Journal articles: 'Displacement patterns'

1

Heynen, Hilde. "Patterns of Displacement." Journal of Architectural Education 52, no. 1 (1998): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1531-314x.1998.tb00249.x.

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Sharma, Jyotsna, S. B. B. Inwood, and A. R. R. Kovscek. "Experiments and Analysis of Multiscale Viscous Fingering During Forced Imbibition." SPE Journal 17, no. 04 (2012): 1142–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/143946-pa.

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Summary Immiscible displacement of one fluid by another in porous media has practical applications when viscous oil is produced by water injection. A greater understanding of the flow patterns that evolve during such unstable displacements yields insights into improving predictive capability and increasing oil recovery. Immiscible multiphase displacement exhibits a wide range of behaviors depending on the relative magnitude of viscous, capillary, and gravity forces. Using flow-visualization images from forced-imbibition experiments carried out in etched-silicon micromodels, we show that the conventional Darcy-type modeling of fluid flux is not predictive under unstable, immiscible, forced-imbibition conditions at the scale of interest. When a less viscous fluid displaces a more viscous fluid at low capillary numbers, the displacement patterns show viscous instabilities in the form of fingers and local capillary control of interface movement. We show that such complex displacement patterns are well modeled using statistical theories. We derive a scaling model to describe quantitatively the functional forms for saturation, fractional flow, and capillary dispersion profiles using the self-similar characteristics inherent in the displacement patterns. For the specific range of flow rates (Nc ~ 10−7) and oil/water viscosity ratios (M ~ 8–400) considered in our experiments, both capillary and viscous forces are important, and the displacement pattern indicates fractal features. Results show that functional relations of the scaling model are in considerable agreement with our experimental data.

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Pau, Candace Y., Jose E. Barrera, Jaehwan Kwon, and Sam P. Most. "Three-Dimensional Analysis of Zygomatic-Maxillary Complex Fracture Patterns." Craniomaxillofacial Trauma & Reconstruction 3, no. 3 (2010): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263082.

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Zygomatic-maxillary (ZMC) complex fractures are a common consequence of facial trauma. In this retrospective study, we present a novel method of ZMC fracture pattern analysis, utilizing three-dimensional visualization of computed tomography (CT) images to record displacement of the malar eminence in a three-dimensional coordinate plane. The pattern of fracture was then correlated with treatment outcome. Facial CT scans were obtained from 29 patients with unilateral ZMC fractures and 30 subjects without fractures and analyzed. Briefly, displacement of the malar eminence (ME) on the fractured side was measured in medial-lateral (x), superior-inferior (y), and anterior-posterior (z) dimensions, as well as Euclidean distance, by comparison to ME location on the unfractured side. Baseline natural variance in asymmetry was accounted for by comparing ME location on the left and right sides in subjects without fractures. Patients who required open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) to repair the ZMC fracture alone had significantly greater cumulative ME displacements than patients who did not require ORIF ( p = 0.02). Additionally, patients with a high fracture score of 3, 4, or 5 (assigned based on severity displacement in each dimension) had significantly higher rates of ORIF than patients with a low fracture score of 0, 1, or 2 ( p = 0.05). Severe displacement in one or more dimensions was associated with higher rates of ORIF than seen in patients with only neutral or mild displacements in all dimensions ( p = 0.05). Severe x displacement was most strongly correlated with surgical intervention ( p = 0.02). Overall, orbital floor repair was less strongly associated with most displacement measures than ZMC repair alone; however, patients requiring orbital floor repair had greater Euclidean ME displacements than patients who did not require orbital floor repair ( p = 0.02). Fracture severity, as determined by multiple parameters in this novel evaluation system, is associated with higher rates of ORIF in patients with unilateral ZMC fractures. Determination of ZMC fracture pattern may thus be informative when considering treatment options.

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Badcock, David R., and Andrew M. Derrington. "Detecting the displacement of periodic patterns." Vision Research 25, no. 9 (1985): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(85)90040-9.

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Dwairi, Hazim, and Mervyn Kowalsky. "Implementation of Inelastic Displacement Patterns in Direct Displacement-Based Design of Continuous Bridge Structures." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3 (2006): 631–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2220577.

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Through the use of nonlinear time-history analysis, the displacement patterns of bridges subjected to transverse seismic attack are investigated. The variables considered in the study consist of bridge geometry, superstructure stiffness, substructure strength and stiffness, abutment support conditions, and earthquake ground motion. A series of three inelastic displacement pattern scenarios were identified: (1) rigid body translation (2) rigid body translation with rotation, and (3) flexible pattern. A relative stiffness index that is a function of the superstructure and substructure stiffness was shown to be a key variable in determining the type of displacement pattern a bridge is likely to follow. The results described in this paper have significant implications for performance-based seismic design procedures such as direct displacement-based design (DDBD). If the displacement pattern for a bridge can be identified with significant confidence at the start of the design process, application of approaches such as DDBD can be simplified. However, if the characteristics of the bridge are such that prescribing a pattern at the start of the process is not feasible, then an alternative approach must be employed for DDBD to proceed. Of the three displacement pattern scenarios defined in this paper, the first two require minimal effort in the design. For the third scenario, an iterative algorithm is proposed. Lastly, as a means for verification and demonstration, a series of bridges with various configurations was designed using DDBD for rigid body translation and flexible pattern scenarios. The designs for the flexible scenario showed good agreement with selected target profiles for bridges with up to five spans.

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Bugaev, Nikolay, Janis L. Breeze, Majid Alhazmi, Hassan S. Anbari, Sandra S. Arabian, and Reuven Rabinovici. "Displacement Patterns of Blunt Rib Fractures and Their Relationship to Thoracic Coinjuries: Minimal Displacements Count." American Surgeon 82, no. 3 (2016): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481608200311.

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Displacement patterns of rib fractures (RF) and their association with thoracic coinjuries and outcomes are unknown. This is a retrospective review of adult patients with blunt closed RF who underwent chest CT at a Level I trauma center (2007–2012). Displacement patterns of RF were compared among the three-dimensional planes using CT images. An analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was performed to identify displacements in each plane most strongly associated with chest coinjuries. Univariate analysis was used to find association of displaced RF with hospital course and outcome. There were 1127 RF (245 patients, most in ribs 3–9, 45 per cent displaced). Axial displacement was the most common, with odds ratios 7.20 and 2.13 compared with cranio-caudal, and impaction-separation (along rib axis) movement, respectively. Axial displacement thresholds performed well with hemothorax (2.8 mm, ROC = 0.74), pneumothorax (2.6 mm, ROC = 0.70), hemopneumothorax (3.1 mm, ROC = 0.77), flail chest (3.4 mm, ROC = 0.80), and chest tube placement (2.8 mm, ROC = 0.75). RF displacement was associated with increased days on mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. In conclusion, even minimal RF displacement is associated with increased risk of chest coinjuries and chest tube placement, and displacements correlated with increased days on mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. Future studies are required to investigate these associations, especially in relationship to the indications for rib plating.

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7

Snowden, Robert J. "Sensitivity to Relative and Absolute Motion." Perception 21, no. 5 (1992): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p210563.

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The threshold of sensitivity to movement could be governed by mechanisms that are sensitive either to change in spatial position, or directly to the movement itself. The use of spatially complex patterns (random-dot patterns) has been suggested to eliminate the former strategy allowing examination of the movement detecting mechanisms in isolation. By means of such a technique, thresholds for directional judgements were determined for patterns which underwent either a simple displacement or a shearing displacement. Thresholds for shearing motion were found to be around one half of those for simple motion, suggesting that relative, rather than absolute, motion governs performance for small displacements. This contrasts with previous experiments which showed that absolute motion governs performance for much larger displacements.

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Mefferd, Antje S. "Tongue- and Jaw-Specific Contributions to Acoustic Vowel Contrast Changes in the Diphthong /ai/ in Response to Slow, Loud, and Clear Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 60, no. 11 (2017): 3144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0114.

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Purpose This study sought to determine decoupled tongue and jaw displacement changes and their specific contributions to acoustic vowel contrast changes during slow, loud, and clear speech. Method Twenty typical talkers repeated “see a kite again” 5 times in 4 speech conditions (typical, slow, loud, clear). Speech kinematics were recorded using 3-dimensional electromagnetic articulography. Tongue composite displacement, decoupled tongue displacement, and jaw displacement during /ai/, as well as the distance between /a/ and /i/ in the F1–F2 vowel space, were examined during the diphthong /ai/ in “kite.” Results Displacements significantly increased during all 3 speech modifications. However, jaw displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud and slow speech, whereas decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during slow speech than during clear and loud speech. In addition, decoupled tongue displacements increased significantly more during clear speech than during loud speech. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast tended to be larger during slow speech than during clear speech and were predominantly tongue-driven, whereas those during clear speech were fairly equally accounted for by changes in decoupled tongue and jaw displacements. Increases in acoustic vowel contrast during loud speech were smallest and were predominantly tongue-driven, particularly in men. Conclusions Findings suggest that task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw displacement change and task-specific patterns of decoupled tongue and jaw contributions to vowel acoustic change across these speech modifications. Clinical implications are discussed.

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von Unge, M., W. F. Decraemer, J. J. Dirckx, and D. Bagger-Sjöbäck. "Tympanic membrane displacement patterns in experimental cholesteatoma." Hearing Research 128, no. 1-2 (1999): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00183-x.

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Antia, Firoz D., and Csaba Horváth. "Analysis of isotachic patterns in displacement chromatography." Journal of Chromatography A 556, no. 1-2 (1991): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96216-8.

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Höfling, Roland, and Wolfgang Osten. "Displacement Measurement by Image-processed Speckle Patterns." Journal of Modern Optics 34, no. 5 (1987): 607–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500348714550631.

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Needham, D. T., G. Yielding, and B. Freeman. "Analysis of fault geometry and displacement patterns." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 99, no. 1 (1996): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.099.01.15.

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13

Lanovaz, Joel L., Siriporn Khumsap, and Hilary M. Clayton. "Quantification of three-dimensional skin displacement artefacts on the equine tibia and third metatarsus." Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology 1, no. 2 (2004): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ecep200415.

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AbstractRoutine study of three-dimensional (3D) tarsal kinematics is hampered by errors due to the displacement of skin surface-tracking markers relative to the underlying bones. Reliable kinematics can be obtained with bone-fixed markers, but an accurate, non-invasive method would have more applications. Simultaneous kinematic data from skin-based and bone-fixed markers attached to the tibia and third metatarsus were collected from three trotting subjects. The motion of the skin-based markers was extracted relative to the underlying bone motion tracked using the bone-fixed markers. The 3D skin displacement patterns for the skin-based markers were parameterized using a truncated Fourier series model. These displacements were expressed in terms of the local coordinate system for each bone. Skin displacement artefacts were observed in all three axes of each bone segment, with the largest displacements occurring at the proximal tibia. The mean skin displacement amplitudes in the tibia were 6.7%, 3.2% and 10.5% of segment length, and for the third metatarsus were 2.6%, 1.4% and 3.8% of segment length, for the craniocaudal, mediolateral and longitudinal segment axes, respectively. Skin displacement patterns could be expressed concisely using the Fourier series model. Displacements were also consistent between subjects, which should allow them to be used as a basis for developing a correction procedure for 3D tarsal joint kinematics.

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Wang, Zengli, Lin Liu, Hanlin Zhou, and Minxuan Lan. "Crime Geographical Displacement: Testing Its Potential Contribution to Crime Prediction." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 9 (2019): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8090383.

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Crime geographical displacement has been examined in many Western countries. However, little is known about its existence, distribution, and potential predictive ability in large cities in China. Compared to the existing research, this study contributes to the current research in three ways. (1) It provides confirmation that crime geographical displacement exists in relation to burglaries that occur in a large Chinese city. (2) A crime geographical displacement detector is proposed, where significant displacements are statistically detected and geographically displayed. Interestingly, most of the displacements are not very far from one another. These findings confirm the inferences in the existing literature. (3) Based on the quantitative results detected by the crime geographical displacement detector, a crime prediction method involving crime geographical displacement patterns could improve the accuracy of the empirical crime prediction method by 7.25% and 3.1 in the capture rate and prediction accuracy index (PAI), respectively. Our current study verifies the feasibility of crime displacement for crime prediction. The feasibility of the crime geographical displacement detector and results should be verified in additional areas.

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Clark, William H., and Jason R. Franz. "Do triceps surae muscle dynamics govern non-uniform Achilles tendon deformations?" PeerJ 6 (July 12, 2018): e5182. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5182.

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The human Achilles tendon (AT) consists of sub-tendons arising from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles that exhibit non-uniform tissue displacements thought to facilitate some independent actuation. However, the mechanisms governing non-uniform displacement patterns within the AT, and their relevance to triceps surae muscle contractile dynamics, have remained elusive. We used a dual-probe ultrasound imaging approach to investigate triceps surae muscle dynamics (i.e., medial gastrocnemius-GAS, soleus-SOL) as a determinant of non-uniform tendon tissue displacements in the human AT. We hypothesized that superficial versus deep differences in AT tissue displacements would be accompanied by and correlate with anatomically consistent differences in GAS versus SOL muscle shortening. Nine subjects performed ramped maximum voluntary isometric contractions at each of five ankle joint angles spanning 10° dorsiflexion to 30° plantarflexion. For all conditions, SOL shortened by an average of 78% more than GAS during moment generation. This was accompanied by, on average, 51% more displacement in the deep versus superficial region of the AT. The magnitude of GAS and SOL muscle shortening positively correlated with displacement in their associated sub-tendons within the AT. Moreover, and as hypothesized, superficial versus deep differences in sub-tendon tissue displacements positively correlated with anatomically consistent differences in GAS versus SOL muscle shortening. We present the first in vivo evidence that triceps surae muscle dynamics may precipitate non-uniform displacement patterns in the architecturally complex AT.

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Suzuki, Ryuta X., Risa Takeda, Yuichiro Nagatsu, Manoranjan Mishra, and Takahiko Ban. "Fluid Morphologies Governed by the Competition of Viscous Dissipation and Phase Separation in a Radial Hele-Shaw Flow." Coatings 10, no. 10 (2020): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10100960.

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The displacement of a less viscous fluid by a more viscous fluid in a radial Hele-Shaw cell makes a circular pattern because the interface is hydrodynamically stable in this condition. Very recently, it has been experimentally reported that the hydrodynamically stable displacement in a partially miscible system induces fingering patterns while stable circular patterns are made at fully miscible and immiscible systems. The fingering instability in the partially miscible system results from complex and entangled elements involving viscous dissipation, molecular diffusion, and phase separation. The analyzing mechanism requires a quantitative relationship between the hydrodynamic interfacial fingering patterns and underlying physicochemical properties. Here, we experimentally investigated the change in fluid patterns formed by the progression of phase separation in the partially miscible systems and categorized them into three patterns: finger-like pattern, annular-like pattern, and circular pattern. Moreover, we propose the mechanism of the pattern formation by an interfacial tension measurement and evaluate the patterns by modified capillary number and newly defined body force ratio, Bf. Our analysis revealed that the deformation index of the pattern can be expressed as a function of Bf on a single curve regardless of the miscibility.

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Roy, Rinto, Alexander Tessler, Cecilia Surace, and Marco Gherlone. "Shape Sensing of Plate Structures Using the Inverse Finite Element Method: Investigation of Efficient Strain–Sensor Patterns." Sensors 20, no. 24 (2020): 7049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247049.

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Methods for real-time reconstruction of structural displacements using measured strain data is an area of active research due to its potential application for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and morphing structure control. The inverse Finite Element Method (iFEM) has been shown to be well suited for the full-field reconstruction of displacements, strains, and stresses of structures instrumented with discrete or continuous strain sensors. In practical applications, where the available number of sensors may be limited, the number and sensor positions constitute the key parameters. Understanding changes in the reconstruction quality with respect to sensor position is generally difficult and is the aim of the present work. This paper attempts to supplement the current iFEM modeling knowledge through a rigorous evaluation of several strain–sensor patterns for shape sensing of a rectangular plate. Line plots along various sections of the plate are used to assess the reconstruction quality near and far away from strain sensors, and the nodal displacements are studied as the sensor density increases. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the strain sensors distributed along the plate boundary for reconstructing relatively simple displacement patterns, and highlight the potential of cross-diagonal strain–sensor patterns to improve the displacement reconstruction of more complex deformation patterns.

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Wong, Po-zen. "Flow in Porous Media: Permeability and Displacement Patterns." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 5 (1994): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400036551.

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Porous media represent a broad class of mesoscopically disordered materials that are important in many industrial processes, mostly involving the transport of fluids. For examples, the flow of oil and water in sedimentary rock determines the producibility of oil reservoirs; diffusion and dispersion of molecules in soil govern the spreading of both fertilizers and contaminants; chemical reactors use porous catalysts to enhance the mixing of reagents; the containment of chemical and nuclear wastes depends on the low permeability of concrete barriers. These are just a few problems familiar to our everyday lives. The study of porous media has traditionally been under the disciplines of chemical, mechanical, and petroleum engineering. Only in recent years has the field begun to attract the interest of physicists. The displacement of one fluid by another in a porous medium is now recognized as one of the archetypal systems for studying the physics of pattern formation and interface growth. Fluids transport is known to involve effects due to the microgeometry of the pores, the connectivity of the pore network, and the wetting properties of the pore surfaces. These are all fundamental scientific issues that require the understanding of the physics and chemistry associated with the porous materials. Tackling these problems requires the collaboration of scientists from many different disciplines. Although much work has been done and a great deal has been learned, many interesting and important issues remain. In an article written five years ago, I gave a pedagogical overview of some of the problems in porous media that captivated my own interest.

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Patorski, Krzysztof, and Matgorzata Kujawinska. "Optical differentiation of displacement patterns using moire interferometry." Applied Optics 24, no. 18 (1985): 3041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.24.003041.

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Chaney, RC, KR Demars, DR Gill, and BM Lehane. "An Optical Technique for Investigating Soil Displacement Patterns." Geotechnical Testing Journal 24, no. 3 (2001): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11351j.

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Liu, Gang, Mengzhu Li, Weiqing Zhang, and Jiawei Gu. "Subpixel Matching Using Double-Precision Gradient-Based Method for Digital Image Correlation." Sensors 21, no. 9 (2021): 3140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093140.

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Digital image correlation (DIC) for displacement and strain measurement has flourished in recent years. There are integer pixel and subpixel matching steps to extract displacement from a series of images in the DIC approach, and identification accuracy mainly depends on the latter step. A subpixel displacement matching method, named the double-precision gradient-based algorithm (DPG), is proposed in this study. After, the integer pixel displacement is identified using the coarse-fine search algorithm. In order to improve the accuracy and anti-noise capability in the subpixel extraction step, the traditional gradient-based method is used to analyze the data on the speckle patterns using the computer, and the influence of noise is considered. These two nearest integer pixels in one direction are both utilized as an interpolation center. Then, two subpixel displacements are extracted by the five-point bicubic spline interpolation algorithm using these two interpolation centers. A novel combination coefficient considering contaminated noises is presented to merge these two subpixel displacements to obtain the final identification displacement. Results from a simulated speckle pattern and a painted beam bending test show that the accuracy of the proposed method can be improved by four times that of the traditional gradient-based method that reaches the same high accuracy as the Newton–Raphson method. The accuracy of the proposed method efficiently reaches at 92.67%, higher than the Newton-Raphon method, and it has better anti-noise performance and stability.

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DePrekel, Kirsten, El Bouali, and Thomas Oommen. "Monitoring the Impact of Groundwater Pumping on Infrastructure Using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI)." Infrastructures 3, no. 4 (2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures3040057.

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Transportation infrastructure is critical for the advancement of society. Bridges are vital for an efficient transportation network. Bridges across the world undergo variable deformation/displacement due to the Earth’s dynamic processes. This displacement is caused by ground motion, which occurs from many natural and anthropogenic events. Events causing deformation include temperature fluctuation, subsidence, landslides, earthquakes, water/sea level variation, subsurface resource extraction, etc. Continual deformation may cause bridge failure, putting civilians at risk, if not managed properly. Monitoring bridge displacement, large and small, provides evidence of the state and health of the bridge. Traditionally, bridge monitoring has been executed through on-site surveys. Although this method of bridge monitoring is systematic and successful, it is not the most efficient and cost-effective. Through technological advances, satellite-based Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have provided a system for analyzing ground deformation over time. This method is applied to distinguish bridges that are more at risk than others by generating models that display the displacement at various locations along each bridge. A bridge’s health and its potential risk can be estimated upon analysis of measured displacement rates. In return, this process of monitoring bridges can be done at much faster rates; saving time, money and resources. PSI data covering Oxnard, California, revealed both bridge displacement and regional ground displacement. Although each bridge maintained different patterns of displacement, many of the bridges within the Oxnard area displayed an overall downward movement matching regional subsidence trends observed in the area. Patterns in displacement-time series plots provide evidence for two types of deformation mechanisms. Long-term downward movements correlate with the relatively large regional subsidence observed using PSI in Oxnard. Thermal dilation from seasonal temperature changes may cause short-term variabilities unique to each bridge. Overall, it may be said that linking geologic, weather, and groundwater patterns with bridge displacement has shown promise for monitoring transportation infrastructure and more importantly differentiating between regional subsidence and site-specific displacements.

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Leary, Christopher J. "Investigating opposing patterns of character displacement in release and advertisement vocalizations of Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus (Anura; Bufonidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 9 (2001): 1577–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z01-115.

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Anuran release vocalizations function to prevent prolonged amplexus between males, whereas advertisement vocalizations potentially act as a premating isolation mechanism. To facilitate rapid release during heterospecific amplexus, selection should favor convergent character displacement in release vocalizations. Conversely, to promote isolation between sympatric congeners, selection should favor divergent character displacement in advertisement vocalizations. I examined properties of release and advertisement vocalizations of Bufo fowleri and Bufo americanus that are important in mate recognition (periodicity and dominant frequency) to determine if the two calls exhibit opposing patterns of character displacement. Release vocalizations showed no pattern of displacement. The periodicity of sympatric advertisement vocalizations differed from that of allopatric vocalizations for B. americanus but not for B. fowleri. However, the results were not consistent with the pattern expected for divergent character displacement because the two species differed in this parameter in allopatry. These results are compared with published reports of char acter displacement in the B. americanus species-group in the context of a possible mosaic hybrid zone for these species.

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Ning, Jinfeng, Vaughn G. Braxton, Ying Wang, Michael A. Sutton, Yanqing Wang, and Susan M. Lessner. "Speckle Patterning of Soft Tissues for Strain Field Measurement Using Digital Image Correlation: Preliminary Quality Assessment of Patterns." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, no. 1 (2010): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610094377.

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AbstractMethods for creating speckle patterns on mouse arteries for use in deformation and strain field measurements in a stereomicroscope digital image correlation (DIC) system are described. Both fluorescent microsphere binding and ethidium bromide (EB) nuclear staining were used to generate high contrast, random patterns on mouse carotid arteries. To quantify the quality of each pattern, several metrics are used including (a) histogram distribution for each intensity pattern and (b) pixel-level variance in intensity pattern noise. Results demonstrate that both approaches provide sufficient pattern contrast for use in image-based methods to measure deformations in soft tissue. While fluorescent nuclear staining generates higher pixel-level intensity noise, this method provides better overall pattern quality (greater spatial uniformity and broader histogram) for automated DIC analysis when used at the appropriate magnification. Using recently developed theoretical predictions, estimates for the standard deviation in image-correlation-based displacements due to the measured intensity pattern variance are presented for fluorescent microsphere binding and EB nuclear staining patterns. Results confirm that both patterning approaches provide relatively small standard deviation in displacement measurements and hence are appropriate for measurement of deformations in small artery specimens.

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Yoshizawa, Toru, and Akiyoshi Tochigi. "Optical Displacement Sensor Utilizing Contrast Variation of Projected Patterns." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 2, no. 1 (1990): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1990.p0053.

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A system has been developed and tested for the optical noncontact measurement of displacement which consists of a light source, an objective lens, a quadrant pattern and a quadrant photodiode. The principle is based on the detection of contrast variation of a projected pattern. This system uses an one-axis method and shows good characteristics, in particular that it is not influenced by the color and inclination of the surface. The dynamic range in the measurement is 150μm with vertical resolution of 1μm. The principle of the method is verified with experimental tests.

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Kim, Hyoungsoo, Zhong Zheng, and Howard A. Stone. "Noncircular Stable Displacement Patterns in a Meshed Porous Layer." Langmuir 31, no. 20 (2015): 5684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00958.

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YONEYAMA, Satoru, and Yoshiharu MORIMOTO. "Accurate Displacement Measurement by Correlation of Colored Random Patterns." JSME International Journal Series A 46, no. 2 (2003): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmea.46.178.

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Anselme, Patrick. "Abnormal patterns of displacement activities: A review and reinterpretation." Behavioural Processes 79, no. 1 (2008): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2008.05.001.

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Yao, Shuguang, Huifen Zhu, Mingyang Liu, Zhixiang Li, Ping Xu, and Quanwei Che. "A study on the frontal oblique collision-induced derailment mechanism in subway vehicles." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 6 (2019): 584–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719852478.

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Oblique collisions can more easily lead to train derailment and cause heavy casualties. In this paper, a fine finite-element model of a subway head vehicle–rigid wall frontal oblique collision was established and validated by a single wheelset derailment simulation. Furthermore, the derailment mechanisms and patterns under an oblique impact angle of 6.34°–40° and at an impact speed of 8–40 km/h were studied via simulation. The results indicated that three types of derailment, such as roll-over derailment, climb/roll-over derailment and wheel-lift derailment, have occurred. When the impact speed was set to 25 km/h, a climb/roll-over derailment occurred under the impact angle of greater than 40°; a roll-over derailment occurred under the impact angle of 20°–40°; and the vehicle would not derail when the impact angle was less than 15°. When the impact angle was 6.34°, the vehicle was in danger of wheel-lift derailment with the largest wheel vertical displacement of 26.83 mm and lateral displacement of 12.52 mm under the impact speed of 40 km/h, but it was safe with the largest displacement of no more than 18 mm and lateral displacement of 8.39 mm if the impact speed was less than 40 km/h. It is shown that the derailment patterns are more sensitive to the impact angle. Therefore, both the lateral and vertical displacements should be considered when studying the oblique collision-induced derailment mechanisms and patterns.

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Weng, Jiawen, Weishuai Zhou, Simin Ma, Pan Qi, and Jingang Zhong. "Model-Free Lens Distortion Correction Based on Phase Analysis of Fringe-Patterns." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010209.

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The existing lens correction methods deal with the distortion correction by one or more specific image distortion models. However, distortion determination may fail when an unsuitable model is used. So, methods based on the distortion model would have some drawbacks. A model-free lens distortion correction based on the phase analysis of fringe-patterns is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the mathematical relationship of the distortion displacement and the modulated phase of the sinusoidal fringe-pattern are established in theory. By the phase demodulation analysis of the fringe-pattern, the distortion displacement map can be determined point by point for the whole distorted image. So, the image correction is achieved according to the distortion displacement map by a model-free approach. Furthermore, the distortion center, which is important in obtaining an optimal result, is measured by the instantaneous frequency distribution according to the character of distortion automatically. Numerical simulation and experiments performed by a wide-angle lens are carried out to validate the method.

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Vidales, A. M., J. L. Riccardo, and G. Zgrablich. "Immiscible Displacement at Pore Level for Correlated Porous Media." International Journal of Modern Physics C 09, no. 06 (1998): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183198000777.

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Immiscible displacement at pore level on a three-dimensional correlated porous network is simulated allowing flow of the wetting phase along crevices of the pore walls (possibility of snap-off in throats) and advance through the centers of the pore space with different pore and throat filling conditions, leading to a cooperative filling. When these two mechanisms compete, different patterns arise. We study the effect of the correlation strength on the onset of each pattern. We do not take buoyancy forces into account.

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Šmídová, Eliška, Petr Kabele, and Michal Šejnoha. "RESPONSE AND DAMAGE EVOLUTION OF SINGLE EDGE NOTCHED TIMBER BEAMS UNDER THREE-POINT BENDING." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 26 (March 17, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.26.0094.

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Two groups of small-size single edge notched beams (SENB) made of European spruce (Picea abies) were tested in three-point bending (3PB) until failure under displacement control. The first group comprised of eight solid and two glued laminated (GL) timber beams manufactured with (a) the single edge notch at the bottom of the mid-span and (b) the reduced ligament depth. The second group consisted of four GL timber beams with the single edge notch only. We employed digital image correlation (DIC) to quantify strains and displacements, capture the damage evolution, and track the sequence of failure patterns. In this work, we present response of the beams in terms of load vs. crosshead displacement of the moving crosshead and load vs. crack tip opening displacement (CTOD).

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Mahabadi, Nariman, Leon van Paassen, Ilenia Battiato, Tae Sup Yun, Hyunwook Choo, and Jaewon Jang. "Impact of Pore-Scale Characteristics on Immiscible Fluid Displacement." Geofluids 2020 (May 15, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5759023.

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Immiscible fluid flows (drainage displacement) where nonwetting fluid invades porous media filled with wetting fluid are frequently observed. Numerous studies have confirmed the existence of three different displacement patterns which depend on the viscosity ratio and capillary number: stable displacement, viscous fingering, and capillary fingering. However, the phase boundary and displacement efficiency of each displacement pattern can vary significantly depending on the characteristics of the experimental and numerical tools employed. In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) tube network model was extracted from 3D X-ray computed tomography images of natural sand. The extracted network model was used to quantitatively outline the phase boundary of the displacement pattern and to examine the displacement efficiency for wide ranges of viscosity ratios and capillary numbers. Moreover, the effects of the tube size distribution and tube connectivity on the displacement characteristics were investigated. A transition regime between the viscous fingering and capillary fingering zones with regard to the displacement efficiency was observed for the first time. As the tube size distribution became uniform, the viscosity effect increased. As the tube connectivity decreased to ~4.6, the phase boundary became similar to that of a two-dimensional network. The characteristic changes of the phase boundary and displacement efficiency were highlighted through local gradient diagrams.

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Baba-Kishi, K. Z. "Direct observation ofB-site cation displacements in Pb-based complex perovskite relaxor oxides." Journal of Applied Crystallography 44, no. 1 (2010): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889810042214.

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Electron diffraction patterns recorded using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) from PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3(PMN) crystallites and PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3(PZN) crystals show weak and systematic continuous diffuse streaking along the 〈110〉 directions. Detailed high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images recordedviaan aberration-corrected STEM show that theB-site cations in PMN and PZN undergo correlated and long-range displacements towards the Pb2+ions on the (110) planes. The planarB-site displacement measured from the centres of the octahedra is about 0.3–0.5 Å in PMN and about 0.20–0.4 Å in PZN. In the HAADF images of the PMN crystallites and PZN crystals studied, there is insufficient evidence for systematic long-range planar displacements of the Pb2+ions. The observed Pb2+ion displacements in PMN and PZN appear randomly distributed, mostly displaced along 〈110〉 towards theB-site columns. There is also evidence of possible stress-related distortion in certain unit cells of PMN. In the relaxors studied, two distinct types of displacements were observed: one is the long-range planarB-site spatial displacement on the (110) planes, correlated with the Pb2+ions, possibly resulting in the observed diffuse streaking; the other is short-range Pb2+ion displacement on the (110) planes. The observed displacement status indicates a mutual attraction between the Pb ions and theB-site cations in which theBsites undergo the largest spatial displacements towards the Pb ions along 〈110〉.

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Yoshida, Sanichiro, and Tomohiro Sasaki. "Deformation Wave Theory and Application to Optical Interferometry." Materials 13, no. 6 (2020): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061363.

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A method to diagnose the deformation status of solid objects under loading is discussed. The present method is based on a recent field theory of deformation and fracture and optical interferometry known as the Electronic Speckle-Pattern Interferometry (ESPI). Using one of the most fundamental principles of physics referred to as symmetry in physics, this field theory formulates all stages of deformation and fracture on the same theoretical basis. In accordance with the formalism, the theory has defined the criteria for different stages of deformation (linear elastic, plastic and fracturing stages) expressed by certain spatiotemporal features of the differential displacement (the displacement occurring during a small time interval). The ESPI is used to visualize the differential displacement field of a specimen as two-dimensional, full-field interferometric fringe patterns. This paper reports experimental evidence that demonstrates the usefulness of the present method. A tensile load is applied to an aluminum-alloy plate specimen at a constant pulling rate and the resultant in-plane displacement field is visualized with a two-dimensional ESPI setup. The differential displacement field is obtained at each time step and the interferometric fringe patterns are interpreted based on the criterion for each stage of deformation. It has been found that the criteria of linear elastic deformation, plastic deformation and fracturing stage are clearly observed in the corresponding fringe patterns and that the observations are consistent with the loading characteristics.

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Kiveste, Harti, Rudolf Kiefer, Rain Eric Haamer, Gholamreza Anbarjafari, and Tarmo Tamm. "A Kirigami Approach of Patterning Membrane Actuators." Polymers 13, no. 1 (2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010125.

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Ionic electroactive polymer actuators are typically implemented as bending trilayer laminates. While showing high displacements, such designs are not straightforward to implement for useful applications. To enable practical uses in actuators with ionic electroactive polymers, membrane-type film designs can be considered. The significantly lower displacement of the membrane actuators due to the lack of freedom of motion has been the main limiting factor for their application, resulting in just a few works considering such devices. However, bioinspired patterning designs have been shown to significantly increase the freedom of motion of such membranes. In this work, we apply computer simulations to design cutting patterns for increasing the performance of membrane actuators based on polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy/DBS) in trilayer arrangements with a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as the separator. A dedicated custom-designed device was built to consistently measure the response of the membrane actuators, demonstrating significant and pattern-specific enhancements of the response in terms of displacement, exchanged charge and force.

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Huang, Chengyu, Wenhua Wang, Yunze Xu, and Weizhong Li. "Experimental Study on Displacement of Water by Sub-Zero N-Hexanol in a Straight Channel." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205409.

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Series of displacement tests of water by cold n-hexanol (below 0 °C) in a straight tube were conducted to investigate the freezing-accompanied displacement process, which occurs during the cryogenic fracturing process. The interrelationship between water freezing and displacement flow was studied. It was found that the displacement flow could significantly affect the water distribution in the flow channel. Along with the displacement proceeding, the n-hexanol overtook the water in the flow direction gradually, and the water in the center of the channel was driven to the edge area. Moreover, the initially integrated water phase split into several parts during the displacement process. Once the water freezing occurred, two typical ice blockage patterns, i.e., complete ice blockage and incomplete ice blockage, were observed. In incomplete ice blockage pattern, the channel cross-section was partly occupied by the ice phase, which mainly affected the rate of subsequent fluid flow. In complete ice blockage pattern, the channel cross-section was fully occupied by the ice phase, which cut off the fluid flow in the original direction. Based on the test results, the influences of the initial water temperature, initial water column length and flow rate of n-hexanol on the formation of different ice blockage patterns are discussed. The decrease of the initial water temperature and the increase of the initial water column length are preferred to induce the occurrence of complete ice blockage. However, changing n-hexanol flow rate could lead to the occurrence of both incomplete ice blockage and complete ice blockage, which depends on the actual situations.

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Wan, Yun, Ping Zhao, Sheng Fu Cui, Yin Fei Yang, and Liang Li. "Micro-Displacement, Stain and Stress Measurement Based on Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.267.

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A micro-displacement, strain and stress measurement method based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) technique is proposed, and the measuring device is designed. Two symmetric laser beams are illuminated on the optical rough surface of a steel cantilever beam, and then speckle images are photographed by CCD. A series of filtering processing is carried out for subtracted images and FEM analysis is performed. Using the speckle fringe patterns finally achieved, displacement, strain and stress can be calculated. By comparing displacement, strain and stress measured by this method with simulation results, feasibility and engineering application value of this method have been proved.

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Zheng, Zhe, Wen-Chao Geng, Jie Gao, Yi-Jiang Mu, and Dong-Sheng Guo. "Differential calixarene receptors create patterns that discriminate glycosaminoglycans." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 18 (2018): 2685–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qo00606g.

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Li, Chenglong, Guohong Zhang, Xinjian Shan, Dezheng Zhao, and Xiaogang Song. "Geometric Variation in the Surface Rupture of the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu Earthquake from Subpixel Optical Image Correlation." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (2020): 3436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203436.

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We obtained high-resolution (10 m) horizontal displacement fields from pre- and post-seismic Sentinel-2 optical images of the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu earthquake using subpixel image correlation. From these, we calculated the curl, divergence, and shear strain fields from the north-south (NS) and east-west (EW) displacement fields. Our results show that the surface rupture produced by the event was distributed within the Sulawesi neck (0.0974–0.6632°S) and Palu basin (0.8835–1.4206°S), and had a variable strike of 313.0–355.2° and strike slip of 2.00–6.62 m. The NS and EW displacement fields within the Palu basin included fine-scale displacements in both the near- and far-fault, the deformation patterns included a small restraining bend (localized shortening), a distributed rupture zone, and a major releasing bend (net extension) from the curl, divergence, and shear strain. Surface rupture was dominated by left-lateral strike-slip from initiation to termination, with a localized normal slip component peaking at ~3.75 m. The characteristics and geometric variation of the ruptured fault controlled both the formation of these surface deformation patterns and sustained supershear rupture.

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Rouyet, Line, Lin Liu, Sarah Marie Strand, Hanne Hvidtfeldt Christiansen, Tom Rune Lauknes, and Yngvar Larsen. "Seasonal InSAR Displacements Documenting the Active Layer Freeze and Thaw Progression in Central-Western Spitsbergen, Svalbard." Remote Sensing 13, no. 15 (2021): 2977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13152977.

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In permafrost areas, the active layer undergoes seasonal frost heave and thaw subsidence caused by ice formation and melting. The amplitude and timing of the ground displacement cycles depend on the climatic and ground conditions. Here we used Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) to document the seasonal displacement progression in three regions of Svalbard. We retrieved June–November 2017 time series and identified thaw subsidence maxima and their timing. InSAR measurements were compared with a composite index model based on ground surface temperature. Cyclic seasonal patterns are identified in all areas, but the timing of the displacement progression varies. The subsidence maxima occurred later on the warm western coast (Kapp Linné and Ny-Ålesund) compared to the colder interior (Adventdalen). The composite index model is generally able to explain the observed patterns. In Adventdalen, the model matches the InSAR time series at the location of the borehole. In Kapp Linné and Ny-Ålesund, larger deviations are found at the pixel-scale, but km or regional averaging improves the fit. The study highlights the potential for further development of regional InSAR products to represent the cyclic displacements in permafrost areas and infer the active layer thermal dynamics.

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42

Gale, Dennis. "Demographic Research on Gentrlfication and Displacement." Journal of Planning Literature 1, no. 1 (1985): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088541228500100103.

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Generally, empirical studies of gentrification have concurred on the socioeconomic and racial characteristics of gentrifier households. There is less research and therefore, less uniformity, in findings about the characteristics of displaced households. Empirical research leans strongly on the conclusion that by national and regional norms, displacement is a relatively infrequent occurence; there is more agreement that its incidence is higher in a few central cities. Studies of the net effects of gentrification on central cities during the late 1960s and early 1970s suggest that there was relatively little impact on population, income and racial, and secioeconomic succession patterns. The existing state of knowledge about gentrification and displacement begs further research on the mobility patterns of migrants both to and from gentrifying neighborhoods. It also implies that the central housing policy issue is not the amount or effects of gentrification-induced reinvestment but rather, the impact of all forms of disinvestment and reinvestment on the total supply of lowand moderate-income housing in metropolitan areas and central cities.

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Gischig, V., S. Loew, A. Kos, J. R. Moore, H. Raetzo, and F. Lemy. "Identification of active release planes using ground-based differential InSAR at the Randa rock slope instability, Switzerland." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 6 (2009): 2027–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-2027-2009.

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Abstract. Five ground-based differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (GB-DInSAR) surveys were conducted between 2005 and 2007 at the rock slope instability at Randa, Switzerland. Resultant displacement maps revealed, for the first time, the presence of an active basal rupture zone and a lateral release surface daylighting on the exposed 1991 failure scarp. Structures correlated with the boundaries of interferometric displacement domains were confirmed using a helicopter-based LiDAR DTM and oblique aerial photography. Former investigations at the site failed to conclusively detect these active release surfaces essential for kinematic and hazard analysis of the instability, although their existence had been hypothesized. The determination of the basal and lateral release planes also allowed a more accurate estimate of the currently unstable volume of 5.7±1.5 million m3. The displacement patterns reveal that two different kinematic behaviors dominate the instability, i.e. toppling above 2200 m and translational failure below. In the toppling part of the instability the areas with the highest GB-DInSAR displacements correspond to areas of enhanced micro-seismic activity. The observation of only few strongly active discontinuities daylighting on the 1991 failure surface points to a rather uniform movement in the lower portion of the instability, while most of the slip occurs along the basal rupture plane. Comparison of GB-DInSAR displacements with mapped discontinuities revealed correlations between displacement patterns and active structures, although spatial offsets occur as a result of the effective resolution of GB-DInSAR. Similarly, comparisons with measurements from total station surveys generally showed good agreement. Discrepancies arose in several cases due to local movement of blocks, the size of which could not be resolved using GB-DInSAR.

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Hubbard, Timothy L., and Michael A. Motes. "An Effect of Context on Whether Memory for Initial Position Exhibits a FröHlich Effect or an Onset Repulsion Effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 6 (2005): 961–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000368.

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Memory for the initial and final positions of moving targets was examined. When targets appeared adjacent to the boundary of a larger enclosing window, memory for initial position exhibited a Fröhlich effect (i.e., a displacement forward), and when distance of initial position from the boundary increased, memory for initial position exhibited a smaller Fröhlich effect or an onset repulsion effect (i.e., a displacement backward). When targets vanished adjacent to the boundary of a larger enclosing window, memory for final position was displaced backward, and when distance of final position from the boundary increased, memory for final position did not exhibit significant displacement. These patterns differed from previously reported displacements of initial and final positions of targets presented on a blank background. Possible influences of attention and extrapolation of trajectory on whether memory for initial position exhibits a Fröhlich effect or an onset repulsion effect and on backward displacement in memory for final position are discussed.

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Reed, Holly E. "Book Review: The Migration–Displacement Nexus: Patterns, Processes, and Policies." International Migration Review 46, no. 3 (2012): 760–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2012.00904.x.

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Eagle, Richard A. "Upper displacement limits for spatially broadband patterns containing bandpass noise." Vision Research 38, no. 12 (1998): 1775–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00378-7.

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Santamaría, Luis, Javier Rodríguez-Pérez, Asier R. Larrinaga, and Beatriz Pias. "Predicting Spatial Patterns of Plant Recruitment Using Animal-Displacement Kernels." PLoS ONE 2, no. 10 (2007): e1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001008.

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Morris, Alan P., David A. Ferrill, Darrell W. Sims, Nathan Franklin, and Deborah J. Waiting. "Patterns of fault displacement and strain at Yucca Mountain, Nevada." Journal of Structural Geology 26, no. 9 (2004): 1707–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.12.005.

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Heynen, Hilde, and André Loeckx. "Scenes of Ambivalence: Concluding Remarks on Architectural Patterns of Displacement." Journal of Architectural Education 52, no. 2 (1998): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1531-314x.1998.tb00261.x.

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Sogabe, Yasushi, and Shigeki Murata. "A Development of Analysis Techniques for Displacement of Track Patterns." Journal of the Institute of Television Engineers of Japan 46, no. 10 (1992): 1295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej1978.46.1295.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Displacement patterns'

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