Dissertations / Theses: 'Disposable impactors'

1

Patil, Anjali Narendra. "Delamination Detection in Concrete Using Disposable Impactors for Excitation." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3885.

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Delaminations in concrete bridge decks result primarily from corrosion of the reinforcing bars (or rebar). This corrosion leads to volumetric expansion of the rebar. When the rebar expands, concrete cracks, and there is a localized separation of the concrete cover from the underlying concrete. Impact-echo testing is an effective technique to map delaminations on concrete bridge decks. However, mapping speed is limited by necessary retrieval of the impactor for traditional tests. To achieve higher scanning speeds, it is advantageous to use both a non-contact measurement (air-coupled impact-echo) and disposable-impactor excitation. Disposable impactors have the potential advantage of achieving greater deck scanning speeds because they do not need to be retrieved, and they can also be used with air-coupled measurement systems. This thesis reports impact excitation of concrete using disposable impactors such as water droplets and ice balls. The impact characteristics of these impactors are compared with those of steel balls and chain links. Comparing the acoustic recordings on intact and delaminated concrete surface shows that water droplets and ice balls are able to excite flexural resonant modes associated with delamination defects. The use of water droplets and ice balls for shallow delamination detection in concrete is thus demonstrated.

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2

Robinson, Janet E. "Hazardous waste treatment and disposal: alternative technologies and groundwater impacts." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91066.

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The most important thermal, chemical, physical, and biological methods for treating hazardous wastes and the fate of their land-disposed residues are reviewed and evaluated. Technologies are described as major, minor, and emerging according to their stage of development or application to hazardous waste; major ones include rotary kiln, liquid injection, and cement kiln incineration; neutralization, chemical oxidation-reduction, and ion exchange; filtration, distillation and settling techniques; and activated sludge, aerated lagoon, and landfarming treatment. Emerging technologies include molten salt and fluidized- bed combustion, liquid-ion extraction and other processes, none of which are considered to be outside the realm of current or future economic feasibility. In addition, waste reduction strategies and the land burial of stabilized/solidified wastes are discussed. Residues from these technologies vary widely according to waste type and composition, but a common component in many of them is heavy metals, which, as elements, cannot be further degraded to other products. The results of the available literature suggests that these metals will be retained in clay liners beneath a landfill through the mechanism of cation exchange, with the adsorption of metals favored by their smaller hydrated size, lower heat of hydration, and in some cases, higher valences than the naturally occurring alkali earth metals. Other important factors include ionic activity, the pH and ionic strength of the solution, the presence of complexing agents, and the possible surface heterogeneity of the clay. In soils, metal binding through cation exchange with clay is augmented by adsorption onto iron and manganese oxides and complexing with organic matter such as humic acids. Many field studies with landfarmed metal-bearing wastes show that these mechanisms are usually sufficient to retain metals to within several inches of their zone of application.
M.S.

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3

Zeiss, Christopher Andrew. "Siting waste disposal facilities in host communities : impacts and acceptance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29223.

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The siting of municipal solid waste disposal facilities is often unsuccessful or delayed because of host community opposition. Physical, economic, social and political impacts of landfill and an incinerator site are identified, assessed and combined in a rational model to explain the cause of opposition. Residents' beliefs about facility impacts correspond well with the assessed physical impacts at the landfill in identifying odor, birds, traffic, water emissions and explosion risks as negative impacts and convenient disposal as a benefit. At the incinerator, common resident beliefs comprise odors, noise, traffic and air emissions as negative impacts and energy recovery as a benefit. Underlying these obvious physical impacts, however is a group of non-physical beliefs about the harm to community image, loss of control, unfairness, and property value losses in the host community. These non-physical impacts influence the attitude about the facility as strongly as the physical impacts. Finally, exposure to obvious physical impacts is shown to negatively influence the beliefs about physical and non-physical (economic, social and political) impacts. Thus, by screening the host community from obvious physical impacts (nuisances), the beliefs about community image, control, fairness and property values can be enhanced. Since negative attitude and opposition action are strongest prior to facility construction, the siting efforts need to be focused on this period. After construction, the host community adapts to the new situation. The facility impacts are combined into a model to define a criterion for acceptance. The net value of facility impacts and benefits must reach or exceed in value the narrow tolerance range at the original host community reference point to avoid significant host community opposition. Impact reduction rather than compensation is theoretically shown to be the more effective approach to fulfilling the acceptance criterion. This approach is empirically tested at typical waste facility sites. Despite higher costs for prevention and emission control methods to reduce physical and non-physical impacts, these methods are shown to be superior to mitigation and compensation in gaining community acceptance. Based on the conclusions, the policy statement on waste facility sitings recommends first, defining entitlements and rules for the siting process, establishing increasing waste reduction and separation in a waste management plan, and using participative community planning as long-term, preventive facility siting measures. Short term siting measures comprise, the negotiation of siting agreements, the use of best available technical emission controls and continued monitoring by an overview committee. The focused use of prevention and control measures to address host community concerns can substantially enhance community acceptance of municipal solid waste facilities.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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4

Jambeck, Jenna Romness. "The disposal of CCA-treated wood in simulated landfills potential impacts /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0006647.

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5

Platford, Heather. "Effect of clipping disposal, fertilizer rate and mowing frequency on cool-season turfgrass growth to determine impacts on waste disposal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32219.pdf.

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6

Yates, Madeleine Rebecca. "An analysis of the environmental impacts of plastic single-use medical device disposal in hospitals in England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708569.

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7

Hampson, Christine L. "Residents' reappraisal of the Halton Regional landfill site : a longitudinal study of psychosocial impacts /." *McMaster only, 1997.

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8

Caulfield, Jennifer Ann. "Environmental impacts of carbon dioxide ocean disposal : plume predictions and time dependent organism experience." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37187.

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9

Mendes, Helena Cristiana Ferreira. "Consciencialização da população em relação à gestão de resíduos de fármacos e suas embalagens." Master's thesis, [s.n.], 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/4406.

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Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas
Tendo em conta o crescimento populacional e os avanços da Ciência e da Tecnologia, verificou-se uma melhoria da qualidade de vida da sociedade e, em simultâneo, um aumento acrescido nas prescrições médicas e no consumo de fármacos, a nível mundial. Este aumento no consumo de fármacos culminou num acumular excessivo deste género de resíduos e em impactes ambientais, resultantes do mesmo, consideravelmente preocupantes. As práticas menos corretas de deposição dos resíduos de fármacos e suas embalagens, bem como os consequentes impactes ambientais e na saúde pública, obrigaram as autoridades de cada país a reeducar a sua população, incentivando-a com medidas de reutilização e reciclagem dos resíduos. A implementação de programas eficientes de gestão deste género de resíduos, que assentem na responsabilização de todos os intervenientes na Sociedade, é extremamente relevante para a solução desta problemática. A quantidade de fármacos encontrada no meio ambiente, hoje em dia, é bastante alarmante. Neste sentido, analisou-se ao longo do trabalho a situação preocupante da excessiva prescrição e respetivo consumo de fármacos, a nível mundial. Para além disso, analisaram-se os principais meios de deposição/eliminação dos resíduos de fármacos e suas embalagens, com o intuito de avaliar o estado de consciência da população relativamente aos impactes destes resíduos na sua saúde e no ambiente, promovendo a sua responsabilidade na gestão dos mesmos. Verificou-se que a grande maioria da população, apesar de ter consciência dos impactes ambientais e na saúde pública provocados pela presença destes resíduos no ambiente, continuam maioritariamente a eliminá-los a partir dos resíduos ou esgotos domésticos. Perante esta realidade, salienta-se a implementação de campanhas esclarecedoras que informem os utentes acerca dos procedimentos mais corretos relativamente à deposição destes resíduos e apresentam-se exemplos de programas de gestão de resíduos de alguns países, os quais definem as responsabilidades associadas a cada interveniente do processo. A gestão dos resíduos de fármacos e suas embalagens em Portugal é abordada mais pormenorizadamente, referindo-se o caso da Sociedade Gestora de Resíduos de Embalagens e Medicamentos (VALORMED) que assegura a recolha seletiva, a retoma e a reciclagem destes resíduos. Taking into account the population growth and the advances in Science and Technology, there has been an improvement in the quality of life in society and, simultaneously, an increase in the consumption of drugs worldwide. This increase in the consumption of drugs has resulted in an excessive amount of this kind of waste and disturbing environmental impacts. The less correct waste disposal practices of drugs and packaging and the consequent environmental impacts and public health issues require the authorities in each country to re-educate its population, with measures encouraging waste reuse, recycling and energy recovery. The implementation of efficient management programs of this kind of waste, which rely on the accountability of all actors in society, is extremely relevant to the solution of this problem. The amount of drugs found in the environment today, is quite disturbing. In this sense, and throughout this work, the situation of excessive prescription and consumption of drugs worldwide was analysed. In addition, the main means of disposal of pharmaceutical waste and packaging were analysed, in order to assess the state of awareness of the population regarding the impacts of this waste on people´s health and in the environment, promoting the responsibility in management. Despite awareness of environmental and public health impacts caused by the presence of these pharmaceuticals wastes in the environment, the vast majority of population eliminates them thought household sewage. Given this reality, it is important to emphasize the implementation of enlightening campaigns that so, inform users about the correct procedures for the deposition of these wastes and some examples are shown of waste management programs in some countries, defining the responsibilities associated with each of the players in the process. Waste management and packaging of drugs in Portugal is discussed in more detail, citing the case of the Sociedade Gestora de Resíduos de Embalagens e Medicamentos (VALORMED) ensuring separate collection, recovery and recycling of this waste.

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10

Wright, Nevil Ian. "Ecological impacts of Highveld gerbils (Tatera Brantsii) on a rehabilitated ash disposal site / Nevil Ian Wright." Thesis, North-West University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1246.

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Tatera brantsii was numerically dominant in the small mammal community on the plateaux of the rehabilitated ash disposal sites of ESKOM's Hendrina Power Station in 1998 and 1999 (Vermaak 2000). The species seemed well adapted to exploit this environment and, through biopedturbation, had altered the topsoil structure and chemistry. The consequences of this and other activities also affected the rehabilitated plant community of the PFA-dam habitat. Burrowing appeared limited to just under the topsoil layer, and seemed more extensive than burrows of this species in natural ecosystems. The burrow system architecture was mapped and quantified, and localised increases in nitrates, phosphorous and organic carbon in immediately associated substrate were noted. However, this substrate enrichment was transient, and disappeared following the abandonment, and subsequent collapse of burrow systems, when gerbil colonies migrated away from the area. The mixing of soil horizons also resulted in a more homogeneous substrate, which was more friable, and thus drier. The high pH and salinity of the topsoil layer in areas undisturbed by gerbil burrowing, and concentrations of particular elements associated with either the topsoil covering or the ash, were reduced as a consequence of substrate mixing in disturbed areas. Gerbil impacts on the substrate of this habitat seemed to promote pedogenesis, eliminating the sharp distinction between the topsoil covering and the ash below, but the re-exposed ash of the burrow mounds would become subject to erosion, and reduce the effectiveness of the rehabilitation effort. Gerbil activities increased the number of plant species, especially ruderal forbs, comprising the plant community of the PFA-dam habitat, but plant community diversity was not significantly increased. However, numerical dominance by few tussock grass species was diminished , possibly reflecting burial under mounds of excavated substrate. The biomass and cover of some grass species were reduced in areas of gerbil impacts, and plant lifecycles appeared to be completed sooner in areas affected by gerbil activities. These effects may be as a result of the drier substrate produced following the collapse of the extensive network of abandoned burrows. The succession of this plant community towards an underutilised grassland state, the expected outcome of the rehabilitation effort, was minimally affected by gerbil activities. The effects of T.brantsii activities in this PFA-dam habitat were not as distinct as the effects noted by other authors studying fossorial rodent impacts in less disturbed habitats. This could be because further disturbances in this habitat would merely add to the currently disturbed state, whereas disturbance in more natural habitats, would show more of a change from the initial state.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Zoology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

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11

Mohobane, Thabiso. "The Characteristics and Impacts of Landfill Leachate from Horotiu, New Zealand and Maseru, Lesotho: A Comparative Study." The University of Waikato, 2008. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20080214.163007/index.html.

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12

Ares, Maria Elena. "The impacts of low levels of antibiotics on freshwater microbial communities." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8767.

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13

Wong, Sze-chung Coby. "Trace metal contamination of the riverine environment in Guiyu, China : the impacts of primitive e-waste disposal /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B4308526X.

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14

Lee, Huk-bun. "Environmental economics : a framework for assessing the economic impacts of adopting biotechnologies in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37120530.

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15

Elshayeb, Monalisa. "Determining food web impacts on experimental aquatic systems from the disposal of oil sands process-affected waste materials." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2973.

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Current mining operators in the Athabasca oil sands deposit of Alberta, Canada have made commitments to zero discharge of oil sands process-affected waste materials (OSPM) from the mine site and rehabilitation of mined lands to a pre-mining state. As part of aquatic reclamation efforts, experimental test sites that contain a range of OSPM (solid and liquid components) were constructed to monitor the evolution and viability of aquatic habitats used as disposal sinks for OSPM produced by mining activities. In the present study, stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were used to gauge some of the potential effects of OSPM site construction methods on aquatic food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of sediment, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, periphytic material, plants, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were used to assess differences related to the naphthenic acid (NA) concentration in OSPM and reference sites. For statistical analyses, sites were grouped into low (0 to 4 mg/L), medium (4 to 15 mg/L) and high (> 15 mg/L) NA concentrations. There were no significant differences in food web area or food web length among the low, medium and high NA concentration sites. In most cases, sample carbon isotope analyses of low, medium and high NA concentration sites were not significantly different, suggesting food web carbon sources did not include significant contributions from OSPM materials at OSPM sites. Significant differences, however, were found in the sample nitrogen isotope signatures between low, medium and high NA concentration sites. Ammonia from OSPM is suggested to be the main contributor to δ¹⁵N enrichment.

To determine the potential effects of site construction and OSPM within experimental test sites, carbon and sulphur stable isotopes of water, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were analyzed. With the exception of Chaoborus and Haliplus, all carbon isotope signatures were not significantly different in constructed and reference sites. Also with the exception of Haliplus, sulphur isotope values for aquatic organisms from constructed and reference sites were significantly different. Aquatic organisms and water samples from constructed sites built in, or close, to the boundary of Kcw clays typically had δ³⁴S < 0 ?. Coinciding with depleted δ³⁴S signatures found in these aquatic systems were elevated sulphate concentrations. The waters at experimental test sites are in direct contact with the soil materials that facilitate the accumulation of sulphates as a result of the oxidation of substrate sulphide minerals. In general the results of the study suggest that aquatic food web structure and function do not change with the introduction of OSPM. Shifts in isotopic signatures suggestive of changes in food web structure, however, do occur when site construction exposes Kcw clays in the substrate.

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16

au, j. anderson@murdoch edu, and Jonathan Anderson. "Impacts of Amending Bauxite Residue Sands with Residue Fines for the Establishment of Vegetation on Residue Disposal Areas." Murdoch University, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090831.155453.

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Long term storage of bauxite residue materials requires a capping stratum which will limit erosion while stabilizing slopes, limit deep infiltration of water into storage piles, and be aesthetically acceptable to the surrounding community. A diverse native vegetative community capable of surviving seasonal drought, low plant available water and nutrient constraints has the best potential of satisfying most, if not all of these requirements. Current and past rehabilitation of residue disposal areas (RDAs) using species native to southwest Western Australia has exhibited varying success. Current practices at Alcoa World Alumina Australias (Alcoa) Western Australia refineries have bauxite residue fines (< 150 ìm) stored within impoundments, in which the outer embankments are constructed with bauxite residue sands (> 150 ìm). The residue sands are also used as the growth media in the capping stratum for vegetation establishment on the disposal sites. Despite the inherently hostile properties of residue sand (pH > 10, EC(1:5) > 4 dS m-1, and ESP > 50), reductions in alkalinity (pH), salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP) are corrected, through freshwater leaching, to a greater extent than is possible with residue fines. Although leaching can reduce the hostile character of residue sand, additions of phosphogypsum are typically added to expedite the removal of Na and alkalinity, and inorganic fertilizers are incorporated to improve the nutrient status of the growth media. However, due to the inconsistencies in vegetation establishment, which are attributed to poor water retention, inherent nutrient deficiencies and rapid loss of nutrients within residue sands (because of high hydraulic conductivity), further amendments are required. The aim of this study was to determine if amending the residue sand capping layer with residue fines would enhance its overall growth potential for vegetation establishment. Additions of fines to residue sands were predicted to increase water retention, add nutrients and increase the ability of the growth media to retain nutrients. Comparisons were made between the treated residue fines (seawater washed, carbonated, or unaltered) at a series of fines additions (1 - 20 % w/w) and a control(residue sand) amended with 2% (w/w) phosphogypsum and inorganic fertilizer. Comparisons were to determine the differences in 1) water retention, 2) nutrient concentrations and nutrient retention, and 3) plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations between the growth media treatments. Four experiments were set up to measure differences in these variables which included: a glasshouse study involving the growth of Acacia saligna; a germination and emergence study (A.saligna); a two year field study in Western Australia; and a glasshouse column leaching study. Water retention increased with increasing percentage of residue fines addition. Plant available water (PAW) increased up to 110 %, with a 20 % increase in fines, representing an increase of 0.026 m3 PAW m-3 residue growth media, when compared to the residue sand only. This increase in PAW was attributed to changes in pore space distributions, due to the increasing fines contents altering the sandy texture to loamy sand texture class. However, initially much of this increase in PAW may not be realized, due to estimated temporary increases in osmotic potential associated with the high salt contents of residue sand and fines. Fines materials have much greater salt contents, and thus need to be leached to a greater extent than sands to remove the associated osmotic potential effects. Essential plant nutrients (P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and B) were increased with additions of residue fines in the glasshouse studies, although many nutrients (Mg, Zn, Mn and B) were still marginal for sustainable plant growth and development. Seawater treated residue fines additions produced the greatest increases in growth media nutrients with substantial increases in soluble (> 7 mg L-1) and exchangeable (> 0.10 cmolc kg-1) Mg, being up to 400 % greater than all other treatments. Along with these necessary nutrients, concentrations of Na were also increased in all fines additions treatments. Added Na may offset the benefits of fines additions, at least in the short term, due to inhibitions of cation uptake from Na competition. However, in the column leaching study soluble and exchangeable Na was lost rapidly from the profile, due to Ca and K displacement of Na from exchange sites during leaching. Soluble Na was removed from the profile to < 5 % of initial concentrations, after only three pore volumes of leaching, and exchangeable Na was removed from charge sites to less than 25 % of the initial concentration. Fines additions did increase concentrations of Mg and K on exchange sites, thus reflecting increased nutrient retention capacity relative to that in residue sand only. Plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations were altered with the additions of residue fines to residue sands. The germination and emergence study demonstrated that the emergence of native seedlings was affected by additions of fines, due to the increased salinity and sodicity of the materials. Acacia saligna seedling emergence was inhibited by EC(1:5) > 2 dS m-1, which was highly correlated with a Na/Ca ratio of > 40, for all treatments, except the seawater fines additions. Seeds sown in seawater treatments emerged from growth media with EC(1:5) as high as 3.33 dS m-1 and appeared to be better correlated with Ca/Mg ratios than any other variable. Native vegetation growth responses showed mixed results in fines treated residues in the field. In the greenhouse study, plant growth tended to decrease with fines additions. Poor plant growth with increasing fines additions occurred despite the increased water retention and increased nutrients. This was attributed to the addition of Na associated with the residue fines, as increases in Na, EC and ESP in fines treatments all appear to have limited growth of Acacia saligna in the glasshouse over three months. Seawater fines additions had elevated Mg and B concentrations in plant biomass, and performed better than the carbonated or unaltered fines treatments, but still had reduced growth compared to the residue sand, which contained lower Na concentrations. Additional plant growth limitations may have occurred, due to possible plant nutrient deficiencies including: Mg, Zn, Mn and B and Na toxicity. Incorporation of residue fines into residue sands did increase water retention, nutrient concentrations and the nutrient retention capacity, but did not enhance the overall growth potential for vegetation, at least in the short term. Reductions in germination and emergence of seedlings and reduced plant growth were attributed to increases in Na concentrations introduced from the fines. Seawater washed residue fines had lower ESP and greater concentrations of nutrients, thus reducing the negative impacts from the additional Na introduced, and showed the greatest promise as a fines amendment. As leaching occurs over the first few initial months of rehabilitation, it is expected that the majority of the Na will be removed, from a system with an addition of 5 to 10 % fines, and the positive benefits of the fines additions will than be realized. Findings also illustrate that delaying the planting of vegetation on RDAs, until adequate leaching has occurred to reduce the Na concentrations, will substantially increase vegetation emergence and establishment.

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17

Anderson, Jonathan. "Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas." Anderson, Jonathan (2009) Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/720/.

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Long term storage of bauxite residue materials requires a capping stratum which will limit erosion while stabilizing slopes, limit deep infiltration of water into storage piles, and be aesthetically acceptable to the surrounding community. A diverse native vegetative community capable of surviving seasonal drought, low plant available water and nutrient constraints has the best potential of satisfying most, if not all of these requirements. Current and past rehabilitation of residue disposal areas (RDAs) using species native to southwest Western Australia has exhibited varying success. Current practices at Alcoa World Alumina Australia’s (Alcoa) Western Australia refineries have bauxite residue fines (< 150 ìm) stored within impoundments, in which the outer embankments are constructed with bauxite residue sands (> 150 ìm). The residue sands are also used as the growth media in the capping stratum for vegetation establishment on the disposal sites. Despite the inherently hostile properties of residue sand (pH > 10, EC(1:5) > 4 dS m-1, and ESP > 50), reductions in alkalinity (pH), salinity (EC) and sodicity (ESP) are corrected, through freshwater leaching, to a greater extent than is possible with residue fines. Although leaching can reduce the hostile character of residue sand, additions of phosphogypsum are typically added to expedite the removal of Na and alkalinity, and inorganic fertilizers are incorporated to improve the nutrient status of the growth media. However, due to the inconsistencies in vegetation establishment, which are attributed to poor water retention, inherent nutrient deficiencies and rapid loss of nutrients within residue sands (because of high hydraulic conductivity), further amendments are required. The aim of this study was to determine if amending the residue sand capping layer with residue fines would enhance its overall growth potential for vegetation establishment. Additions of fines to residue sands were predicted to increase water retention, add nutrients and increase the ability of the growth media to retain nutrients. Comparisons were made between the treated residue fines (seawater washed, carbonated, or unaltered) at a series of fines additions (1 - 20 % w/w) and a control(residue sand) amended with 2% (w/w) phosphogypsum and inorganic fertilizer. Comparisons were to determine the differences in 1) water retention, 2) nutrient concentrations and nutrient retention, and 3) plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations between the growth media treatments. Four experiments were set up to measure differences in these variables which included: a glasshouse study involving the growth of Acacia saligna; a germination and emergence study (A.saligna); a two year field study in Western Australia; and a glasshouse column leaching study. Water retention increased with increasing percentage of residue fines addition. Plant available water (PAW) increased up to 110 %, with a 20 % increase in fines, representing an increase of 0.026 m3 PAW m-3 residue growth media, when compared to the residue sand only. This increase in PAW was attributed to changes in pore space distributions, due to the increasing fines contents altering the sandy texture to loamy sand texture class. However, initially much of this increase in PAW may not be realized, due to estimated temporary increases in osmotic potential associated with the high salt contents of residue sand and fines. Fines materials have much greater salt contents, and thus need to be leached to a greater extent than sands to remove the associated osmotic potential effects. Essential plant nutrients (P, K, S, Ca, Mg, and B) were increased with additions of residue fines in the glasshouse studies, although many nutrients (Mg, Zn, Mn and B) were still marginal for sustainable plant growth and development. Seawater treated residue fines additions produced the greatest increases in growth media nutrients with substantial increases in soluble (> 7 mg L-1) and exchangeable (> 0.10 cmolc kg-1) Mg, being up to 400 % greater than all other treatments. Along with these necessary nutrients, concentrations of Na were also increased in all fines additions treatments. Added Na may offset the benefits of fines additions, at least in the short term, due to inhibitions of cation uptake from Na competition. However, in the column leaching study soluble and exchangeable Na was lost rapidly from the profile, due to Ca and K displacement of Na from exchange sites during leaching. Soluble Na was removed from the profile to < 5 % of initial concentrations, after only three pore volumes of leaching, and exchangeable Na was removed from charge sites to less than 25 % of the initial concentration. Fines additions did increase concentrations of Mg and K on exchange sites, thus reflecting increased nutrient retention capacity relative to that in residue sand only. Plant growth responses and plant biomass nutrient concentrations were altered with the additions of residue fines to residue sands. The germination and emergence study demonstrated that the emergence of native seedlings was affected by additions of fines, due to the increased salinity and sodicity of the materials. Acacia saligna seedling emergence was inhibited by EC(1:5) > 2 dS m-1, which was highly correlated with a Na/Ca ratio of > 40, for all treatments, except the seawater fines additions. Seeds sown in seawater treatments emerged from growth media with EC(1:5) as high as 3.33 dS m-1 and appeared to be better correlated with Ca/Mg ratios than any other variable. Native vegetation growth responses showed mixed results in fines treated residues in the field. In the greenhouse study, plant growth tended to decrease with fines additions. Poor plant growth with increasing fines additions occurred despite the increased water retention and increased nutrients. This was attributed to the addition of Na associated with the residue fines, as increases in Na, EC and ESP in fines treatments all appear to have limited growth of Acacia saligna in the glasshouse over three months. Seawater fines additions had elevated Mg and B concentrations in plant biomass, and performed better than the carbonated or unaltered fines treatments, but still had reduced growth compared to the residue sand, which contained lower Na concentrations. Additional plant growth limitations may have occurred, due to possible plant nutrient deficiencies including: Mg, Zn, Mn and B and Na toxicity. Incorporation of residue fines into residue sands did increase water retention, nutrient concentrations and the nutrient retention capacity, but did not enhance the overall growth potential for vegetation, at least in the short term. Reductions in germination and emergence of seedlings and reduced plant growth were attributed to increases in Na concentrations introduced from the fines. Seawater washed residue fines had lower ESP and greater concentrations of nutrients, thus reducing the negative impacts from the additional Na introduced, and showed the greatest promise as a fines amendment. As leaching occurs over the first few initial months of rehabilitation, it is expected that the majority of the Na will be removed, from a system with an addition of 5 to 10 % fines, and the positive benefits of the fines additions will than be realized. Findings also illustrate that delaying the planting of vegetation on RDAs, until adequate leaching has occurred to reduce the Na concentrations, will substantially increase vegetation emergence and establishment.

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18

Anderson, Jonathan D. "Impacts of amending bauxite residue sands with residue fines for the establishment of vegetation on residue disposal areas /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20090831.155453.

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19

Reis, Edson Luís Tocaia dos. "Abordagem sistêmica do sistema de tratamento de água de Registro, São Paulo, com ênfase na avaliação do impacto do descarte dos resíduos na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ribeira de Iguape." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-18052012-131742/.

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A crescente preocupação dos órgãos de vigilância ambiental e sanitária sobre a segurança e a qualidade dos recursos hídricos tem orientado o desenvolvimento de diversas pesquisas voltadas para uma revisão do padrão tecnológico atual, quanto à gestão de resíduos gerados em estações de tratamento de água. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas as principais características dos resíduos gerados em um sistema de tratamento de água de ciclo completo na cidade de Registro (SP) e sua correlação com a qualidade do meio hídrico, pelo estudo dos efeitos físico-químicos de seu descarte na qualidade da água e do sedimento da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Ribeira de Iguape. Um programa de monitoramento da microbacia foi estabelecido, verificando-se o atendimento dos elementos analisados ás exigências de legislações federais, como a Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 e a Portaria 518. Foram constatadas alterações na qualidade da água superficial do corpo d\'água receptor em períodos de até 4 horas, após o despejo, e para uma distância de até 50 m a jusante do descarte do lodo da ETA. A análise descritiva mostrou ser predominante a concentração de alguns metais durante o descarte, como o manganês. A análise dos organismos bentônicos apresentou uma indicação de que os grupos observados não foram diretamente afetados pelo despejo do lodo da ETA. O presente trabalho não detectou indícios de que a contaminação constatada no local de despejo atingisse o rio Ribeira de Iguape, porém, a presença de alumínio em amostras de sedimento próximo ao local de descarte mostrou que o descarte sistemático do lodo pode comprometer em longo prazo a qualidade da água do corpo d\'água receptor.
The growing concern of environmental and sanitary surveillance about the safety and the quality in the hydric resources, guides the development of many researches to a revision of the current technological pattern, related to the administration of residues generated in the water treatment plants. This work evaluated main characteristics of the residues generated in water treatment plant with complete cycle in the Registro town (SP) and the correlation with quality of the environment, by studying physical-chemical effects of its discharge in the quality of water and sediment of Ribeira de Iguape River Basin. A monitoring program was established, verifying the attendance of the elements analyzed to the demands of federal legislations, such as Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 and Portaria 518. Some alterations were verified in the quality of superficial water of the receiving watercourse, in periods up to 4 hours after the discharge and for a distance of 50 m to the place of the discard of sludge. The descriptive analysis showed to be predominant the concentration of some metals during the discharge, as manganese. The analysis of the benthonic organisms pointed out that the groups observed as typical of the area were not directly affected by sludge discharge. The present study did not detect indications that the contamination verified reached Ribeira de Iguape River. However, the systematic discharging of the sludge may commit at long date the water quality of the receiving watercourse.

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GOUVEIA, JORGE L. N. "Descarte de resíduos químicos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, seus impactos socioambientais - uma proposta de política pública para enfrentamento de situações emergenciais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2015. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/25299.

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Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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21

Orsati, Alexandre Shimizu [UNESP]. "Análise de impactos ambientais e econômicos na escolha de locais para disposição final de resíduos sólidos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98091.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, que leva a contaminação do meio ambiente, é uma problemática comum de diversos municípios brasileiros. A pesquisa tem como objetivos definir critérios funcionais para os locais de disposição final de resíduos sólidos e um parâmetro de avaliação para esses locais, que indique a sua qualidade em termos de funcionalidade e geração de impactos ambientais e econômicos. O parâmetro proposto é o índice de qualidade, determinado por uma relação entre os critérios funcionais e os impactos ambientais e econômicos. Os valores dos critérios funcionais são calculados em função das características físicas do local e o valor dos impactos ambientais e econômicos são determinados através de entrevistas domiciliares. Os resultados do estudo de caso mostram que o método desenvolvido neste trabalho é eficiente, pois indica a funcionalidade do local para a disposição final de resíduos sólidos, em contrapartida à intensidade dos impactos gerados pela ocupação do solo.
Improper disposal of urban solid residues, leading to contamination of environment, is a problem that concerns to several Brazilian countries. The research intends to define functional criteria to the places for final disposal of solid residues and an appraisal parameter for these sites, indicating their quality towards to functionality and environmental and economic impacting. The proposed parameter is the quality index, defined by a relation between functional criteria and environmental and economic impacts. Values of functional criteria are calculated based on the physical characteristics of the place and the value of environmental and economic impacts are determinated through home- based interviews. The study of case results show that the method developed in this work is effective, since it indicates the functionality of the place for final disposal of solid residues, in counterpart to the intensity of impacts generated by soil occupying.

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22

PIDONE, LEANDRO A. "Utilização das diretivas RoHS e WEEE para equipamentos eletromédicos fabricados no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10066.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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23

Orsati, Alexandre Shimizu. "Análise de impactos ambientais e econômicos na escolha de locais para disposição final de resíduos sólidos /." Ilha Solteira, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98091.

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Orientador: Luzenira Alves Brasileiro
Banca: Maria da Consolação F. de Albuquerque
Banca: Carlos Alberto Faria
Resumo: A disposição inadequada dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, que leva a contaminação do meio ambiente, é uma problemática comum de diversos municípios brasileiros. A pesquisa tem como objetivos definir critérios funcionais para os locais de disposição final de resíduos sólidos e um parâmetro de avaliação para esses locais, que indique a sua qualidade em termos de funcionalidade e geração de impactos ambientais e econômicos. O parâmetro proposto é o índice de qualidade, determinado por uma relação entre os critérios funcionais e os impactos ambientais e econômicos. Os valores dos critérios funcionais são calculados em função das características físicas do local e o valor dos impactos ambientais e econômicos são determinados através de entrevistas domiciliares. Os resultados do estudo de caso mostram que o método desenvolvido neste trabalho é eficiente, pois indica a funcionalidade do local para a disposição final de resíduos sólidos, em contrapartida à intensidade dos impactos gerados pela ocupação do solo.
Abstract: Improper disposal of urban solid residues, leading to contamination of environment, is a problem that concerns to several Brazilian countries. The research intends to define functional criteria to the places for final disposal of solid residues and an appraisal parameter for these sites, indicating their quality towards to functionality and environmental and economic impacting. The proposed parameter is the quality index, defined by a relation between functional criteria and environmental and economic impacts. Values of functional criteria are calculated based on the physical characteristics of the place and the value of environmental and economic impacts are determinated through home- based interviews. The study of case results show that the method developed in this work is effective, since it indicates the functionality of the place for final disposal of solid residues, in counterpart to the intensity of impacts generated by soil occupying.
Mestre

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24

Lima, Lina Dias. "O Microcrédito em Portugal : O Impacto no Rendimento dos Beneficiários e a sua Relação com a Pobreza." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3801.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Este trabalho tem como finalidade estudar o sector do microcrédito em Portugal, o seu impacto no rendimento dos respectivos beneficiários e a sua relação com a pobreza, dando especial atenção à sua dinâmica nas zonas metropolitanas de Lisboa e Porto. Mensurar o impacto do microcrédito no rendimento dos beneficiários, caracterizar o sector e o perfil do microempresário português foi possível com recurso aos dados disponibilizados pela ANDC (Associação Nacional de Direito ao Crédito) e a entrevis¬tas a alguns desses beneficiários. Foram criados modelos econométricos de regressão linear múltipla que permitiram verificar que o rendimento dos beneficiários do micro-crédito é influenciado, entre outros, por indicadores socioeconómicos como o montante do microempréstimo, o estado civil, o grau de escolaridade, a conjuntura económica e o distrito. Apesar do microcrédito contribuir para o aumento do rendimento dos beneficiá¬rios de ambos os distritos de Lisboa e Porto, este aumento tende a ser mais acentuado quando se trata dos beneficiários do Porto. Constata-se também que no momento de adesão ao microcrédito, o rendimento da maior parte dos beneficiários encontrava-se acima do salário mínimo nacional. Tal, associado ao facto de parte significativa das microrempresas criadas com a ajuda do microcrédito no período considerado, entre 1999 e 2007 terem cessado a actividade nos primeiros três anos de vida evidência algu¬mas das limitações do sector do microcrédito em abranger os beneficiários realmente pobres e combater a pobreza.
The purpose of this work is to study the microcredit sector in Portugal, the impact it has on the income of its beneficiaries and its relationship with poverty, giving special focus on its dynamics in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto. Measuring the impact on the income of microcredit beneficiaries and to character¬ize the sector and profile of the Portuguese microentrepreneur was possible with access to ANDC data and interviews to some of the beneficiaries. Econometric models of mul¬tiple linear regressions were built that allowed to find evidence that the income of mi¬crocredit beneficiaries is influenced, among others, by socioeconomic indicators such as the amount of microlending, marital status, scholar degree, economic conditions and district. Even though microcredit contributes for the increase of beneficiaries' income in both districts, Lisbon and Porto, this increment tends to be more significant in those from Porto. It appears that at the moment of adherence to microcredit, the income of most beneficiaries was above the national minimum wage. This, along with the fact that a significant part of micro companies created with microcredit help in the period in cause (between 1999 and 2007) had closed activity in the first three years of existence, shows some limitations of the microcredit sector in embrace the real poor beneficiaries and fight against poverty.

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REIS, EDSON L. T. dos. "Abordagem sistêmica do sistema de tratamento de água de Registro, São Paulo, com ênfase na avaliação do impacto do descarte dos resíduos na bacia hidrográfica do rio Ribeira de Iguape." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2006. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11397.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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26

Mralaza, Phumelele David. "Negative impacts of illegal waste dumping in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018650.

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South Africa is confronted by waste management challenges and the need to redress environmentally acceptable waste management practices. In seeking to address this challenge, the South African government has introduced waste management legislation, policies and strategies. Despite the legislation, policies and strategies on waste management, illegal waste dumping continues to exist as a major challenge in particular for the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality. This study focuses on illegal waste dumping in Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality which negatively impacts on development. The study seeks to make recommendations which will assist the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality to improve its waste management services. This study involved a community participatory approach by communities in Motherwell, New Brighton and Gelvandale. The research follows a mixed method approach, employing both qualitative and quantitative approach. A Public Perception Survey is used as a method of data collection aimed at determining the present public opinions regarding the waste management services currently offered by the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality (NMBM). The study found that despite interventions by the NMBM to address illegal dumping, the problem continues to exist. Poor service provision by the NMBM in terms of waste collection services combined with the lack of awareness of the community‟s responsibility towards the cleanliness of its communities leads to littering and illegal dumping of waste by communities. The NMBM is not effective in the planning, coordination and implementation of its waste management services. Recommendations have been presented with regard to how effective waste management services in NMBM can be enhanced.

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27

Lee, Huk-bun, and 李學斌. "Environmental economics: a framework for assessing the economic impacts of adopting biotechnologies in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013500.

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ORSINI, ROSELY dos R. "Estudo do aproveitamento do resíduo da lavoura cafeeira como fonte de biomassa na produção de hidrogênio." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2012. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10145.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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29

QUAGLIO, Renam Serraglio. "Resíduos da construção e demolição (rc&d): estudo dos impactos ambientais provocados pelo descarte inadequado no município de Presidente Bernardes – SP." Universidade do Oeste Paulista, 2017. http://bdtd.unoeste.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/1066.

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The urban centers produce a large amount of solid waste daily, among them we can highlight the construction and demolition waste (RCD) from the processes of construction, demolition and maintenance of civil works. Civil construction can be identified as one of the sectors that most cause impacts to the environment due to exploitation of natural resources and high rate of waste generation. The creation of irregular provisions in the urban perimeter is observed in public roads and public places, squares, slopes, water courses and areas of permanent preservation. In this context, this study aims to report on the possible environmental impacts caused in the areas of RCD irregularity in the municipality of Presidente Bernardes-SP, presenting its characteristics and spatial analysis. The methodological basis for the characterization of the areas was descriptive statistics. The quantitative and qualitative analyzes evaluated the generation rate and composition of RCDs in the municipality. After a detailed investigation of the urban perimeter and accesses of the municipality were demarcated 40 points of irregular disposal that had more than 3 m³ of deposited RCDs. These points were classified in public, private and permanent preservation areas. Class A, 82.5% of Class B, 47.5% of Class C and D (CONAMA 307/02) were identified in all the analyzed points, it was also verified that 20% of the points had household residues evidencing the power attractiveness of RCDs. The mortar was the most representative material with 22.58% of the analyzed sample, followed by concrete with 19.65%. The identified impacts were to the degradation of the disposal areas evidenced by the RCD composition, sedimentation and compromise of the Guarucaia stream, soil erosion, among others. The evaluation of municipal management pointed to the diagnosis of the system and environmental education as bad and the inspection as bad, based on the parameters analyzed. Such evaluations are fundamental for the identification of the fragilities of the management, and proposition of a management based on the principles of the sustainability.
Os centros urbanos produzem uma grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos diariamente, dentre eles podemos destacar os resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) oriundos dos processos de edificação, demolição e manutenção de obras civis. A construção civil pode ser identificada como um dos setores que mais causam impactos ao meio ambiente devido à exploração dos recursos naturais e elevado índice de geração de resíduos. A criação de disposições irregulares no perímetro urbano é observada em vias e logradouros públicos, praças, encostas, cursos d’água e áreas de preservação permanente. Neste contexto, este estudo tem por objetivo relatar os possíveis impactos ambientais ocasionados nas áreas de disposição irregular dos RCD no município de Presidente Bernardes-SP apresentando suas características e análise espacial. A base metodológica para a caracterização das áreas foi à estatística descritiva. As análises quantitativas e qualitativas avaliaram a taxa de geração e a composição dos RCD no município. Após uma investigação detalhada do perímetro urbano e acessos do município foram demarcados 40 pontos de descarte irregular que possuíam mais de 3 m³ de RCD depositados. Estes pontos foram classificados em áreas públicas, particulares e em áreas de preservação permanente. Em todos os pontos analisados foram identificados resíduos da Classe A, 82,5% da Classe B, 47,5% da Classe C e D (CONAMA 307/02), também foi verificado que 20% dos pontos apresentavam resíduos domiciliares evidenciando o poder de atratividade dos RCD. A argamassa foi o material com maior representatividade com 22,58% da amostra analisada, seguida pelo concreto com 19,65%. Os impactos identificados foram à degradação das áreas de disposição evidenciadas pela composição dos RCD, assoreamento e comprometimento do córrego Guarucaia, erosão dos solos entre outros. A avaliação da gestão municipal apontou o diagnóstico do sistema e educação ambiental como péssimos e a fiscalização como ruim, a partir dos parâmetros analisados. Tais avaliações são fundamentais para a identificação das fragilidades do gerenciamento, e proposição de uma gestão baseada nos princípios da sustentabilidade.

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Marcondes, Camila. "Descarte do lixo e seu impacto no ambiente e saúde: percepção das comunidades indígenas de Mangueirinha – PR." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2014. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1097.

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A perda histórica das terras e dos recursos naturais e os constantes contatos interétnicos têm transformando pelo menos uma parte das economias indígenas dependentes da lógica econômica de mercado capitalista e alterado o padrão de consumo nas aldeias. Há certa dependência em relação aos alimentos consumidos, em sua grande maioria comprados, o que aumenta o número de embalagens e rejeitos para se desprezar. No entanto, a coleta de lixo nas aldeias é precário o que emana problemas no seu descarte. Em visita a Terra Indígena Mangueirinha observou-se a presença de lixo ao redor das casas contendo embalagens de produtos industrializados, tais como garrafas de plástico, latas de refrigerante, pacotes de salgadinho e fraldas descartáveis. Neste contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar a percepção da população da Terra Indígena Mangueirinha em relação ao descarte do lixo e seu impacto na saúde e no ambiente da aldeia. Os objetivos específicos da investigação foram: traçar o perfil da cultura alimentar e sócio econômico dos entrevistados; identificar o método de descarte do lixo utilizado pela população investigada e identificar a percepção dos indígenas sobre meio ambiente e seus impactos na saúde. Para a investigação deste estudo de caso realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa com treze indígenas. Foi utilizado um roteiro pré-elaborado para nortear as questões referentes ao perfil do entrevistado, quais os métodos utilizados para o descarte do lixo e como percebem a relação do ambiente com a saúde. As entrevistas foram realizadas na escola Kokoj Ty Han já e em visitas domiciliares. Os resultados da pesquisa mostram que os indígenas realizam atividades culturais com o objetivo de manter vivos os costumes e aspectos tradicionais da aldeia, porém no cotidiano, diversos segmentos são afetados pela influência não indígena, tais como educação, saúde e hábitos alimentares. No que se refere à percepção sobre os problemas ambientais na área indígena ou no entorno dela, formaram-se 3 grupos diferentes, dos moradores que identificam o desmatamento como o principal problema ambiental, o segundo grupo que identifica como a poluição e o terceiro grupo que acredita não existir problema ambiental nas Terras Indígenas. Os contatos interétnicos modificaram a percepção do que consideram itens necessários ao seu bem estar. Na procura por ter acesso aos bens de consumo diversificam seus meios de vida, conciliando o trabalho assalariado a outras fontes de renda. O que tem implicado na liberação de resíduos não orgânicos no meio ambiente e sido fonte de agravos à saúde. Os moradores elencaram soluções para os problemas enfrentados, como aumentar a frequência de coleta e os pontos em que passa o caminhão de lixo, construir depósitos para o armazenamento correto e a realização de orientações à comunidade para o reaproveitamento do lixo orgânico, separação do lixo e descarte correto. Portanto, percebem a importância de preservar o meio ambiente para sua qualidade de vida, porém no cotidiano lhes faltam estrutura e disponibilidade de serviços públicos de coleta de lixo e ações educativas sobre o manejo dos resíduos sólidos.
The historical loss of earth and natural resources and the constant inter-ethnic contacts had changed at least some part of the Indian economies dependents on the capitalist market logic and transformed the consumption pattern of the villages. There‟s some dependence related to their consumed food, in general bought, that raises the number of packaging and tailings to dispose. However, the garbage collect on the villages is still precarious, that originates problems on this discard. In visit to the Indian earth Mangueirinha, it was observed the presence of trash around the houses with industrialized products packaging, like plastic bottles, cans of soda, packets of chips and some disposable diapers. In this contest, the research had as central objective analyze the perception of the local people about the garbage discarding and It‟s impact on village‟s healthy and environment. The specific objectives of the research were: to do the cultural food and social-economic profiles and to identify the Indian methods of garbage discarding utilized by the investigated community and to identiy perception about environment and It‟s impact on healthy. For the investigation of that case we carried out a qualitative study with thirteen indigenous. A pre-prepared script was used to guide the questions regarding the respondent profile, what methods are used to dispose of trash and how they perceive the relationship between environment and health. The interviews were conductedat Kokoj Ty Han Já School and home visits. The research results show that the Indians perform cultural activities aiming to keep alive the customs and traditional aspects of the village, but in daily life, several segments are affected by non-indigenous influence, such as education, health and eating habits. With regard to the perception of environmental problems in the indigenous area or around it, formed three different groups of residents that identify the main environmental problem as deforestation, the second group that identifies as pollution and the third group that believes that no environmental problem exists on indigenous lands. Interethnic contacts changed the perception of what they consider items necessary for their well-being. In seeking to gain access to consumer goods they diversify their livelihoods, combining wage labor to other sources of income. What is involved in the release of non-organic waste on the environment and been a source of health problems. Residents listed solutions to the problems faced, such as increasing the frequency of collection and the points in passing garbage truck, build warehouses for the correct storage and conducting community guidelines for the reuse of organic waste, waste separation and correct disposal. Therefore, they realize the importance of preserving the environment for their quality of life, but in everyday life they lack structure and availability of public services of garbage collection and educational activities concerning the management of solid waste.

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MAEHATA, PATRICIA. "Presença de elementos metálicos em cosméticos labiais: investigação dos impactos na saúde e o descarte no meio ambiente." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26941.

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Os cosméticos labiais estão envolvidos em duas importantes discussões: os problemas de saúde pública e os problemas ambientais. A partir dessas informações, pretende-se analisar qual o impacto na saúde humana, verificar se há relação entre preço, duração e cor e investigar quais os prováveis impactos para o meio ambiente, supondo algumas vias de descarte. Os cosméticos analisados foram batons, divididos por marca, preço e cor. A primeira análise foi por fluorescência de raios-x (FRX). Em seguida, as matérias primas passaram por digestão com ácido nítrico e clorídrico sob aquecimento e foram diluídas com água destilada e filtradas. A seguir, foram realizadas leituras por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). A partir dos resultados da análise por FRX (foram encontrados 18 elementos metálicos) e a matriz para análise por ICP-OES foi composta por: alumínio, cálcio, cádmio, cobalto, cromo, cobre, ferro, potássio, manganês, níquel, chumbo, silício e titânio. Apesar de terem sido identificados metais tóxicos (Ni, Mn, Cd e Cr) nas amostras, os batons analisados cumprem com o requerido pela legislação nacional em relação aos limites impostos para metais pesados (Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr e Mn) em cosméticos e alimentos. Entretanto, é importante destacar que as legislações cosmética e alimentícia possuem grandes diferenças quanto aos limites impostos para metais pesados. O estudo do descarte dos batons mostrou que mesmo os batons que são mais utilizados, há um desperdício de quase 1/3 do produto por conta da embalagem interna. Essa informação pode auxiliar em um consumo consciente dos batons, tanto para a quantidade desperdiçada, quanto ao risco associado à utilização de um conjunto de maquiagens (bases, sombras, rímel, blush e batom) com outros cosméticos (cremes, perfumes, esmaltes, tintas para cabelo). Risco esse, associado a possíveis problemas à saúde.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Bellingieri, Paulo Henrique. "Avaliação de impactos em agua subterranea e solo, pela pratica de disposição de efluente desinfetado de lagoa anaerobia na agricultura." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258248.

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Orientador: Bruno Coraucci Filho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: As águas subterrâneas representam a principal preocupação no processo de viabilização do reúso agrícola, como prática de pós-tratamento e disposição final de esgotos sanitários. O presente trabalho visa avaliar a possível contaminação gerada pela disposição controlada de efluente de tratamento secundário no cultivo de milho, e identificar a lâmina hídrica ideal para a irrigação da cultura, aliando as necessidades da engenharia sanitária com as da engenharia agrícola. Consistiu na análise de amostras do lençol freático, coletadas periodicamente durante duas saltas consecutivas, sendo uma na estação chuvosa e outra na estação seca. Os parâmetros analisados foram: pH, condutividade elétrica, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn e N-N03-. Uma rede de poços de monitoramento foi instalada na área de pesquisa, contendo 10 poços locados a jusante de cada parcela para avaliação em função do risco à saúde pública. A variação do comportamento do lençol freático foi monitorada pela confecção de mapas potenciométricos sazonais e realização de slug test para obtenção da condutividade hidráulica dos poços de monitoramento. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a aplicação de efluentes sanitários na agricultura, via sulcos rasos, causou alguns impactos negativos às propriedades do solo e água subterrânea, além de proporcionar benefícios para a cultura, quando da reposição de água ao solo em períodos de estiagem
Abstract: Groundwaters represent the main concern in the process of viabilization of agriculture reuse, as practice of post-cure and final disposal of sanitary sewers. The present research aims to evaluate the possible contamination generated for the controlled disposal of the sewer of secondary treatment in the maize culture, and to identify the ideal hydric blade for the irrigation of the maize culture, uniting the necessities of sanitary and agricultural engineering. It consisted in the analysis of samples of the water table, collected periodically during two consecutive harvests, one in the rainy and another in the dry period. Were analyzed the following parameters: pH, electrical conductance, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn and N-NO3 . A net of monitoring wells was installed in the research area, with 10 leased wells the downward of each parcel for evaluation in function of the risk to the public health. The variation of the behavior of the water table was monitored by the confection of potenciometric maps and accomplishment of slug test for attainment by the hydraulic conductivity of the monitoring wells. The results allowed to conclude that the application of sanitary effluent in agriculture, in saw ridges fIat, did not cause significant negative alterations in the properties of the ground and underground water, besides providing benefits for the maize culture, within of the replacement water soil in dry periods
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Gonçalves, Camila do Prado. "Impacto do lançamento de lodo de tanques/fossas sépticas em estação de tratamento de esgoto com reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-24032009-134608/.

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Neste trabalho avaliou-se o desempenho de um reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente e manta de lodo (UASB) no tratamento combinado de esgoto sanitário com o lançamento de lodo proveniente de tanques sépticos. O estudo foi desenvolvido em escala plena na Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE) do Campus I da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) em São Carlos-SP. Foram utilizados dois reatores UASB com 18,8 m³ cada, um reator (UASB I) com função de controle e o outro reator (UASB II) no qual foi descarregado o lodo séptico. A pesquisa foi dividida em duas etapas: a primeira compreendeu o início de operação e o monitoramento dos reatores e, da segunda fez parte os ensaios de lançamento de lodo séptico no sistema. A partida foi efetuada sem utilização de inóculo e os reatores foram operados com tempo de detenção hidráulica médio (TDH) de 8 h, vazão afluente média de 2,35 m³/h e velocidade ascensional de 0,6 m/h. Em seis meses de operação os reatores apresentaram eficiências médias de remoção de DQO nos reatores UASB I e UASB II iguais a 49% e 65%. Quanto à remoção de sólidos os reatores UASB I e UASB II atingiram remoção de 36% e 37% para ST e de 67% e 63% para SST, respectivamente. Após esse período, deu-se início ao estudo que avaliou o impacto do lançamento de lodo séptico no UASB II. Foram realizados três ensaios com diferentes volumes de lodo (1; 3 e 5 m³) descarregados na forma de pulso com vazão média de 5,24 m³/h. Os lodos sépticos utilizados na pesquisa foram coletados por caminhões limpa-fossa e descarregados em um reservatório (15 m³) na ETE para posterior lançamento no reator UASB II. Foram feitas as caracterizações das amostras dos lodos sépticos (coletadas no ato da descarga em cada ensaio), com as quais pôde-se constatar a heterogeneidade da composição desse tipo de resíduo e sua viabilidade de pós-tratamento anaeróbio. Nos ensaios foram realizados monitoramentos temporais logo após a descarga de lodo para acompanhamento da resposta ao pulso de carga imposto. No geral, o reator UASB apresentou capacidade de degradar aproximadamente 2/3 da carga orgânica lançada com o lodo séptico. Os resultados são um indicativo de que a disposição de lodo sépticos em reatores UASB, quando bem programada, é uma solução viável e de grande importância para o tratamento dos resíduos provenientes de tanques/fossas sépticas.
The performance of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) in the sanitary wastewater combined treatment with sludge disposal of septic tanks was evaluated in this work. The study was carried out (full scale) in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WTP) located in campus I of the University of Sao Paulo (USP), city of Sao Carlos, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Two UASB reactors were used; volume of each reactor ~ 18,8 m³. UASB I was the control reactor, and UASB II was the reactor in which the septic sludge was disposed. The research was divided in two steps: the first one, which has taken into account the beginning of reactors operation and, the second one, in which occurred the disposal of septic sludge in the reactors. The start-up was carried out without utilization of inoculums. Reactors were operated with an average hydraulic retention time of 8 hours, average influent flow rate of 2.35 m³/h, and upflow velocity of 0.6 m/h. In six months, reactors presented average removal efficiencies of COD in UASB I and UASB II of 48% and 65%, respectively. Concerning to the solid removal, UASB I and UASB II have achieved removal of 36% and 37% for TS, and 67% and 63% for TSS, respectively. After this period of time, the evaluation of disposal impact of septic sludge was started in UASB II. Three essays with different sludge volume (1, 3, and 5 m³) were carried out; sludge volume was disposed in a pulse way with average flow rate of 5.24 m³/h. Septic sludge utilized in the research was collected by clean septic tank trucks, and disposed in a reservoir (volume of 15 m³) in WTP, in order to allow further disposal in the UASB II. By the hand of characterization of septic sludge samples (collected when disposal was carried out), it was possible to verify the heterogeneity about composition of this kind of waste and its availability in terms of anaerobic post-treatment. Temporal monitoring after the sludge disposal was carried out in order to allow the accompaniment of results provided by the pulse. In general, UASB reactor presented capacity in terms of degradation of approximately 2/3 of the organic load disposed with septic sludge. The results are a good indicative that the disposal of septic sludge in UASB reactors is a viable solution, and it is very important for the treatment of wastes from septic tanks.

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Santos, Almai do Nascimento dos. "Diagnóstico da situação dos resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) no município de Petrolina." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2008. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=679.

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Apesar de ser uma grande geradora de impactos ambientais devido ao grande consumo de matéria-prima e da grande geração de resíduos, a Construção Civil é reconhecida como uma das mais importantes atividades para o desenvolvimento econômico e social do país. Nos países desenvolvidos, a geração de RCD nas obras de demolição entre os anos de 1994 a 1999 variava entre 32 e 99 ton/ano. O que não difere muito do Brasil, que em 2005, através de pesquisas em 11 Municípios, observou-se uma geração de resíduos com média de 59% também, provenientes de obras de reforma, ampliação e demolição. O Município de Petrolina localizado em pleno sertão Pernambucano, atualmente, tem uma população de 268.339 habitantes e ainda não possui um sistema de gerenciamento de RCD, conforme preceitua a Resolução n. 307 do CONAMA (2002). Visando contribuir com o estudo desta problemática, a presente dissertação realiza um diagnóstico dos RCD do Município verificando sua potencialidade de reciclabilidade. A pesquisa constitui de um trabalho de campo de natureza exploratória e descritiva que visa identificar os materiais descartados pela indústria da construção civil de 10(dez) empresas geradoras de RCD, bem como identificar, para efeito de estudos de impacto ambiental, 11(onze) pontos de deposição irregular de RCD e a possível reutilização desses materiais. Os resultados demonstraram que 91,2% dos materiais são resíduos classe A, com potencial de reciclabilidade, tendo em vista os descartes de materiais cerâmicos representar no total da amostra 45,5% de todo o material observado, seguido de argamassas com (23,6%), de concreto (14,1%) e da areia (8,0%), ficando os 8,8% restantes destinados ao descartes de plásticos, gesso e madeira. Apesar da falta de uma destinação adequada, tanto as empresas quanto o Poder Público do referido município, tentam se adequar ao que determina a Resolução 307, em especial, no que se refere ao beneficiamento dos RCD, implantando uma usina de reciclagem no aterro remediado Raso da Catarina, proporcionando assim, emprego e renda à população. Esta pesquisa também propõe ações futuras que poderão colaborar na realização de estudos de viabilidade técnica utilizando agregados de RCD na produção de agregados para pavimentação, confecção de blocos sem função estrutural, peças para o meio fio, entre outros, beneficiando a população e o Município de Petrolina
Besides the fact that it is the cause of some environmental impact due to the great consumption of raw material and generation of residues, construction engineering is recognized as one amongst the most important activities that contributes to the economic and social development of our country. Within underdevelopment countries the generation of CDW (Construction and Demolition waste) in demolition works between the years 94-99 varied from 32 to 99 tons/year. CDW in Brazil is not different. In 2005, a research carried in 11 municipalities showed that the medium CDW was 59% as well. The municipality of Petrolina is located in the arid backlands of the state Pernambuco, the current population is 268,339 and still doesnt own a system for management of the CDW as required in the resolution 307 of CONAMA(2002) (National Council for Environmental Issues). Willing to contribute to the solving of this problem, the present dissertation brings a survey of variability of CDW in the municipality of Petrolina and verifies its recycling potential. The research is based on exploratory and descriptive field work and aims to identify the varied waste material discarded through the work of ten civil engineering companies and also to identify 11(eleven) points of irregular discard and the possible re-use of the discarded material. Results show that 91, 2% of residues are class A, waste with recycling potential. 45, 5% of the waste is ceramic, 23, 6% is mortar, 14, 1% is concrete and 8% is sand. The other 8, 8% are discard of wood, plastic and plaster. Despite the lack of place for disposal, private and governmental companies try to adjust themselves to what is required in resolution 307, specially regarding to recycling of CDW.There have been implemented a recycling industry in a disposal area called Raso da Catarina therefore providing jobs for the population. The present work of study also suggests some future action that may collaborate in studies for the use of CDW aggregates for paving, blocks with non-structural function and pieces for sidewalk, benefitting population and municipality as a whole

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Eid, Nayene Leocádia Manzutti. "Novo recipiente para processamento radiográfico manual = uma alternativa para a economia de soluções e preservação do meio ambiente." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/308681.

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Orientador: Li Li Min
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
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Resumo: Embora o avanço tecnológico tenha viabilizado o uso dos sistemas digitais para a aquisição de imagens radiográficas, ainda hoje, no Brasil, os filmes radiográficos convencionais continuam sendo os tipos de receptores mais utilizados nos consultórios odontológicos. Deste modo, após a exposição aos raios X, os filmes radiográficos devem ser processados em soluções químicas a fim de que a imagem latente seja convertida em imagem real, passível de análise para diagnóstico. Sabe-se que, tanto o revelador quanto o fixador radiográfico contém em sua composição substâncias químicas altamente tóxicas, podendo apresentar risco à saúde de profissionais, que podem desenvolver lesões cutâneas e dermatites em decorrência do manuseio e manipulação destas soluções de processamento, além de apresentarem risco à saúde pública, caso ocorra a ingestão de produtos oriundos do meio ambiente previamente contaminado e ainda, sérios prejuízos ao meio ambiente, contaminação da fauna e flora, em virtude do descarte indevido destas soluções após seu uso. Tendo isto em vista, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) Avaliar a eficácia de um novo modelo de recipiente para processamento radiográfico manual em câmara-escura portátil, para uso em consultórios odontológicos; 2) Avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente as imagens radiográficas obtidas por meio do processamento radiográfico nos diferentes recipientes; 3) Comparar os resultados obtidos em ambas as análises; sob a hipótese de que, devido às suas configurações geométricas, este novo modelo de recipiente propiciaria a economia de soluções químicas para que a execução do processamento radiográfico manual, reduziria os custos aos profissionais da área odontológica e, além disto, promoveria a redução do impacto ambiental devido à minimização da quantidade de químicos usados nestes recipientes. Para atender aos objetivos e conhecer sobre a aplicabilidade deste trabalho, realizou-se um outro estudo no qual se fez uma investigação sobre o descarte dos Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde produzidos em consultórios odontológicos localizados no Estado do Tocantins, Brasil. O estudo abordou aspectos relacionados ao conhecimento e atitudes dos cirurgiões dentistas frente aos resíduos gerados em seu ambiente de trabalho, e sua percepção sobre os resíduos gerados nos demais consultórios odontológicos. Um questionário foi aplicado a 239 cirurgiões-dentistas. Destes, 78,2% trabalhavam em clínica particular e 68,6% já haviam cursado alguma pós-graduação. Do total dos entrevistados, 87,9% afirmaram realizar exames radiográficos em seu consultório e estes foram unânimes em afirmar que o processamento das imagens era realizado manualmente em câmara-escura portátil e a maioria dos entrevistados (88,1%) afirmou que, em média, a cada 5 dias, descartava no esgoto as soluções químicas de processamento utilizadas. Ademais, 30,1% dos participantes acreditavam que os resíduos de amálgama eram descartados, por outros profissionais, em lixo comum e outros 8,8% supunham que o descarte era feito na pia dos consultórios; 61,9% acreditavam que o lixo contaminado (infectante) era disposto juntamente com o lixo comum e, em relação os resíduos perfurocortantes, 14,2% acreditavam que eram descartados em recipientes plásticos e 9,2% em lixo comum. Por meio deste trabalho, concluiu-se, que, em geral, os cirurgiões-dentistas entrevistados desconheciam sobre o correto descarte dos resíduos de serviço de saúde, uma vez que foi observada negligência desta prática por muitos deles, além da percepção de que outros profissionais também realizavam o descarte incorreto dos resíduos gerados em seu ambiente de trabalho. De posse destas informações, testou-se um novo modelo de recipiente para processamento radiográfico manual. Foram obtidas imagens radiográficas dos dentes posteriores de um phantom de mandíbula humana macerada e em seguida, estas imagens foram processadas em quatro câmaras-escuras portáteis. Em uma delas foram colocados dois recipientes convencionais (R1) abastecidos com 200ml das soluções de processamento e, em cada uma das demais câmaras-escuras, para este mesmo propósito, foi disposto um par de cada um dos três tipos de recipientes desenvolvidos pelos autores, R2, R3 e R4, abastecidos com 12, 19,2 e 24ml das soluções reveladora e fixadora respectivamente. Foram processadas 184 películas em R1, 40 em R2, 48 em R3 e 56 em R4. As películas radiográficas foram digitalizadas e posteriormente submetidas à análise objetiva no programa MaZda; em seguida, foram dispostas de maneira ordenadas, obedecendo a sequência do processamento, em papel cartão preto, para que pudessem ser submetidas à análise subjetiva. Os resultados da análise subjetiva mostraram que houve concordância dentre os cinco examinadores em relação às imagens consideradas aceitáveis para diagnóstico para os quatro recipientes estudados, e os resultados da análise objetiva mostraram que as imagens foram consideradas satisfatórias para diagnóstico até o 15º dia de pesquisa para R1, até o 4º dia para R2 e R3, e 5º dia para R4. A análise subjetiva mostrou-se menos sensível que a objetiva na avaliação da qualidade das imagens radiográficas processadas nos recipientes convencionais (R1), porém, mostrou grande correlação com a objetiva na avaliação da qualidade das imagens processadas nos demais recipientes (R2, R3 e R4). Deste modo, concluiu-se que o novo modelo de recipiente viabilizou o processamento de películas radiográficas em câmara-escura portátil, utilizando menor quantidade de soluções químicas para o processamento radiográfico manual, sendo que estas se apresentaram com qualidade satisfatória para diagnóstico.
Abstract: Even though the technological advances have allowed the utilization of digital systems for acquisition of radiographic images, conventional radiographic films are still the most used in dental offices in Brazil. Thus, after X-ray exposure, the radiographic films must be processed in chemical solutions to change the latent stored images into visible images for diagnostic purposes. Both the developer and fixer contain highly toxic chemical substances that may endanger the health of professionals, who may present skin lesions and dermatitis due to handling of these solutions. These chemicals may also constitute a public health problem if contaminated products of the environment are ingested, besides posing serious risks to the environment by contamination of the fauna and flora if these chemical solutions are improperly discarded after utilization. Therefore, this study aimed to: 1) evaluate the efficacy of a new container for manual radiographic processing in portable darkrooms for utilization in dental offices; 2) qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the radiographic images obtained by radiographic processing in the different containers; 3) compare the results obtained in both analyses, considering that the design of the new container would allow dental professionals to save the chemical solutions used for manual radiographic processing, reducing the costs and also the environmental impact, considering the minimization of the quantity of chemical solutions used in these containers. To meet these objectives and know the applicability of this study, a previous study was conducted in which we investigated the discard of Health Service Wastes produced in dental offices of the state of Tocantins, Brazil. The study discussed the aspects related to the knowledge, perception and attitudes of dentists towards the waste generated in their work environment. We interviewed 239 dentists using a structured questionnaire, of whom 78.2% worked at private offices and 68.6% had post-graduate degree. From the total of respondents, 87.9% stated that they did perform intraoral radiographic exams in their offices, and these professionals unanimously used portable dark rooms from commercial brands for radiographic processing. Most dentists (88.1%) that perform radiographic exams in their offices declared that the mean period for changing the radiographic processing chemicals was 5 days. Conversely, 30.1% of participants believed that amalgam wastes were discarded in common garbage, and 8.8% believed that amalgam wastes were discarded in the offices' sink; 61.9% of them believed that the infectious waste were discarded together with the common garbage. Regarding the sharp objects, 14.2% believed that these were discard in plastic recipients, and 9.2% believed that the majority of dentists discarded sharp objects in the common garbage. The data obtained in this study revealed that, in general, the dentists interviewed were unaware of the correct procedures for the discard of health service waste, since there was both negligence in these practices by many of them and the perception that other professionals also performed incorrect discard of waste generated in their work environment. After achievement of these data, a new model of container for manual radiographic processing was tested. Radiographic images were obtained from the posterior teeth of a phantom dry human mandible and processed in four portable darkrooms. One darkroom had two conventional containers (R1) filled with 200ml of processing solutions. For the same purpose, each of the other darkrooms had one pair of the three types of containers designed by the authors, namely R2, R3 and R4, filled with 12, 19.2 and 24ml of developing and fixer solutions. A total of 184 films were processed in R1, 40 in R2, 48 in R3 and 56 in R4. The films were digitized and objectively analyzed using the software MaZda; following, they were arranged according to the sequence of processing in black cardboards for subjective analysis. The results of the subjective analysis revealed good agreement between the five examiners concerning the images considered acceptable for diagnosis for all four containers investigated. The results of the objective analysis demonstrated that the images were considered satisfactory for diagnosis until the 15th day of investigation for R1, fourth day for R2 and R3, and fifth day for R4. The subjective analysis was less sensitive than the objective analysis to evaluate the quality of radiographic images processed in the conventional containers (R1), yet presented high correlation with the objective analysis for evaluation of the quality of images processed in the other containers (R2, R3 and R4). Thus, it was concluded that the new model of container allowed processing of radiographic films in portable darkrooms using a smaller quantity of chemical solutions for manual radiographic processing and presenting satisfactory quality for diagnosis.
Doutorado
Neurocirugia
Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

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Pontes, Genilson Correia. "Avaliação do gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição em empresas construtoras do Recife e sua conformidade com a resolução n 307/CONAMA: estudo de caso." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=339.

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A cada dia aumentam as preocupações com a preservação do meio ambiente, e crescem os desafios para estabelecer uma relação equilibrada com a natureza para suprir as necessidades dos vários processos de produção. A indústria da construção civil causa impacto ao meio ambiente em suas diversas fases e principalmente pela geração e a disposição de seus resíduos. Considerando a necessidade da implantação de diretrizes para efetiva redução dos impactos ambientais gerados pelos resíduos oriundos da construção civil, o CONAMA estabeleceu diretrizes, critérios e procedimentos para gestão de resíduos da construção civil, através da Resolução N 307 de 05 de julho de 2002. Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o gerenciamento de RC&D nas empresas construtoras do Recife e sua conformidade com a Resolução n307 do CONAMA. Nesta pesquisa foi adotado o método de investigação, o estudo de casos, e foi elaborado um roteiro para analisar os SGRC&D das empresas construtoras. Foram elaborados Protocolos de avaliação, a saber: Protocolo A que caracteriza o SGRC&D, o Protocolo B que foi elaborado baseando-se na metodologia Obra Limpa, sendo composto por um questionário de avaliação, e o Protocolo C que foi elaborado baseando-se na Resolução n307 do CONAMA e avalia a conformidade do SGRC&D em relação a esta mesma Resolução. Por meio destes Protocolos foram atribuídas notas para o SGRC&D de cada obra, e através destas notas obteve-se a média geral de cada SGRC&D. Foram pesquisadas quatro empresas na cidade de Recife-PE, sendo duas obras por empresa, perfazendo um total de oito obras. A partir da análise dos Protocolos, observa-se que todas as empresas pesquisadas tentaram se enquadrar às determinações da Resolução n 307 do CONAMA. Foram identificadas as principais características de cada SGRC&D dessas empresas, além dos fatores positivos e negativos provenientes da implantação do sistema de gerenciamento RC&D. A empresa Y obteve a maior média geral, além de implantar a Metodologia Obra Limpa PE também adotou uma política de não geração de resíduos nos canteiros de obra
To each day they increase the concerns with the preservation of the environment, and grow the challenges to establish a relation balanced with the nature to supply the necessities of the some processes of production. The industry of the civil construction cause impact to the environment in its diverse phases and mainly for the generation and the disposal of its residues. Considering the necessity of the implantation of lines of direction for effective reduction of the ambient impacts generated by the deriving residues of the civil construction the CONAMA, it established lines of direction, criteria and procedures for management of residues of the civil construction, through Resolution 307 of 05 of July of 2002. This project has as objective to evaluate the management of RC&D in the construction companies of Recife and its conformity with Resolution n 307 of the CONAMA. In this research the inquiry method was adopted, the study of cases, and was elaborated a script to analyze the SGRC&D of the construction companies, had been elaborated Protocols of evaluation, namely: Protocol A that it characterizes the SGRC&D, Protocol B that was elaborated being based on the methodology Clean Workmanship, and is composed for an evaluation questionnaire and Protocol C that it was elaborated being based on Resolution n 307 of the CONAMA and evaluates the conformity of the SGRC&D in relation to this same Resolution. Through these Protocols notes for the SGRC&D of each workmanship had been attributed, and through these notes it was gotten average generality of each SGRC&D, had been searched four companies and two workmanships for company a total of eight workmanships. Through the analysis of the Protocols it is observed that all the searched companies had tried to be fit the determination of Resolution 307 ofthe CONAMA. Through the Protocols the main characteristics of each SGRC&D of these companies had been identified, of the positive and negative factors proceeding from the implantation of the system of management RC&D. The company who got the general average greater beyond also implanting the Methodology Clean Workmanship - PE adopted one politics of not generation of residues in the workmanship seedbeds

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Pontes, Genilson Correia. "Avaliação do gerenciamento de resíduos de construção e demolição em empresas construtoras do Recife e sua conformidade com a resolução nº 307/CONAMA: estudo de caso." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2007. http://tede2.unicap.br:8080/handle/tede/36.

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To each day they increase the concerns with the preservation of the environment, and grow the challenges to establish a relation balanced with the nature to supply the necessities of the some processes of production. The industry of the civil construction cause impact to the environment in its diverse phases and mainly for the generation and the disposal of its residues. Considering the necessity of the implantation of lines of direction for effective reduction of the ambient impacts generated by the deriving residues of the civil construction the CONAMA, it established lines of direction, criteria and procedures for management of residues of the civil construction, through Resolution 307 of 05 of July of 2002. This project has as objective to evaluate the management of RC&D in the construction companies of Recife and its conformity with Resolution n º 307 of the CONAMA. In this research the inquiry method was adopted, the study of cases, and was elaborated a script to analyze the SGRC&D of the construction companies, had been elaborated Protocols of evaluation, namely: Protocol ¨A¨ that it characterizes the SGRC&D, Protocol B that was elaborated being based on the methodology Clean Workmanship, and is composed for an evaluation questionnaire and Protocol C that it was elaborated being based on Resolution n º 307 of the CONAMA and evaluates the conformity of the SGRC&D in relation to this same Resolution. Through these Protocols notes for the SGRC&D of each workmanship had been attributed, and through these notes it was gotten average generality of each SGRC&D, had been searched four companies and two workmanships for company a total of eight workmanships. Through the analysis of the Protocols it is observed that all the searched companies had tried to be fit the determination of Resolution 307 ofthe CONAMA. Through the Protocols the main characteristics of each SGRC&D of these companies had been identified, of the positive and negative factors proceeding from the implantation of the system of management RC&D. The company who got the general average greater beyond also implanting the Methodology Clean Workmanship - PE adopted one politics of not generation of residues in the workmanship seedbeds
A cada dia aumentam as preocupações com a preservação do meio ambiente, e crescem os desafios para estabelecer uma relação equilibrada com a natureza para suprir as necessidades dos vários processos de produção. A indústria da construção civil causa impacto ao meio ambiente em suas diversas fases e principalmente pela geração e a disposição de seus resíduos. Considerando a necessidade da implantação de diretrizes para efetiva redução dos impactos ambientais gerados pelos resíduos oriundos da construção civil, o CONAMA estabeleceu diretrizes, critérios e procedimentos para gestão de resíduos da construção civil, através da Resolução N 307 de 05 de julho de 2002. Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o gerenciamento de RC&D nas empresas construtoras do Recife e sua conformidade com a Resolução n°307 do CONAMA. Nesta pesquisa foi adotado o método de investigação, o estudo de casos, e foi elaborado um roteiro para analisar os SGRC&D das empresas construtoras. Foram elaborados Protocolos de avaliação, a saber: Protocolo ¨A¨ que caracteriza o SGRC&D, o Protocolo B que foi elaborado baseando-se na metodologia Obra Limpa, sendo composto por um questionário de avaliação, e o Protocolo C que foi elaborado baseando-se na Resolução n°307 do CONAMA e avalia a conformidade do SGRC&D em relação a esta mesma Resolução. Por meio destes Protocolos foram atribuídas notas para o SGRC&D de cada obra, e através destas notas obteve-se a média geral de cada SGRC&D. Foram pesquisadas quatro empresas na cidade de Recife-PE, sendo duas obras por empresa, perfazendo um total de oito obras. A partir da análise dos Protocolos, observa-se que todas as empresas pesquisadas tentaram se enquadrar às determinações da Resolução n 307 do CONAMA. Foram identificadas as principais características de cada SGRC&D dessas empresas, além dos fatores positivos e negativos provenientes da implantação do sistema de gerenciamento RC&D. A empresa Y obteve a maior média geral, além de implantar a Metodologia Obra Limpa PE também adotou uma política de não geração de resíduos nos canteiros de obra

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COSTA, ALICE M. R. "Estudo dos radionuclídeos naturais - Ra-226, Ra-228 e Pb-210 - em alguns registros sedimentares do Atlântico Sudoeste ao longo do Holoceno." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26927.

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Os radionuclídeos naturais das séries radioativas do 238U e do 232Th têm sido aplicados com sucesso como traçadores de processos ambientais atuais e mudanças climáticas. O 210Pb (meia-vida de 22,2 anos) é empregado na técnica de datação geocronológica de testemunhos sedimentares dos últimos 100-150 anos e na determinação de taxa de sedimentação. As concentrações dos isótopos 226Ra e 228Ra (meia-vida de 1.600 anos e 5,75 anos, respectivamente) auxiliam no cálculo das atividades de 210Pb em excesso no sedimento e auxiliam na identificação de processos marinhos importantes, como, por exemplo, a intrusão de água subterrânea. Neste trabalho foram quantificadas as concentrações de atividade de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb em quatro testemunhos marinhos curtos coletados desde a plataforma continental até o talude superior do Atlântico Sudoeste. A partir dos resultados obtidos, as taxas de sedimentação em cada local e as idades de cada fatia de sedimento foram determinadas pelo método de datação geocronológica com 210Pb. As amostras sedimentares sofreram digestão total ácida em microondas. A separação radioquímica sequencial de 226Ra, 228Ra e 210Pb foi realizada com a obtenção dos precipitados de Ba(Ra)SO4 e PbCrO4. As medidas α total do 226Ra e β total do 228Ra e do 210Pb a partir dos precipitados foram feitas em um detector proporcional de fluxo gasoso de baixa radiação de fundo. Com relação aos testemunhos analisados, as concentrações de atividade dos radionuclídeos variaram de 14 Bq.kg-1 a 154 Bq.kg-1 para o 226Ra; de 17 Bq.kg-1 a 45 Bq.kg-1 para o 228Ra; de 20 Bq.kg-1 a 2.073 Bq.kg-1 para o 210Pb. Valores altos de 210Pb foram encontrados no topo de todos os perfis sedimentares, proveniente principalmente da deposição atmosférica. Os dados coletados neste trabalho estão na mesma faixa de grandeza de outros relacionados a medições de 226Ra, 228Ra, 210Pb em áreas não contaminadas do Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste. As taxas de sedimentação diminuíram com o aumento da profundidade de coluna dágua, cujos valores variaram de 0,049 cm.ano-1 a 0,40 cm.ano-1.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Mann, Daniela Carnasciali de Andrade. "Diagnóstico dos sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos de construção civil em Curitiba." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1329.

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A deficiência na gestão de resíduos causa diversos problemas como os aterros irregulares, poluição da água e ar, saúde da população, contaminação dos solos e da água. Há mais de uma década legislações estão vigentes e sendo atualizadas com o intuito de amenizar os impactos decorrentes dos RCC’s. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho consiste em investigar a conformidade técnica e legal de sistemas de gerenciamento de resíduos de construção civil na cidade de Curitiba, no Estado do Paraná. Para isso, foi elaborada uma lista de verificação baseada nas normas vigentes e modelos de certificações ambientais. Foram visitadas 24 obras nas quais foi aplicada a lista de verificação, de forma a realizar um diagnóstico dos sistemas de gerenciamento atualmente utilizados. Mesmo a gestão de resíduos sendo obrigatória e limitante para obtenção do certificado de conclusão de obra, através desse diagnóstico foi possível verificar que os sistemas adotados são falhos, há falta de conscientização, e que a aparente conformidade documental não se traduz em efetivo gerenciamento dos RCC.
Waste management deficiency causes various problems like irregular landfill, water and air pollution, population health, soil and water contamination. For over a decade waste laws are in place and being updated in order to mitigate the impacts of RCC's. The main objective of the present work consists of investigate a technical and legal compliance of waste management systems of construction in Curitiba, State of Paraná. For this, a checklist has been drawn up based on current laws and models of environmental certifications. 24 civil constructions were visited and applied this checklist in each one in each one of them for it to be possible to make the analysis of the data. Even waste management is mandatory and limiting for obtaining CVCO through this diagnosis was verified that the systems adopted are failed, there is a lack awareness and that the apparent document compliance does not translate into effective management of RCC.

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Morera, Carbonell Sadurní. "Comprehensive inventories for Life Cycle Assessment in urban wastewater systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/363226.

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This thesis represents an important contribution to facilitate the efficient creation of detailed inventories to carry out Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies of urban wastewater systems. Specifically, this thesis provides a tool to carry out an evaluation of the environmental impact of the construction of sewer systems. The work also shows that is necessary to consider the construction of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) when these studies are carried out and provides a set of useful linear regressions to calculate in a quickly and precise way the inventories for the civil works of small to medium WWTPs. Finally, the application of this methodology to evaluate the integrated management of different WWTPs is also presented together with an application of the water footprint in WWTPs to demonstrate that it can be also a valid tool to calculate its environmental impact.
Aquesta tesi representa una contribució important per facilitar la realització d'inventaris detallats per dur a terme estudis d'Anàlisi de Cicle de Vida (ACV) al sistema urbà d'aigua residual i que es poden obtenir d’una forma ràpida i amb resultats satisfactoris. Concretament, amb la tesi es presenta una eina per poder realitzar estudis d'impacte ambiental per la construcció de sistemes de col•lectors d'aigua residual. També demostra que cal tenir en compte la construcció de depuradores en aquest tipus d'estudis i també facilita una sèrie de regressions lineals útils per calcular de forma ràpida i precisa els inventaris per l’obra civil de depuradores d’una mida petita o mitjana. Finalment, també es presenta l'aplicació de la metodologia per avaluar la gestió integrada de diferents depuradores i l'aplicació de la petjada hídrica en depuradores per demostrar que també pot ser una eina molt vàlida per calcular d’una forma senzilla el seu impacte ambiental.

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Zhu, Jialu. "Modélisation détaillée du fonctionnement de la future filière complète de biofiltration de la station de traitement des eaux usées Seine Aval." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COMP2574.

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En 2013, le SIAAP a lancé un programme pour moderniser la station Seine Aval, la plus grande STEP en Europe. Après la modernisation, la configuration de traitement de la station sera complexe. Pour évaluer les impacts économiques et environnementaux des choix d’exploitation et identifier les meilleurs choix en fonction des besoins de traitement, les outils de support, comme les modèles mathématiques des procédés de traitement sont demandés. Cette thèse présente la modélisation de la filière biofiltration de la station Seine Aval après sa modernisation. La filière est composée d’un procédé de décantation primaire, de trois étages de biofiltration et d’un procédé de clarification tertiaire. Une stratégie de modélisation est d’abord proposée. Ensuite, les modèles SimBio et SimDec, qui simulent respectivement le fonctionnement de la biofiltration et de la décantation lamellaire physico-chimique sont améliorés afin de construire les modèles de procédés individuels de la filière. Après la calibration-validation, les modèles sont assemblés afin de construire le modèle de la filière biofiltration. Les règles de commandes et les évaluations des coûts et des impacts environnementaux sont intégrées. Enfin, pour évaluer le potentiel d’application du modèle filière comme un outil d’optimisation, des scénarios d’exploitation sont testés et analysés. Selon les résultats, la performance de traitement de chaque procédé modélisé peut être bien prédite par les modèles de procédés individuels. Le modèle de la filière biofiltration construit est capable d’indiquer les avantages et les inconvénients des scénarios d’exploitation et d’aider à identifier le choix d’exploitation optimum
In 2013, SIAAP (the interdepartmental association for sewage disposal for the Paris conurbation) launched a program to upgrade the Seine Aval (SAV) plant, the largest wastewater treatment plant in Europe. This upgrade program, which is scheduled to be finalized in 2022, aims to adapt the plant to the urbanization of the Paris region and to regulatory requirements. After the upgrade, the wastewater treatment will be realized by two parallel treatment lines: (i) the biofiltration line and (ii) the membrane bioreactor line (MBR). The configuration of the treatment after the upgrade of the station will be complex, which provides several local and global operation choices to realize the wastewater treatment. To evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of these operation choices and identify the best choices based on treatment needs, support tools such as models simulating the performance of treatment processes are required. This thesis presents the modelling work for the biofiltration line of the Seine Aval plant after its upgrade in 2022. The modelled line is composed of a primary settling process, three stages of biofiltration and a tertiary clarification process. Considering the progress of the upgrade program, a modelling strategy for the biofiltration line is first proposed. This strategy defines the order of modelling for the treatment steps of the biofiltration line and the control rules to be integrated in the biofiltration line model. Then, the SimBio model and SimDec model, which respectively simulate the treatment performance of biofiltration and physico-chemical settling process, are modified and improved in order to build process models for each treatment step of the biofiltration line. The process models are calibrated and validated with data from the plants of SIAAP. After calibration and validation, the models are connected in order to build the model for the biofiltration line. Control rules and evaluations of treatment costs and environmental impacts are integrated in the biofiltration line model. Finally, to evaluate the potential for using the biofiltration line model as a tool for treatment optimization, several operation scenarios are tested and analysed. According to the results obtained, in general, the performance of each treatment step modelled can be well predicted by the process models. The built biofiltration line model is able to indicate the advantages and disadvantages of the operation scenarios and help to identify the optimum operation choice. It therefore has the potential to be used as a tool to help optimize the biofiltration line of the Seine Aval plant

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Fagundes, Alexandre Borges. "Modelagem fuzzy para avaliação de desempenho ambiental do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos industriais." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1140.

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Esta Tese desenvolveu um instrumento para avaliação de desempenho ambiental no gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos industriais. A verificação das práticas considera o transcurso do ciclo de vida do produto por meio de indicadores e índices tendo como parâmetros alicerçadores a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e conceitos afins, como a logística reversa, a Produção mais Limpa e o Ecodesign, além de normas da série ISO 14000 tais como Sistemas de Gestão Ambiental, Integração de aspectos ambientais no projeto e desenvolvimento de produtos, Rotulagem ambiental e Avaliação de Desempenho Ambiental. O objetivo central da Tese, que foi desenvolver um modelo para avaliação de desempenho ambiental, esta contido neste panorama, o qual recorreu aos recursos da modelagem fuzzy a fim de assessorar as organizações na tomada de decisões. A metodologia, de natureza qualitativa e quantitativa, embasou a construção do instrumento denominado Índice de Desempenho Ambiental da Gestão de Resíduos Sólidos Industriais (IDEA PNRS+L). Este se constitui de 26 indicadores e 23 índices, concebido na forma top-down soft decision tree. O cálculo dos índices, compostos de regras fuzzy, variáveis e suas inferências, incluiu a visão de um grupo de especialistas, em pesquisa de opinião, para ajustar os graus de influência das variáveis de cada índice. Nas simulações, testes e aplicação do instrumento em uma indústria para avaliar as suas potencialidades, o IDEA PNRS+L mostrou-se sensível, mesmo para pequenas variações dos dados de entrada, plausível e confiável, ao reproduzir o comportamento estabelecido em sua concepção. Os parâmetros alicerçadores que constituíram o corpo teórico, concluindo, foram assaz abrangentes e permitiram a construção do instrumento de avaliação de desempenho ambiental IDEA PNRS+L, considerado adequado para a arbitragem das organizações. Concomitantemente, foram recuperadas as normas, concepções de iniciativas governamentais e atitudes profissionais ambientalmente corretas apoiadas em conceitos vanguardistas de produtos e serviços.
This Thesis develops an instrument for evaluating environmental performance in management of industrial solid waste. The practices verification consider the industrial product life-cycle through indicators and indices based on the National Policy on Solid Waste parameters and related concepts such as reverse logistics, Cleaner Production and Ecodesign, and standards like ISO 14000 series such as environmental management systems, integrating environmental aspects in product design and development, environmental labels and Environmental Performance Evaluation. The central Thesis’ aim, that was to develop an environmental evaluating model, contains this panorama, which calls on a fuzzy modeling tool to assist organizations in making decisions. Two methodological research groups covered the dicussions and the instrument construction called Environmental Performance Index of Industrial Solid Waste Management (IDEA PNRS+L): qualitative and quantitative. This fuzzy modeling is composed of 26 indicators and 23 index, conceived in top- down soft decision tree form. The index calculation - composed of fuzzy rules, variables and their inferences - included a group of specialists respondents view, through a survey, to adjust the variables influence degrees of each index. In the simulations, testing and application of the created instrument in an industry to assess their potential, IDEA PNRS+L was sensitive even to small variations of the input data, plausible and reliable, to reproduce the behavior established in the initial configuration. Concluding, the fundamental parameters that formed the theoretical framework were quite comprehensive and allowed the construction of Environmental Performance Evaluation called IDEA PNRS+L, appropriated for industrial arbitration. Simultaneously, the rules, government initiatives concepts and accurated environmentally professional attitudes supported by avant-garde products and services concepts were recuperated.

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Sikhakhane, Sindisiwe S. "Cost-benefit analysis of the environmental impacts of Darvill Wastewater Works, Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4906.

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Darvill Wastewater Works (DWWW) receives and treats both domestic and industrial wastewater from the city of Pietermaritzburg, in KwaZulu-Natal. Sludge from the wastewater treatment is sprayed onto surrounding lands, causing odour and fly problems. The plant also discharges treated effluent into the Msunduzi River, compromising water quality. This study uses several economic valuation techniques to estimate the value of the benefits of improving air and water quality to overcome these problems caused by DWWW. The benefits. are then compared with the costs of upgrading DWWW to see whether or not upgrading DWWW to improve air and water quality would be worthwhile. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to elicit people's willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements in air quality due to the elimination of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. The WTP estimates reflect individual's preferences for improvements in air quality. The stated WTP amounts were positively related to household income, but negatively related to the age and gender of the respondent and the number of dependants in the household. The mean monthly WTP for the surveyed households is higher for those that are closer to the pollution source (R23.00 and R29.00 for Zones land 2) and less for those further away (RI4.00 for Zone 3). Sobantu residential area had the lowest mean monthly WTP (R18.00), followed by Lincoln Meade (R27.00) and Hayfields (R54.00). This is expected, as Sobantu has relatively high levels of unemployment and lower household incomes. Strategic, hypothetical and free rider bias may have led to the unexpected signs of some estimated regression coefficients in linear regression models used to estimate WTP. The mean WTP was estimated as R307.20 per annum per household, and when this is aggregated over the total population in the residential areas impacted by odours and flies (37192 households), the benefits of eliminating odours and flies are estimated as R11 425 382.00 per annum. A hedonic price method was used to quantify the decline in property values as a result of odours and flies caused by sludge deposited by DWWW. Properties experienced a R6650.08 decline in selling price if the distance from them to DWWW is decreased by one kilometre. Properties that are closer to DWWW were worth RI5 953.90 less than those further away from DWWW. Aggregating these values over all estimated impacted households in the study, gives an estimated benefit of improving air quality of R28 480 518.00 per annum. The impact of water pollution was quantified by estimating the revenue (R3 744 975.00) that would be lost by Pietermaritzburg if the Duzi Canoe Marathon were to be cancelled due to incidences of diarrheoa reported during the race. A cost of illness procedure was adopted to quantify the effect of water pollution on the health of communities that use the Msunduzi River as a source of potable water supply. A value of R1 243 372.50 was estimated as the annual cost of water-related illnesses in these rural areas. This value represents the costs of the river pollution to those communities. Both of these exercises indicated that improving water quality of the Msunduzi River would be beneficial to society. The effect of nutrient enrichment of the Msunduzi River was quantified by estimating the cost of removing water hyacinth from the Inanda Dam, treatment cost at Wiggins water treatment works and the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park (Inanda Dam). The annual cost of removing water hyacinth was estimated from the direct costs of chemicals and labour as R47 202.15. The increased treatment costs at Wiggins attributable to DWWW were estimated as R1 104 999.20 and R956 924.15 per annum for removal of algae, and tastes and odours, respectively. The value of R706.90 per annum was estimated as the consumer surplus accruing to recreationists, and, therefore, the value of recreation at Mahlabathini Park to an individual. These annual benefits, when aggregated over the total study population (296 590) were over two hundred million rands (R209 659 470.00). The estimated total benefits (R256 662 840.00) of eliminating odours and flies and effluent problems were compared to the actual costs of two alternative methods of upgrading DWWW using cost-benefit analysis. These alternatives were co-disposal option (R170 473 320) and a land disposal option (R168 809377). Benefit-cost ratios of 1.51 and 1.52 suggest that from society's standpoint, it would be beneficial to upgrade the plant in order to eliminate its adverse environmental impacts. The study results have important implications for policy makers, both the DWWW management and the Pietermaritzburg-TLC municipality. At present DWWW is operating beyond its design capacity, and this problem, together with the poor status of Pietermaritzburg's reticulation system, causes overflow of untreated or compromised final effluent into the Msunduzi River during rainy seasons. These problems also impact on the efficient operation of the plant as the sludge is not properly digested before being sprayed onto surrounding land. Thus to prevent further environmental degradation, a fundamental basis of the National Environmental Management Act, DWWW would need to address these issues. Upgrading DWWW would be a short-term solution if the problems with the storm-runoff into the plant is not addressed.
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

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Daneel, Richard A. "Development of a code of practice for co-disposal to obviate inimical environmental impacts of generated gases and leachates." Thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9148.

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Despite its phasing out in numerous countries, such as Germany and the U.S.A., co-disposal of hazardous waste with municipal solid waste continues to be widely practised in South Africa. Co-disposal utilises properties and microbial activities in the refuse to attenuate the hazardous waste and thus obviate its environmental impact potential. All landfill operations require careful planning in not only site selection criteria but also the type and amount of various wastes accepted for disposal. It is clear, however, that the practice of co-disposal requires special precautions and management as the methods employed in the landfill operation determine to a large extent the environmental effects and, thus, the public acceptability of the operations. Although co-disposal is not suitable for all industrial wastes the results of recent research efforts, conducted mainly in the U.K., have indicated that, when properly managed, co-disposal can be regarded as a safe and efficient disposal option for many hazardous wastes. Environmental awareness in many European countries ensures that numerous hazardous compounds are either recycled or recovered. Unfortunately, in South Africa the lack of similar concern has resulted in increased concentrations of toxic compounds being co-disposed on a regular basis. Since fundamental studies of this technology, pertaining to South African conditions, have been lacking laboratory models/microcosms were built to address this paucity. Model. To effect the separation of species habitat domains of component species of growth rate-dependent interacting microbial associations responsible for terminal catabolic processes of the refuse fermentation, with retention of overlapping activity domains, and so facilitate examination of species in isolation without violating the integrity of each association, multi-stage models were constructed. The accidental overgassing of the culture with liquid petroleum gas (LPG) effected interesting fermentation balance changes which also emphasised the need for an Anaerobic Bioassay Test to assess the impacts of specific perturbants. Evidence of differential susceptibility of the component species to phenol was demonstrated in this study. Microcosm. A total of 42 refuse packed single-stage glass column bioreactors were commissioned and subjected to phenol and/or anaerobically digested sewage sludge codisposal. The effects of four different operational modes: leachate discard (single elution); leachate recycle; batch; and simulated rain on the co-disposals as well as refuse catabolism per se were examined. The results of these studies indicated that protracted periods of adaption to phenol (1000 and 2000 mg l -1) could have resulted from nutrient (elemental) limitation. Circumstantial evidence was also gained which indicated that the nitrate- and sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were particularly sensitive to the added xenobiotic. Further, without the effective participation of the nitrate- and SRB the active and total fermentation of both the phenol and refuse components were depressed. It was also determined that the operating regime employed was a key factor in refuse degradation although with time, and especially following the phenol resupplementations, the operating conditions played a less significant role. In general, the single elution operated columns demonstrated increased phenol removal rates which were, unfortunately, coincident with low pH values and increased leachate residual phenol concentrations. Leachate recycle, on the other hand, unlike the batch operated columns, facilitated increased pH values and methane evolutions. The simulated rain columns were characterised by rapid washout of the added phenol as well as methanogenic precursors. The sewage sludge co-disposal experiments, likewise, demonstrated that, depending on the sludge:refuse ratio, the operating regime was extremely important in optimising the refuse degradation processes although, in general, leachate recycle appeared to be the most favoured method of operation.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1996.

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45

Goble, Heather Marie. "Assessment of on-site sewage disposal system impacts to ground and surface waters in an unconfined aquifer." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16747.

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The objective of this project was to determine if on-site sewage disposal systems are contributing to degradation of water quality in the Brookswood aquifer, Anderson Creek and the Little Campbell River through the use of environmental monitoring and assessment methods that can be used as a template for similar investigations within other unconfined aquifers. This is a case study to provide an integrated mapping and monitoring protocol to assess nitrate contamination levels in unconfined aquifers and make recommendations for projected on-site sewage disposal system densities The Brookswood aquifer, located in South Langley, B.C., is largely unconfined and considered highly susceptible to contaminants due to its excellent storage capacity and high infiltration/percolation rates. The Little Campbell River and Anderson Creek are important spawning habitats for salmonids and thus sensitive to flow variations and nutrient loading. Groundwater (one hundred wells) and surface water quality (2 streams) were monitored in the aquifer area for nutrients (nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate), general water quality (chloride, conductivity, metals) and pathogen presence (fecal coliforms, bacterial source tracking) from July 2003 to April 2004. An analysis was also made of land use and septic system location and their relationship to the groundwater and surface water quality conditions. Six percent of wells had a maximum nitrate-nitrogen concentration of 10 mg/L or greater, the recommended guideline for Canadian drinking water quality. Groundwater nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with residential land use in unserviced areas and sewage disposal system densities. Management strategies for small septic systems to prevent unconfined aquifer deterioration are discussed. Further studies are recommended to determine if a link exists between greenhouse land use activities and surface or ground water quality. Little Campbell River nitrate concentrations were positively correlated to residential and greenhouse land use in the dry season. Anderson Creek nitrate concentrations were associated with crop land-use in the wet season. Surface waters exceeded recommended criteria for dissolved oxygen and temperature in both the Little Campbell River and Anderson Creek for the protection of aquatic life. Further studies were recommended to determine the cause of the low dissolved oxygen concentrations and potential remedial actions.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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46

Martinez-Colon, Jose F. "Solid waste management in Puerto Rico : an assessment of environmental impacts and benefits." 2011. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1657735.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) management has been a challenging issue throughout history. Waste management options have evolved, but they can present distinct environmental impacts, such as the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). This study quantified the environmental benefits (i.e., greenhouse gas emission and energy use reductions) of various MSW management plans proposed for Puerto Rico through the use of the Waste Reduction Model (WARM). The waste management initiative known as the “Base Case” was found to offer the most environmental benefits. Thus, higher benefits can be attained from the implementation of an integrated solid waste management
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

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47

Schmidt, Tara J. "Potential impacts of an energy crisis on waste management systems." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10170/400.

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Waste management systems are created based on a careful balance of interrelated factors, a variety of players, and diverse political, social, and economic landscapes. The purpose of this study is to identify the impacts to waste management caused by limited supply or increased cost of energy. A case study was created based on the Alberta Capital Region using literature review, surveys and interviews to identify how energy is used throughout the various phases of waste management, from collection through to disposal and diversion, and what the factors are that affect the organization and infrastructure selected for the waste management system. The results of this study conclude that there are economic, social, environmental, political, and decision-making impacts related to an energy crisis. In particular, it was concluded that an energy crisis will cause social and economic stresses that will result in organizational and infrastructure changes to waste management.

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Mofokeng, Dikonketso Shirley-may. "Analyses of the impacts of bacteriological seepage emanating from pig farming on the natural environment." Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19820.

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Modern pig farming production may over burden the environment with organic substances, exposure of bacterial pathogens and introduction of resistance gene. This may be caused by the pig’s droppings, lack of seepage management or accidental spillage of seepage which may impact on the environment and its physicochemical parameters. The objective of this study is to determine and assess the level of bacteriological pollution emanating from the pig farm and their impact on the physicochemical parameters of soil and water as well as to identify the presence of antibiotic resistance gene of these prevailing bacteria. Soil and water samples were collected monthly for a period of six months (March- August 2013). Samples were collected at pig enclosures, soil 20 m and 100 m away from pig enclosures, constructed wetland used for treating pig farm wastewater, soil 20m and 100 m away from constructed wetland. Procedure followed for analysing soil and water samples includes physicochemical analyses, viable cell counts of 10-1 to 10-8 dilutions, identification of bacteria using API 20E test kit, antibiotic susceptibility analyses, and identification of resistance gene using molecular procedures. The media that were used for viable cell counts were, Nutrient agar, MacConkey Agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD agar), and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB). Physicochemical parameters of water showed unacceptable high levels of analysed parameters for BOD (163 mg/L to 3350 mg/L), TDS (0.77 g/L to 6.48 mg/L), COD (210 mg/L to 9400 mg/L), NO3 (55 mg/L to 1680 mg/L), NO2 (37.5 mg/L to 2730 mg/L), and PO43− (50 mg/L to 1427 mg/L) were higher than the maximum permissible limits set by Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). For soil samples TDS (0.01g/L to 0.88 g/L), COD (40 mg/L to 304 mg/L), NO3 (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L), and NO2 (7.35 mg/L to 255 mg/L) and PO43- (32.5 mg/L to 475 mg/L ) were observed to be higher than recommended limits set by Federal Ministry for the Environmental (FME). The viable cells in soil samples 30cm depth ranged from 0 cfu/mL to 2.44 x 1010cfu/mL, in soil 5cm depth ranged from 1.00 x 101 cfu/mL to 1.91 x 1010 cfu/mL, and in water samples viable cells ranged from 5.00 x 101 to 5.05 x 109. Pseudomonas luteola (Ps. luteola), Escherichia vulneris (E. vulneris), Salmonella choleraesuis spp arizonae, Escherichia coli 1(E. coli 1), Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas flourescens/putida (Ps. flourescens/putida), Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia ordoriferal, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Ochrobactrum antropi, Proteus vulgaris group, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella spp, Aeromonas Hydrophila/caviae/sobria1, Proteus Mirabillis, Vibrio fluvials, Rahnella aquatillis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Ps. aeruginosa), Burkholderia Cepacia, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (St. maltophilia), Shwenella putrefaciens, Klebsiela pneumonia, Cedecea davisa, Serratia liquefaciens, Serratia plymuthica, Enterobacter sakaziki, Citrobacter braakii, Enterobacter amnigenus 2, Yersinia pestis, Serratia ficaria, Enterobacter gergoriae, Enterobacter amnigenus 1, Serratia marcescens, Raoutella terrigena, Hafnia alvei 1, Providencia rettgeri, and Pantoa were isolated from soil and water samples from the pig farm. Isolates were highly resistant to Penicillin G, Sulphamethaxazole, Vancomycin, Tilmocozin, Oxytetracycline, Spectinomycin, Lincomycin, and Trimethoprim. The most resistance genes detected in most isolates were aa (6’)-le-aph (2”)-la, aph (2”)-lb, aph (3”)-llla, Van A, Van B, Otr A and Otr B. Pig farm seepage is causing bacterial pollution which is impacting negatively on the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm by introducing bacterial pathogens that have an antibiotic resistance gene and is increasing the physicochemical parameters for soil and water in the natural environment at the pig farm. It is therefore recommended that pig farms should consider the need to implement appropriate regulatory agencies that may include the regular monitoring of the qualities of final effluents from waste water treatment facilities. In addition there is a need to limit soil pollution in order to safe guard the natural environment in the vicinity of pig farm from bacteriological pollution and introduction of antibiotic resistance gene. It is also recommended that more advanced technologies should be introduced that will assist pig farms to manages the seepage properly.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)

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49

Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.

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Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg. Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits. Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

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50

Mothetha, Matome Lucky. "Evaluation of the impacts of municipal wastewater treatment on the receiving environment : a case study of the Olifantsvlei wastewater treatment plant in the Gauteng Province, South Africa." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22059.

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South Africa is water scarce country with maximum rainfall received in the summer season which lasts for only three months (November, December and January); hence the water resources have to be protected. The municipal wastewater effluents are considered one of the environmental threats that impact the water quality of the streams. This study was conducted to assess the environmental impact that the wastewater effluent has on the Klip River system, the performance of the plant and also to assess the spatial and temporal variations of water quality along the Klip River system.The study focused mainly on historical data over a five period (2009 – 2013) years secondary data which was analysed by Johannesburg Water Ltd (Pty) and primary data were also collected and analysed using the standard methods of laboratory analysis. The standard methods used include Ion selective electrode, gravimetric techniques, iodemetric titration, membrane filtration method; colorimetric method, automated flow injection method and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP – AES). The aim of collecting the primary data during the dry and wet seasons was to verify the secondary data. The data set was further analysed using multivariate techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA) and discriminant analysis (DA) to determine the spatial and temporal variation of water quality. The data set using ten water quality parameters (ammonia, sulphates, Chlorine, Chemical Oxygen Demand, conductivity, Escherichia coli, sodium, nitrates, pH and suspended solids) was grouped into four sampling points (influent, effluent, downstream and upstream points) and four seasons.Discriminant analysis of water quality showed that out of ten water quality parameters analysed, only sulphates was a less significant parameter to discriminate between the sampling points. For the temporal variations, eight water quality parameters (ammonium, Chlorine, Conductivity, sodium, nitrates, pH, sulphates and suspended solids are the most significant parameters to discriminate between the four seasons. PCA/FA results highlighted similarities in terms of water quality loading between summer and winter seasons and between the winter and autumn seasons. Summer and winter seasons had strong positive loading in COD, ammonium, suspended solids and E. coli whereas the autumn and spring seasons had strong positive loading in sodium, chlorine and pH. The study further highlighted that the Olifantsvlei Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) is effectively treating the wastewater up to the required standards before discharging them into the Klip River system. This study concludes that the Olifantsvlei WWTW does not contribute significant loads of pollutants into the Klip river system.
Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Science)

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