Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Disposition Index'

We designed a questionnaire that aims to understand what happens to the identity of the teacher as a guiding element of its educative practice in response to the educational reforms –which have generated a constant change in what is expected from their role. The questionnaire was applied to 228 academics from different disciplines in a state public University with an educational model based on competencies. The data were processed by factor analysis and Cronbach’s Alpha. The results were consistent with the hypothesized factor structure, obtaining an acceptable percentage of variance (43%), which explains four factors of identity strategies: resistant-diffuse, attributed, simulated and assumed. The instrumentreported an adequate level of internal consistency (.94). Therefore, the questionnaire has both construct validity and internal consistency.<br>Se diseñó un cuestionario que tiene la finalidad de comprender qué sucede con la identidad del académico, como elemento rector de su práctica docente, ante las reformas educativas que han generado un cambio constante en lo que se espera de su función. El cuestionario se aplicó a 228 académicos de diferentes disciplinas de una Universidad pública estatal con un modelo educativo centrado en competencias. Los datos fueron procesados considerando el análisis factorial y el alfa de Cronbach. Los hallazgos fueron congruentes con la estructura factorial hipotética, con un porcentaje de varianza aceptable (43%), que explica cuatro factores de estrategias identitarias: resistente-difusa, atribuida, simulada y asumida. El instrumento reportó un adecuado nivel de consistencia interna (.94). El cuestionario cuenta con validez de constructo y consistencia interna.<br>Desenhou-se um questionário com a finalidade de compreender o que aconteceu com a identidade do acadêmico, como elemento principal da sua prática docente, mediante as reformas educativas as quais têm gerado mudanҫas no que se refere à sua funҫão. O questionário foi aplicado a 228 acadêmicos de diferentes disciplinas numa universidade pública estadual, que possui um modelo educativo orientado às competências. A análises foi fatorial e Alpha de Cronbach. Os descobrimentos foram congruentes com a estrutura fatorial hipotética, com a obtenҫão da porcentagem duma variável aceitável (43%), a qual explica quatro fatores de estratégias identitárias: resistente-difusa; atribuída; simulada e assumida. O instrumento reportou um adequado nível de consistência interna (94). O questionário conta com a validade do construto e da consistência interna.

There are risk factors influencing academic achievement in high school adolescents that can be contextual and individual. Resilience is the ability of individuals to cope with challenging life experiences. The study aimed to prove an hypothetic model of structural equations in two groups of high school students, a dispositional resilience group and a non-dispositional resilience group, to assess the effects of contextual variables, goals and self-regulation on academic achievement. Results show differences in the variables that explain academic achievement in both groups.<br>Existen factores de riesgo que afectan el rendimiento académico de los adolescentes de preparatoria, estos pueden ser contextuales e individuales. La resiliencia es un fenómeno que implica la superación de los riesgos que se enfrentan. El objetivo del estudio fue probar un modelo hipotético de ecuaciones estructurales en dos grupos de estudiantes de preparatoria, uno de resiliencia y otro de no resiliencia, para evaluar los efectos que tienen las variables contextuales, las metas y la autorregulación sobre el rendimiento académico. Los resultados indican diferencias en las variables que explican el rendimiento de ambos grupos.

Les matériaux artificiellement structurés que sont les cristaux photoniques sont couramment utilisés pour leurs propriétés dispersives. Leur constante diélectrique varie périodiquement à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde selon deux ou trois directions avec un contraste d'indice suffisamment élevé. La relation de dispersion ω = ω(k) qui résulte de cette variation périodique a la forme d'une structure de bande à l'intérieur de laquelle il existe des bandes interdites photoniques où la propagation du champ électromagnétique est interdite. En dehors de ces bandes, i.e. dans les bandes photoniques, se trouvent les propriétés de dispersion des cristaux photoniques.Le but de ce travail de thèse est de concevoir, de fabriquer et de caractériser des dispositifs à cristal photonique à gradient. Ces dispositifs ont été conçus de façon à s'appliquer dans les domaines allant des micro-ondes à l'optique. Nous avons conçu des dispositifs à partir de cristaux photoniques dont les propriétés dispersives les rendent analogues à des milieux linéaires, homogènes et isotropes (LHI). À la maille élémentaire de ces cristaux photoniques LHI, nous avons appliqué un gradient pour réaliser des lentilles à gradient 1D. Des résultats importants concernant la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation expérimentale d'une lentille plate à gradient d'indice fonctionnant dans la bande X des micro-ondes sont reportés. Celle lentille focalise une onde plane incidente et collimate l'onde émise par une source ponctuelle situés dans son plan focal. Si cette lentille constitue en soi un démonstrateur et valide la démarche mise en œuvre pour la concevoir, ses applications potentielles concernent particulièrement les antennes. Nous réalisons également plusieurs lentilles à gradient 2D dont des lentilles de Lüneburg et Half Maxwell Fisheye; leurs applications aux antennes sont importantes. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la réalisation de lentilles optiques à gradient d'indice dites « SELFOC® ». Dans le but de confirmer les propriétés dispersives remarquables qui ont été mises en évidence, nous avons poursuivi dans ce sens en revisitant une expérience classique qui met en évidence l'existence des ondes évanescentes : celle du « double prisme à angle droit ». Nous mettons également en évidence le phénomène de « réflexion totale frustrée » ainsi que le décalage, découvert par Goos et Hänchen, que subit l'onde réfléchie sur le dioptre. Ce sont ces deux points — réflexion totale frustrée et effet Goos-Hänchen — que nous vérifions dans le cas de cristaux photoniques LHI<br>Artificially structured materials that are photonic crystals are commonly used for their dispersive properties. Their dielectric constant varies periodically across the wavelength in two or three directions with a sufficiently high index contrast. The resulting dispersion relation ω = ω(k) of the periodic variation has the form of a band structure within which there are photonic bandgaps in which the propagation of the electromagnetic field is prohibited. Outside of these bands, i.e. in the photonic band, there are the dispersion properties of the photonic crystals.The aim of this thesis is to design, fabricate and characterize graded photonic crystal devices. These devices were designed to be applied in areas ranging from microwaves to optics. We designed devices from photonic crystals with dispersive properties which make them similar to linear, homogeneous and isotropic media (LHI). In the unit cell of the LHI photonic crystal, we applied a gradient to achieve 1D graded lenses. Important results regarding the design, manufacturing and experimental characterization of a flat lens GRIN operating in X-band microwaves are deferred. This lens focuses an incident plane wave and collimates the wave emitted by a point source located in its focal plane. If this lens is itself a demonstrator and validates the approach implemented for the design, its potential applications particularly concern antennas. We also carry several 2D graded lenses including Lüneburg and Half Maxwell Fisheye lenses; their applications to the antennas are important. We are also interested in making optical graded index lenses called "SELFOC®".In order to confirm the remarkable dispersive properties that have been identified, we continued in that direction by revisiting a classic experiment that highlights the existence of evanescent waves: the "double right angle prism". We also highlight the phenomenon of "frustrated total internal reflection" and the shift discovered by Goos and Hänchen suffered by the reflected wave on the interface. It's these two points – frustrated total internal reflection and Goos-Hänchen effect - that we check in the case of LHI photonic crystals

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:18:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 113870.pdf: 1830368 bytes, checksum: 153bbada5635c802b6efc13535762137 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-31<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This dissertation addresses the works of Cristian Segura (Tandil, Argentina, 1976). Curator, cultural manager and artist, his works debate over issues related to exhibition spaces and museological institutions, as well as memory spaces of cities. By means of interviews performed throughout 2012 and 2013, a study a narrowing his artistic and conceptual references was built. Dialoguing with Victor Grippo, artistic reference to Cristian Segura, and approximating with the French artist Marcel Duchamp, and his almost industrial modus operandi, we perceive Segura`s pursuance in questioning and transgressing the museological institutions with their own devices. These devices, thought over from the profound reading of Giorgio Agamben over Michel Foucault, can be deployed as indexes, simulacra, panoptic and atlas/archives. For that, Rosalind Kraus, Jean Baudrillard, Giorgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, Georges Didi-Huberman, André Malraux and Adolfo Bioy Casares are also used as basis. From the conceptual referential, a profile of Cristian Segura was outlined, narrowing his artistic works with the aforementioned concepts as a mean to perceive the institutional spaces with a different view.<br>Esta dissertação aborda a produção de Cristian Segura (Tandil, Argentina, 1976). Curador, gestor cultural e artista, suas obras versam sobre questões relacionadas aos espaços expositivos e às instituições museológicas, bem como os espaços de memória das cidades. Através de entrevistas realizadas ao longo de 2012 e 2013, construiu-se um estudo aproximando as suas referências artísticas e conceituais. Através de um diálogo com Victor Grippo, referência para Cristian Segura, e uma aproximação ao artista francês Marcel Duchamp, quanto ao seu modus operandi quase industrial, percebe-se que o artista busca questionar e transgredir a instituição museológica, através de seus próprios dispositivos. Esses dispositivos, pensados a partir da leitura aprofundada de Giorgio Agamben sobre Michel Foucault, podem ser desdobrados em índices, simulacros, panópticos e atlas/arquivos. Para tanto, são utilizados, também, os teóricos: Rosalind Kraus, Jean Baudrillard, Giorgio Agamben, Michel Foucault, Georges Didi-Huberman e André Malraux, bem como a literatura de Adolfo Bioy Casares. A partir desse referencial conceitual, delineou-se um perfil do artista Cristian Segura aproximando seu trabalho artístico aos conceitos supracitados como forma de se perceber os espaços institucionais através de um outro olhar.

La investigación se realizó en las estructuras modeladas de la C. H. Yaupi, la cual se construyó a escala 1:15 para estudiar el efecto que tendría en su funcionamiento hidráulico la descarga lateral, en la nave derecha de su desarenador, de las aguas turbinadas de la C.H. Yuncán. Utilizamos este modelo para investigar la influencia de 3 tipos de rejillas para la reducción de la formación de vórtices en la toma sumergida. Se ensayaron los siguientes casos: 1. Sin rejilla 3. Rejilla Tipo II: Rejilla tipo cajón 4. Rejilla Tipo III: Rejilla inclinada con rejilla horizontal ubicada en nivel variable. Se ensayaron dos tuberías de diferentes dimensiones, se varió el caudal y la altura de agua sobre la tubería. Se evaluó la relación de la sumersión relativa con los números adimensionales de Froude y Reynolds, definiéndose en cada caso y mediante ecuaciones zonas en las que no se producen vórtices. La Rejilla Tipo III demostró ser más adecuada para evitar la formación de vórtices tipo 3 y aspiración de aire en la toma sumergida, sin embargo, para condiciones de flujo supercrítico la formación de vórtices sería inevitable. De acuerdo a las características y dimensiones del modelo, así como condiciones dadas de investigaciones anteriores, podemos decir que los resultados obtenidos no presentan efectos de escala<br>The research was performed in the modeled structures C.H. Yaupi, which was built at 1:15 scale to study the effect it would have on their hydraulic operation the side discharge of C.H. Yuncan water turbines, in the right side of the sand trap. used this model to investigate the influence of 3 types of trashrack to reduce the formation of vortices in submerged intake. Were tested the following cases: 1. Trashrackless 2. Trashrack Type I: Inclined Trashrack 3. Trashrack Type II: Box type trashrack 4. Trashrack Type III: Inclined Trashrack plus horizontal trashrack located at variable levels. Were tested two pipes of different dimensions, flow rate was varied and the height of water on the pipe. We evaluated the relationship of relative submergence with dimensionles Froude and Reynolds numbers, in each case defined by equations in areas where there are no vortices. The Trashrack Type III proved to be more adequate to prevent the formation of type 3 vortices and aspiration of air in intake submerged, however, for supercritical flow conditions the formation of vortices would be inevitable. According to the characteristics and dimensions of the model and given conditions of previous research, we can say that the results obtained have no scale effect

L'époque contemporaine se caractérise par une omniprésence de la technique, qui soulève des inquiétudes croissantes. Ce constat a conduit nombre de chercheurs à interroger les relations que la technique et la société entretiennent. Dans le sillage de ce questionnement, cette recherche vise à examiner en quoi les techniques sont parties prenantes des changements anthropiques à l'oeuvre, qu'ils soient d'ordre social, politique, culturel, religieux, environnemental, législatif. Pour ce faire, cette thèse étudie, à partir d'une approche ethnographique, les modalités d'existence de dispositifs urbains d'assainissement dans le cadre du Ganga Action Plan, lequel vise la dépollution du Gange. Ces modalités d'existence sont analysées à partir des chroniques des projets urbains se déroulant dans deux villes indiennes, Kanpur et Varanasi, et des controverses suscitées par leur mise en oeuvre. Cette thèse démontre que les objets techniques et les activités qui leur sont liées, tout en confortant des règles déjà en place, en instituent de nouvelles, ce qui ne va pas sans susciter des résistances tant d'ordre social que politique.

Orientadores: Cristiano Monteiro de Barros Cordeiro, Marcos Antonio Ruggieri Franco<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T12:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PinillaPachon_EdwinGerman_M.pdf: 12541930 bytes, checksum: 74a0367c344ded9c8891d11280568b6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013<br>Resumo: Nesta dissertação se estudou por simulação numérica o efeito de interferência multimodal (MMI, do inglês "multimode interference") em guias de onda, com atenção especial a fibras ópticas, e a resposta óptica do dispositivo MMI a parâmetros externos como temperatura, curvatura e índice de refração. Dispositivos baseados em MMI são formados, em geral, por três guias de onda concatenados sendo as extremidades compostas de guias monomodo e a parte central composta de um guia que permite a propagação de muitos modos, tipicamente, mais do que três. Nesta situação, na seção multimodo, são formadas reimagens que aproximadamente replicam fase e amplitude do campo óptico de entrada. A observação do espectro de transmissão correspondente à primeira reimagem, em dispositivos MMI, permite desenvolver sensores de índice de refração, temperatura e curvatura. A sensibilidade dos sensores foi avaliada frente às variações do mensurando, ou seja, variações no índice de refração, temperatura e curvatura da estrutura MMI em fibra óptica.<br>Abstract: In this work the effect of multimodal interference (MMI) in waveguides was studied by numerical simulation. Special attention was given to optical fibers and its the optical response when external parameters such as temperature, curvature or refractive índex were varied. MMI devices are usually formed by connecting three waveguides being the input and output ones single mode waveguides while the middle one is a waveguide that allows the propagation of many optical modes, typically more than three. In this situation re-images that replicate both the phase and the amplitude of the input optical field are formed periodically within the multimode section. The analysis of the transmission spectrum of the first re-image in MMI devices were realized in order to get information about the fiber environment, in particular the surrounding refractive índex, radius of curvature and temperature. The sensors sensitivity was evaluated.<br>Mestrado<br>Física<br>Mestre em Física

L'augmentation des transits de puissance dans les réseaux d'énergie électrique ainsi que les contraintes environnementales ont conduit à l'introduction des dispositifs FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) pour l'amélioration de l'exploitation des réseaux. Ces dispositifs sont capables de remplir diverses fonctions comme le maintien de la tension, le contrôle des flux de puissance, l'amélioration de la stabilité du réseau, l'augmentation de la puissance transmissible maximale, etc. De plus, grâce à leur temps de réponse rapide, ils sont apparus comme des outils efficaces pour l'amortissement des oscillations électromécaniques très basses fréquences. Cette nouvelle fonction des dispositifs FACTS est d'autant plus importante que les réseaux mondiaux sont de plus en plus interconnectés, donc sensibles aux oscillations électromécaniques inter-régions. Cependant, le recours à de nombreux dispositifs FACTS dans un réseau nécessite d'étudier attentivement les éventuels problèmes d'interaction de régulation des dispositifs FACTS entre eux, mais aussi avec les autres éléments du réseau. Le travail réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse traite des phénomènes dynamiques liés aux problèmes d'interaction résultant de l'insertion d'un ou plusieurs dispositifs FACTS shunt. Des indices de sensibilité et d'influence sont définis depuis les concepts de commandabilité et d'observabilité respectivement afin de prévoir l'importance des phénomènes d'interaction liés à l'insertion d'un dispositif FACTS et d'identifier les zones d'influence du dispositif FACTS. Ces indices sont appliqués à un réseau test 2 zones 4 machines et à un réseau réel simplifié 29 machines. Deux méthodes de coordination (méthode de type " minimax " et méthode linéaire quadratique décentralisée) sont mises en œuvre pour coordonner les dispositifs FACTS entre eux et avec les stabilisateurs de puissance (PSS - Power System Stabilizer) dans le réseau test 2 zones 4 machines<br>Power fiow increase and environmental constraints in power Systems hâve led to FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) devices insertion in order to improve the power System exploitation. Thèse devices are able to cany out some funétions such as the voltage support, the power transfer control and the increase of power transfer capability. Moreover, due to their fast response time, they are an efficient tool for damping low frequency oscillations. This new FACTS devices application is important as power Systems are more and more interconnected and thereby more sensitive to inter-area eîectromechanical oscillations. However, the recourse to several FACTS devices in a power System requires the careful study of the possible controller interaction phenomena between FACTS devices and with others system éléments. This thesis deals with the analysis and resolution of dynamic phenomena due to interaction problems resulting from the insertion of one or several shunt FACTS devices. Sensitivity and influence indices are defined from the controllability and observability notions, respectively, in order to preview the interaction phenomena importance due to a FACTS device insertions and to identify the influence areas of a FACTS device. Thèse indices are applied to a two-area four-machine test system and to a simplified real 29-machine power system. Two coordination methods (" minimax " method and decentralized linear quadratic method) are used to coordinate the FACTS devices themselves and a FACTS device and PSS (Power System Stabilizer) in the two-area four-machine test system

As redes ópticas de comunicação têm possibilitado, cada vez mais, o oferecimento de serviços do tipo faixa larga. A rede de comunicação totalmente óptica está se tornando a meta tecnológica mais ambiciosa. Grandes esforços têm sido concentrados no desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de materiais e dispositivos não-recíprocos, como isoladores e circuladores constituem uma importante classe de dispositivos ópticos. Os isoladores são utilizados em sistemas ópticos para prevenir a reflexão de luz em lasers e amplificadores. Os circuladores são empregados em esquemas de derivação de sinais que utilizam multiplexação em comprimento de onda (WDM). O funcionamento destes dispositivos é baseado nas propriedades de materiais magnetoópticos. As metas desta dissertação são apresentar as principais características dos materiais magnetoópticos, explorando as características não-recíprocas dos modos TM. Guias planares e tridimensionais são analisados neste trabalho. Para tanto, são obtidas as expressões das componentes dos campos e as equações características dos modos de interesse em estruturas planares por meio da técnica de matriz de transferência (TMT). A análise de propagação de onda em guias planares com materiais magnetoópticos é feita por meio de simulação numérica empregando o método de propagação de feixe (BPM) baseado em diferenças finitas (FD) e o esquema de Crank-Nicholson (CN) na discretização da solução da equação de onda. A condição de fronteira transparente (TBC) é incorporada ao algoritmo FD-BPM com a finalidade de se evitar reflexões de ondas eletromagnéticas para dentro da janela computacional. O método do índice efetivo é empregado na análise de guias de onda tridimensionais do tipo rib.<br>Optical communication networks have allowed a continuous increase of broadband services offer. The all-optical communication networks are becoming the most ambitious technological goal. Great efforts have been concentrated on the materiaIs and devices development and improvement to make it possible. Nonreciprocal devices, such as isolators and circulators constitute an important class of optical devices. Isolators are used in optical systems to avoid reflection of light in lasers and amplifiers. Circulators are used in signal derivation schemes that use wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The operation of these devices is based on the properties of magnetooptic materiaIs. The purposes of this dissertation are to present the main features of the magnetooptic materiaIs as well as to analyze the eletromagnetic wave propagation in magnetooptic waveguides, exploring nonreciprocal features of TM modes. Planar and three-dimensional waveguides are analysed in this present study. Therefore expressions of electromagnetic field components and characteristic equations of the modes of interest in planar structures are obtained by using transfer matrix technique (TMT). The wave propagation analysis in planar magnetooptic waveguides is realized by using the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) and Crank-Nicholson scheme (CN) applied to wave equation solution discretization. In order to avoid electromagnetic wave reflection into computational window, the transparent boundary condition (TBC) is incorporated to the FD-BPM formalism. The effective index method (EIM) is used in the analysis of three-dimensional rib magnetooptic waveguides.

L'image de la ville de Bénarès (Kāśī, Varanasi) est liée à son ensemble de ghāṭ – berges en forme de gradins – qui se déploie de façon monumentale sur la rive concave d'un méandre du Gange. L'aménagement de ce front d'eau s'inscrit dans un contexte culturel particulier qui nécessite un rapport de proximité avec l'eau du fleuve. La construction et le développement de ce front d'eau dans le temps et la manière composite dont les éléments architecturaux s'y sont intégrés, interrogent aujourd'hui cette grande unité urbaine qui forme un espace public de plus de 6 km de long. L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les éléments qui ont concouru à la naissance et au développement de ce front. La forme architecturale et urbaine du ghāṭ est considérée comme un dispositif construit modulable adapté à un milieu fluvial, à une topographie et à des pratiques liées à la culture du lieu, qui facilite l'accès à l'eau quel que soit son niveau. M'appuyant sur des images anciennes, sur une série d'enquêtes de terrain et de relevés architecturaux, ainsi que sur des plans de travaux officiels, j'étudie les techniques de construction face aux contraintes de l'eau, j'observe et j'analyse le dialogue de cette forme de berge avec la géographie et le paysage urbain pour en mieux approcher son architecture et j'explique la matérialisation du ghāṭ par les pratiques diverses qui s'y déploient et les parcours symboliques qui y font référence. La relation toute particulière que la ville entretient avec son fleuve par l'architecture des ghāṭ explique son potentiel urbanistique inhérent à son développement dans le temps et le long de la berge<br>The image of Benares (Kāśī, Varanasi) is closely associated to the architecture of its riverfront composed of ghats – steps and terraces – that stretch out in a monumental way on the concave bank of a meander formed by the river Ganges. The expansion of this riverfront has to be understood in relation to a cultural tradition that demands a close proximity to the waters of the river. The construction and development of this riverfront in time and the various ways in which each architectural element is integrated with the river bank, calls into question its impressive urban unity that forms a public space extending more than 6 km. The aim of this thesis is to identify the elements that have contributed to the origin and the development of this front. The architectural and urban form of the ghat is considered as a constructed flexible device adapted to a specific river environment, a characteristic topography and to practices linked to the culture of the place, which allows for easy access to the varying levels of the river's water level. Based on pictorial archives, interviews, measure drawings done on site and on official planners' drawings, I examine the techniques of hydraulic constructions best adapted to counter the river's currents, I observe and analyze the relations between the riverbank, the geography and the urban landscape so as to better approach the ghats' architecture and I explain the materialization of the ghat through the diverse practices and the symbolic trajectories that surround it. The particular relation that the city entertains with its river, through the architecture of ghats, explains its urban potential inherent to its development in time and space i.e. along its river bank

Dans le but d’accompagner les décideurs libanais dans le choix de réformes des politiques publiques en matière d’environnement pour une prise en compte de la biodiversité dans les projets urbains, l’ambition de cette recherche est d’étudier l’opportunité de transposer des dispositifs existants en matière d’aménagement durable en France vers le Liban. Ainsi, l’objet de cette thèse est d’analyser l’intégration progressive de la biodiversité dans les documents de planification. Il s’agit d’identifier des pistes transférables au Liban avec la méthode du Benchmarking. Cette approche est complétée par l’observation des réformes institutionnelles et des modalités de mise en œuvre de l’action publique. Le développement des dispositifs transférables au Liban nécessite d’avoir un diagnostic partagé par tous les acteurs, car le contexte libanais est différent : plusieurs contraintes limitent l'élaboration d’une planification durable et efficiente. Néanmoins, définir un projet co-porté par tous requiert des décideurs l’adoption d’une vision stratégique du projet urbain. Ce processus passe par une phase concertée où une démocratie citoyenne participe et s’implique afin de mobiliser tous les acteurs. D’une part, on a introduit l’indice végétal permettant d'évaluer la qualité environnementale d’un projet urbain. D'autre part, on a modélisé le concept de la Soft city où la nature se trouve à toutes les échelles de la ville, en vue de l’appliquer à Beyrouth. Pour faciliter son expérimentation, on a élaboré des guides méthodologiques et des référentiels de suivi et d’évaluation à destination des acteurs concernés afin de saisir l’intérêt de la mise en œuvre des outils et des concepts innovants<br>With the aim of supporting Lebanese decision makers in the choice of public environmental policy reforms to take into account biodiversity in urban projects, the ambition of this research is to study the opportunity of transferring existing mechanisms of sustainable development in France to Lebanon. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to analyze the progressive integration of biodiversity in the planning system. It is about identifying transferable actions to Lebanon with the Benchmarking method. This approach is complemented by an observation of institutional reforms and the implementation modalities of public action. The transposition of mechanisms to Lebanon requires the implementation of diagnosis shared by all stakeholders because the Lebanese context is different : many constraints limit the development of sustainable and efficient planning. Nevertheless, defining a co-led project requires decision makers to adopt a strategic vision of the urban project. This process goes through a concerted phase where a citizen participation involved. As for the mobilization of the stakeholders, it is based on the proposal of innovative approaches that were formulated theoretically and empirically. On the one hand, we introduced the concept of green index allowing stakeholders to assess the environmental quality of a project. On the other hand, we have modeled a city concept, called Soft City, where nature is everywhere in the city, with a view to applying it in Beirut. To facilitate its experimentation, methodological guides and monitoring and evaluation frameworks were developed for the concerned stakeholders in order to encourage them to implement the innovative tools and concepts

Représentant la majorité des captures mondiales de thon, les thons tropicaux sont des espèces d'une importance capitale du fait de leur rôle essentiel en tant que ressource alimentaire et économique. La gestion durable de cette précieuse ressource est tributaire d’une estimation correcte de l’abondance des populations exploitées ainsi que de l’impact de la pression de pêche sur celles-ci. La présente thèse fournit un nouvel indice direct d’abondance capable d’évaluer de manière absolue les tailles des populations de thons tropicaux ainsi que de leurs composantes en nage libre et associée. Les espèces tropicales thonières se caractérisent en effet par un trait comportemental singulier, les amenant à s’associer en masse autour d’objets flottants dérivant en mer. Cette caractéristique est à la base du développement d’un mode de pêche pratiquée par les thoniers senneurs, consistant en la capture des bancs associés aux objets flottants. Ces dernières décennies ont ainsi vu le déploiement massif de milliers de dispositifs de concentration de poissons (DCP) qui sont des objets flottants spécifiquement conçus pour attirer et concentrer les bancs de thons, et généralement équipées de bouées échosondeurs. Ces bouées fournissent en continu aux pêcheurs des informations sur la localisation des DCP et les biomasses de thons associées. Cette thèse propose un cadre méthodologique standard pour le traitement des informations issues de ces dispositifs à des fins d’utilisation scientifique, incluant une nouvelle approche basée sur l’apprentissage supervisé pour l’exploitation des données acoustiques qu’ils fournissent. L’analyse de ces données a permis d’élargir le champ de connaissances sur les dynamiques associatives des agrégations de thons. Il a ainsi été montré que ces dernières différaient significativement entre océans, avec notamment des périodes d’absence de thons sous DCP plus longues dans l’océan Indien que dans l’Atlantique. Le nouvel indice d’abondance proposé par cette thèse exploite également le comportement associatif de ces espèces. Il s’appuie sur une approche de modélisation combinant les données sur les dynamiques d’occupation des objets flottants issues des bouées échosondeurs, aux données de dynamiques associatives individuelles des thons, collectées par marquage électronique. Une première application aux populations de listao de l’océan Indien occidental a permis de fournir des séries temporelles d’abondance absolues et relatives, méthode adoptée pour les évaluations de stocks de cette espèce par la CTOI (Commission des Thons de l’Océan Indien). Ce nouvel indice vient répondre aux besoins critiques actuels de méthodologies complémentaires pour les estimations d’abondance des thons tropicaux (estimations directes), exprimées par l’ensemble des organisations régionales de gestion des pêcheries<br>Representing the majority of the world’s tuna catches, tropical tuna species are of critical importance due to their essential role as food and economic resource. The sustainable management of this valuable resource depends on an accurate estimate of the abundance of the exploited populations and the impact of fishing pressure on them. The present thesis provides a new direct abundance index for tropical tuna populations that account for their free-swimming and associated components. Indeed, tropical tuna species are characterized by a singular behavioral trait that causes them to associate with floating objects drifting at sea. This characteristic has led to the development of a specific fishing mode widely used in tuna purse seine fishery, consisting in the capture of schools associated to floating objects. Recent decades have thus seen the massive deployment of thousands of floating objects known as fish aggregating devices (FADs), specifically designed to attract and concentrate tuna schools. The drifting FADs are equipped with satellite-linked echosounder buoys, which ensure their continuous monitoring, providing fishers with near-real time information on their location and associated tuna biomasses. This thesis presents a standard methodological framework for processing the information from echosounder buoys for scientific use, including a new approach based on supervised learning for processing the acoustic data they provide. The analysis of these data has allowed improving the general knowledge on the associative dynamics of tuna aggregations. Ocean-specific differences were evidenced, with notably longer periods of absence of tuna under FADs in the Indian Ocean than in the Atlantic Ocean. The novel index for estimating tuna abundances proposed by this thesis also exploit this associative behavior. It relies on a modelling approach combining data on the dynamics of the occupancy of floating objects from echosounder buoys with data on the associative dynamics of tuna individuals from electronic tagging. An initial application to skipjack populations in the Western Indian Ocean has made it possible to provide time series of absolute and relative abundances, used for stock assessments of this species. This new index addresses the current critical need for complementary methods for estimating tropical tuna abundances, expressed by all regional fisheries management organizations

La fragilité du système immunitaire chez les personnes âgées, les nouveau-nés et les prématurés augmente leur susceptibilité aux maladies cardiovasculaires et à l’insuffisance cardiaque. En effet, les symptômes des pathologies cardiaques peuvent être très inhabituels et sporadiques chez cette population. Cela nécessite donc un suivi continu de l’activité cardiaque par l’électrocardiogramme (ECG) qui permet une détection précoce des anomalies. Classiquement, les systèmes ECG sont filaires limitant le suivi continu et le confort des patients. Grace à la technologie, des systèmes ECG portables et sans fil ont été également développés en se basant principalement sur des technologies radio fréquences (RF) efficaces, ce qui permet à ces utilisateurs d’être suivis régulièrement. Cependant, les exigences de sécurité et de confidentialité, la génération d'interférences, les effets néfastes potentiels sur la santé des patients, la congestion du spectre ainsi que l'efficacité énergétique sont des défis pour le déploiement massif des technologies RF dans les scénarios de la santé. Plutôt que se plier aux limitations des systèmes RF, cette thèse se penche sur une solution alternative basée sur les technologies de l’optique sans fil qui permettent des communications sécurisées et écoresponsables. Cette solution consiste en un système de surveillance utilisant une liaison infrarouge entre un émetteur intégrée dans un capteur ECG placé sur le corps de l’utilisateur et des récepteurs placés au plafond de l’environnement. Afin d’étudier les trois contextes de surveillance, le canal optique correspondant a été simulé à l’aide d’une technique de lancer des rayons, associée à la méthode numérique de Monte-Carlo. En tenant compte des spécificités liées au scénario de surveillance, à la population (âge et mobilité) et à l’environnement modélisé (matériau transparent des incubateurs des prématurés), le gain statique caractérisant le canal est ainsi obtenu. Ce gain a été utilisé dans une chaine développée pour simuler la transmission de l’ECG dans chaque contexte. La fiabilité du système de télésurveillance proposé est ainsi conditionnée par la qualité de l’ECG transmis qui a été évaluée au niveau applicatif à l’aide de la méthode des indices de qualité du signal (SQIs). Les SQIs consistent à extraire les caractéristiques spectrales et statistiques de l'ECG. De plus, vu son utilité dans le suivi du développement des prématurés, la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) a été également analysée par le calcul des paramètres temporels qui caractérisent les intervalles RR. L’objectif principal consiste à évaluer l'impact des performances de transmission optique sur les indices de qualité SQIs. À cette fin, une approche d’analyse générale a été mise en œuvre pour étudier conjointement l’évolution des (SQIs) et des paramètres temporels de la (VFC) au niveau applicatif en fonction des métriques classiques au niveau physique, à savoir (SNR) et (TEB). Les résultats de cette recherche ont montré le potentiel de l’utilisation de l’optique sans fil dans de tels contextes médicaux pour proposer une solution fiable et économe en énergie. En effet, dans les trois cas d’étude, des signaux ECG de qualité suffisante pour des diagnostics fiables ont été obtenus à des niveaux de puissance optique émise modérés, ce qui est important pour un système de télésurveillance médicale portable<br>The weak immune systems in the elderly, newborns and preterm infants increase their susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Indeed, symptoms of cardiac pathology can be quite unusual and sporadic in this population. This requires continuous monitoring of cardiac activity by electrocardiogram (ECG), which enables early detection of abnormalities. Conventionally, ECG systems are wired, limiting continuous monitoring and patient comfort. Thanks to technology, portable and wireless ECG systems have also been developed, based mainly on efficient radio frequency (RF) technologies, which enable these users to be monitored regularly. However, security and privacy requirements, interference generation, potential harmful effects on patient health, spectrum congestion and energy efficiency are challenges for the massive deployment of RF technologies in healthcare scenarios. Instead of relying on the limitations of RF systems, this thesis focuses on an alternative solution based on optical wireless technologies that enable safe and environmentally-friendly communications. This solution consists of a monitoring system using an infrared link between a transmitter embedded in an ECG sensor placed on the user's body and receivers placed on the ceiling of the environment. In order to study the three monitoring contexts, the corresponding optical channel was simulated using a ray-tracing technique combined with the numerical Monte-Carlo method. Considering the specificities of the monitoring scenario, the population (age and mobility) and the modeled environment (transparent material of premature baby incubators), the static gain characterizing the channel was obtained. This gain was used in a chain developed to simulate ECG transmission in each context. The reliability of the proposed remote monitoring system is thus conditioned by the quality of the transmitted ECG signal. This has been assessed at application level using the Signal Quality Index (SQI) method, which consists in extracting spectral and statistical characteristics from the ECG. In addition, given its usefulness in monitoring the development of premature infants, heart rate variability (HRV) has also been analyzed by computing the temporal parameters that characterize RR intervals in an ECG. The main objective is to assess the impact of time-varying optical transmission performance on the quality of the received ECG signal, in order to design a less intrusive, reliable and cost-effective system for remote ECG signal monitoring. SQIs consist in extracting spectral and statistical characteristics from the ECG. In addition, given its usefulness in monitoring the development of premature infants, heart rate variability (HRV) was also analyzed by computing the temporal parameters that characterize RR intervals. The main objective is to assess the impact of optical transmission performance on ECG quality metrics. For this purpose, a general analysis approach was implemented to jointly study the evolution of (SQIs) and VFC temporal parameters at the application level as a function of classical metrics at the physical level, namely (SNR) and (BER). The results of this research showed the potential of using wireless optics in such medical contexts to provide a reliable and energy-efficient solution. Indeed, in all three cases investigated, ECG signals of sufficient quality for reliable diagnoses were obtained at moderate levels of transmitted optical power, which is important for a portable medical remote monitoring system

1-Microevaporation - Microfluidics is the branch of fluid mechanics dedicated to the study of flows in the channel withdimensions between 1 micron and 100 micron. The object of this chapter is to illustrate the basicprinciples and possible applications of microfluidic chip, called microevaporator. In the first part ofthe chapter, we present a detailed description of the physics of microevaporators using analyticalarguments, and describe some applications. In the second part of the chapter, we present theexperimental protocol of engineering of micro evaporator and different type of microfluidics device.2- On-chip microspectroscopy - The object of this chapter is to illustrate a method to measure absorption spectra during theprocess of growth of our materials in our microfluidic tools. The aim is to make an opticalcharacterization of our micro materials and to carry-out a spatio-temporal study of kineticproperties of our dispersion under study. This instrumental chapter presents the theoretical basis !of the method we used.3-Role of colloidal stability in the growth of micromaterials - We used combined microspectroscopy and videomicroscopy to follow the nucleation and growth ofmaterials made of core-shell Ag@SiO2 NPs in micro evaporators.!We evidence that the growth is actually not always possible, and instead precipitation may occurduring the concentration process. This event is governed by the concentration of dispersion in thereservoir and we assume that its origin come from ionic species that are concentrated all togetherwith the NPs and may alter the colloidal stability en route towards high concentration. 4-Microfluidic-induced growth and shape-up of three-dimensional extended arrays of denselypacked nano particles - In this chapter I present in details microfluidic evaporation experiments to engineer various denselypacked 3D arrays of NPs.5-Bulk metamaterials assembled by microfluidic evaporation - In this chapter I introduced the technique we used (microspot ellipsometry) in close collaborationswith V.Kravets and A.Grigorenko(University of Manchester) and with A.Aradian, P.Barois, A.Baron,K.Ehrhardt(CRPP, Pessac) to characterized the solids made of densely packed NPs. I describe theconstraints that emerge from the coupling between the small size of our materials and the opticalrequirements, the analysis and interpretation of the ellipsometry experiments show that for thematerial with high volume fraction of metal exists the strong electrical coupling between the NPsand the materials display an extremely high refraction index in the near infra-red regime.

For many years,scholars haveinvestigated instructional design expertise anddescribed the difficulty definingit. A lack of a clear definition, inclusive of primary components,poses a measurement problemfor those seeking to evaluate the development of expertise. An overarching aim of this study is to gather evidence to support a definition of instructional designexpertise(IDE)which includes knowledge, skills, and dispositions. Instructional design dispositions have not received muchattention, but dispositions (e.g., adaptability,flexibility)are often described as distinguishing traits of expertdesigners. ExistingID competency instrumentsevaluatethe perceived importance of knowledge and skills butare limited in trackingdevelopment past competency. They also do not adequately considerdispositions.The purpose of this research was to describe the development of the Instructional Design Dispositions and Expertise Index. Instrument development procedures includeditem generation,expert review, think-aloud sessions, and a small-scale item tryout. Over 200 designers agreedknowledge, skills, and dispositions are important components of expertise. Qualitative data corroboratedquantitativefindingsfurther illuminatinga relationship between these componentsand quality instructional design. Initial evidence of content and construct validity for the instrument isestablished. A validated expertise instrument wouldallow us to more fully understand and evaluate expertiseand its development, whichcould inspire innovation ininstructional design research, theory, and practice.<br>

Dissertação de Mestrado em Design e Multimédia apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>O Gabinete de Física Experimental é um elemento essencial do Museu da Ciência da Universidade de Coimbra com importância a nível mundial porque a sua história, juntamente com os instrumentos que o compõem, permite compreender a evolução da ciência especialmente do campo da Física durante o século XVIII e XIX.A coleção do Gabinete de Física contém instrumentos criados para demonstrar através de experiências os vários princípios da Física. Eram utilizados como ferramenta de ensino durante vários séculos, hoje são objectos expostos nas salas do Gabinete de Física que não podem ser utilizados devido ao seu valor patrimonial.Através da compreensão de métodos de aprendizagem no espaço museológico aliada a experiências interativas, foi proposta a criação de uma aplicação para dispositivos móveis que simula a utilização de instrumentos recorrendo a realidade aumentada, permitindo ao utilizador realizar virtualmente as experiências para que estes foram concebidos e assim aprender conceitos da Física. O Gabinete de Física Experimental é um elemento essencial do Museu da Ciência da Universidade de Coimbra com importância a nível mundial porque a sua história, juntamente com os instrumentos que o compõem, permite compreender a evolução da ciência especialmente do campo da Física durante o século XVIII e XIX.A coleção do Gabinete de Física contém instrumentos criados para demonstrar através de experiências os vários princípios da Física. Eram utilizados como ferramenta de ensino durante vários séculos, hoje são objectos expostos nas salas do Gabinete de Física que não podem ser utilizados devido ao seu valor patrimonial.Através da compreensão de métodos de aprendizagem no espaço museológico aliada a experiências interativas, foi proposta a criação de uma aplicação para dispositivos móveis que simula a utilização de instrumentos recorrendo a realidade aumentada, permitindo ao utilizador realizar virtualmente as experiências para que estes foram concebidos e assim aprender conceitos da Física.<br>The Experimental Physics Cabinet is an essential element of the Museum of Science of the University of Coimbra with worldwide importance because of its history, together with the instruments that compose it, that allow us to understand the evolution of science especially in the field of Physics during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries.The Physics Cabinet’s collection contains instruments designed to demonstrate through experimentation the various principles of Physics. They were once used as a teaching tool for several centuries, today are objects exposed in the rooms of the Physics Cabinet that can not be used due to its patrimonial value.Through the understanding of learning methods in the museum space combined with interactive experiences it is proposed to create an application for mobile devices that simulates the use of instruments using Augmented Reality, allowing the user to virtualy re-perform the experiments for which they were designed and thus to learn concepts of Physics.The Experimental Physics Cabinet is an essential element of the Museum of Science of the University of Coimbra with worldwide importance because of its history, together with the instruments that compose it, that allow us to understand the evolution of science especially in the field of Physics during the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries.The Physics Cabinet’s collection contains instruments designed to demonstrate through experimentation the various principles of Physics. They were once used as a teaching tool for several centuries, today are objects exposed in the rooms of the Physics Cabinet that can not be used due to its patrimonial value.Through the understanding of learning methods in the museum space combined with interactive experiences it is proposed to create an application for mobile devices that simulates the use of instruments using Augmented Reality, allowing the user to virtualy re-perform the experiments for which they were designed and thus to learn concepts of Physics.

Smartphones are important means of communication that are rapidly advancing in technology. Its rather short replacement cycles continue to drive a growing volume of electronic waste. The introduction of a Repairability Index, which provides information on the reparability of an electrical device, is an attempt to extend useful life. By influencing consumers' purchase decisions, pressure is built up on manufacturers to enable their equipment to be repaired more cost-effectively and to provide replacement parts. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the Repairability Index on consumers' Willingness to Pay, Perceived Quality, and Purchase Intention. The importance of repairability is examined in the context of customer-preferred smartphone features to control for interaction effects. In a qualitative preliminary study, these preferred features were identified. Then, the main study was conducted using an experimental approach in which participants were presented with a manipulated smartphone advertisement. The results show that the Repairability Index influenced consumer purchase behavior by exerting a positive effect on Willingness to Pay and Perceived Quality. However, no effect was found on the overall Purchase Intention. This result is independent of age and gender, but stronger among individuals with high environmental awareness. Attitudes towards repair reinforced the effect of repairability on Perceived Quality. No interaction effect could be found between repairability and preferred features, however, preferred smartphone features revealed a great importance on all three variables in the experiment and therefore managers should not neglect them.<br>Os smartphones são importantes dispositivos de comunicação cuja tecnologia está a avançar rapidamente. Os seus curtos ciclos de substituição conduzem a um volume cada vez maior de resíduos electrónicos. A introdução de um índice de reparabilidade, que fornece informações sobre a reparabilidade de um dispositivo eléctrico, é uma tentativa de prolongar a sua duração de vida. Ao influenciar as decisões de compra dos consumidores, aumenta a pressão sobre os fabricantes para repararem os seus dispositivos de forma mais rentável e fornecerem peças sobressalentes. O objectivo deste estudo é investigar a influência do índice de reparabilidade na vontade de pagar, na percepção da qualidade e na intenção de compra por parte dos consumidores. A importância da reparabilidade é examinada no contexto das características preferidas dos smartphones dos clientes para controlar os efeitos de interacção. Foi realizado um estudo preliminar para identificar estas características preferidas. Depois, o estudo principal foi conduzido utilizando uma abordagem experimental na qual os participantes foram apresentados com um anúncio manipulado de smartphone. O índice influencia o comportamento de compra dos consumidores, exercendo um efeito positivo na vontade de pagar e na percepção de qualidade. No entanto, não foi encontrado qualquer efeito na intenção global de compra. Este resultado é independente da idade e do sexo, mas mais forte para indivíduos com elevada consciência ambiental. Não foi possível encontrar qualquer efeito de interacção entre a reparabilidade e as características preferidas, mas as características preferidas dos smartphones demonstraram uma grande importância nas três variáveis de experiência.