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1
Tlapák, Michal. "Technologické, ekonomické a ekologické aspekty použití mazání mlhou." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228837.
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The assessment of MQL technology application in reaming process was elaborated in this diploma work. The evaluation of energy intensity was carried out in terms of specific cutting force during reaming of austenitic stainless steel work piece by using HSS reamers. The comparison of economic costs in the case of the application of MQL technology in production was made. Confrontation of oil mist removal principles. At the conclusion the evaluation of ecological benefits for the environment and the positive influence on the working environment cleanness was defined.
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Junin, Radzuan bin. "Downhole disposal of oil-rig drill cuttings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339712.
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Pinckney, Francis Douglas. "Air-oil mist lubrication of small bore ball bearings at high speeds." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104537.
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Tresselt, Hanne Jahreie. "Filter loss study: loss of hydrocarbons from filter when sampling and storing oil mist and oil vapour samples." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for industriell økonomi og teknologiledelse, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15065.
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The main purpose of the thesis was to find the best way of storing samples of aerosol from drilling mud on filter.The patterns of loss depend on the properties of the base oil and the concentration of the sample. Most sample is lost during aspiration for high volatility samples, but the degree of loss during storage has similar patterns. Lower concentration samples loose more than higher concentration samples during aspiration.Filters should be taken out of the cassette before weighing rather than weighing the whole cassette with filter.Storage on cellulose acetate plus glass fibre filter combination and on double glass fibre filter have similar patterns, but more sample is lost during aspiration with a double glass fibre filter than with a cellulose acetate plus glass fibre filter combination for EDC Pearl and Sipdrill 2.0. Samples should be stored at refrigerator temperature for higher concentrations (ca. 70 mg/m3) and at room temperature for low concentrations (ca. 20 mg/m3). Plugs do not make much difference.How long a sample can be stored depends on the volatility of the sample, as high volatility (low viscosity) samples tend to lose more during aspiration.
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Knieschewski, Arno [Verfasser]. "Energy efficiency rating of cooking fume extractors based on captured and filtered oil mist / Arno Knieschewski." Düren : Shaker, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1215461844/34.
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Yin, Qingqing. "Transporting and Disposing of Wastewater from North Dakota Oil Producers." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26541.
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North Dakota?s oil boom is aided by a new technology, fracking. But this technology implies large amounts of wastewater. The methods of dealing with this wastewater are now an issue. Currently, North Dakota locks it into deep injection wells in the Bakken formation. With the development of membrane technologies to treat wastewater, it may be feasible to treat the wastewater and reuse it.
This study uses a mathematical programming model to minimize the total cost of dealing with wastewater using three methods - deep well injection, on-site treatment, and off-site treatment. The model results show it is cost-effective to use on-site and large capacity off-site treatment to treat the 20% of the wastewater that flows back within the first 30-60 days after a well is drilled.
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Thompson, Andrew P. "Effect of pressure and temperature on oil mist sprays used for blade excitation in high cycle fatigue testing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FThompson_Andrew.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Raymond Shreeve. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 131). Also available in print.
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Rinaldi, Karyn M. "Shipboard oil-water separators used for the treatment and disposal of ship's bilge-water." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA301289.
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Vonderheide, Christopher M. "Laser velocimetric flow mapping and characterization of oil mist nozzles used for blade excitation in high cycle fatigue testing." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FVonderheide.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Dr. Raymond Shreeve, Dr. Garth Hobson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61). Also available online.
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Mukandi, Melody. "Modelling of a bioflocculant supported dissolved air flotation system for fats oil and grease laden wastewater pretreatment." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2637.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.
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Godrej, Adil N. "The sorptive behavior of organic compounds on retorted oil shale." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54363.
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Oil shale is a valuable natural resource of oil. The United States has only 5% of the known world
reserves of recoverable crude oil and about 73% of the known world reserves of recoverable oil
shale. Before there can be full-scale commercial development of oil shale, the problems associated
with the large amounts of wastes generated by the processing of the shale must be solved. The
wastes have a complex chemical matrix. It is felt that the spent shale can be used as a sorbent to
either treat or pretreat the contaminated process waters or could be codisposed with the process
waters, Quite extensive work has been done in exploring this alternative with respect to inorganic
constituents, but that with organic constituents has been mainly restricted to the measurement of
total organic carbon. This study was done to base the analysis of the suitability of the spent shale
as a sorbent upon individual compounds so that a more fundamental understanding could be obtained
as to how families of compounds behave.Ph. D.
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Chan, Yip-wai Edward. "A preliminary study on cooking oil waste management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2012613X.
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Townley, Paul Joseph. "Preliminary investigation for underground storage of pipeline gas in the Bruer and Flora pools, Mist gas field, Columbia County, Oregon." PDXScholar, 1985. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3542.
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Northwest Natural Gas Canpany has proposed to convert the Bruer and Flora pools of the Mist Gas Field in west-central Columbia County, Northwestern Oregon, to pipeline gas storage reservoirs. Conversion to underground storage of pipeline gas in these depleted gas reservoirs would be the first in the Pacific Northwest. The Bruer and Flora Pools are fault trapped within the Cowlitz Formation. The shales overlying the Cowlitz Formation create a local seal for these gas reservoirs. X-ray diffraction and density log measurements suggest that the clay in these shales is primarily composed of smectite, which provides an excellent caprock seal.
The reservoir rock of the Bruer and Flora Pools is the arkosic Cl ark and Wilson Sand. An average weighted grain density for the sand is 2.65 g/cm3. The abundance of potassium feldspar in the sand, hence K40, creates a background gamma radiation for the sand roughly equal to that of the shale, making the sand and shale virtually indistinguishable on the gamma ray log.
Bottan Hole Temperatures (BHT), which were recorded on open hole logs, indicate the Bruer Pool is 7°C (20°F) wanner than the Flora Pool, even though the Flora Pool is deeper. This temperature anomaly may be the result of equipment variation. A calibrated temperature survey would remove any discrepancies. A comparison of the thermal gradient determined in a previous study of the Oregon Coast Range and a gradient determined using BHT, suggest that BHT provide a good approximation of formation temperature.
Utilizing the formation water analysis determined from four different wells in the Mist Gas Field, average total dissolved solids was found to be 24, 444 mg/l. Of the four analyses, the sample from Well CC#6 R/D2 is considered to be the most representative of the Bruer and Flora fools formation waters. Analysis of the four samples using the Palmer System suggests that the formation water of the Cowlitz Formation is in the early stages of sea water diagenasis.
Formation water resistivity (Rw) was determined using a chemical and spontaneous potential analysis. Rw derived using chemical analysis averaged 0.175 ohm-meters and is considered the ITDst precise. Water saturation determined using the Archie saturation equation averaged 47.5% and ranged from 26.4 to 80.0% for the zone 814-836 meters (2670-2742 feet) in CC#10. These results are similar to those determined by the Thermal Time Decay (TDT) log.
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Elshayeb, Monalisa. "Determining food web impacts on experimental aquatic systems from the disposal of oil sands process-affected waste materials." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/2973.
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Current mining operators in the Athabasca oil sands deposit of Alberta, Canada have made commitments to zero discharge of oil sands process-affected waste materials (OSPM) from the mine site and rehabilitation of mined lands to a pre-mining state. As part of aquatic reclamation efforts, experimental test sites that contain a range of OSPM (solid and liquid components) were constructed to monitor the evolution and viability of aquatic habitats used as disposal sinks for OSPM produced by mining activities. In the present study, stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen and sulphur were used to gauge some of the potential effects of OSPM site construction methods on aquatic food webs. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of sediment, dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, particulate organic matter, periphytic material, plants, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were used to assess differences related to the naphthenic acid (NA) concentration in OSPM and reference sites. For statistical analyses, sites were grouped into low (0 to 4 mg/L), medium (4 to 15 mg/L) and high (> 15 mg/L) NA concentrations. There were no significant differences in food web area or food web length among the low, medium and high NA concentration sites. In most cases, sample carbon isotope analyses of low, medium and high NA concentration sites were not significantly different, suggesting food web carbon sources did not include significant contributions from OSPM materials at OSPM sites. Significant differences, however, were found in the sample nitrogen isotope signatures between low, medium and high NA concentration sites. Ammonia from OSPM is suggested to be the main contributor to δ15N enrichment. To determine the potential effects of site construction and OSPM within experimental test sites, carbon and sulphur stable isotopes of water, plankton, aquatic invertebrates and fish were analyzed. With the exception of Chaoborus and Haliplus, all carbon isotope signatures were not significantly different in constructed and reference sites. Also with the exception of Haliplus, sulphur isotope values for aquatic organisms from constructed and reference sites were significantly different. Aquatic organisms and water samples from constructed sites built in, or close, to the boundary of Kcw clays typically had δ34S < 0 ?. Coinciding with depleted δ34S signatures found in these aquatic systems were elevated sulphate concentrations. The waters at experimental test sites are in direct contact with the soil materials that facilitate the accumulation of sulphates as a result of the oxidation of substrate sulphide minerals. In general the results of the study suggest that aquatic food web structure and function do not change with the introduction of OSPM. Shifts in isotopic signatures suggestive of changes in food web structure, however, do occur when site construction exposes Kcw clays in the substrate.
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Chan, Yip-wai Edward, and 陳業偉. "A preliminary study on cooking oil waste management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253969.
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Mehta, Punita. "Evaluating the potential of alder-Frankia symbionts for the remediation and revegetation of oil sands tailings." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84099.
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Tailings are the waste produced as a result of the extraction of oil from the tar sands in northern Alberta. Many avenues for the reclamation of tailings are being researched, but one area that has received little attention is phytoremediation. The Alder-Frankia symbiotic relationship in the tailings was investigated for its potential in revegetation and remediation of the tailings. Two species of alders were examined Alnus glutinosa and A. rugosa. The impact of the alders was monitored through the investigation of the differences in the microbial community present in the oil sands tailings and composite tailings (CT) with and without alders. For our investigation we used culture dependent techniques (plate counts and mineralization assays) and culture independent techniques (16S rRNA gene PCR, catabolic PCR and DGGE). The alders lowered the pH of the tailings, increased rates of mineralization, increased the general microbial population in the tailings by one to two orders of magnitude and increased the microbial diversity.A. rugosa however, had a greater impact on the mineralization of poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, being native to Alberta, was chosen for further experimentation, using only composite tailings. The aim of the experiments was to determine the effect of a Frankia inoculum on the growth of A. rugosa in (CT) and the associated microbial community. The microflora in the bulk soil, rhizosphere and inside the root of inoculated and non-inoculated A. rugosa were compared through microbial enumerations of the community, with general and selective media and mineralization assays. A. rugosa inoculated with Frankia was taller and the roots were more developed and the endophytic community of inoculated A. rugosa had greater rates of naphthalene mineralization.
The results indicate that A. rugosa inoculated with Frankia could be used for the phytoremediation of tailings and for the re-establishment of a forest ecosystem.
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Tapon, Njamo Julien Serge. "Olive wastewater bioremediation using a rotating biological contactor (RBC)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2023.
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Thesis (MTech (Food Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012.The expansion of the South African olive processing industry has brought an increased threat to the environment. More production activities lead to more wastewater generation that requires more costly treatment. Regulatory bodies concerned with the release of effluents into the environment are imposing evermore-restrictive guidelines. With this information in mind, the South African olive industry is facing a significant challenge of maintaining economic competitiveness while becoming more environmentally benign. To begin addressing this challenge, the olive processing industry must develop and implement new, more effective, tailored treatment technologies to remediate olive wastewater prior to its release into the environment. In this study, the use of indigenous olive wastewater biofilms in combination with a rotating biological contactor (RBC) was investigated for possible bioremediation purposes. The development of microbial biofilms resulted in the breakdown of the hazardous chemical compounds present in the olive wastewater, i.e. reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and polyphenol content. Results showed that indigenous microorganisms within table olive and olive mill wastewater have a strong tendency to form biofilms. Furthermore, when these biofilms are applied to a small-scale RBC system, significant lower levels of both COD (on average 55% for table olive wastewater (TOWW) and 46% for olive mill wastewater (OMWW) and total phenol (on average 51% for TOWW and 39% for OMWW) were obtained. Results from shocking the biofilms with chemicals routinely used during olive processing indicates that most have a negative effect on the biofilm population, but that the biofilms are able to survive and recover in a relatively short time. This study confirms the potential application of indigenous biofilms found in olive wastewater streams for future bioremediation technologies that form the basis for the development of an eco-friendly, easy-to-manage, low cost technologies specifically designed for the small South African olive processing industry.
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Grobbelaar, Loreen. "Treatment of biodiesel wastewater in a hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor microbial fuel cell (ABR-MFC) system." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2812.
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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019.The biodiesel industry produces large volumes of biodiesel wastewater (BDWW) during the purification of crude biodiesel. This wastewater is characterised by high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and fats, oils and greases (FOG) which in turn defines BDWW as a highly polluted effluent. The low nitrogen and phosphorous content of BDWW creates an unfavourable environment for the growth of microorganisms, thereby making it difficult to degrade naturally. Biodiesel companies discharge untreated non-compliant wastewater directly to the municipal sewer system. Treatment prior to discharge is a necessity since the disposal of untreated BDWW may raise serious environmental concerns (i.e. disturbance of biological ecosystems) resulting in penalties liable by non-compliant companies due to the implementation of the waste discharge charge system (WDCS) which is regulated by the industrial waste discharge standard limits in South Africa (SA). This study aimed to combine the advantages of the conventional anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) system with microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology resulting in an innovative technology used to treat high strength industrial BDWW at ambient conditions. Many studies have reported effective treatment of BDWW, however to date literature implementing an ABR equipped with MFC technology has not been reported. The main objectives of the study were to determine which parameters do not meet the industrial wastewater discharge standard limits, whether pH and carbon:nitrogen:phosphorous (C:N:P) ratio adjustments will suffice prior to treatment with the ABR-MFC, the maximum power density (PD) as well as to determine the treatment efficiency of the ABR-MFC.
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Moreno, Oscar Ray. "Investigation and development of oil-injection nozzles for high-cycle fatigue rotor spin test." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FMoreno.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005.Thesis Advisor(s): Raymond Shreeve, Garth Hobson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93). Also available online.
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Dehrmann, Alison Ann. "Environmental evaluation of alternative options for the disposal of oily waste following a marine oil spill off the South African coast and development of a decision strategy." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17266.
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Bibliography: pages 65-68.Oil spill contingency planning for the South African Coast undertaken by the Sea Fisheries Research Institute of the Department of Environment Affairs, has revealed that alternative disposal methods for oily waste need to be investigated in order to cope effectively and timeously with a major oil spill. Current techniques dealing with oily waste disposal are reviewed. These include recovery for re-use, stabilisation of oily waste, biodegradative techniques such as landfarming, co-disposal with municipal waste, stimulated biodegradation in ponds and direct burial, as well as burning and incineration. The suitability of these techniques, taking into account legal constraints, availability of facilities, financial considerations and environmental implications are appraised for South African conditions. Recovery for re-use is the optimum disposal option, but the location of refineries in South Africa, the limited facilities available for oil recycling and the inability of the industries to cope with large quantities or contaminated oily waste limit the recovery application. Stabilisation of oily waste for disposal as landfill or for use in civil engineering works requires further investigation with the South African construction industry. Landfarming techniques are suitable for the disposal of large quantities of oily sand or sandy sludge, but careful site selection is required to limit environmental contamination. Co-disposal of oily waste with municipal refuse is only suitable for limited quantities of oily waste and will reduce the life of the landfill site. Direct burial or burning of oily waste are shown to be environmentally unsuitable options, but under certain conditions they may provide the only practical solutions. Facilities for incineration of oily waste are limited in South Africa. The study shows that there is no easy solution to the disposal of large quantities of oily sludge. A combination of disposal methods will need to be used. Treatment of the oily sludge, for example emulsion breaking or separation will reduce the volumes, but costs could be prohibitive. A strategy is developed to provide the decision maker with a framework within which the decision process towards finding the correct solution for the disposal of oily waste following an oil spill off the South African Coast can be undertaken.
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Hendricks, Ashley Alfred. "Isolation and characterisation of lipolytic bacteria and investigation of their ability to degrade fats, oils and grease in grain distillery wastewater." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97059.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large volumes of effluent water generated by distillery industries is an issue of great concern as it contains pollutants that must be treated according to environmental legislation. It has been reported that grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is high in fats, oils and greases (FOG) that can be reduced by treating with suitable microorganisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradability of FOG in GDWW. This was done by isolating lipolytic bacteria from soil, which was situated close to the GDWW treatment plant at a distillery in Wellington, South Africa. These isolates were screened for lipolytic activity on various fat substrates. Secondly, the most desirable isolates were subjected to batch biodegradation trials using GDWW as substrate and tested for their ability to biodegrade FOG. Each of the four isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) and Bacillus licheniformis (4) were screened on three types of media: DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar with Tributyrin (SBA-Tri); Victoria Blue B Agar with Cotton Seed Oil (VBB-CSO); and Victoria Blue B Agar with GDWW (VBB-GDWW) at different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 37°C and 50°C) to determine optimal enzyme activity for lipolysis. Lipolysis was taken as positive when growth of dark blue colonies was formed or by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Lipolysis was observed at all the aforementioned temperatures for P. fluorescens, P. luteola and S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis failed to show any lipolytic activity at 50°C on the SBA-Tri. A decrease in lipolytic (clear) zone was observed at an increase in temperature from 25°C to 37°C for P. fluorescens. When VBB-GDWW was used as lipid substrate, isolates failed to indicate any clear zone of lipolysis, however, growth was present for all isolates in the form of a dark blue zone around colonies, which were also positive for lipolytic activity. Three lipolytic bacteria (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) isolated from the above study were subjected to GDWW of various FOG concentrations (70 – 211 mg.L-1). These isolates were allowed to acclimatise to GDWW during a batch biodegradation period (18 – 21 d) at 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis showed the highest FOG reduction of 83% after 18 d exposure. All the strains showed that an initial acclimatisation phase improved the biodegradation of the FOG. A fatty acid profile was obtained for each batch biodegradation trial after the acclimatisation phase. It was found that these strains either biodegraded the fatty acids (FAs) or, as in the case of P. luteola, formed myristic and pentadecyclic acids from free FAs. The formation of FAs may have occurred through a process of inter-esterification. It was also found that certain precursors such as palmitoleic acid might be formed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In this study it was shown that biodegradation of FOG can be improved by an initial acclimatisation period. Single cultures with the desirable properties can be used to lower the FOG in GDWW and need not be used in mixed cultures that could produce inhibitory components that would otherwise upset the biodegradation activity of isolates present. Bacillus licheniformis could be used as a FOG-degrading isolate during the treatment of wastewaters high in FOG. However, future studies should focus on bioaugmenting the FOG degrading bacteria from this study with other strains to monitor its activity and ensure survival and activity in larger scale studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot volumes afloopwater wat opgelewer word deur die distilleer-industrie is ‘n kwessie wat groot kommer wek aangesien dit groot hoeveelhede besoedelende stowwe bevat. Daarom moet dit, volgens omgewingsverwante wetgewing, behandel word. Daar is voorheen gerapporteer dat graandistillerings-afloopwater (GDAW) hoog is in vette, olies en ghries (VOG) en dat hierdie VOG verminder kan word deur die GDAW te behandel met toepaslike mikroörganismes. Die oorhoofse doelstelling van hierdie studie was om die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG in GDAW te ondersoek. Dit is eerstens gedoen deur lipolitiese bakterieë uit grond wat naby ‘n graandistillerings-aanleg (Wellington, SuidAfrika) geleë is, te isoleer. Verskeie vetsubstrate is gebruik om hierdie isolate vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit te toets. Tweedens is die verkose isolate getoets vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit deur gebruik te maak van lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidsmetode. Tydens hierdie metode is GDAW as substraat gebruik en die verskillende bakterieë se vermoë om VOG af te breek is getoets. Om die optimale ensiemaktiwiteit vir lipolise van elk van die vier isolate nl. Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) en Bacillus licheniformis (4), vas te stel, is elk getoets op drie verkillende media: “DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar” met Tributirien (SBA-Tri); “Victoria Blue B Agar” met Katoensaadolie (VBB-KSO); en “Victoria Blue B Agar” met GDAW (VBB-GDAW) teen verskillende temperature (25°C, 30°C, 37°C en 50°C). Indien donker-blou kolonies gevorm is of ‘n deursigbare sone rondom ‘n kolonie waargeneem is, is lipolise as “positief” beskou. Lipolise is waargeneem teen alle voorafgenoemde temperature vir P. fluorescens, P. luteola en S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis het nie lipolitiese aktiwiteit getoon teen 50°C op SBA-Tri. ‘n Afname in die deursigbare sone is waargeneem teenoor ‘n toename in temperatuur vanaf 25°C tot 37°C vir P. fluorescens. In die geval van VBB-GDAW as lipiedsubstraat, het isolate geen deursigbare sone vir lipolise getoon nie. Daar was egter ‘n donker-blou sone rondom kolonies teenwoordig, wat ook positief is vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit. Drie lipolitiese bakterieë (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) is geïsoleer uit bogenoemde studie en is aan inkubasie in GDAW teen verksillende VOGkonsentrasies (70 – 211 mg.L-1) blootgestel. Hierdie isolate is toegelaat om te akklimatiseer tot die GDAW tydens ‘n lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidstydperk (18 – 21 d) teen 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis het die hoogste VOG-afname van 83% na 18 d blootstelling getoon. Alle bakterieë het getoon dat ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG verbeter. ‘n Vetsuur-profiel is verkry vir elk van die lot-bio afbreekbaarheidstoetse na die akklimatiserings-fase. Daar is bevind dat hierdie bakterieë óf die vetsure afgebreek het óf, soos in die geval van P. luteola, miristiese en pentadesikliese sure, vanaf vry-vetsure, gevorm het. Die vorming van vetsure is moontlik as gevolg van die proses van inter-esterifikasie. Dit is verder bevind dat sekere voorlopers, soos palmitoë-oleïensuur, gevorm kan word onder aërobies of anaërobiese toestande. In hierdie studie is getoon dan die bio-afbreekbaarheid van VOG verbeter kan word deur ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk toe te pas. Enkel-kulture met die verkose eienskappe kan gebruik word om die VOG in GDAW te verminder. Gemengde kulture, wat inhiberende komponente produseer wat moontlik die bio-afbreekbaarheids proses negatief kan beïnvloed, hoef dus nie gebruik te word nie. Bacillus licheniformis kan gebruik word as ‘n VOG-afbrekende isolaat tydens die behandeling van afloopwater wat hoog in VOG is. Verdere studies moet egter fokus op die samevoeging van VOGafbrekende bakterieë vanuit hierdie studie asook ander bakterieë om die aktiwiteit daarvan te monitor en sodoende oorlewing en aktiwteit op ‘n groter skaal te verseker.
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Kaya, Devrim. "Attenuation Of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Under Anaerobic Conditions." Phd thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614933/index.pdf.
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are toxic and persistent anthropogenic contaminants. Concern on their adverse health effects has led to their regulation in air, water and/or soil in addition to sludge. Hence, removal of PCBs in various matrices, including transformer oils (TO) is a priority. This study aims to investigate PCB-118 and Aroclor 1254 toxicity and dechlorination by varying certain critical experimental components including electron donor (sludge or fatty acids), inocula (unacclimated or acclimated culture) and the doses of PCB and TO under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic toxicity assays (ATA) reactors, lab-scale anaerobic batch digesters and sediment microcosms were used for this purpose. Increase in PCB-118 and TO doses affected anaerobic digester performance by negatively influencing methanogenesis, while favoring dechlorination only with the increase in PCB-118 dose. Up to 22% PCB-118 removal was attained with unacclimated culture. Studies with acclimated cultures showed Grasse River (GR) sediment to be the most active when compared to Fox River and Baltimore Harbor sediments. In GR sediment microcosms, PCB-118 and Aroclor 1254 removal efficiencies decreased when TO was present (1%), while 10% TO inhibited PCB dechlorination. Waste activated sludge was shown to be an effective electron donor, similar to fatty acids. Aroclor 1254 dechlorination was dechlorinated through removal of flanked meta and para chlorines, however, dechlorination pathways appeared to differ according to the presence/absence of TO. No ortho or unflanked chlorines were removed. Molecular tools (qPCR and DHPLC) were used to confirm the presence of active PCB dechlorinators. Dechlorination of PCBs was shown to be growth-linked.
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Palini, Rita Cristina Cantoni 1970. "Precipitações criticas, planejamento e gerenciamento das drenagens superficiais utilizando sistemas de informações geograficas : Refinaria Presidente Bernardes - Cubatão (RPBC)." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257840.
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Orientador: Antonio Carlos ZuffoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: O aumento das intensidades de precipitação verificado nas últimas décadas tem solicitado mais os itens que compõem os sistemas de drenagem, mostrando a deficiência de alguns projetos de décadas passadas. Aliado a isto, a sociedade tem a necessidade premente de conservação dos recursos hídricos, por causa da escassez de água. Numa refinaria de petróleo este assunto é particularmente importante por causa dos grandes volumes de água utilizados e consumidos no processo industrial, assim como também por causa das grandes dimensões das áreas de processo e de estoque de matéria-prima e produtos acabados, que têm potenciais riscos ambientais associados (óleo cru, naftas, benzeno, "slop", enxofre). Quando a água precipita sobre estas áreas gera diferentes tipos de escoamentos, que podem ser simplesmente escoamento superficial livre (água pluvial), se livres de contaminação proveniente da área industrial, ou efluentes que devem ser tratados, caso venham a contaminar-se em sítios específicos dessas grandes áreas industriais. Neste trabalho pretende-se reunir os conceitos de hidrologia e de precipitações intensas, assim como os conceitos relacionados à produção do escoamento limpo ou efluente contaminado e aplicá-los aos elementos reais da Refinaria Presidente Bernardes (RPBC) em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG. Desta forma, constrói-se a análise-diagnóstico do problema considerando toda a dinâmica complexidade ambiental, econômica e legal que envolve a planta industrial na drenagem das suas águas.
Abstract: The increase on the rains intensity veryfied on last decades has requested the conveyances over than their capacity, showing deficiencies on old designed systems. At the same time, society has the crying need of water resources conservation, justified by the water's scarcity. In an oil refinery this subject is particularly important because of the great amounts of water that are used and consumed into the industrial process, and also because of the great dimensions of the process and stock of raw material and products areas, which has substances with great environmental risks associated (crude oil, naftas, benzene, slop, sulphur). When the water falls over these areas creates differentflows, that may become storm water flow, when free from the refinery contamination, or may become polluted effluents that must be treated, when contamined in specific industrial area sites. This work intends to join the concepts of hydrology and rain intensity, and also the concepts related to the clean and contamined discharge rate that are produced into the industrial plant and aply them to the Refinery Presidente Bernardes - Cubatão, into a Geographic Information System Database (GIS). By this way, it builds analysis-diagnosis of the problem considering the whole environmental, economics and legal complexity dynamics that involves the water drainage into the industrial plant.
Mestrado
Recursos Hidricos
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Huen, Clay. "Would adopting the ISO 14000 make Hong Kong's solid waste management system more sustainable?" Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945528.
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Brosgård, Philip, and Anna Fahlman. "Kostnadseffektivisering och kvalitetsförbättring gällande hantering av skärvätska." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-10490.
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Projektet bestod i att ge underlag för lämpliga och användbara lösningar för effektivisering av Kockums Maskins skärvätskehantering och kostnadsrelaterade faktorer gällande företagets skärvätska. En grundlig undersökning av lämpligt material inom projektets huvudsakliga område gjordes till en början för att därefter resultera i en vidare analys av företagets nuvarande system och hantering av skärvätskor. Utifrån denna analys påbörjades en vidare undersökning om möjliga förslag om förbättring gällande de berörda problemen. Genom direktkontakt med flertalet företag och personer inom hantering/inköp samt befintlig dokumentation gällande skärvätska, erhölls ett flertal lösningar och förbättringsförslag som senare utvärderades och användes vid framtagning av det sökta projektresultatet. Problematiken gällande valet av lösningar har att göra med det faktum att det krävs omfattande kompetens inom varje typ av lösningsgrupp för att uppfylla de krav och förhållanden som finns hos Kockums Maskin. Därmed har avgränsningar gjorts gällande direkta val av lösningar för att istället ge förslag på lämpliga lösningar gällande förbättring av kvalitet, som indirekt bör sänka den årliga kostnaden av skärvätska, utifrån Kockums Maskins egentliga behov.The project was to provide the basis for appropriate and useful solutions for any eventually streamlining of Kockums Maskin's cutting fluid management. Cost-related factors regarding the company's cutting fluid are also included in this part. A detailed examination of suitable material within the project's main area were initially and subsequently result in a further analysis of the company's existing systems and management, regarding cutting fluids. Based on this analysis a further investigation on possible proposals was started for improvement regarding the issues involved with the solutions and the cutting fluids. Through direct contact with many companies and individuals in management/purchasing and existing documentation regarding cutting fluid, obtained a several solutions and suggestions for improvement regarding the searched area. This result was then later evaluated and used in the development of the project results. The problem regarding the choice of solutions has to do with the fact that it requires extensive expertise in every type of area to meet the requirements and conditions that Kockums Maskin demands. Thus, the boundaries claimed the election of solutions to instead provide suggestions for suitable solutions regarding the improvement of quality, which indirectly should lower the annual cost of cutting fluid, based on Kockums Maskin's actual needs.
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Junior, Ney Joppert. "A reciclagem das embalagens plásticas de óleo lubrificante e a gestão ambiental: um modelo a ser construído." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=851.
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A destinação final, pós-consumo, das embalagens plásticas de óleo lubrificante é um problema ambiental grave, devido às características de resistência à degradação e ao potencial de contaminação do óleo residual. A destinação final das embalagens plásticas ambientalmente adequadas é uma demanda ética e legal para as organizações. Este trabalho avalia criticamente a situação atual do programa de coleta de embalagens plásticas implantado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, apresenta as melhores práticas em organizações que lidam com a reciclagem de embalagens plásticas, discute o uso da gestão ambiental como base para integrar os vários participantes da cadeia de produ cão e comercialização e propõe um modelo que possibilitará a destinação ambientalmente correta das embalagens plásticas pós-uso via reciclagem e reuso. A metodologia utilizada constou de pesquisa descritiva de caráter quantitativo e qualitativo para consolidação dos dados. As entrevistas realizadas mostraram que 8,2 % das embalagens plásticas pós-uso tem destino ambientalmente adequado no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. A abordagem prática com apresentação do problema atual e a proposta do modelo são as principais contribuições que esse estudo agrega á área de conhecimento e pesquisa de reciclagem e reuso de embalagens plásticas pós-uso de óleos lubrificantesThe final destination, after use, of plastic packaging with motor oil residues is one problem worldwide. The polymer resistance to biodegradability and the residual oil contamination represents a great environmental risk. The final destination of plastic packaging is an ethical and legal claim in the comp anies. This work presents a review of a waste management program implemented in the State o f Rio de Janeiro, evaluating its results and proposing improvements. This study was especially concerned about the importance of an environmental management system to integrate all stakeholders. In order to support the proposed model, best practices implemented by organizations that deal with plastic packing recycling were focused. This study presents a model that will contribute to solve practical problems regarding final destination of plastic packaging after use through recycling and or reuse, preserving soil and groundwater for future g enerations. The interviews have shown that 8,2% of plastic packaging have adequated environmental destination. The practical approach and the detailed description of the real problem structure are the main contributions of this study to the knowledge area and research of final destination, after use, of plastic packaging of lubricating oil.
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Huang, Rex, and 黃志龍. "Study on reducing oil mist concentration." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92859099207014203480.
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碩士國立清華大學
動力機械工程學系
88
Our work is to observe how oil mist is generated in grinding operations, find out the major factors of oil mist formation, and propose some measures and guidelines reducing worker exposure to oil mist. The mechanism of oil mist formation mainly consists of fast motion of grinding wheel, high shear stress and heat. Increasing the velocity of grinding wheel and material removal rate give rise to thicker oil mist concentration. The larger flow rate of oil-based grinding fluid enhances cooling efficiency and then lowers oil mist concentration resulting from heat. It is not helpful to alter the angles of nozzles in suppressing oil mist. The most efficient methods of controlling air quality in manufacturing plants include installation of air cleaners, enclosure of machines, frequent air exchange between factories and outdoors or using different grinding fluids with low misting property. Besides, adding mist suppressants like PIB is one of turnkey solutions to decrease oil mist concentration. Experiments on suppressing oil mist from grinding operation show that PIB and PEG reduce mist concentration of oil-based and water-based grinding fluids respectively.
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Lee, Sung-Chan, and 李松展. "Combination of oleophilic/oleophobic filter materials for oil mist remover." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/vbwevu.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
107
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a critical and imperative problem in Asia. United Nation International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) had been considered it as 1A carcinogen, which means the substance is carcinogenic to human. According to the latest TEDS 9.0, it shows ratio of domestic usage and restaurant accounts for 17.13％ and 6.39 ％ of total PM2.5 emission respectively. The proportion is even higher than power supply industries which is 3.64％ of total emission. Therefore, it is crucial to deal with oil mist problem. Fibrous filter plays a crucial role in the market. However, the performance during loading and the difference of oleophilic and oleophobic remains poorly known. Hence, this study not only researches the performance of the material with different surface energy but also develops the better combination design in the market. The research first concentrated on the performance of one commercial high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter during loading. Though electrostatic property was able to enhance the efficiency from 85.5％ to 99.7％, efficiency shrank sharply from 98.6％ to 88.3％ within 35 minutes owning to the shedding effect of filtered oil. Furthermore, most of commercial filter is oleophilic filter. Based on previous studies, there is only a few researches related to oleophobic filter; further, the penetration distribution during oil has not been discovered. Thus, here I not only presented the change of penetration distribution and pressure drop during loading but also divided the results into different characteristic regions. Last but not least, one better combination (oleophilic/-phobic) has been discovered and further applied it to improve the performance of HEPA filter, which prominently extended the time of efficiency above 90％ from 35 minutes to 215 minutes under the tested condition (CMD:265 nm; GSD:1.65; Concentration:5x106 counts/cm3).
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Surujlal, Swastika. "Optimisation of edible oil effluent degredation by microorganisms." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2798.
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Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Biotechnology, Durban Institute of Technology, 2003.Water is a precious and very valuable resource. Water resource shortages are problems that are plaguing the world. There is therefore a high demand for tightening water quality standards for both potable water and waters in the environment. It is becoming a necessity to treat and reuse wastewaters, especially wastewaters from industries, as these waters are of concern due to their toxic effects on the environment. In South Africa one of the industries of major concern is that of the edible oil industry and there are over a dozen ofthese industries in South Africa alone. Each of these industries utilises approximately 1.75 million m3 of water and discharges approximately 0.61 million m3 to the sewer each year. This wastewater that is being released has very high organic, inorganic and fats, oils and greases loads. Depending on the type of refinery process conducted on the crude oil, the effluent quality and quantity varies on a day to day basis. The two types of refinery procedures are the physical refining, where water is used or chemical refining where caustic soda is used. The organic load ofthe untreated effluent can range from 1 100 to 8 990 mg COD/L, the oils and greases can range from 80 to 1 360 mg/L and the pH can range from 1.8 to 10.5.
M
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Han, Wei-Cheng, and 韓委成. "The experimental studies of the cooking oil fire by water mist fire extinguishing system with additives." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86283400356339079991.
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碩士國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
100
The characteristics of the cooking oil determine the effect of water mist fire extinguishing system with additives.The study show they burned at high temperature and re-ignited easily due to changes in oil composition during heating and fire suppression.The water mist systems control the fire effectively in extinguishing cooking oil fires and prevented them from re-ignition, offer the reference for water mist in extinguishing cooking oil fire. The study use the experiment and theory,a series of full-scale experiments were conducted to study extinguishing mechanisms and effectiveness of water mist against cooking oil fires.The effect of water mist characteristics, such as spray angle, flow rate ,droplet size,discharge pressure,the different composition of then to study the effect.A series of oil splash experiments were also conducted to determine if the oil was splashed by water mist.The extinguish time and the variation of temperature chart also to study the effect.Besides,we build the kitchen equipment,use the manual control or automation to spray the agent from the fire extinguisher,serve its purpose.
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Gao, Qiao-Xin, and 高巧欣. "Study on the high-voltage stainless steel mesh filter for the improvement of commercial oil mist filters." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/jmc7m3.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
107
According to the global report of the World Health Organization in 2014, the global population affected by indoor pollution is mainly in Asia and Africa, and it influences about 3 billion people. Due to the lack of ventilation and filtration systems, oil mist generated by cooking kills about 3.5 to 4.3 million people every year. According to TEDS(Taiwan Emission Data System) 9.0, Taiwan''s emissions from restaurants and households account for 6.39% and 17.13% of the total PM2.5 (PM: Particulate matter) emissions. Therefore, how to effectively prevent the inhalation of oil mist become one of the main tasks in the world. In this study, methods to enhance commercial oil-mist filters are proposed and studied. Since the commercial polypropylene (PP) electrostatic filter provides filtration mechanism of electrostatic attraction, it has a higher filtration efficiency for the particle size between 100 to 400 nm. However, captured oil mist can mask PP fibers, and the chargeability and its filtration efficiency can be depleted very quickly. Therefore, a method to modify the surface of PP fibers is developed in this thesis. Nanoparticles are sprayed on the surface of PP fibers to change its surface energy. It was found that spraying PTFE (polytetrafluoroethene) nanoparticles on PP fibers can improve the filtration efficiency and achieve 23.25 % higher performance. Secondly, electric field was introduced to commercial filter by using stainless steel meshes to sandwich these filters. Commercial filters are placed between two stainless steel meshes. It was found that letting the front stainless steel mesh to be positively charged and grounded the other one on the back, the quality factor is 6.46 times higher than no charged stainless steel meshes. It also was found that placing commercial filters sequentially as oleophilic filter at front followed by putting a oleophobic filter behind it can have a better filtration efficiency by 2.47 %. Finally, by placing a high porous TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) filter in front of all commercial filters, the overall pressure drop can be significantly decreased by 27.36 % and the filtration efficiency can increased by 2.72 %. This design can prolong the usage of commercial filters for oil mist filtrations and also decrease the system pressure drop.
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JHONG, CI-RONG, and 鄭麒榮. "Optimizing the processes of food waste composting for the disposal of diesel oil contaminated soil." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43569666268231742816.
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碩士國立高雄海洋科技大學
海洋環境工程研究所
98
The food waste composting method for treating diesel oil-polluted soil has low cost and a low technical threshold in engineering control; in addition, the biodegradation reaction will be easily ensured. However, during the composting process, key points are the capacity of the food waste recycling method (the ratio of soil to be added) and the tolerated concentration. In order to understand these two important factors of this technique, this study carried out two tests: First, a test was employed to obtain the most suitable proportion for mixing food waste with soil. The specimen ratios of food waste to soil tested included: 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6 and 3:7. Second, a test was carried out to obtain the maximum tolerated concentration of diesel oil using food waste from the supermarket and the community. The following diesel oil concentrations were tested: 0mg/kg (without addition), 5,000 mg/kg, 10,000 mg/kg, 20,000 mg/kg, 30,000 mg/kg and 50,000 mg/kg. During the test, the temperature, water content and pH values were monitored and the concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) was analyzed. After 120 days of treatment, the diesel oil-polluted soil was analyzed for heavy metal, SVOCs, C/N ratio and germination rate of seeds. The research results are as follows: (1) The higher the ratio of polluted soil, the shorter the period of high-temperature fermentation; this was caused by the smaller proportion of organic components. When the soil ratio was 0% to 30%, the high-temperature (exceeding 70°C) fermentation period lasted for around 5 to 6 days. Then, as the soil ratio increased to 40% to 70%, the fermentation period was shortened to 3 to 4 days. In order to maintain a longer fermentation period (thereby providing a more efficient treatment) and a good composting capacity, according to the preliminary results of this experiment, the recommended ratio of soil should be 30%. (2) As indicated by the pH values, the composting process continued normally for material from the community and the supermarket when the simulated diesel oil concentration in the polluted soil reached 50,000 mg/kg, showing that this technique has a high capacity for treating diesel oil-polluted soil. However, once the diesel oil concentration was higher, the high-temperature fermentation period was slightly postponed for around 1 to 2 days, and the fermentation period and complete composting process was extended for about 1 to 3 days. The result showed that diesel oil decomposition efficiency and the bioactivity of decomposing bacteria in the food waste were not restricted by the increased concentration of diesel oil; this was quite contrary to the traditional bioremediation techniques. (3) As the diesel oil concentration in the polluted soil increased, the removal rate using food waste from the community tended to decrease gradually on the 31st day: 5,000mg/kg (91%) > 10,000 mg/kg (86%) > 20,000 mg/kg (85%) > 30,000 mg/kg (73%) > 50,000 mg/kg (68%). (4) As the diesel oil concentration in the polluted soil increased, the removal rate using food waste from the supermarket tended to decrease gradually on the 30th day: 5,000 mg/kg (82%) >10,000 mg/kg (71%) > 20,000 mg/kg (61%) > 30,000 mg/kg (60%) > 50,000 mg/kg (51%). (5) Polluted soil, after being treated using food waste from the supermarket, was analyzed. The results showed that for the controlled pile, 5,000mg/kg, 10,000mg/kg, 20,000mg/kg and 30,000 mg/kg soil, no PAHs or residual SVOCs were detected or identified (the mass spectrometer could not produce any reliable result due to the low concentration). However, Phytane (similarity: 91%, 7.3 mg/kg) compound was produced from the 5,000 mg/kg pile after 16 min. The compound, with the chemical formula as C20H42, was branched alkanes which are difficult to decompose because microbial degradation starts from straight chains. Therefore, it is frequently used as the index for evaluating microbial degradation. Currently, if this technique is used to treat soil that is highly polluted by diesel oil, the ratio of polluted soil in the mixture pile should be kept to a low level, or raw food waste can be added to extend the period of high temperature fermentation. It is also feasible to add the final product of the technique to an ongoing treatment flow for repeated processing.
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Li, Jheng-Hua, and 李鉦譁. "An Investigative on Structural Characteristics and Stability of Oil Supply in a Micro-Mist Lubrication System for a High-Speed Spindle." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s5tndy.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立虎尾科技大學
創意工程與精密科技研究所
99
The operating efficiency and stability of a high-speed spindle plays an important role in the areas related to machinery tools. The problems of temperature rise and vibration caused under high-speed operation of the spindle would affect the work precision and the service life of the spindle. Moderate lubrication and cooling could be used to reduce the fluctuation of temperature rise and thermal deformation, thus helping the spindle to maintain its precision and service life under long-time operation. The quality of lubrication and cooling system is a key factor to achieve this objective. This study focused on the effect of micro-mist lubrication on the operation of the high-speed spindle, and can be divided into several parts. In the first part, numerical simulation analysis was conducted on the spindle system by adopting the finite element method; the frequency spectrum analyzer, hammer and accelerator were used to conduct the experimental model analysis; model parameters of the spindle structure for the two analyses were obtained and compared comprehensively. The result showed that the natural frequency presented a tendency of falling at the high frequency range, and its rotational frequency would not cause resonance in structure easily. In the second part, experiments of micro-mist lubrication and stability of oil supply were conducted on the spindle to discuss the effect of oil supply parameters on the behaviors of the spindle operation. The correspondence relationship between the spindle temperature rise and vibration magnitude was determined through long-time run-in tests to help the spindle maintaining a stable operation under moderate oil supply parameters. The results showed that the optimum oil supply parameter combinations existed under different spindle rotation speeds, which could ensure availability of adequate lubricating oil film to form stable elasto- hydro-dynamic lubrication to minimize the temperature rise of the bearings. Increasing air pressure contributed to reduction of the bearing temperature, but saturation might appear after the pressure increase reached to a certain extent. The dynamic response measurement showed that the prototype spindle has an overly large vibration magnitude and imbalance situation in the radial direction highlighting the unstable operation problem of the spindle. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the construction procedures, such as design, manufacture, and assembly for further use, to heighten the operation performance of the spindle. The analysis, measurement and diagnosis procedures established in this study could be helpful to update the technology for precision machinery industry.
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Frost, Lee-Anne. "Assessment of the anaerobic baffled reactor for treatment of vegetable oil effluent." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2028.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Master's Degree in Technology: Biotechnology, Technikon Natal, 2001.The vegetable oil industry produces effluent containing quantities of fat, oil, sodium, phosphates as well as other pollutants. Oils and greases tend to clog sewers and pumps, thus creating difficulties within the municipal wastewater treatment works. Physico-chemical treatment methods, such as (Dissolved Air Flotation) OAF, gravity separation and the use of coagulants have been attempted providing a considerable reduction in organic loading; however, discharge standards are still not met. Thus, biological treatment methods are being sought after. Aerobic treatment has been attempted however, shock loads cause problems while running such a process. The objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of anaerobic digestion to degrade Vegetable Oil Effluent (VOE) as well as the efficiency of the Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (ABR). Anaerobic digestion involves the breakdown of organic matter by the action of microorganisms in the absence of oxygen, producing methane-rich biogas. The VOE was characterized, providing significant information on its chemical composition. It was found that the effluent had high sulphate content as well as a high COD content. High sulpahte content of wastewaters have known to promote growth of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria (SRB), which utilize the same energy source as Methane Producing Bacteria (MPB) and therefore compete for the same energy source. Sulphate and lipid reduction pretreatment experiments were carried out, using barium chloride and gravitational separation respectively. The results obtained, showed that the use of barium chloride to reduce sulphate content in VOE was successful, with significant sulphate reduction. The lipid reduction experiments however, did not show any significant lipid reduction. Batch tests were conducted in serum bottles to assess the extent of biodegradation of the VOE in its raw state as well as with reduced sulpahte content. Methanogenic toxicity tests on the raw and pretreated VOE provided a range of toxicity results. These assays are relatively simple and inexpensive. Gas production was monitored to determine the rate and extent of biodegradation. The efficiency of digestion was assessed by COD reduction. Results indicated potential inhibition of the methanogenic bacteria responsible for methane production by the
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Chen, Ting-Lung, and 陳定隆. "Study on innovative stainless steel mesh filter for oil mist filtration -Development of inertial impactor and multi-layered high-voltage electrostatic mesh filter." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/va84zr.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
應用力學研究所
107
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a critical and imperative problem in Asia. It has been classified as the 1A carcinogen by The United Nations International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). According to the latest TEDS 9.0 (Taiwan Emission Data System 9.0), it shows that oil mist emissions from restaurants account for 6.39% of the total PM2.5 emissions in 2013. This ratio is even higher than power supply industries that only contributes 3.64％ of total emission. For housewives who do not smoke in Taiwan, their risk to develop lung cancer can increase by 3.2% to 12.2% through a long term exposure of oil mist at high temperature. Therefore, an effectively control to oil mist emissions is a very important task nowadays However, common commercial fiber-based filters can be quickly masked by oil mist and are needed to be replaced frequently. In order to prolong the lifetime of the fiber filter, an inertial impactor plate and stainless steel mesh filter are used in this paper. They are less likely to clog when filtering oil mist and oils can be directed for collection by design of oil trenches. Furthermore, a high voltage stainless steel mesh array with a high electric field are also introduced to collect charged particles in the air for long term usage. For the impactor developed in this study, liquid channels are designed in the inertial impactor plate, and the filtered oil droplets are collected and drained in the channel. At the flow rate of 45 cm/s, the oil mist with aerodynamic diameter larger than 6 μm can be filtered. For the particles smaller than aerodynamic diameter of 6 μm can be captured by the multi-layered high-voltage electrostatic mesh filter. A high electric field is applied to the multi-layered mesh filter for improving filtration efficiency. Parameters include the electric field, the number of filter layers, the filtration flow rate and the filter structure. Finally, we developed a 27-layer 100-mesh stainless steel filter driven under 1.4 kV/mm electric field with the optimal performance. At a filtration flow rate of 15 cm/s, the filtration efficiency of particles with particle size larger than 50 nm is above 50%, and the filtration of particles with particle size larger than 120 nm reached 70%. This method provides means to reduce the oil mist loading on the back fiber filter and prolong its lifetime for long term usage.
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Bux, Faizal. "Development and microbial community analysis of a biological treatment process for edible oil effluent." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2837.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in compliance with the requirements for the Doctoral Degree in Technology: Biotechnology at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2003.Globally, wastewaters emanating from edible oil manufacturers contain high organic (BOD & COD) and phosphate loads and known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations. Discharge of poor quality final effluents also negatively impact on and cause eutrophication of natural water sources such as rivers and dams. In South Africa, a large concentration ofthe edible industries are localized in the Pietermaritzburg region of Kwa-Zulu Natal and have been regularly associated with discharge of poor quality final effluent that did not subscribe to municipal regulation standards. Current treatment of choice for wastewater's in the edible oil industry have been limited primarily to dissolved air flotation combined with the use of chemical coagulants or physical separation of oil and grease via a gravity fat trap and subsequent pH correction. These physico-chemical methods have achieved limited success and the emulsified grease tends to clog sewer pipes and pumps producing poor quality effluents. Therefore, the aim of the current research was to develop suitable treatment technology focussing on adapting activated sludge process to remediate edible oil effluents and determine the microbial community of the process using novel molecular techniques.
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Hsin-IHsu and 徐新益. "Using Bayesian Decision Analysis Technology to Assess Exposure and Health-Risk from Oil Mist and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Fastener Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85567607709836355259.
Full textAbstract:
博士國立成功大學
環境醫學研究所
103
Collecting multiple and long-term samples is necessary for properly describing the exposure profile of a similar exposure group (SEG), but only few industries are affordable because of the cost and manpower. An integrated approach was developed in this study to assess workers’ exposures to oil mist, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (including inhalatory and dermal) arising from processes using metalworking fluids (MWFs) in a fastening industry. This study includes three parts. In the first study, measured oil mist concentrations (Cm, n = 11) were randomly collected on eleven days during one year (served as the likelihood distribution in Bayesian decision analysis (BDA), and daily fastener production rates (Pr, n = 250) were used as a surrogate for predicting the yearlong oil mist exposure concentrations (Cp) (served as the prior distribution in BDA). The resultant BDA posterior distributions were used for assessing the long-term oil mist exposures to threading workers in a fastener manufacturing industry. The feasibility of the proposed methodology was finally examined by reference to the effect caused by the sample size of the Cm. In the second study, one previously developed model in first study and one new model were adopted for predicting oil mist exposure concentrations emitted from MWFs and PAHs contained in MWFs by using the fastener Pr and cumulative fastener production rate (CPr) as predictors, respectively. By applying the annual Pr and CPr records to the above two models, long-term workplace inhalatory PAH exposure concentrations were predicted. In addition, true exposure data was also collected from the field. The predicted and measured concentrations respectively served as the prior and likelihood distributions in the BDA, and the resultant posterior distributions were used to determine the long-term exposure and health-risks posed on workers. The third part study was to develop an integrated approach for conducting long-term health-risk assessments on dermal PAHs for fastener manufacturing industry workers. The approach involves first the development of a predictive model, based on the surrogate method, for predicting long-term oil mist and dermal PAHs concentrations in the workplace. Then, the predicted long-term oil mist and dermal PAHs concentrations and limited field measured dermal PAHs concentrations were served as the prior and likelihood distribution in the BDA, respectively. Finally, the resultant posterior distributions were used to assess the long-term dermal PAHs health-risk posed on fastener manufacturing industry workers. The results obtained from the first study show that threading workers experienced more severe thoracic and respirable oil mist exposures than the exposures to the inhalable fraction. Using Pr as a surrogate was adequate to explain ~92% variations of Cm. By combining Cp and Cm, our results suggest that the adopted BDA technique was beneficial for predicting workers’ long-term exposures. By judging the consistency of the resultant posterior exposure ratings, this study suggests that the proposed methodology could be feasible even the sample size of Cm was set as low as 3. The results obtained from the second part show that long-term exposures to inhalatory PAHs would result in a 3.1%, 96.7%, and 73.4% chance of exceeding the OEL-TWA (0.2 mg/m3), action level (0.1 mg/m3), and 50 times of acceptable health risk (10−3), respectively. The result from the third part show that the dermal PAH exposure levels was 5.88×106 ng/day and the top five exposed surface areas were lower arm, hand, upper arm, neck, and head/front. The estimated probability of excess lifetime skin cancer risk was lower than that of lung cancer risk, but both were higher than the significant risk level (10-3) defined by the US Supreme Court in 1980. The installation of a local exhaust ventilation system at the threading machine should be considered as the first priority measurement because both lung and skin cancer risks can be reduced simultaneously. If the personal protection equipment would be adopted in the future, both respiratory protection equipment and protective clothing should be used simultaneously.
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Manganyi, Abel Jwili. "Biological phosphorus removal from edible oil effluent by anaerobic- aerobic sequencing batch reactor." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2814.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in compliance with the requirements of the Master' s Degree in Technology: Biotechnology at the Durban Institute of Technology, 2004.The objective of this study was to evaluate the characteristics and treatability of process wastewater from an edible oil refining industry, which discharge its effluent into a sewer system. The main objective was to assess a laboratory scale treatment process that would produce effluent having a regulatory acceptable phosphate concentration (below 20 mgIL) prior to discharge into municipal sewer system. A single stage laboratory-scale anaerobic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (BPR-SBR) with a total volume adjustable up to 10L was designed for biological phosphorus removal. The BPR-SBR was run at 10 days sludge age, 8 hours hydraulic retention time and organic load of ~ 0.38 kg COD/kg MLSS.d for 158 days to evaluate its performance for bio-P removal efficiency. The BPR-SBR system showed a consistent P removal efficiency of up to 78.40 %, 80.15 % COD and 72.43 % FOG reduction. The laboratory scale study has demonstrated that the SBR technology is suitable for treating wastewater from edible oil producing industry.
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CHAN, WEN-JEN, and 鄭文杰. "The Study of Process and Cognition on Current Army’s Disposal to Waste Oil- A Case Study to One Mobilized Armored Force." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r9h9ub.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中華科技大學
土木防災與管理碩士班
104
In recent years, significant movements from layoffs, transformation on organization and troops, and advancement of equipment, the national army gradually enhances with efficient management; considering the replacement of military gears, the breakthrough for maintenance should be achieved. Although adopting Standard Operation Process (SOP) to duty performance, gears maintenance, and environmental protection for less injury, the current national army should apply enhanced action for overall fighting ability while facing the claim of environmental protection. However, the inadequate rules and regulations by the wider consideration lead to the problems to the maintenance of gears; this can be seen from plenty of contemporary faults on disaster or environmental pollution as well as injury of lives and damage of properties. According to the “Regulations on the Disposal Process of Waste and Inapplicable Materials”, this study intends to ameliorate the method and the process on the disposal of waste oil for enhancing crew’s quality as well as improve the force’s equipment security for better fighting ability through the purchase of gears and the advancement of oil storage environments. Achieving above goals, this study adopts literature reviews and relevant theories to discuss the treatment of waste oil by taking one mobilized armored force; moreover, the statistics for improvement through experts’ interview and questionnaire has been implemented. The results to four perspectives, Cognition of Waste Oil Treatment, Supervision and Grouping, Waste Oil Storage Facility and Disposal Management, Maneuvers to Situations and Accidents Training, guide the Cronbach’s α coefficient bigger than 0.7, which identifies the liability of the questionnaire. And the KMO value for the valid questionnaire must be with the validity analysis over 0.6; the questionnaire is quite valid as the results signify 0.868, bigger than 0.6. Checking the significance of the four perspectives through single-factor Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the results show the significance to the maintenance grouping, this tells the duties by grouping and the implementation can affect the cognition of each variable. By the multiple correlation analysis of each variable, the significance of each perspective has α value less than 0.05; which implies the positive correlation between any two variables. Meanwhile, Supervision and Grouping also correlate Waste Oil Storage Facility and Disposal Management, and Maneuvers to Situations and Accidents Training, positively; thus, higher cognition to the disposal can be obtained. Finally, the application of regression analysis to results shows the R-squared (R2) to be 0.998; this articulates the interpretation of three variables, Supervision and Grouping, Waste Oil Storage Facility and Disposal Management, Maneuvers to Situations and Accidents Training, to be with the good linear correlation of 99.8%.
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Moodley, Shomenthree. "Ecological and economic aspects of treating vegetable oil industrial effluent at Darvill Wastewater Works in Pietermaritzburg." Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5605.
Full textAbstract:
The dissertation analyses the economic and ecological aspects of Darvill Waste Water Works
(WWW) through key indicators from Sustainable Development Records (SDR). The SDR study
identifies disturbances caused by large concentrations of soap, oil and grease (SaG), therefore a
framework of proposed solutions to dealing with these problems has also been investigated.
The first component of the study highlights the importance of adequate indicators. Key indicators
provide important information that is useful to management and policy makers. The SDR used to
analyse the DarvillWWW in Pietermaritzburg provides relevant information for the management
of Darvill WWW and Umgeni Water (UW), the City Council and the Department of Water Affairs
and Forestry (DWAF). According to the SDR model the Works is identified as a service providing
social institution. The operation of this institution affects the community of Pietermaritzburg as
well as the surrounding natural environment. SDR uses the key indicators of effectiveness, Thrift
and Margin to analyse the economic and ecological impacts of the service provided.The study
incorporates relevant data for Darvill WWW during 1993- 1996.
Effectiveness measures the degree of compliance with national water quality standards as set out
by the DWAF. Compliance of the following variables, E.coli, Chlorine, Soluble Reactive
Phosphate (SRP), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
and Ammonia were investigated. These variables produce varying trends. Increasing compliance
is linked to improved plant efficiency while decreasing compliance is linked to the poor quality of
industrial effluent. Industrial effluent containing large concentrations of SOG is a particular
problem.
Thrift measures the costs of operating the Works in terms of energy, chemicals, labour and capital.
Overall financial, energy and labour thrift declined while chemical thrift increased. Increasing
chemical thrift is due to the reduced consumption of chemicals as a result of a greater reliance on
the process of biological phosphate removal. Decreasing thrift is related to increased costs of
capital, energy and labour due to the deteriorating quality of vegetable oil effluent.
Margin measures the deviation of non-complying samples from water quality standards. Analysis
of the data produced varying trends. The following variables were analysed, E.coli, Chlorine, SRP,
TSS, Conductivity, COD and Ammonia. Marginal difference is studied in an attempt to analyse
those samples which do not comply with national standards. Deteriorating quality of industrial
effiuent seems to be the reason for deviation from the standards. Chemical margin was also studied
for the period between 1993-1996. Chemical margin is a comparison between the value of sludge
produced and the cost of chemicals used to produce the sludge. The SDR study highlights
deteriorating quality of industrial effluent as a cause for concern to Darvill WWW. Proposed
management options are investigated to provide a workable solution.
The second part of the study investigates alternate options for handling wet industrial effluent from
the vegetable oil industries. These industries were identified as the source of large concentrations
of SOG that were entering the Works which impacts negatively on the operational capacity,
thereby increasing operating costs and decreasing the quality of the service provided.
Vegetable oil industries were found guilty of discharging industrial effluent that did not meet the
City standards into the sewers, they were also charged with illegal dumping into rivers. The study
identified the interested and affected parties and alternate solutions were proposed to the problems.
Interested and affected parties include UW, Pietermaritzburg City Council, DWAF.
Some of the aspects that were investigated include the local industrial tariff, the drainage By-laws,
national legislation, the "polluter pays" principle and the principle of pollution prevention.
Economic incentives using economic instruments were reviewed. These include ecotaxes such as
marketable/tradable permits and pollution charges. These instruments may allow for more
equitable charges thereby promoting the "polluter pays" principle. The use of these instruments
may be able to achieve a workable solution but further investigations are necessary.
SDR analysis indicates that Darvill WWW seems to be effectively treating wastewater but
operating costs are increasing in order to achieve compliance. These costs are being unfairly borne
by the City ratepayers and UW and a more equitable situation is necessary.Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1997.
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Degenaar, Adrian Phillip. "Microbial community analysis of a laboratory-scale biological process for the treatment of vegetable oil effluent." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/733.
Full textAbstract:
Dissertation submitted in fulfilment with the requirements for the Masters Degree: Biotechnology, Durban University of Technology, 2011.Untreated vegetable oil effluents (VOEs) are known for creating shock-loading problems for the receiving wastewater treatment installations, resulting in poor quality final effluents being produced which do not satisfy municipal discharge standards. Onsite activated sludge treatment as an alternative has not been fully investigated. Hence, in this investigation biological treatment using the activated sludge process was chosen as the method for the treatment of VOE. The effect of VOE on measured process parameters was also determined. Novel molecular techniques such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and dot-blot hybridization have become powerful tools for the analysis of complex microbial communities that exist within activated sludge. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate biological treatment, optimize and apply FISH and dot-blot hybridization in order to analyze the microbial community implicated the biological treatment of VOE using probes EUBmix, ALF1b, BET42a, GAM42a and HGC69a. A laboratory-scale modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) process setup and fed VOE with a COD (chemical oxygen demand) of ± 1000 mg/L. Daily monitoring of the process involved COD and TKN (total kjeldahl nitrogen) analysis of the influent and effluent as well as direct OUR (oxygen utilization rate) measurement and monitoring of the MLVSS (mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) concentration of the aerobic mixed liquor. The process exhibited overall COD and TKN removal capacities of 84% and 90% respectively. The aerobic mixed liquor had an OUR of 19 mgO/L.h and an average MLVSS concentration of 3000 mg/L. FISH results revealed that 72% of cells stained with 4‟, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) within the aerobic mixed liquor bound to probe EUBmix, indicating a substantial Bacterial population within the laboratory-scale biological process. The alpha-Proteobacteria was identified as the dominant bacterial community comprising 31% of Bacterial cells, followed by the beta-Proteobacteria (17% of EUBmix), gamma-Proteobacteria (8% of EUBmix) and Actinobacteria (4% of EUBmix). Results of dot-blot hybridization were in agreement with FISH Adrian Phillip Degenaar| CHAPTER 1: General Introduction - v - results reiterating dominance of the alpha-Proteobacteria. This indicated that the class alpha-Proteobacteria could play a primary role in the biological degradation of VOE. This research will therefore aid in process design and retrofitting of biological processes treating VOE.