association of different patterns to the classification of Garcia-Elias could be useful not in changing the treatment but probably indicating a worse prognosis.

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35

Rudolph, Peter. "Defect mastering - one of the topic challenges for crystal growth." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314099677.

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The quality of single crystals, epitaxial layers and devices made there from are very sensitively influenced by structural and atomistic deficiencies generated during the crystal growth. Crystalline imperfections comprise point defects, dislocations, grain boundaries, second-phase particles. Over more than a half-century of the development of crystal growth, most of the important defect-forming mechanisms have become well understood [1-2]. As a result, the present state of technology makes it possible to produce crystals of remarkably high quality. However, that is not to say that all problems are already solved. For instance, in comparison with silicon the point defect dynamics in semiconductor and oxide compounds is not nearly as well understood. The density of equivalent defect types and antisites in each sub-lattice is determined by deviation from stoichiometry. Their charge state depends on the Fermi level position leading via interaction with dopants to certain compensation level and complex formation. One measure proves to be the in situ control of stoichiometry. Due to high-temperature dislocation dynamics heterogeneous dislocation substructures are formed. Both, acting thermo-mechanical stress and given point defect situation force the dislocation to glide and climb. In the course of enthalpy minimization the long-range character of dislocation interaction produces agglomerates and patterns with polygonized cell walls, i.e. small angle grain boundaries [3]. Thanks to the rules of correspondence of Taylor and Kuhlmann-Wilsdorf one is able to estimate the interaction between shear stress, dislocation density and cell diameter (Fig.). In epitaxy the Nye tensor, describing dislocation distribution inhomogeneity, affects the layer stress considerably. The growth under minimum stress, solution hardening and in situ stoichiometry control are effective counteracting methods. One of the most serious consequences during cooling down of as-grown crystals is the point defect condensation in precipitates and micro-voids decorating dislocation patterns or inducing high mechanical misfit stress that generates dislocation loops. It proves to be favourable to anneal the crystal a few degrees below the melting point in order to dissolve the particles and re-diffuse their into the crystal matrix.

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36

Duval, Paul, Maurine Montagnat, Fanny Grennerat, Jerome Weiss, Jacques Meyssonnier, and Armelle Philip. "Creep and plasticity of glacier ice: a material science perspective." Journal of Glaciology 56, no. 200 (2010): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311796406185.

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AbstractMajor advances in understanding the plasticity of ice have been made during the past 60 years with the development of studies of the flow of glaciers and, recently, with the analysis of deep ice cores in Antarctica and Greenland. Recent experimental investigations clearly show that the plastic deformation of the ice single crystal and polycrystal is produced by intermittent dislocation bursts triggered by long-range interaction of dislocations. Such dislocation avalanches are associated with the formation of dislocation patterns in the form of slip lines and slip bands, which exhibit long-range correlations and scale invariance. Long-range dislocation interactions appear to play an essential role in primary creep of polycrystals and dynamic recrystallization. The large plastic anisotropy of the ice crystal is at the origin of large strain and stress heterogeneities within grains. The use of full- field approaches is now a compulsory proceeding to model the intracrystalline heterogeneities that develop in polycrystals. Ice is now highly regarded among the materials science community. It is considered a model material for understanding deformation processes of crystalline materials and polycrystal modeling.

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37

Zhu, Yimei, Hong Zhang, A. R. Moodenbaugh, and M. Suenaga. "Dislocations in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (δ = 0.77)." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100173492.

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Abundant dislocations and dislocations associated with stacking faults were observed and characterized in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (δ= 0.77). The crystallographic orientation of the dislocation and the fault were analyzed using Kikuchi patterns matched with computer generated Kikuchi maps. The Burgers vector of the dislocation and the displacement vector of the fault were determined by using the g·b = 0 and g · R=0 criteria.Bulk samples of YBa2Cu3O7 were produced by standard pressing and sintering up to 970 °C. Samples were heated in air, then quenched into liquid nitrogen to reduce oxygen content. Subsequent anneal at 200 ° C took place with samples sealed in silica with 1/2 atm. of argon. TEM specimens were thinned by ion mill and examined in a JEOL 2000FX electron microscope operating at 200kv.X-ray powder diffraction and convergent beam electron diffraction with 200 Å spot size show that YBa2Cu3O6.23 has a tetragonal structure.

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38

Robinson, I. K., Y. Da, T. Spila, and J. E. Greene. "Coherent diffraction patterns of individual dislocation strain fields." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 38, no. 10A (May 6, 2005): A7—A10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/38/10a/002.

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39

Clerc, M. G., C. Falcón, M. A. García-Ñustes, V. Odent, and I. Ortega. "Emergence of spatiotemporal dislocation chains in drifting patterns." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 24, no. 2 (June 2014): 023133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4883650.

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40

Saxlová, M. "Dipolar Dislocation Patterns in the Primary Slip Plane." Key Engineering Materials 97-98 (January 1995): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.97-98.485.

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41

Bortoloni, Luca, and Paolo Cermelli. "Dislocation Patterns and Work-Hardening in Crystalline Plasticity." Journal of Elasticity 76, no. 2 (August 2004): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10659-005-0670-1.

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42

Hansen, Landon T., Brian E. Jackson, David T. Fullwood, Stuart I. Wright, Marc De Graef, Eric R. Homer, and Robert H. Wagoner. "Influence of Noise-Generating Factors on Cross-Correlation Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Measurement of Geometrically Necessary Dislocations (GNDs)." Microscopy and Microanalysis 23, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 460–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927617000204.

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AbstractStudies of dislocation density evolution are fundamental to improved understanding in various areas of deformation mechanics. Recent advances in cross-correlation techniques, applied to electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data have particularly shed light on geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) behavior. However, the framework is relatively computationally expensive—patterns are typically saved from the EBSD scan and analyzed offline. A better understanding of the impact of EBSD pattern degradation, such as binning, compression, and various forms of noise, is vital to enable optimization of rapid and low-cost GND analysis. This paper tackles the problem by setting up a set of simulated patterns that mimic real patterns corresponding to a known GND field. The patterns are subsequently degraded in terms of resolution and noise, and the GND densities calculated from the degraded patterns using cross-correlation ESBD are compared with the known values. Some confirmation of validity of the computational degradation of patterns by considering real pattern degradation is also undertaken. The results demonstrate that the EBSD technique is not particularly sensitive to lower levels of binning and image compression, but the precision is sensitive to Poisson-type noise. Some insight is also gained concerning effects of mixed patterns at a grain boundary on measured GND content.

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43

Dere, E. Gözde, Hemant Sharma, Richard M. Huizenga, Giusseppe Portale, Wim Bras, Vitaliy Bliznuk, Jilt Sietsma, and S. Erik Offerman. "Formation of (Fe,Cr) carbides and dislocation structures in low-chromium steel studiedin situusing synchrotron radiation." Journal of Applied Crystallography 46, no. 1 (December 21, 2012): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889812043531.

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The evolution of the size distribution of (Fe,Cr) carbides and the dislocation structure in low-chromium steel is studied during quenching and rapid heating byin situsmall-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The two-dimensional SAXS patterns consist of streaks on top of an isotropic SAXS signal. The evolution of the size distribution of the (Fe,Cr) carbides during heat treatment is determined from the isotropic component of the SAXS patterns. The isotropic part of the SAXS patterns shows that, after austenitization and quenching to room temperature, the average precipitate radius is 4.74 nm and the dispersion parameter for the lognormal size distribution is 0.33. Subsequent rapid heating to 823 K results in an average precipitate size of 5.25 nm and a dispersion parameter of 0.26. Bright-field transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveal the nearly spherical morphology of the precipitates. The microstructural evolution underlying the increase in the average precipitate size and the decrease in the dispersion parameter after heating to and annealing at 823 K is probably that at room temperature two types of precipitates are present,i.e.(Fe,Cr)23C6and (Fe,Cr)7C3precipitates according to thermodynamic calculations, and at 823 K only (Fe,Cr)7C3precipitates are present. Additional measurements have been carried out on a single crystal of ferrite containing (Fe,Cr) carbides by combining three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) and SAXS during rotation of the specimen at room temperature, in order to investigate the origin of the streaks at low angles in the SAXS pattern. From simulations based on the theory of SAXS from dislocations, it is shown that the measured streaks, including the spottiness, in the two-dimensional SAXS patterns correspond to a dislocation structure of symmetric low-angle tilt boundaries, which in turn corresponds to the crystallographic orientation gradient in the single crystal of ferrite as measured by 3DXRD microscopy.

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44

Ungár, Tamás, Gábor Ribárik, Matthew Topping, Rebecca M. A. Jones, Xiao Dan Xu, Rory Hulse, Allan Harte, et al. "Characterizing dislocation loops in irradiated polycrystalline Zr alloys by X-ray line profile analysis of powder diffraction patterns with satellites." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 3 (May 25, 2021): 803–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721002673.

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This work extends the convolutional multiple whole profile (CMWP) line profile analysis (LPA) procedure to determine the total dislocation density and character of irradiation-induced dislocation loops in commercial polycrystalline Zr specimens. Zr alloys are widely used in the nuclear industry as fuel cladding materials in which irradiation-induced point defects evolve into dislocation loops. LPA has long been established as a powerful tool to determine the density and nature of lattice defects in plastically deformed materials. The CMWP LPA procedure is based on the Krivoglaz–Wilkens theory in which the dislocation structure is characterized by the total dislocation density ρ and the dislocation arrangement parameter M. In commercial Zr alloys irradiation-induced dislocation loops broaden the peak profiles, mainly in the tail regions, and occasionally generate small satellites next to the Bragg peaks. In this work, two challenges in powder diffraction patterns of irradiated Zr alloys are solved: (i) determination of the M values from the long tail regions of peaks has been made unequivocal and (ii) satellites have been fitted separately, using physically well established principles, in order to exclude them from the dislocation determination process. Referring to the theory of heterogeneous dislocation distributions, determination of the total dislocation density from the main peaks free of satellites has been justified. The dislocation loop structure has been characterized by the total dislocation density of loops and the M parameter correlated to the dipole character of dislocation loops. The extended CMWP procedure is applied to determine the total dislocation density, the dipole character of dislocation loops, and the fractions of 〈a〉- and 〈c〉-type loops in proton- or neutron-irradiated polycrystalline Zr alloys used in the nuclear energy industry.

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45

Okano, Ichiro, Takatoshi Sawada, and Katsunori Inagaki. "Bipolar Dislocation of the Clavicle: A Report of Two Cases with Different Injury Patterns and a Literature Review." Case Reports in Orthopedics 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2935308.

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Bipolar dislocation of the clavicle is a rare injury that is defined as a concomitant dislocation of the ipsilateral acromioclavicular joint and sternoclavicular joint. This injury is also described as a floating clavicle. Although this injury has been known for nearly two centuries, knowledge about it is limited and the treatment strategy remains controversial. Bipolar dislocation includes several combinations of both joints’ injury types. We reported two patients with bipolar dislocation of the clavicle: one with an anterior dislocation and the other with a posterior dislocation of the sternoclavicular joint. After reviewing the currently available literature, we discussed these cases to highlight the necessity of a specific treatment approach that is modified based on the pattern of each joint’s lesion.

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46

Xu, Honggang, Jun Tu, Bin Xu, and Ruipeng Guo. "Initial Assessment and Implications for Surgery: The Missed Diagnosis of Irreducible Knee Dislocation." Journal of Knee Surgery 31, no. 03 (May 1, 2017): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1602135.

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AbstractIrreducible knee dislocation is a rare but devastating orthopedic emergency. Limited discussion about its characteristics has been undertaken due to its low incidence. The purpose of this study was to present a series of irreducible dislocated knees and cumulatively reviewed all existing publications in this filed. A retrospective case series study was undertaken in patients with irreducible knee dislocation. Patients' data were carefully collected and presented. Historical cases of irreducible knee dislocation in published papers were reviewed, and their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis were summarized. Six patients with six irreducible knee dislocations were enrolled with an average age of 51.2 ± 9.7 years. Patterns of injuries were classified into KD-III M (three cases), KD-IV (two cases), and KD-V (one case). Dimple sign was presented in all cases on both physical examination and MRI. All patients received single-stage arthrotomy together with cruciate ligament reconstruction acutely. In cumulative literature review, 34 papers with 45 irreducible knee dislocations were included. KD-III M was the most familiar type of ligamentous injury (75.0%). Dimple sign was recorded in 83.7% occasions and the most frequent two trapped structures were medial retinaculum (31.8%) and MCL (43.1%). Open reduction was conducted in all cases to reduce the knee, and the prognosis of 88.0% cases was considered to be acceptable after different staged surgery. The “dimple” sign is pathognomonic but not necessary for diagnosis of irreducible knee dislocations. The general consensus for treatment is immediate neurovascular status assessment and acute open reduction.

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47

PANDIT, R. "Proximal and Palmar Dislocation of the Lunate and Proximal Scaphoid as a Unit in a Case of Scaphocapitate Syndrome." Journal of Hand Surgery 23, no. 2 (April 1998): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(98)80194-0.

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Various patterns of transscaphoid, transcapitate fracture-dislocations have been described in the literature. There is little information on the method of management and the long-term results of such severe and rare injuries. The case described here involved a transscaphoid, transcapitate, palmar perilunate fracture-dislocation with ejection of the proximal pole of the scaphoid and lunate into the palmar aspect of the forearm. The functional result 32 months after delayed open reduction and internal fixation is reported.

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48

Steinman, E. A., Oleg Kononchuk, A. N. Tereshchenko, and A. A. Mazilkin. "Dependence of Luminescence Properties of Bonded Si Wafers on Surface Orientation and Twist Angle." Solid State Phenomena 156-158 (October 2009): 555–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.156-158.555.

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PL spectra of SOI wafers with buried oxide (BOX) layer were measured after dissolution annealing at 1200°. Depending on mutual orientation of starting base and top wafers different patterns of luminescence bands were observed after annealing. While the small fraction of luminescence clearly originated from dislocation related centers, another intensive band appeared in the range 0.8 – 0.95eV with certain dependence of maximum position on the twist misorientation. TEM investigation confirmed the existence of dislocation net at the interface. On the other hand some peculiarities of PL spectra did not support their relation to dislocations. Though a stepped chemical etch of surface layer confirmed the origin of new band being at the interface too. Therefore a nature of possible defects generated due to dissolution of BOX layer is discussed.

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49

Zhang, Jun, Hua Liu, Jianwei Cao, Weidong Zhu, Bo Jin, and Wei Li. "A Deep Learning Based Dislocation Detection Method for Cylindrical Crystal Growth Process." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 7799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217799.

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For the single crystal furnace used in the photovoltaic industry, growth problems occur frequently due to dislocations during the shouldering and cylindrical growth steps of the Czochralski (CZ) crystal growth. Detecting the dislocation phenomenon in the cylindrical growth step is very important for entire automation of the CZ crystal furnace, since this process usually lasts for more than 48h. The irregular nature of different patterns of dislocation would impose a big challenge for a traditional machine vision-based detection method. As almost no publications have been dedicated to detecting this phenomenon, to address this issue, after analyzing the characteristics of the silicon ingot image of this process, this paper proposes a kind of deep learning-based dislocation detection method along with tracking strategy to simulate manual inspection. The model has a good detection effect whether there is occlusion or not, the experimental results show that the detection accuracy is 97.33%, and the inference speed is about 14.7 frames per second (FPS). It can achieve the purpose of reducing energy consumption and improving process automation by monitoring this process.

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50

Li, P., Z. F. Zhang, S. X. Li, and Z. G. Wang. "Comparison of dislocation patterns in cyclically deformed fcc metals." Scripta Materialia 59, no. 7 (October 2008): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.06.001.

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