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Journal articles on the topic 'Dispersion capillaire'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Jellali, Salah, and Olivier Razakarisoa. "Transport avec échange gazeux du trichloroéthylène vers une nappe aquifère." Revue des sciences de l'eau 19, no. 1 (March 20, 2006): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/012595ar.

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Résumé Deux expériences ont été réalisées sur un site expérimental contrôlé de dimensions décamétriques reconstituant un aquifère alluvial. L’originalité de ce travail est basée sur le fait que cette plate-forme expérimentale permet de rendre compte du rôle de la frange capillaire dans les phénomènes de transfert, ce qui est difficilement accessible sur des systèmes réduits de laboratoire ou dans les investigations sur site réel. L’objectif principal est l’évaluation quantitative des mécanismes de transfert de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) depuis la zone non saturée vers la nappe dans le cas d’une source de pollution localisée en zone non saturée. Le cas du transport du trichloroéthylène (TCE) a été abordé où une analyse comparative du transfert du TCE depuis la zone non saturée vers la nappe via la frange capillaire est présentée en étudiant les deux mécanismes : dispersion et dissolution. Dans la première expérience, la dispersion passive de la pollution par les vapeurs depuis la zone non saturée vers la nappe via la frange capillaire est étudiée. Dans la seconde expérience, l’impact sur la pollution de la nappe du lessivage des vapeurs par une pluie contrôlée est quantifié. Les résultats montrent que la dispersion passive des vapeurs peut causer une pollution significative de l’eau de la nappe, et ce, malgré la lenteur du processus de diffusion dans la partie inférieure de la frange capillaire suffisamment saturée en eau. Le lessivage des vapeurs par la pluie provoque une pollution de nappe plus importante et plus étendue. La quantification des flux de pollution partant de la zone non saturée vers la nappe a été réalisée dans la première expérience en se servant de la méthode de JOHNSON et PANKOW (1992), et du code de calcul (Hydrus) dans la seconde expérience. Les résultats expérimentaux et analytiques mettent en évidence, d’une part, le rôle d’écran joué par la frange capillaire contre le transfert de la pollution vers la nappe, et d’autre part, l’augmentation significative du degré et de l’étendue de la pollution de la nappe en cas de lessivage des vapeurs par les eaux de pluie.

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2

Ayappa, I., L. V. Brown, P. M. Wang, and S. J. Lai-Fook. "Arterial, capillary, and venous transit times and dispersion measured in isolated rabbit lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 79, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.79.1.261.

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Transit time and relative dispersion of the arterial, capillary, and venous segments of the pulmonary circulation were measured in isolated perfused rabbit lungs. Fluorescence videomicroscopy was used to record the passage of dye through the main pulmonary artery, subpleural microcirculation, and venous outflow. Dye dilution curves were obtained at the main pulmonary artery, subpleural arterioles and venules, and pulmonary vein. Measurements were made at 5-cmH2O airway pressure, at blood flows of approximately 80, 50, and 25 ml.min-1.kg-1, and at left atrial pressures of approximately 0 cmH2O (zone 2) and approximately 12 cmH2O (zone 3). The dye dilution curves were modeled as lagged normal density curves that were used to calculate transit time and relative dispersion between the pulmonary artery and arteriole (artery), arteriole and venule (capillary), venule and pulmonary vein (vein), and pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein (whole lung). In open-chest anesthetized dogs, the passage of dye was recorded from the subpleural arterioles and venules between the seventh and eighth ribs in the left lateral position. At comparable blood flows, capillary transit time was larger in the dog than in the rabbit lung [3.4 +/- 2.4 (SD) vs. 0.87 +/- 0.47 s]. In the rabbit lung, relative dispersion was greater in pulmonary capillaries (average values 0.83–1.6) and veins (0.91–1.6) than in arteries (0.39–0.50), which was similar to the whole lung dispersion (0.47–0.52). A similarly high dispersion (0.93) was measured in the dog's pulmonary capillaries. Thus high dispersion in pulmonary capillaries and veins cannot be detected by whole lung dispersion measurements.

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3

Homer, L. D., and P. K. Weathersby. "How well mixed is inert gas in tissues?" Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.6.2079.

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The washout of inert gas from tissues typically follows multiexponential curves rather than monoexponential curves as would be expected from homogeneous, well-mixed compartment. This implies that the ratio for the square root of the variance of the distribution of transit times to the mean (relative dispersion) must be greater than 1. Among the possible explanations offered for multiexponential curves are heterogeneous capillary flow, uneven capillary spacing, and countercurrent exchange in small veins and arteries. By means of computer simulations of the random walk of gas molecules across capillary beds with parameters of skeletal muscle, we find that heterogeneity involving adjacent capillaries does not suffice to give a relative dispersion greater than one. Neither heterogeneous flow, nor variations in spacing, nor countercurrent exchange between capillaries can account for the multiexponential character of experimental tissue washout curves or the large relative dispersions that have been measured. Simple diffusion calculations are used to show that many gas molecules can wander up to several millimeters away from their entry point during an average transit through a tissue bed. Analytical calculations indicate that an inert gas molecule in an arterial vessel will usually make its first vascular exit from a vessel larger than 20 micron and will wander in and out of tissue and microvessels many times before finally returning to the central circulation. The final exit from tissue will nearly always be into a vessel larger than 20 micron. We propose the hypothesis that the multiexponential character of skeletal muscle tissue inert gas washout curves must be almost entirely due to heterogeneity between tissue regions separated by 3 mm or more, or to countercurrent exchanges in vessels larger than 20 micron diam.

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4

Damon, D. H., and B. R. Duling. "Evidence that capillary perfusion heterogeneity is not controlled in striated muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 249, no. 2 (August 1, 1985): H386—H392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1985.249.2.h386.

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We tested the hypothesis that the heterogeneity of capillary blood flow distribution in striated muscle is inversely proportional to tissue blood flow by examining the patterns of red blood cell flow in the capillaries of hamster tibialis anterior muscles. Capillary red blood cell velocities and capillary red blood cell fluxes were measured as indexes of blood flow and red blood cell distribution in vasoconstricted and vasodilated vascular beds of resting and working striated muscle. Standard statistical parameters describing dispersion of data (standard deviation and coefficient of variation) in addition to measured and normalized histograms were compared across treatments. With vasodilation the standard deviations of both variables increased linearly with the means, and measured distributions became broader. The coefficients of variation and normalized distributions of both variables did not differ across treatments. These observations do not support the idea that the heterogeneity of capillary perfusion is controlled. Rather they suggest that fractional flow dispersion among capillaries is constant and independent of muscle blood flow and/or O2 demand.

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5

McClatchey, P. Mason, Ian M. Williams, Zhengang Xu, Nicholas A. Mignemi, Curtis C. Hughey, Owen P. McGuinness, Joshua A. Beckman, and David H. Wasserman. "Perfusion controls muscle glucose uptake by altering the rate of glucose dispersion in vivo." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 317, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): E1022—E1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00260.2019.

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These studies test, using intravital microscopy (IVM), the hypotheses that perfusion effects on insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake (MGU) are 1) capillary recruitment independent and 2) mediated through the dispersion of glucose rather than insulin. For experiment 1, capillary perfusion was visualized before and after intravenous insulin. No capillary recruitment was observed. For experiment 2, mice were treated with vasoactive compounds (sodium nitroprusside, hyaluronidase, and lipopolysaccharide), and dispersion of fluorophores approximating insulin size (10-kDa dextran) and glucose (2-NBDG) was measured using IVM. Subsequently, insulin and 2[14C]deoxyglucose were injected and muscle phospho-2[14C]deoxyglucose (2[C14]DG) accumulation was used as an index of MGU. Flow velocity and 2-NBDG dispersion, but not perfused surface area or 10-kDa dextran dispersion, predicted phospho-2[14C]DG accumulation. For experiment 3, microspheres of the same size and number as are used for contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) studies of capillary recruitment were visualized using IVM. Due to their low concentration, microspheres were present in only a small fraction of blood-perfused capillaries. Microsphere-perfused blood volume correlated to flow velocity. These findings suggest that 1) flow velocity rather than capillary recruitment controls microvascular contributions to MGU, 2) glucose dispersion is more predictive of MGU than dispersion of insulin-sized molecules, and 3) CEU measures regional flow velocity rather than capillary recruitment.

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6

Clements, David R., Antonio DiTommaso, Stephen J. Darbyshire, Paul B. Cavers, and Alison D. Sartonov. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 127. Panicum capillare L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 84, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 327–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-147.

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Panicum capillare L., witch grass, is an annual grass native to North America that infests field crops, small grains, grasslands, and a variety of other habitats. High seed production, a persistent seed bank, a tumble-weed seed-dispersing mechanism, and the ability to tolerate some herbicides contribute to the success of P. capillare in these habitats. Despite the widespread presence of P. capillare in crops, its actual impact on crop yield is not well documented. It is an additional host for several insect pests (e.g., cereal aphids) and diseases attacking crop species. Key words: Panicum capillare, witch grass, panic capillaire, weed biology, native weed species

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7

Presson, R. G., C. C. Hanger, P. S. Godbey, J. A. Graham, T. C. Lloyd, and W. W. Wagner. "Effect of increasing flow on distribution of pulmonary capillary transit times." Journal of Applied Physiology 76, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.4.1701.

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The complex morphology of the pulmonary capillary network causes capillary transit times to be dispersed about a mean. It is known that flow-induced decreases in mean capillary transit time are partially offset by capillary recruitment and distension, but the effect of these factors on the rest of the distribution of transit times is unknown. We have studied the relationship between blood flow, capillary recruitment, and the distribution of transit times in isolated canine lungs with videomicroscopy. Doubling baseline lobar blood flow recruited capillaries. All transit times in the distribution decreased, as did relative dispersion. Doubling flow again caused a further decrease in transit times, but neither capillary recruitment nor relative dispersion changed significantly. We conclude that capillary transit times become more homogeneous as lobar flow increases from low to intermediate levels. Further increases in flow across a fully recruited network are associated with decreases in transit times but not with more homogeneous capillary perfusion.

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8

Weiss, Michael, Tom C. Krejcie, and Michael J. Avram. "Transit time dispersion in pulmonary and systemic circulation: effects of cardiac output and solute diffusivity." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 291, no. 2 (August 2006): H861—H870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01052.2005.

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We present an in vivo method for analyzing the distribution kinetics of physiological markers into their respective distribution volumes utilizing information provided by the relative dispersion of transit times. Arterial concentration-time curves of markers of the vascular space [indocyanine green (ICG)], extracellular fluid (inulin), and total body water (antipyrine) measured in awake dogs under control conditions and during phenylephrine or isoproterenol infusion were analyzed by a recirculatory model to estimate the relative dispersions of transit times across the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The transit time dispersion in the systemic circulation was used to calculate the whole body distribution clearance, and an interpretation is given in terms of a lumped organ model of blood-tissue exchange. As predicted by theory, this relative dispersion increased linearly with cardiac output, with a slope that was inversely related to solute diffusivity. The relative dispersion of the flow-limited indicator antipyrine exceeded that of ICG (as a measure of intravascular mixing) only slightly and was consistent with a diffusional equilibration time in the extravascular space of ∼10 min, except during phenylephrine infusion, which led to an anomalously high relative dispersion. A change in cardiac output did not alter the heterogeneity of capillary transit times of ICG. The results support the view that the relative dispersions of transit times in the systemic and pulmonary circulation estimated from solute disposition data in vivo are useful measures of whole body distribution kinetics of indicators and endogenous substances. This is the first model that explains the effect of flow and capillary permeability on whole body distribution of solutes without assuming well-mixed compartments.

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9

Capen, R. L., W. L. Hanson, L. P. Latham, C. A. Dawson, and W. W. Wagner. "Distribution of pulmonary capillary transit times in recruited networks." Journal of Applied Physiology 69, no. 2 (August 1, 1990): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1990.69.2.473.

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When pulmonary blood flow is elevated, hypoxemia can occur in the fastest-moving erythrocytes if their transit times through the capillaries fall below the minimum time for complete oxygenation. This desaturation is more likely to occur if the distribution of capillary transit times about the mean is large. Increasing cardiac output is known to decrease mean pulmonary capillary transit time, but the effect on the distribution of transit times has not been reported. We measured the mean and variance of transit times in single pulmonary capillary networks in the dependent lung of anesthetized dogs by in vivo videofluorescence microscopy of a fluorescein dye bolus passing from an arteriole to a venule. When cardiac output increased from 2.9 to 9.9 l/min, mean capillary transit time decreased from 2.0 to 0.8 s. Because transit time variance decreased proportionately (relative dispersion remained constant), increasing cardiac output did not alter the heterogeneity of local capillary transit times in the lower lung where the capillary bed was nearly fully recruited.

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10

Son, Han Am, and Taewoong Ahn. "Effect of Capillary Number on the Residual Saturation of Colloidal Dispersions Stabilized by a Zwitterionic Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020524.

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We investigated oil recovery from porous rock using nanoscale colloidal dispersions, formed by adsorption of an anionic polymer [poly-(4styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid); PSS-co-MA] and a zwitterionic surfactant [N-tetradecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, TPS] onto silica nanoparticles. In an emulsion, colloidal dispersion enhanced the stability of the oil-water interface in the absence of particle aggregation; the hydrophobic alkyl chains of TPS shifted into the oil drop, not only physiochemically, stabilizing the oil-water interface, but also promoting repulsive particle-to-particle interaction. Core flooding experiments on residual oil saturation as a function of capillary number, at various injection rates and oil viscosities, showed that the residual oil level was reduced by almost half when the zwitterionic surfactant was present in the colloidal dispersion. Consequently, the result revealed that this colloidal dispersion at the interface provides a mechanically robust layer at the oil-water interface without particle aggregation. Thus, the dispersion readily entered the pore throat and adhered to the oil-water interface, lowering the interfacial tension and improving oil recovery.

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11

Son, Han Am, and Taewoong Ahn. "Effect of Capillary Number on the Residual Saturation of Colloidal Dispersions Stabilized by a Zwitterionic Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020524.

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We investigated oil recovery from porous rock using nanoscale colloidal dispersions, formed by adsorption of an anionic polymer [poly-(4styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid); PSS-co-MA] and a zwitterionic surfactant [N-tetradecyl-N, N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate, TPS] onto silica nanoparticles. In an emulsion, colloidal dispersion enhanced the stability of the oil-water interface in the absence of particle aggregation; the hydrophobic alkyl chains of TPS shifted into the oil drop, not only physiochemically, stabilizing the oil-water interface, but also promoting repulsive particle-to-particle interaction. Core flooding experiments on residual oil saturation as a function of capillary number, at various injection rates and oil viscosities, showed that the residual oil level was reduced by almost half when the zwitterionic surfactant was present in the colloidal dispersion. Consequently, the result revealed that this colloidal dispersion at the interface provides a mechanically robust layer at the oil-water interface without particle aggregation. Thus, the dispersion readily entered the pore throat and adhered to the oil-water interface, lowering the interfacial tension and improving oil recovery.

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12

Hung, Wei-Song, Tzu-Jen Lin, Yu-Hsuan Chiao, Arijit Sengupta, Yi-Chen Hsiao, S. Ranil Wickramasinghe, Chien-Chieh Hu, Kueir-Rarn Lee, and Juin-Yih Lai. "Graphene-induced tuning of the d-spacing of graphene oxide composite nanofiltration membranes for frictionless capillary action-induced enhancement of water permeability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 40 (2018): 19445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta08155g.

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13

Mukanov, Ruslan Vladimirovich, Vladimir Yakovlevich Svintsov, and Evgeniya Mikhaylovna Derbasova. "STUDY OF ELECTROSTATIC DISPERSION." Vestnik MGSU, no. 5 (May 2016): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2016.5.130-139.

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The article deals with the problems of studying the process of dispersing liquid fuel and water-fuel emulsions, in particular the characteristics of the dispersed spray in high-potential electrostatic fields. The paper deals with the development of a research method for disperse characteristics of liquid fuels, in particular, the changes in the diameter of the spray particles of liquid fuels and water-fuel emulsions based on them, depending on the intensity of high-grade electrostatic field. These studies are relevant in the creation of new devices based on new dispersion, which are not currently used for fuel atomization and combustion devices, in particular based on the electrostatic dispersion. The currently available methods for assessing dispersion are based on the evaluation of the particle diameter, which are formed by dispersing (particle breakage) of the liquid fuel. The views expressed in the course of the study suggest that the dependence of the particle diameter from the electrostatic field can be estimated not only in case of the destruction of the particles (dispersion), but also in case of the formation (growth) of drops during the expiration of the capillary. In order to confirm the provisions the authors developed the installation and technique to study the changes in the dispersion in dependence with the voltage value of high potential electrostatic field. The results of experimental studies are presented and experimental graphics are built for F5 bunker fuel and water-oil emulsions with different concentrations based on it. On the basis of the experimental data processed by correlation analysis method the authors obtained the mathematical model of diameter changes of the particles under the influence of an electrostatic field, which corresponds to the theory of electrostatic dispersion. The developed technique greatly simplifies the determination of the disperse characteristics of liquid fuel in case of electro-static dispersion.

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14

Lee, J. S., and L. P. Lee. "Effect of hemodilution on ventilatory fluctuations of pulmonary capillary blood volume." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 6 (December 1, 1988): 2571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.6.2571.

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By diluting the hematocrit (Ha) in the rabbit's circulation without changing its blood volume, we found that the ventilatory-induced fluctuation (delta rho) in the density of aortic blood and Ha (which was in the range of 8-39%) are related by this linear regression: delta rho = 0.63 g/l (-0.009 + Ha). In this hemodilution experiment, the rabbits were ventilated by an intermittent positive pressure of 6 mmHg at a frequency of 30-35 cycles/min. Based on the Fahraeus effect for capillary blood flows and the dispersion of the density indicator in the rabbit's central circulation, we computed from the fluctuation of the measured density within a ventilation cycle the fluctuation of pulmonary capillary blood volume and found it to be 4.1 +/- 0.4% of the capillary blood volume for all hematocrits. Since the same fluctuation in the airway pressure was used to induce the volumetric fluctuation, its independence of Ha indicates that the hemodilution has no effect on the viscoelasticity of pulmonary capillaries.

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15

Gross, Paul M. "Morphology and physiology of capillary systems in subregions of the subfornical organ and area postrema." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 69, no. 7 (July 1, 1991): 1010–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y91-152.

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From recent morphological and physiological studies of capillaries, I shall review four new or revised concepts about blood–tissue communication in the subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP). First, the capillary systems of SFO and AP exhibit subregional differentiation correlated topographically with cytoarchitecture, densities of immunoreactivity for several peptides and amines, cellular sensitivity to neuroactive substances, afferent neural terminations, and tissue metabolic activity. Thus, contrary to frequent citations, the angioarchitecture and microcirculatory physiology of these small sensory nuclei are not homogeneous. Second, electron microscopic, morphometric, and topographical studies reveal that SFO contains three different types of capillary and AP has two. The differentiated capillary morphology appears to be well organized for specialized functions particularly in SFO subregions. No other body organ or small tissue region is known to have such capillary diversity, further highlighting the complex functions served by SFO. Third, pools of interstitial fluid (Virchow–Robin spaces) surrounding type I and III capillaries in SFO and AP may participate in the receptive properties of these organs as low-resistance pathways for rapid dispersion of blood-borne hormones inside their organ boundaries. The parenchymal walls of Virchow–Robin spaces appear to harbour metabolic mechanisms for hormones such as angiotensin II, and thus could vastly extend the effective blood–brain surface area of permeable capillaries in SFO and AP. Fourth, SFO and AP bear similar physiological characteristics of high blood volume, yet relatively low rates of blood flow. Accordingly, intracapillary blood velocity must be quite slow in these organs, and the duration of transit by blood and circulating messengers rather protracted. This feature of slow blood transit time likely compounds the sensory capability of SFO and AP, rendering increased contact time for blood-borne hormones to penetrate the permeable capillaries of these structures and interact with their known dense populations of receptors for several homeostatic substances involved in regulation of blood pressure and body fluids.Key words: morphometry, topography, cytoarchitecture, fenestrations, vesicles, blood flow, permeability, blood volume, transit time, pericapillary spaces.

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16

Reshadi, Milad, and Mohammad Hassan Saidi. "Tuning the dispersion of reactive solute by steady and oscillatory electroosmotic–Poiseuille flows in polyelectrolyte-grafted micro/nanotubes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 880 (October 7, 2019): 73–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.628.

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This paper extends the analysis of solute dispersion in electrohydrodynamic flows to the case of band broadening in polyelectrolyte-grafted (soft) capillaries by accounting for the effects of ion partitioning, irreversible catalytic reaction and pulsatile flow actuation. In the Debye–Hückel limit, we present the benchmark solutions of electric potential and velocity distribution pertinent to steady and oscillatory mixed electroosmotic–pressure-driven flows in soft capillaries. Afterwards, the mathematical models of band broadening based on the Taylor–Aris theory and generalized dispersion method are presented to investigate the late-time asymptotic state and all-time evolution of hydrodynamic dispersion, respectively. Also, to determine the heterogeneous dispersion behaviour of solute through all spatiotemporal stages and to relax the constraint of small zeta potentials, a full-scale numerical simulation of time-dependent solute transport in soft capillaries is presented by employing the second-order-accurate finite difference method. Then, by inspecting the dispersion of passive tracer particles in Poiseuille flows, we examine the accuracy of two analytical approaches against the simulation results of a custom-built numerical algorithm. Our findings from hydrodynamic dispersion in Poiseuille flows reveal that, compared to rigid capillaries, more time is required to approach the longitudinal normality and transverse uniformity of injected solute in soft capillaries. For the case of dispersion in mixed electrohydrodynamic flows, it is found that the characteristics of the soft interface, including the thickness, permittivity, fixed charge density and friction coefficient of the polymer coating layer, play a significant role in determining the Taylor diffusion coefficient, advection speed and dispersion rate of solutes in soft capillaries.

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17

Chen, Zhen, and Sandip Ghosal. "Electromigration Dispersion in Capillary Electrophoresis." Bulletin of Mathematical Biology 74, no. 2 (December 7, 2011): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11538-011-9708-7.

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18

Datta, Ravindra, and Veerabhadra R. Kotamarthi. "Electrokinetic dispersion in capillary electrophoresis." AIChE Journal 36, no. 6 (June 1990): 916–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360613.

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19

Emőke, Rédai, Zsombori Mónika, Székely-Szentmiklósi Blanka, and Sipos Emese. "Solubility enhancement of atorvastatin by embedding in micro sized carrier." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 92, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2019-0004.

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Abstract The aim of this experimental work was the enhancement of water solubility of the lipid lowering atorvastatin, by embedding it in polymer based micro sized fibers obtained by electrospinning. We prepared a polyvinylpyrrolidone (Kollidon 90F®) dispersion and added the active substance. By setting the experimental parameters we obtained four different microfibers containing atorvastatin, and one without the drug. The pH, viscosity and conductivity of the dispersions have been measured. The drug content and dissolution of atorvastatin had been studied by capillary electrophoresis. The size and thermal behavior of the fibers was determined. The parameters of the microfibers are influenced by the experimental parameters of electrospinning. The micro-method for dissolution showed a twofold solubility enhancement.

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Laukmanis, Eva, Bastian Brück, Matthias Bauer, Judith Moosburger-Will, and Siegfried R. Horn. "Wetting Behavior of Carbon Fibers: Influence of Surface Activation and Sizing Type." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.457.

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To investigate the wetting behavior of unsized carbon fibers with a sizing dispersion and the wettability of sized fibers with the liquid polymeric resin, contact angle measurements by capillary rise experiments are performed by tensiometry. First, the sizing behavior of fibers with different degrees of surface activation is analyzed. Increasing activation levels result in increasing oxygen surface concentrations and accordingly increasing polar components of the surface energies. These conditions result in a better wettability of the higher activated fibers. Secondly, the influence of the type of sizing dispersion is addressed by using two water-based epoxy sizing dispersions, i.e. a standard epoxy sizing and an advanced functional epoxy sizing with high reactivity. Using the functional sizing the wettability is further improved. Finally, the influence of the sizing on the wettability of the carbon fibers by the matrix polymer during resin infiltration is investigated using the differently sized fibers and a liquid epoxy resin. Carbon fibers with functional sizing show improved wettability by the resin compared to fibers with standard sizing. The results show that the wetting behavior of carbon fibers with respect to sizing and polymer matrix can be controlled by a suitable choice of surface activation of the fibers and reactivity of the polymeric sizing dispersion.

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21

Vikhansky, A., and W. Wang. "Taylor dispersion in finite-length capillaries." Chemical Engineering Science 66, no. 4 (February 2011): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2010.11.019.

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22

Kassab, Ghassan S., Kha N. Le, and Yuan-Cheng B. Fung. "A hemodynamic analysis of coronary capillary blood flow based on anatomic and distensibility data." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 277, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): H2158—H2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.6.h2158.

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An understanding of cardiac health and disease requires knowledge of the various factors that control coronary capillary blood flow. An analysis of coronary capillary blood flow based on a complete set of actual data on the capillary anatomy and elasticity does not exist. Previously, a complete set of data on the branching pattern and the vascular geometry of the pig coronary capillary network were obtained in our laboratory. In the present study, we obtained distensibility data on the coronary capillary blood vessels on the epicardial surface in the form of a pressure-diameter relationship using intravital microscopy. A mathematical model of the coronary capillary blood flow was then constructed on the basis of measured anatomic and elasticity data of the coronary capillary network, rheology of blood, physical laws governing blood flow, and appropriate boundary conditions. The constructed model was used to examine the heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of coronary blood flow, which is an important issue in coronary physiology. One interesting result of the model is that the dispersions of pressure and flow are significantly reduced in the presence of capillary cross-connections, and the resistance to flow is reduced as well. Finally, we found that the compliance of the epicardial surface capillary vessels is so small that its effect on the blood pressure drop is negligible in the diastolic state. However, the compliance of the intramyocardial capillaries remains unknown, and the interaction of the muscle contraction and blood vessel elasticity in systole remains to be studied.

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23

Roberts, Glyn O., Percy H. Rhodes, and Robert S. Snyder. "Dispersion effects in capillary zone electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography A 480 (January 1989): 35–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84278-3.

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24

Erny, Guillaume L., Edmund T. Bergström, and David M. Goodall. "Electromigration dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis." Journal of Chromatography A 959, no. 1-2 (June 2002): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00454-5.

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Gallaher, David L., and Mitchell E. Johnson. "Characterization of a Rugged, Open-Gap Flow Cell for Confocal Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943374.

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Construction details and performance characteristics of an open-gap flow cell for fluorescence detection in capillary electrophoresis are described. The flow cell is created by separating two pieces of capillary by a small (90 μm) gap. The gap is surrounded with buffer and grounded, and the application of electric fields to both inlet and outlet capillaries causes the material in the inlet capillary to flow across the gap. The use of a simple confocal optical arrangement for laser-induced fluorescence detection allows straightforward application of the gap flow cell to detection in capillary electrophoresis. The signal-to-noise ratio is measured to be about a factor of 2 better than that for on-column confocal detection at nanomolar concentrations over a wide range of pinhole diameters. The detection limit for fluorescein isothiocyanate is in the low picomolar range. Detection of a simple mixture of amino acids that have been derivatized with fluorescein isothiocyan ate demonstrates the stability and utility of the gap. Increased tailing is observed with the gap cell, with average asymmetry of about 1.4 near the center of the gap. Dispersion characteristics as a function of position in the gap are interpreted as dilution of the analyte as it flows across the gap. Fortunately, resolution and theoretical plates, measured by using least-squares fitting, are not significantly different from on-column separations, in spite of the tailing.

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26

Matsumoto, K., and T. Tanaka. "Basic Study of Extensional Flow Mixing for the Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes in Polypropylene by Using Capillary Extrusion." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 4 (September 1, 2021): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-4022.

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Abstract This study evaluated the mixing effect of simple uniaxial extensional flow for the dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into polypropylene (PP) as a nonpolar matrix. An only converging flow allowed for a high strain rate and was suitable for the compounding process. The extensional flow was characterized from the entrance pressure drop (ΔP0) at the converging section. Thus, in this study, capillary extrusion was employed to generate uniaxial extensional flow. Based on the hypothesis that the dispersion of nanofillers depends on the magnitude of flow-induced stress, ΔP0, which related to extensional stress, was measured directly during capillary extrusion by using an orifice die. The influences of the mass flow rate and the hole diameter in the orifice die, which affected ΔP0, on the extrusion of PP nanocomposites with an MWCNT loading of 1.0 wt.% were studied. The extruded samples were collected, and the dispersion state was evaluated based on the melt viscoelastic properties, volume resistivity, and morphological observations by optical microscopy (OM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The agglomeration area of the MWCNTs decreased with higher ΔP0 (higher mass flow rate and smaller hole diameter), which increased the uniformity of the dispersion. Moreover, the influence of the length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of the hole in the capillary die on the dispersion state of the MWCNTs was investigated. A higher L/D ratio of the capillary die did not improve the dispersion state, although shear and extensional stresses were provided.

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27

Swanson, L. W., and G. C. Herdt. "Model of the Evaporating Meniscus in a Capillary Tube." Journal of Heat Transfer 114, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2911292.

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A mathematical model describing the evaporating meniscus in a capillary tube has been formulated incorporating the full three-dimensional Young–Laplace equation, Marangoni convection, London–van der Waals dispersion forces, and nonequilibrium interface conditions. The results showed that varying the dimensionless superheat had no apparent effect on the meniscus profile. However, varying the dispersion number produced a noticeable change in the meniscus profile, but only at the microscopic level near the tube wall. No change in the apparent contact angle was observed with changes in the dimensionless superheat or dispersion number. In all cases, the dimensionless mean curvature was asymptotic to a value equal to that for a hemispherical meniscus. The local interfacial mass flux and total mass transfer rate increased dramatically as the dispersion number was increased, suggesting that surface coatings can play an important role in improving or degrading capillary pumping. The model also predicted that the local capillary pressure remains constant and equal to 2σ/rc regardless of changes in the dimensionless superheat and dispersion number. It should be noted that the results in this study are theoretical in nature and require experimental verification.

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28

Thulasidas, T. C., M. A. Abraham, and R. L. Cerro. "Dispersion during bubble-train flow in capillaries." Chemical Engineering Science 54, no. 1 (January 1999): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(98)00240-1.

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29

Sobrino, Luis de, and Jože Peternelj. "On capillary waves in the gradient theory of interfaces." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-020.

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We have solved the equations of motion for an inhomogeneous, nondissipative fluid linearized about a two-phase solution in order to determine the dispersion relation for capillary waves of long wavelength. The solution is reasonably rigorous in that no physical assumptions have been introduced. We find that, in accordance with the results of Turski and Langer and contrary to other workers' claims, the dispersion relation agrees with classical capillary theory only if thermal effects are included.

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30

Ghosal, Sandip. "ELECTROKINETIC FLOW AND DISPERSION IN CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38, no. 1 (January 2006): 309–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092053.

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31

Cottet, Hervé, Jean-Philippe Biron, and Michel Martin. "On the optimization of operating conditions for Taylor dispersion analysis of mixtures." Analyst 139, no. 14 (2014): 3552–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4an00192c.

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In this work, we investigate the possibility of optimizing the operating conditions, namely mobilizing pressure, capillary length and capillary radius, for performing Taylor dispersion analysis on solutes having hydrodynamic diameters between 1 and 100 nm.

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32

Kašička, Václav, Zdeněk Prusík, Bohuslav Gaš, and Milan Štědrý. "Contribution of capillary coiling to zone dispersion in capillary zone electrophoresis." Electrophoresis 16, no. 1 (1995): 2034–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601332.

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33

Sobrino, Luis De. "Note on capillary waves in the gradient theory of interfaces." Canadian Journal of Physics 63, no. 8 (August 1, 1985): 1132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p85-184.

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The calculation of the dispersion relation for capillary waves in the gradient theory of interfaces has been generalized to the case in which the gradient term in the free energy depends on temperature. The dispersion relation is found to agree with the classical theory.

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34

Wang, Ru, Dao Xun Ma, and Pei Ming Wang. "Waterproof Performance of Polymer-Modified Cement Mortar." Advanced Materials Research 687 (April 2013): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.687.213.

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This paper tested the capillary water absorption, impermeability and cracking of cement mortars modified with three polymers respectively and founded the correlation of cracking with the waterproof performance. The results show that with the polymer content increasing, especially as the polymer/cement ratio (mp/mc) increases from 0% to 5%, the reduction in the capillary water absorption and the penetration depth of water into mortar is significant. When the mp/mc is more than 15%, the increase of the mp/mc in all mortars has little effect on the capillary water absorption and the penetration depth. For the purpose of reducing the cracking weighted value, the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) dispersion and the styrene-acrylic copolymer (SAE) powder are superior to the SAE dispersion. Regardless what kinds of polymers, the capillary water absorption and the penetration depth of water into mortar show exponential growth with the increasing cracking weighted value.

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35

Sivanesapillai, Rakulan, and Holger Steeb. "Fluid Interfaces during Viscous-Dominated Primary Drainage in 2D Micromodels Using Pore-Scale SPH Simulations." Geofluids 2018 (June 14, 2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8269645.

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We perform pore-scale resolved direct numerical simulations of immiscible two-phase flow in porous media to study the evolution of fluid interfaces. Using a Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics approach, we simulate saturation-controlled primary drainage in heterogeneous, partially wettable 2D porous microstructures. While imaging the evolution of fluid interfaces near capillary equilibrium becomes more feasible as fast X-ray tomography techniques mature, imaging methods with suitable temporal resolution for viscous-dominated flow have only recently emerged. In this work, we study viscous fingering and stable displacement processes. During viscous fingering, pore-scale flow fields are reminiscent of Bretherton annular flow, that is, the less viscous phase percolates through the core of a pore-throat forming a hydrodynamic wetting film. Even in simple microstructures wetting films have major impact on the evolution of fluid interfacial area and are observed to give rise to nonnegligible interfacial viscous coupling. Although macroscopically appearing flat, saturation fronts during stable displacement extend over the length of the capillary dispersion zone. While far from the dispersion zone fluid permeation obeys Darcy’s law, the interplay of viscous and capillary forces is found to render fluid flow within complex. Here we show that the characteristic length scale of the capillary dispersion zone increases with the heterogeneity of the microstructure.

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36

Audi, S. H., J. H. Linehan, G. S. Krenz, C. A. Dawson, S. B. Ahlf, and D. L. Roerig. "Estimation of the pulmonary capillary transport function in isolated rabbit lungs." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.1004.

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Recently, we presented a method for estimating the pulmonary capillary volume and transport function based on the use of a reference indicator and two or more indicators that rapidly equilibrate (radially) with the tissue (i.e., the concentrations in the vascular and extravascular spaces at a given axial location are in equilibrium) during transit through the capillaries in a bolus-injection indicator dilution method (S. H. Audi, G. S. Krenz, J. H. Linehan, D. A. Rickaby, and C. A. Dawson. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:332–351, 1994). The objectives of the present study were 1) to determine whether [14C]diazepam and [3H]alfentanil equilibrate sufficiently rapidly between the vascular space and tissue and with sufficiently different pulmonary extra-vascular mean residence times to be used in a single bolus to estimate the pulmonary capillary volume and transport function using this method and 2) to estimate the pulmonary capillary volume and transit time distribution in isolated perfused rabbit lungs. Both [14C]diazepam and [3H]alfentanil were found to be rapidly equilibrating indicators by the criteria that, over a wide range of flow rates, their respective venous effluent concentration curves were nearly congruent on a time scale normalized to the lung mean transit time for the reference indicator (fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran). In addition, at a given plasma albumin concentration, [14C]diazepam had a significantly longer extravascular mean residence time than [3H]alfentanil, e.g., at 6% plasma albumin concentration, the extravascular mean residence time of [14C]diazepam was more than twice that of [3H]alfentanil. On average, the estimated pulmonary capillary volume for a 2.7-kg was approximately 4.2 ml or approximately 44% of the total pulmonary vascular volume (9.5 ml). The relative dispersion of the pulmonary capillary transport function of the rabbit was approximately 90%.

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37

Fuglevand, Andrew J., and Steven S. Segal. "Simulation of motor unit recruitment and microvascular unit perfusion: spatial considerations." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 1223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1223.

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Fuglevand, Andrew J., and Steven S. Segal. Simulation of motor unit recruitment and microvascular unit perfusion: spatial considerations. J. Appl. Physiol.83(4): 1223–1234, 1997.—Muscle fiber activity is the principal stimulus for increasing capillary perfusion during exercise. The control elements of perfusion, i.e., microvascular units (MVUs), supply clusters of muscle fibers, whereas the control elements of contraction, i.e., motor units, are composed of fibers widely scattered throughout muscle. The purpose of this study was to examine how the discordant spatial domains of MVUs and motor units could influence the proportion of open capillaries (designated as perfusion) throughout a muscle cross section. A computer model simulated the locations of perfused MVUs in response to the activation of up to 100 motor units in a muscle with 40,000 fibers and a cross-sectional area of 100 mm2. The simulation increased contraction intensity by progressive recruitment of motor units. For each step of motor unit recruitment, the percentage of active fibers and the number of perfused MVUs were determined for several conditions: 1) motor unit fibers widely dispersed and motor unit territories randomly located (which approximates healthy human muscle), 2) regionalized motor unit territories, 3) reversed recruitment order of motor units, 4) densely clustered motor unit fibers, and 5) increased size but decreased number of motor units. The simulations indicated that the widespread dispersion of motor unit fibers facilitates complete capillary (MVU) perfusion of muscle at low levels of activity. The efficacy by which muscle fiber activity induced perfusion was reduced 7- to 14-fold under conditions that decreased the dispersion of active fibers, increased the size of motor units, or reversed the sequence of motor unit recruitment. Such conditions are similar to those that arise in neuromuscular disorders, with aging, or during electrical stimulation of muscle, respectively.

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38

Zhang, Wenjing, Haimei Wu, Rongkai Zhang, Xiang Fang, and Wei Xu. "Structure and effective charge characterization of proteins by a mobility capillary electrophoresis based method." Chemical Science 10, no. 33 (2019): 7779–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sc02039j.

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39

Christov, Ivan C. "Nonlinear waves in electromigration dispersion in a capillary." Wave Motion 71 (June 2017): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2016.06.011.

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40

Lappalainen, Katja, Ville Alopaeus, Mikko Manninen, and Sirpa Kallio. "MODELLING OF LIQUID DISPERSION IN TRICKLE-BED REACTORS: CAPILLARY PRESSURE GRADIENTS AND MECHANICAL DISPERSION." Multiphase Science and Technology 21, no. 1-2 (2009): 65–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/multscientechn.v21.i1-2.60.

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41

Kurz, F. T., T. Kampf, L. R. Buschle, S. Heiland, H. P. Schlemmer, M. Bendszus, and C. H. Ziener. "CPMG relaxation rate dispersion in dipole fields around capillaries." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 34, no. 7 (September 2016): 875–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2016.03.016.

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42

Charlaix, E., and H. Gayvallet. "Hydrodynamic Dispersion in Networks of Capillaries of Random Permeability." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 16, no. 3 (September 14, 1991): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/16/3/007.

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43

Levchik, V. M., M. F. Zui, and V. N. Zaitsev. "Capillary and dispersive microextraction of diphenylketones." Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology 36, no. 5 (September 2014): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1063455x14050038.

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44

De Jong, G. J., N. Lammers, F. J. Spruit, C. Dewaele, and M. Verzele. "Low-dispersion chemiluminescence detection for packed capillary liquid chromatography." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 10 (May 15, 1987): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00137a018.

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45

Behroozi, F., J. Smith, and W. Even. "Effect of viscosity on dispersion of capillary–gravity waves." Wave Motion 48, no. 2 (March 2011): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2010.09.002.

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46

Ren, Bo, and Hoonyoung Jeong. "Buoyant and countercurrent flow of CO2 with capillary dispersion." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 195 (December 2020): 107922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107922.

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47

Klenk, I. D., and P. Grathwohl. "Transverse vertical dispersion in groundwater and the capillary fringe." Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 58, no. 1-2 (September 2002): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-7722(02)00011-6.

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48

Silebi, Cesar A., and Jose G. Dosramos. "Axial dispersion of submicron particles in capillary hydrodynamic fractionation." AIChE Journal 35, no. 8 (August 1989): 1351–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690350814.

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49

Keely, Catherine A., Robert R. Holloway, Tom A. A. M. van de Goor, and Douglass McManigill. "Dispersion in capillary electrophoresis with external flow control methods." Journal of Chromatography A 652, no. 1 (October 1993): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80670-4.

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50

Shorstkii, Ivan A., Alexey G. Zherlicin, and Peifeng Li. "Impact of pulsed electric field and pulsed microwave treatment on morphological and structural characteristics of sunflower seed." OCL 26 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2019048.

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This paper presents the morphological capillary-porous structure analysis of sunflower seed, using X-ray microtomography in the longitudinal and transverse section and FESEM analysis of the surface microstructure after novel technologies treatment. Two types of treatment are considered: pulsed electric field treatment that has electroporation effect of the oil cell structure and pulsed microwave treatment that affects the internal structure. The main characteristic of the capillary-porous structure of oil-bearing material is given. Air cavities in the structure of the sunflower kernels were observed using X-ray microtomography. The influence of a pulsed electric field treatment on structure integrity of sunflower cells has been obtained with the creation of a material that has a greater permeability for diffusion processes. Experimentally was determined that over 2500 electric pores were formed on an area of 1 cm2 as a result of a pulsed electric field treatment. In the case of a pulsed electric field treatment, the oil seed body model can be represented as a bi-dispersed structure with the addition micro capillaries, formed by an electric field. It was experimentally defined that pulsed microwave treatment affected of internal seed structure. Denaturation of proteins and breakage of oil globules after pulsed microwave treatment decreased dispersion of the sizes of particles approximately twice with 35.3 μm2 up to 18.1 μm2. The data obtained are of interest not only for the technology of processing oilseeds but also for the analysis of novel emerging technologies.

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