Academic literature on the topic 'Displacement of Crust'
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Journal articles on the topic "Displacement of Crust"
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Wandrol, Ivo, Karel Frydrýšek, and Daniel Čepica. "Analysis of the Influence of Thermal Loading on the Behaviour of the Earth’s Crust." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (2023): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074367.
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The article focuses on the deformation and strain-stress analysis of the Earth’s crust under external thermal loading. More specifically, the influence of cyclic changes in the surface temperature field on the stress and displacement inside the crust over a two-year time span is investigated. The finite element program MSC.Marc Mentat was used to calculate the stresses and displacements. For practical analysis reasons, the Earth’s crust is simplified as a planar, piecewise homogeneous, isotropic model (plane strain), and time-varying temperature functions of illumination (thermal radiation) from the Sun are considered in the local isotropy sections of the model. Interaction between the Earth’s crust and mantle is defined by the Winkler elastic foundation. By applying a probabilistic approach (Monte Carlo Method), a new stochastic model of displacements and stresses and new information on crustal displacements relative to the Earth’s mantle were obtained. The results proved the heating influence of the Sun on the Earth’s crust and plate tectonics.
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, A. V. Timofeev, and E. V. Boiko. "MODERN MOVEMENTS OF THE CRUST SURFACE IN GORNY ALTAI FROM GPS DATA." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 1 (2019): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-1-0407.
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In 2000–2017, the GPS technology was first applied to study inter-seismic, co-seismic and post-seismic processes in the crust of the Altai Mountains (Gorny Altai). Our study aims at investigating the fields of displacement and deformation in the Gorny Altai region as a part of Asia.The 3D displacement fields are reconstructed for the period before the M 7.3 Chuya earthquake that occurred in the southern sector of the Altai GPS network (49° to 55°N, and 81° to 89°E)on 27 September 2003.Anomalous behavior features are discovered in the displacement orientations, as well as in the distribution of velocities and deformation in the zone of the future earthquake.The spatial displacement pattern defined for the period of co-seismic displacements corresponds to the right-lateral strike-slip along the vertical fault. The fault depth is estimated using the elastic model and the experimental data (change in displacement from 0.30 m to 0.02 m at the distances of 14 km and 84 km from the fault, respectively); it amounts to 8–10 km.The co-seismic deformation field is investigated.In the post-seismic stage (2004–2017), displacements revealedin the epicentral zone show the right-lateral strike-slip along the fault at the rate of 2 mm/yr. Therefore, two-layer viscoelastic models can be considered. The estimated viscosity of the lower crust ranges from 6×1019to 3×1020Pa×s, and the elastic upper crust thickness is 25 km. Analyzed are modern movements in the Gorny Altai region outside the Chuya earthquake area.The results of our study show that modern horizontal displacements occur in the NNW direction at the rate of 1.1 mm/yr, which is twice lower than the displacement rate before the earthquake.
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Tretyak, Kornyliy, Ivan Brusak, and Volodymyr Babchenko. "Recent deformations of the Earth's crust in Ukraine based on GNSS network data from GEOTERRACE AND SYSTEM.NET." Geodynamics 2(37)2024, no. 2(37) (2024): 56–68. https://doi.org/10.23939/jgd2024.02.056.
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The paper analyzes the recent trends of horizontal and vertical displacements of Ukraine's territory based on the GeoTerrace and System.Net GNSS network data. This includes the construction of relevant movement maps and the selection of deformation zones of the upper crust. The object of research is horizontal and vertical deformations of the upper crust. The goal is to identify and analyze deformation zones in Ukraine's territory. The source data includes the horizontal and vertical displacement rates of GNSS stations from the GeoTerrace network for 2018 to 2023 and the System.Net network for 2021 to 2023. This data is complemented by known tectonic map of the territory, sourced from the National Atlas of Ukraine, along with descriptive materials. The methodology includes comparison and analysis of recent deformations of the Earth's crust in the region with its known tectonic structure. New maps of recent horizontal displacement velocities of Ukraine's upper crust have been created, along with vertical displacement velocities of GNSS stations. These studies indicate that the recent horizontal movements within Ukraine are complex and closely linked to the known tectonic structure. Additionally, these movements were compared with regional model values derived from the ITRF-2020 model. Most GNSS stations have vertical subsidence trend, likely due to denudation processes. This study outlines the recent movements of the Earth's crust, however, a detailed interpretation should incorporate additional data from specialists in the Earth sciences. When observed over extended time intervals, the measured velocities of GNSS stations will help identify the spatial distribution characteristics of Earth's crust movement across Ukraine. This, in turn, will facilitate the development of regional geodynamic models for specific tectonic structures or regions, including Ukraine as a whole. Such models hold practical significance for advancing accurate navigation through precise positioning using networks of active GNSS stations.
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Carlotto, Mark. "Toward a New Theory of Earth Crustal Displacement." Journal of Scientific Exploration 36, no. 1 (2022): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20221621.
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Snapshot/Lay Summary—In 1958 Charles Hapgood proposed that mass imbalances created by a buildup of polar ice could displace the earth’s crust over the mantle and that resulting pole shifts were the cause of catastrophic climate changes and ice ages. We contrast the first part of his theory with plate tectonics and true polar wander and propose a new mechanism that is triggered by short-term reversals of the geomagnetic field that “unlock” the crust from the mantle, driven by earth–moon–sun tidal forces, the same forces that move earth’s oceans. It is shown that by combining a modified version of the second part of Hapgood’s theory with elements of existing climate theories it may be possible to account for periodic sea-level changes associated with the buildup and melting of polar ice over past glacial cycles with a combination of Milanković cycles and Hapgood pole shifts.
 
 Abstract—In previous studies of more than two hundred archaeological sites, it was discovered that the alignments of almost half of the sites could not be explained, and about 80% of the unexplained sites appear to reference four locations within 30° of the North Pole. Based on their correlation with Hapgood’s estimated positions of the North Pole over the past 100,000 years, we proposed that, by association, sites aligned to these locations could be tens to hundreds of thousands of years old. That such an extraordinary claim rests on Hapgood’s unproven theory of earth crustal displacement/pole shifts is problematic, even given the extraordinary number of aligned sites (more than several hundred) that have been discovered thus far. Using a numerical model we test his hypothesis that mass imbalances in the crust due to a buildup of polar ice are sufficient to displace the crust to the extent required in his theory. We discover in the process that the crust is not currently in equilibrium with the whole earth in terms of its moments of inertia. Based on a review of the literature that reveals a possible connection between the timing of short-term reversals of the geomagnetic field (geomagnetic excursions), super-volcanic eruptions, and glacial events, we hypothesize that crustal displacements might be triggered by geomagnetic excursions that “unlock” the crust from the mantle to the extent that available forces, specifically earth–moon–sun tidal forces, the same forces that move earth’s oceans, can displace the crust over the mantle. It is demonstrated how such a model, when combined with existing climate change theory, may be able to explain periodic changes in sea level associated with the buildup and melting of polar ice over past glacial cycles by a combination of Milanković cycles and Hapgood pole shifts.
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Dung, Tran Tuan, R. G. Kulinich, Ngo Thi Bich Tram, et al. "PRESENT-DAY STRESS FIELD AND RELATIVE DISPLACEMENT TENDENCY OF THE EARTH'S CRUST IN THE PARACEL ISLANDS AND ADJACENT AREA." Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 18, no. 4 (2019): 460–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/4/13665.
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Present-day stress filed in the Hoang Sa archipelago and adjacent areas is determined through the earthquake’s focal mechanism parameters that have been recorded during a time period of more than 100 years. The geometric parameters of the faults (such as the location, strike and dip angles as well as depth, length…) are determined by satellite-derived gravity, seismic data and stress fields. In this study, predictive determination of the magnitude and tendency of the relative displacement of the Earth’s crust is carried out by calculating and assessing the relationship between the stress fields and fault’s geometric parameters. On the basis of the Earth’s crust relative displacement, the geodynamic mechanism of the Hoang Sa archipelago and adjacent areas through the different geological periods can be rebuilt. Magnitude and tendency of the relative displacement of the Earth’s crust are represented by the color spectrum and the vector’s magnitude. Although the displacement appears in the whole region, its intensities are different in particular areas that have the faults systems with different grades.
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Kojima, Yasufumi. "Accumulation of Elastic Strain toward Crustal Fracture in Magnetized Neutron Stars." Astrophysical Journal 938, no. 2 (2022): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac9184.
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Abstract This study investigates elastic deformation driven by the Hall drift in a magnetized neutron-star crust. Although the dynamic equilibrium initially holds without elastic displacement, the magnetic-field evolution changes the Lorentz force over a secular timescale, which inevitably causes the elastic deformation to settle in a new force balance. Accordingly, elastic energy is accumulated, and the crust is eventually fractured beyond a particular threshold. We assume that the magnetic field is axially symmetric, and we explicitly calculate the breakup time, maximum elastic energy stored in the crust, and spatial shear–stress distribution. For the barotropic equilibrium of a poloidal dipole field expelled from the interior core without a toroidal field, the breakup time corresponds to a few years for the magnetars with a magnetic-field strength of ∼1015 G; however, it exceeds 1 Myr for normal radio pulsars. The elastic energy stored in the crust before the fracture ranges from 1041 to 1045 erg, depending on the spatial-energy distribution. Generally, a large amount of energy is deposited in a deep crust. The energy released at a fracture is typically ∼1041 erg when the rearrangement of elastic displacements occurs only in the fragile shallow crust. The amount of energy is comparable to the outburst energy on the magnetars.
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Khalimonchik, D. A., A. A. Silaeva, and A. A. Panzhin. "Study of modern movements of the Earth's crust The Kola Peninsula and Karelia according to satellite observations." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 18, 2022): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2022-1-38-44.
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Issues of safety of operation of subsoil use objects are one of the most important tasks of engineering geology. Thanks to the development of satellite geodesy technologies, it became possible to obtain data on the current movements of the earth's crust at different scale levels with sub-centimeter accuracy. The article is devoted to the issues of deformation monitoring of the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. There are many industrial enterprises in this area. Mining has a man-made impact on the earth's crust, which must be monitored. The purpose of the study is to study the horizontal movements of the earth's crust of the territory under consideration. Thanks to constant observations at various satellite stations, their speeds of movement were obtained. The results of satellite observations were processed using the Elcut program. As a result of processing by the finite element method, displacement vectors, strain tensors and a color scheme of horizontal displacements were obtained.
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Guseva, T. V., and L. Latynina. "GEODYNAMICS." GEODYNAMICS 1(6)2007, no. 1(6) (2007): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jgd2007.01.005.
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The important problems of the GPS measurements are the searches of the earthquake precursors and study of irreversible and varying displacement of the Earth crust, due to the strongest earthquakes. With development of GPS systems and improvement of satellite technologies of measurements and methods of processing there was possible to in detail register the processes occurring during activization of seismicity. GPS measurement with the large frequency of registration of satellite signals are the powerful tool of study longperiodical waves at the strongest earthquakes. There are considered the examples of registration of the irreversible and coseismical horizontal displacements and deformations of the Earth crust surface arising during the tectonical processes, accompanied the strong earthquakes (Izmit by 1999, Alaska 2002, Sumatra 2004 etc.).
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Timofeev, V. Yu, D. G. Ardyukov, and A. V. Timofeev. "Variation of displacement fields and Gorny Altai seismic regime." Vulkanologiâ i sejsmologiâ, no. 4 (December 16, 2024): 54–69. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0203030624040048.
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More than twenty years of crust motion measurements by space geodesy method include different epochs of Gorny Altai seismic process. Our study aims at investigating the fields of displacement and deformation in the Gorny Altai region, where we have 20 points-net, situated on big territory, from Novosibirsk in North to Molgolian border at South, and from Kazahstan border at West, to Sayan Mountains at East. Chuya earthquake (September, 2003) separated study period (2000‒2022) to several epochs: pre-seismic – 2000‒2003; 2003‒2004 co-seismic period for epicentral zone; 2004‒2013 post-seismic period for epicentral zone and 2000‒2022 period for far-zone without of earthquake influence. Long term data analyses by modern special program. Anomalous behavior features are discovered in the displacement orientations, as well as in the distribution of velocities and deformation in the zone of the future earthquake. The spatial displacement pattern defined for the period of coseismic displacements corresponds to the right‐lateral strike‐slip along the vertical fault. Elastic and viscoelastic models (2D and 3D modification) used for interpretation. Depth of hypocenter was estimated as 14 km with 2 m relative shift on the seismic fault. In frame of two layers model the viscosity of lower crust ranges 5·1019‒1.1·1020 Pa·s for different elastic modulus parameters. The results of our study show that modern horizontal displacements occur in the NNW direction at the rate of 0.8 mm/y for mountain part outside the Chuya earthquake epicenters zone. Velocity of area deformation at mountain part was 2·10–8/y and it is one order more than the value at flat territory situated to North from Gorny Altai.
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Gapeev, Maksim, Alexandra Solodchuk, and Roman Parovik. "Stochastic Strike-Slip Fault as Earthquake Source Model." Mathematics 11, no. 18 (2023): 3932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11183932.
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It is known that the source of a tectonic earthquake in the framework of the theory of elasticity and viscoelasticity is considered to be displacement along a certain fault surface. Usually, when describing a source, the geometry of the fault surface is simplified to a flat rectangular area. The displacement vector is assumed to be constant. In this paper, we propose a model of an earthquake source in the form of a displacement with a constant vector along a stochastic uneven surface. A number of standard assumptions are made during the modeling. We take into account only the elastic properties of the medium. We consider the Earth’s crust as a half-space and assume that the medium is homogeneous and isotropic. For the mathematical description of the earthquake source, we use the classical force equivalent of displacement along the fault. This is the distribution of double pairs of forces. The field of displacements under the action of body forces is found through a combination of Mindlin nuclei of strain. The paper presents numerical analytic solutions for displacement along the strike-slip fault corresponding to one of an earthquake source mechanism. We propose to introduce a random deformation of a rectangular flat fault surface. The paper shows the results of a computational experiment comparing the levels and regions of relative deformations of the Earth’s crust in the case of displacement along a flat fault surface and along a stochastic uneven one. In the case of a stochastic fault surface, the regions of relative deformations become asymmetric. Such differences from the classical case can be useful for an explanation as to why in some cases the simulation results differ from the results of observations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Displacement of Crust"
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Zoran, Sušić. "Geodinamička analiza pomeranja Zemljine kore regionalnog karaktera." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/NS20131224SUSIC.
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Stanje Zemljine kore određeno je istovremenim i suprotstavljenim uticajemendodinamičkih i egzodinamičkih procesa. Površinski slojevi omotačaZemljine kore su u stalnom pokretu pod dejstvom uticaja, kao što supromena nivoa podzemnih voda, tektonske pojave, klizišta itd. Značajnedeformacije mogu se javiti kao posledica niza regionalnih i lokalnihnaponskih stanja, posebno u graničnim zonama litosfernih ploča, gde seakumuliraju naponi i javljaju nelinearne innterseizmičke deformacije. Udisertaciji je prikazano istraživanje pomeranja Zemljine kore regionalnogkaraktera sa geodetskog aspekta, na osnovu ponovljenih opažanja metodomsatelitskog pozicioniranja, čime je dat doprinos multidisciplinarnomrazumevanju stanja Zemljine kore.<br>The state of the Earth’s crust is determined by the simultaneous and opposedinfluence of the endodynamic and exodynamic processes. The surface layers ofthe Earth’s crust envelope are in the state of permanent moving due to diversinfluences, such as the level variation of underground waters, tectonicphenomena, landslides, etc. Significant deformations can arise as a consequenceof a number of regional and local strain states, especially in the boundary zonesof lithosphere plates where strains are accumulated and non-linear interseismicdeformations appear. The subject of the thesis is a study of movements of theEarth’s crust of regional character from the aspect of geodesy, on the basis ofrepeated observations by applying the satellite positioning method. In this way acontribution is given to a multidisciplinary concept of the state of the Earth’s crust.
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Aquili, Tommaso. "The Austerical City. : London at the crush test of austerity." Thesis, KTH, Urbana och regionala studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-239012.
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In the UK, the unprecedented cuts to local budgets, implemented by the national governments from 2010 to the present day, have pushed local authorities to reconsider their scope, their role and their action. The ever decreasing budgets have de facto transformed local councils from service providers to territorial entrepreneurs, as the pressing pursuit of revenues has placed the economic profit at the core of the local policy-making. Urban planning plays a central role in this shift in mindset. The British planning system has been remodelled so to facilitate the implementation of development processes, as these grant revenues from planning obligations, uplifts in land values and higher income from taxes. The reform of the planning system has however conceded free rein to developers, especially through the introduction of the Development Viability Appraisal, a document which they use to reduce the provision of affordable housing, in favour of luxury housing tenures. Therefore, in London the mechanisms that rule the territorial transformations exacerbate the existing housing crisis and force local communities to face displacement. Austerity has thus initiated a cascade-effect whose negative externalities are tangible at the very local level. The emerged topics find their concretization in the description of the Heygate Estate regeneration.
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Thoué, Frédéric. "Quantification par imagerie tridimensionnelle de l'extension continentale et des déplacements associés : exemples au Kenya et au Yémen." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10200.
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La description de la geometrie et de la distribution des structures fragiles presentes dans les rifts contribuent a la comprehension des mecanismes de la deformation extensive a l'echelle de la lithosphere. Une analyse quantitative est envisagee sur une portion du rift est-africain (gregory rift au kenya) et sur la marge est de la mer rouge (yemen), a partir de donnees structurales, d'images satellitaires et de donnees topographiques. Les etudes de terrain permettent de preciser la geometrie et la chronologie des deformations pour chaque objet etudie (kenya ou yemen). Le traitement puis l'interpretation des images numeriques spot ou landsat permet (i) de completer les etudes structurales de terrain et de les integrer a petite echelle, (ii) de quantifier la distribution en 2d des failles sur le gregory rift. Ces etudes en 2d s'averent insuffisantes pour la quantification de l'extension. L'utilisation de modeles numeriques de terrain obtenus par auto-correlation de couples stereoscopiques spot conduit a la reconstitution de l'etat initial, ante-deformation, des systemes de blocs bascules qui se developpent au yemen. La restauration de l'etat initial des blocs bascules comporte une etape de basculement ou de depliage selon le modele realise, et une etape d'ajustement manuel des blocs entre eux. L'ajustement est realise en tenant compte de la forme des blocs ou des trajectoires de deformation donnees par le depliage des structures. La comparaison de l'etat initial restaure et la connaissance de l'etat final deforme permet une approche cinematique de l'extension, en terme de deplacements finis. La quantite d'extension est determinee. Les champs de deplacements 2d sont traces pour chaque secteur etudie. Les deplacements 3d sont calcules et projetes sur les plans de failles separant les blocs bascules, afin de calculer le tenseur de contraintes associe. L'interpretation des resultats obtenus fournit (i) les limites de validite de la methode de quantification, (ii) un modele de decoupage en blocs crustaux du sud de la plaque arabique, (iii) la geometrie des phases precoces lors de l'ouverture du golfe d'aden
Book chapters on the topic "Displacement of Crust"
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Guimarães, G. N., D. Blitzkow, A. C. O. C. de Matos, F. G. V. Almeida, and A. C. B. Barbosa. "Analysis of the Crust Displacement in Amazon Basin." In Geodesy for Planet Earth. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20338-1_111.
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Torske, Tore. "Terrane Displacement and Sveconorvegian Rotation of the Baltic Shield: A Working Hypothesis." In The Deep Proterozoic Crust in the North Atlantic Provinces. Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5450-2_20.
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Sigda, John M., Laurel B. Goodwin, Peter S. Mozley, and John L. Wilson. "Permeability alteration in small-displacement faults in poorly lithified sediments: Rio Grande Rift, Central New Mexico." In Faults and Subsurface Fluid Flow in the Shallow Crust. American Geophysical Union, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm113p0051.
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Ruzhich, Valery V., and Evgeny V. Shilko. "A New Method for Seismically Safe Managing of Seismotectonic Deformations in Fault Zones." In Springer Tracts in Mechanical Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60124-9_3.
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AbstractThe authors outline the results of long-term interdisciplinary research aimed at identifying the possibility and the methods of controlling tangential displacements in seismically dangerous faults to reduce the seismic risk of potential earthquakes. The studies include full-scale physical and numerical modeling of P-T conditions in the earth’s crust contributing to the initiation of displacement in the stick-slip regime and associated seismic radiation. A cooperation of specialists in physical mesomechanics, seismogeology, geomechanics, and tribology made it possible to combine and generalize data on the mechanisms for the formation of the sources of dangerous earthquakes in the highly stressed segments of faults. We consider the prospect of man-caused actions on the deep horizons of fault zones using powerful shocks or vibrations in combination with injecting aqueous solutions through deep wells to manage the slip mode. We show that such actions contribute to a decrease in the coseismic slip velocity in the fault zone, and, therefore, cause a decrease in the amplitude and energy of seismic vibrations. In conclusion, we substantiate the efficiency of the use of combined impacts on potentially seismically hazardous segments of fault zones identified in the medium-term seismic prognosis. Finally, we discuss the importance of the full-scale validation of the proposed approach to managing the displacement regime in highly-stressed segments of fault zones. Validation should be based on large-scale tests involving advanced technologies for drilling deep multidirectional wells, injection of complex fluids, and localized vibrational or pulse impacts on deep horizons.
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Wang, Libo, Weijun Cen, Dongliang Wang, and Jie Tang. "Seismic Safety of a High Geomembrane Faced Soft Rockfill Dam on Overburden Subjected to Strong Earthquake." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7251-3_8.
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Abstract3D dynamic finite element calculation is carried out for a 161 m high geomembrane faced soft rockfill dam on overburden in a strong earthquake area. The dynamic response of the dam is obtained. The horizontal dynamic displacement is relatively more significant. The maximum vertical permanent deformation and deflection of geomembrane occur at the dam crest near the maximum dam cross section. The tensile strain of geomembrane increases significantly at the dig-fill junction and the reverse arc section. The maximum tensile strain of geomembrane is 1.52%, and the safety factor of geomembrane tensile strain is greater than the allowable value. Even subjected to the strong earthquake, the geomembrane slab can effectively coordinate the deformation with the dam body and deep overburden and the dam can be in a safe operation state.
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Zhao, Fei, Shaoyu Zhao, and Shuli Fan. "Effect of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete on Dynamic Response of Concrete Gravity Dam Under Earthquakes." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_35.
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AbstractAutoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) is commonly used in lower floors buildings in low seismicity areas due to its lightweight property and high energy absorption capacity. This paper proposes a novel application of AAC as an effective seismic countermeasure in the reduction of vibrational energy for concrete gravity dam. According the vibrating characteristics and failure modes of gravity dam under earthquake excitation, AAC was placed in the upper zone of a gravity dam to reduce the seismic inertia force and consequently to increase the seismic safety of the dam. Dynamic responses of two non-overflow sections of a gravity dam were analyzed through finite element analysis utilizing a damaged plasticity constitutive model. The anti-seismic effect of using AAC in gravity dams is researched by inputting different kind of ground motion records. The comparison of the natural vibration characteristics, dam crest displacement, and dynamic damage of the dam were investigated. The results show that, AAC effectively improves seismic resistance of concrete gravity dams, particularly eliminating cracks in the concrete along reduced damage zones, through inertial force reduction and energy dissipation. The results warrant further considerations for applying AAC to gravity dams.
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Yan, Chunli, Jin Tu, Hui Liang, Shengshan Guo, and Deyu Li. "Seismic Safety Evaluation of a High Arch Dam-Foundation Coupling System." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-9184-2_17.
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AbstractThe seismic safety evaluation of the dam is performed based on either dam strength failure or dam abutment instability failure according to the traditional deterministic methods and concepts in the current code. However, these two failure modes are interactive and inseparable, considering only one failure mode under a strong earthquake fails to fully reflect the actual seismic performance of high arch dams. To develop a more realistic seismic safety evaluation framework for high arch dams, this paper constructs a finite element analysis model that considers the coupling of dam strength failure and dam abutment instability failure. The nonlinear dynamic response analysis of the high arch dam-foundation coupling system is conducted using the seismic overload analysis method. Different performance evaluation indexes, such as damage depth-thickness ratio, sliding area ratio, and the residual displacement of the dam crest relative to the dam bottom in the stream direction, are proposed. The performance evaluation criteria and ultimate seismic capacity are defined and quantitatively assessed. The results indicate that 2.0 times the horizontal PGA can be considered the ultimate seismic capacity of the high arch dam-foundation coupling system, providing a reliable scientific basis for seismic safety evaluation of high arch dams.
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Lan, Xinyu, Jingmei Zhang, and Hang Wang. "Hydraulic Characteristics of Undular Hydraulic Jumps Over Different Bed Roughness." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4355-1_42.
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AbstractOccurrence of undular hydraulic jumps has impact on sediment transport and bank erosion in estuarine areas. The hydraulic properties vary when it forms on a rough bed, leading to modification of turbulent mixing processes. This paper reports on a study of undular hydraulic jumps generated with different types of bed roughness including smooth, rough rubber-matted and grated beds. The experiment was conducted with a flow rate of 241 m3/h using acoustic displacement meters (ADMs) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). The obtained results reveal a discernible descending order in the undulations of the first three waves: smooth, grated, and rough rubber mat. In instances where roughness deviates to either extreme—being excessively small or large—the undulation of the first three waves intensifies. Through both free surface wave and turbulent flow field evolution experiments, it was determined that the roughness of the bed primarily influences the first wave, exerting the most pronounced impact on the crest of the initial wave. As the wave progresses, this influence gradually diminishes. Therefore, this article further posits that heightened bed roughness corresponds to an increased fluctuation in velocity at the bottom of the first peak, resulting in a weakened impact of toe jump oscillation on the flow field. Consequently, this diminishes the likelihood of negative velocity occurrences.
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Smith, Ryan, Philipp Strausburger, William Atlenhof, and Elmar Beeh. "Load/Displacement and Energy Dissipation Performances of Aluminum and Magnesium Extrusions Subjected to Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loading under Axial Crush and Cutting Deformation Modes." In Light Metals 2015. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119093435.ch43.
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Smith, Ryan, Philipp Strausburger, William Atlenhof, and Elmar Beeh. "Load/Displacement and Energy Dissipation Performances of Aluminum and Magnesium Extrusions Subjected to Quasi-Static and Dynamic Loading under Axial Crush and Cutting Deformation Modes." In Light Metals 2015. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48248-4_43.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Displacement of Crust"
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Bukac, Blazenka, Ivan Razumovic, and Nevio Rozic. "FINAL QUALITY EVALUATION OF THE KINEMATIC MODEL OF THE EARTH�S CRUST HEIGHT MOVEMENT ON THE CROATIAN TERRITORY." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/2.1/s09.25.
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The paper presents a quality evaluation of the kinematic model concerning the relative height movement of the Earth�s crust that refers to the territory of the Republic of Croatia. This kinematic model enables determination of vertical displacements and movement speeds of discrete points on the Earth�s crust. So far, the quality of the model has been rated only for certain parts of the Croatian territory, but this paper shows the results of the model�s quality evaluation for the entire territory of the Republic of Croatia. The model�s quality is evaluated using the geometric levelling measurements of the 2nd order state network by applying the indirect quality assessment method. The criteria for measurement accuracy are determined at both the a priori and the a posteriori level and are expressed with reference probable errors. In the first case, the quality assessment is based on the levelling loop misclosures before network adjustment using the original and reduced measurements, and in the second case, on the network adjustment results using the original and the reduced measurements. The results indicate quite a successful elimination of the systematic effect of the relative height movements of the crust from the levelling measurements of the 2nd order network, leading to the final conclusion that the height movement kinematic model for the entire Croatian territory can be reliably used for the determination of regional relative height changes due to vertical crustal movements with the centimetre level of accuracy.
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Yamada, Takeshi, Xin Li, Takuya Yamashita, and Akifumi Yamaji. "Development of a New Crust Model for Analyzing VULCANO VBS-U3 MCCI Experiment With MPS Method." In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-134499.
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Abstract In the postulated severe accident of a light water reactor, the molten core material (corium) may be released to the reactor containment floor and the Molten Core - Concrete Interaction (MCCI) may take place. This complex phenomena may involve dehydration, thermal decomposition, and ablation of concrete, redox reactions of oxidic and metallic phases of corium, solidification and remelting of corium, mixing of molten concrete with corium and so on. Evaluation of the resulting concrete floor ablation is important as it may threaten the containment boundary. The Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method discretizes fluids and solids with calculation points (particles) in a Lagrangian manner and has been extensively developed for analyses of various MCCI tests with consideration of crust formation at the melt-concrete interface. Due to its Lagrangian nature, there is always some randomness to each particle position and Particle Shifting (PS) is one of the numerical techniques, which corrects such randomness by slightly shifting the particle position from a particle dense region to a coarse region to sustain numerical accuracy of the MPS method. Such slight correction does not usually have any physical impacts on the calculation unless the particle velocity becomes extremely small and duration of the phenomena becomes extremely long. In this study, a new crust model is being developed to analyze MCCI, which involves continuous concrete ablation with presence of the crust layer between the corium and the concrete walls, which may gradually move with the slow concrete wall ablation process over long time. The new crust model must enable accumulation of physical displacement of the crust particle over long time (i.e., enable physical creeping) while preventing accumulation of numerical displacement of the crust particles over long time (i.e., preventing numerical creeping), Hence, in the new crust model, the PS has been effectively disabled for the crust particles. Qualitative validity of such numerical modeling was confirmed through some trial analyses of VULCANO-VBS test using a set of tentative calculation conditions and parameters, which should be carefully revised for future quantitative discussions including validation of the analysis results with experimental results.
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Listvin, D. V., and E. D. Kuznetsov. "Investigation of displacement of reference GNSS-stations in the Urals during 2022—2023 years." In 51-st All-Russian with international participation student scientific conference "Physics of Space". Ural University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/b978-5-7996-3848-1.18.
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We analyzed the change of coordinates of the points of the continuous operating reference stations network of global navigation satellite systems to investigate the regularities of the Earth’s crust movement in the Urals. Access to the measurement data was provided by the PRIN company. Using the GAMIT/GLOBK software, the variations of coordinates of ten base stations during 2022-2023 were investigated. Estimates of station coordinate displacements were obtained: secular trend, amplitudes and periods of variations over a two-year interval.
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Gospodinov, Slaveyko, Elena Peneva, and Penio Penev. "A SPECIFIC APPROACH TO LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENT OF THE STATE LEVELLING NETWORK." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/2.1/s09.20.
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In addition to its main purpose: establishing and maintaining the parameters of the height system for the territory of a given state (country), state levelling networks also serve to establish (register) the contemporary (recent) vertical movements of the Earth's crust. The detection of such movements, besides in a purely research sense, is of great practical importance. The displacement of the benchmarks over time plays an essential role in seismic forecasting in the short and long term. Sometimes, not very often, it happens that the duration of the measurements in a single cycle of State levelling network measurement is commensurate or nearly commensurate with the period between the different cycles. Such a fact raises serious issues to be addressed, both in the process of preliminary accuracy estimation of the measurements and in the formation of the adjustment model. A period of ten years or more is long enough for displacements on the order of a few mm (millimeters) to become apparent and to be reliably detected. One possible approach, in such cases, is to apply a modified version of adjustment using the Least Squares Method. It would be appropriate, as additional unknowns, to introduce the velocities of the individual benchmarks of the network into the adjustment model. Thus, taking into account the time of the start of the measurements, preconditions are created for taking into account the dynamic behaviour of the benchmarks during the measurement period. The applied adjustment model is based on the so-called "dynamic" or "kinematic" adjustment model, which also takes into account some technological features in the overall network measurement process.
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Lee, B. T., and J. E. Olson. "Natural Fracture Pattern Development Using 3D Coupled Numerical Model: Mechanics and Diagenesis." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0805.
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ABSTRACT In the earth's crust, while tectonic processes can mechanically create natural fractures, cementation can simultaneously grow on the surfaces of the fractures. This crystallization can affect the growth of the fractures. To more accurately address the modeling of natural fracture development, both mechanical deformation and chemical diagenesis should be carried out in an integrated manner. We achieve this with a three-dimensional (3D) simulator that couples mechanical and chemical processes for natural fracture pattern development in layer confined situations. Tectonic loading over geologic time is mimicked by displacement driven boundary conditions in a 3D displacement discontinuity method (DDM) scheme. Quartz diagenesis competes with mechanical fracture opening, resulting in three different cementation conditions - open, bridging or fully infilled – which define fracture element stiffness that is used as feedback within the 3D-DDM code during propagation. An important milestone of this work is that this coupled structural diagenetic model can reproduce power-law aperture population statistics which cannot be generated using mechanics alone. More accurately estimated mechanical fracture apertures and their cementation condition is a critical step toward better permeability estimation and fluid path analysis for subsurface reservoirs. INTRODUCTION Natural fractures are important to characterize for many purposes, such as stimulation of unconventional shale reservoirs, enhanced oil recovery methods in tight carbonates, and the design of geothermal injection operations, among others. The presence of open fractures may be critical for low permeability formations because the fracture network could be a highway for fluid flow. Additionally, the existence of natural fractures may augment permeability arising from hydraulic fracturing operations (e.g., Weisenberger et al., 2019). Observation of subsurface fracture systems is inherently challenging (e.g., Laubach et al., 2019), so subsurface reservoir characterization often relies heavily on models. While stochastic-based modeling studies using discrete fracture network (DFN) are widely used, models that account for the physics and chemistry of pattern development have many additional potential benefits (Laubach et al., 2019).
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Browne, Alan L., and Nancy L. Johnson. "Dynamic Axial Crush Tests of Roll Wrapped Composite Tubes: Plug vs. Non-Plug Crush Initiators." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79158.
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This paper discusses the effects of the method of crush initiation on the dynamic axial crush response of roll wrapped composite tubes. This constitutes a portion of a successful fundamental study conducted at GM R&D of the dynamic axial crush of automotive rail-sized composite tubes reinforced variously with carbon fiber, Kevlar® and hybrid combinations of the two, and manufactured using roll wrapping techniques suitable for the low cost high volume needs of the automotive industry. All tubes were manufactured using roll wrapping from multiple layers of uni-directional thermoset prepreg with the uni-directional fabric plies being oriented at ± 15° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube. A total of 21 dynamic axial crush tests were conducted using a free flight drop tower facility. Tests spanned a range of tube geometries — circular and square with different wall and cross section dimensions with cored and uncored walls and differing numbers of plies — and a range of drop heights/impact velocities and drop masses. A general finding was that stable and progressive crush occurred at acceptable load levels in all of the roll-wrapped tubes that were tested for all methods of crush initiation that were considered — a 45° lead end bevel either alone, with a zero radius plug-type crush initiator, or with a 12.7 mm radius plug. The method of crush initiation was, however, found to be capable of producing major differences in the crush initiation force Fp, the displacement average crush force Fav(D), the specific energy absorption SEA, and the crush morphology. As examples, both the displacement average value of dynamic axial crush force and the value of SEA were changed by as much as a factor of eight by the method of crush initiation.
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Wu, Xiaoguang, Rui Yang, Gensheng Li, et al. "FDEM Modeling on the Fracture Propagation Behavior of Hot Dry Rock Subjected to Cyclic Soft Fracturing." In 57th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2023-0686.
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ABSTRACT Conventional hydraulic fracturing (HF) is an important way to develop Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), but there are some problems such as high injection pressure and having trouble to create complex fracture network. To deal with those difficulties, Cyclic soft fracturing (CSF), an emerging technology, has been proposed, which adopts circulating stress waves to break down rock and forms a volumetric fracture network achieving oil and gas stimulation. In this paper, a numerical model of FDEM and a fully coupled thermal-fluid-solid solver are used to perform CSF experiments on hot dry rock (HDR) in field scale. The influences of stress disturbance, fracture initiation and propagation and three key parameters on fracture morphology are analyzed. The research results show that CSF can indeed generate complex fracture network under parameter optimization of peak pressure and loading frequency. Compared with conventional HF, CSF forms a larger stress disturbance area and has bigger tensile stress at fracture tip, which may contribute to fracture propagation. Under large stress difference condition, with the increase of peak pressure, the fracture complexity increases first and then decreases. The results are expected to provide an insight into the stimulation mechanisms of CSF method in HDR geothermal. INTRODUCTION Geothermal energy is a common renewable energy in the earth crust with the advantages of great potential resource, wide distribution and cleanliness (Wang, 2012). Hot dry rock (HDR), as a typical type of geothermal resources, offers great potential in meeting the growing demand for energy and achieving low-carbon solutions. Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is the main method for developing HDR geothermal energy. Hydraulic fracturing (HF) is the most important mean of EGS reservoir reconstruction, by which the production rate increases with stimulated reservoir volume created. Considering the special characteristics of HDR (e.g. high temperature, high hardness and high density), conventional HF has the problem of high injection pressure, low injection rate and the formation of simple fracture plane. Also, induced seismicity by HF has become one of the important limiting factors for the sustainable development of EGS engineering around the world (Li et al., 2022). In order to decrease breakdown pressure, mitigate seismicity and generate a complex fracture network, new stimulation strategies have been proposed, including fatigue hydraulic fracturing (Zang et al., 2013) and cyclic soft stimulation (Hofmann et al., 2018), which adopts fluid-injection protocols of displacement control and pressure control, respectively. A large number of experiments have proved that these methods are beneficial to solving the problems existing in the development of HDR (especially induced seismicity) caused by conventional HF stimulation (Hofmann et al., 2018; Zang et al., 2019; Zhuang et al., 2019).
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Jacobson, Karina, David Tyrell, and Benjamin Perlman. "Rail Car Impact Tests With Steel Coil: Collision Dynamics." In IEEE/ASME 2003 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2003-1655.
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Two full-scale oblique grade-crossing impact tests were conducted in June 2002 to compare the crashworthiness performance of alternative corner post designs on rail passenger cab cars. On June 4, 2002 a cab car fitted with an end structure built to pre-1999 requirements impacted a steel coil at approximately 14 mph. Following, on June 7, 2002 a cab car fitted with an end structure built to current requirements underwent the same test. Each car was equipped with strain gauges, string potentiometers and accelerometers to measure the deformation of specific structural elements, and the longitudinal, lateral and vertical displacements of the car body. The gross motions of the cars and steel coil, the force/crush behavior of the end structures, and the deformation of major elements in the end structures were measured during the tests. During the first test, the car fitted with the 1990’s design end structure acquired more than 20 inches of longitudinal deformation causing failure at the corner post and resulting in the loss of operator survival space. During the second test, the corner post on the car fitted with the State-of-the-Art design deformed longitudinally by about 8 inches, causing no failure and consequently preserving the survivable operator volume. In both cases, the steel coil was thrown to the side of the train after impacting the end structure. Prior to the tests, the crush behaviors of the cars and their dynamic responses were simulated with car crush and collision dynamics models. The car crush model was used to determine the force/crush characteristics of the corner posts, as well as their modes of deformation. The collision dynamics model was used to predict the extent of crush of the corner posts as functions of impact velocity, as well as the three-dimensional accelerations, velocities, and displacements of the cars and coil. Both models were used in determining the instrumentation and its locations. This paper describes the collision dynamics model and compares predictions for the gross motions of the cars and coils made with this model with measurements from the tests. A companion paper describes the car crush model and compares predictions made of car crush with measurements from the test. The collision dynamics was analyzed using a lumped-parameter model, with non-linear stiffness characteristics. The suspension of the car is included in the model in sufficient detail to predict derailment. The model takes the force/crush characteristic developed in the car crush analysis as input, and includes the lateral force that develops as the corner post is loaded longitudinally. The results from the full-scale grade-crossing impact tests largely agree with and confirm the preliminary results of the three-dimensional lumped parameter computer model of the collision dynamics. The predictions of the model for the three-dimensional accelerations, velocities, and displacements of the car and the coil are in very close agreement with the measurements made in the tests of both cars, up to the time of failure of the corner post. The cars remained on the track in both tests, as predicted with the model.
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Arena, Felice, and Francesco Fedele. "Non-Linear Space-Time Evolution of Wave Groups With a High Crest." In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37161.
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The theory of quasi-determinism, for the mechanics of linear three-dimensional waves, was obtained by Boccotti in the eighties. The first formulation of the theory deals with the largest crest amplitude; the second formulation deals with the largest wave height. The theory was verified in the nineties with some small-scale field experiments. In this paper the first formulation of Boccotti’s theory, valid for the space-time domain, is extended to the second order. The analytical expressions of the non-linear free surface displacement and velocity potential are obtained. Therefore the space-time evolution of a wave group, to the second-order in a Stokes expansion, when a very large crest occurs at a fixed time and location, is investigated. Finally the second-order probability of exceedance of the crest amplitude is obtained, as a function of two deterministic parameters.
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Seyed Yaghoubi, A., P. Begeman, G. Newaz, D. Board, Y. Chen, and O. Faruque. "Generic Steel Vehicle Front Bumper and Crush Can Assemblies Subjected to a Rigid High Speed Offset Frontal Impact." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65044.
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This study presents experimental investigations of generic steel Front Bumper and Crush Can (FBCC) assemblies subjected to a 40% offset frontal impact. As automotive industries aim to reduce overall vehicle weight by applying lighter-weight materials to its structures, component-level studies become important. Computer aided models are valuable tools to complement physical testing by assessing the performances of these structures. Due to the lack of studies on component-level tests with FBCCs, a novel component-level test procedure would be useful to aid in CAE correlation. A sled-on-sled testing method was used to perform all the tests reported here. Impact speed was optimized such that there was no bottoming-out force for this type of test. Three high-speed cameras (HSCs), an infrared (IR) thermal camera, and several accelerometers were utilized to study impact performance of the FBCC structures. The results showed that time histories of displacement and velocity from video tracking and accelerometers were in good agreement. The force-time history and force-displacement curves from different FBCC specimens were consistent and in good agreement with respect to each other with a low coefficient of variation calculated. Post-impact deformation pattern analysis of the samples showed consistent crush patterns. Heat was generated and dissipated at the tip of the crush can and progressed as the can started to fold.
Reports on the topic "Displacement of Crust"
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Khosravifar, Arash. COMBINED EFFECTS OF LATERAL SPREADING AND SUPERSTRUCTURE INERTIA. Deep Foundations Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37308/cpf-2020-drsh-2.
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The seismic behavior of a RC pile with a diameter of 0.25 m subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading was investigated using a shake table experiment that was conducted at the University of California, San Diego by Professor Ahmed Elgamal and Dr. Ahmed Ebeido (Ebeido and Elgamal 2019). A sinusoidal motion was applied at the base of a model that was inclined by 4 degrees. The loose and dense sand layers liquefied during the test, resulting in a permanent lateral spreading displacement of approximately 0.4 m (Figure E1). The pile was subjected to the combined effects of inertial loads from the acceleration of the superstructure mass and kinematic loads from the overlying nonliquefiable, dry crust. The dynamic responses of the soil and pile were analyzed to evaluate the relative contributions of inertial and kinematic loads during critical cycles (i.e., at the time of maximum inertia and the time of maximum pile strains). It was found that large pile strains developed after liquefaction was triggered. Large pile strains (and curvature) were recorded at a shallow depth within the crust (0.49 m) and a deeper location below the loose liquefiable sand (1.89 m). Large pile strains at shallow depth were found to be correlated with the inertial loads applied in the upslope direction. These upslope inertial loads were resisted by downslope crust loads, indicating an out-of-phase interaction. In contrast, large pile strains that occurred at deeper locations were correlated with downslope inertial loads and were accompanied by zero crust load, indicating that there was no lateral spreading force during the downslope inertial cycles. A gap at the downslope area in front of the pile formed because the soil displacements exceeded the pile displacements during the cyclic phase after liquefaction was triggered. The lack of crust load during the downslope inertial cycles is attributed to the pile head outrunning the crust displacement and causing the pile to be pushed into the gap at the downslope area in front of the pile. The interaction of inertia and kinematics appears to be a site- and project-specific phenomena. Therefore,the findings of this study—and, specifically, the lack of lateral spreading crust load during downslope inertial cycles—should be considered in design as one possible scenario in addition to the scenarios from several other studies that suggest combining the inertial loads with a lateral spreading force (e.g., Boulanger et al. 2007, Turner et al. 2016, Souri et al. 2022, Tokimatsu et al. 2005, Cubrinovski et al 2017).