Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dissertation universitaire'
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Temime-Smaali, Nassima. "Rôle de la Topoisomérase IIIα dans la structure des télomères des lignées ALT et modulation par un ligand de l'ADN G-quadruplexe : la télomestatinee." Reims, 2009. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00001021.pdf.
Full textBourd-Boittin, Katia. "Rôle des métalloprotéinases matricielles (MMPs) dans l'odontologie." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05M001.
Full textThe proteolytic degradation of the ECM components by the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is thought to play a crucial role in odontogenesis. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the expression of several MMPs, namely MMP-2, MMP-9 and MMP-20, as well as of their physiological inhibitors, the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 during tooth development and study their role in the formation and maturation of dental matrices. The two gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), enamelysin (MMP-20) and TIMP-1 and -2 have shown a developmentally regulated expression and specific localization within the developing tootth. The role of these MMPs in the processing and mineralization of the dental matrix was further studied in an organotypic culture model of developing mouse tooth germ. The inhibition of the MMPs activity in this model by a broad spectrum synthetic inhibitor, Marimastat, altered dental matrix nucleation and caused severe disruptions of enamel organisation and mineralization. These macroscopic effects was associated with significant modifications at the molecular level. MMP inhibition deregulated the molecular processing of two major dental matrix proteins, amelogenin and dental sialoprotein (DSP), coinciding with their accumulation and the loss of their normal distribution. While the cleavage of amelogenin by MMP-20 has been extensively studied, that of DSP has not been previously described. Our experiments provide evidence that MMP-2 is able to efficiently degrade DSP as well as amelogenin, while under the same conditions, MMP-9 had no effect. Based on the intense expression and large distribution of MMP-2 and its importance in the processing of the dental matrix, we suggest a major role for this enzyme, in association with MMP-20, in the maturation and mineramization of dentin and enamel
Hannetel, Henri. "Connaissances nécessaires pour la confection d'une prothèse fixée esthétique sur pilier naturel." Reims, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REIMO048.
Full textGarcia, Aurélie. "Établissement de modèles cellulaires de cancer du sein et de l'ovaire permettant l'étude des effets des récepteurs des œstrogènes sur la proliférération et l'activation de gènes." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA07.
Full textEstrogen Receptors a and β (ERa and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptors superfamily, impact on cell proliferation and difrrentiation genes expression in an opposite manner. Both transcription factors activity belong to a natural ligand, but also to many environmental molecules, efficient to bind and disrupt their mechanism. Breast and ovarian cancers can be hormono-dependant cancers. Therapies aimed at counteract ERa positive breast cancers progression are mainly based on its invalidation. Nowadays, two strategies are applied: estrogen production inhibition using aromatase inhibitors, and ERa activity inhibition by anti-estrogens. On the contrary, hormono-therapy is not proposed for ovarian cancer treatment, because of a de nova resistance which remains to be better understood. It also appears essential to improve our knowledge about breast cancer resistance acquisition mechanisms, in order to research new therapies. The aim of this work was first to precise estrogen actions on~ cell proliferati n and target genes activation. For that, we established estrogen-responsive bioluminescent breast and ovarian cancers models. These cell lines allowed us to determine effects of naturat synthetic and environmental selective ligands on natural and synthetic genes activation through ERa and ERβ. The other part of this study consisted in establishing other breast and ovarian bioluminescent cell lines, allowing us to study cell and tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo. We also show these bioluminescent models relevance to investigate hormono-resistance acquirement mechanisms and new anti-tumoral treatments
Rivière, Christel. "Fonction et régulation de l'activité de la chimiokine SDF-1 et de son récepteur CXCR4 dans la mégacaryopoïèse." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA11T054.
Full textMature megakaryocytes migration out of the bone marrow represents the ultimate step for platelet production and their release into the blood circulation. Regulation of this mechanism remains to be determined. Chemokines and their receptors play a major role in regulating cell migration towards specifie site, but also in cell retention. We studied the role of the SDF-I chemokine and its receptor CXCR4 during megakaryopoiesis. CXCR4 is expressed in megakaryocytes and platelets with an increasing expression during this differentiation process. Nevertheless, in opposite to CXCR4 expression, response to SDF-1 is down regulated during megakaryocyte maturation. CXCR4 signal transduction is mediated through heterotrimeric G protein αβγ. Using RT- PCR with degenerate oligonucleotides, we showed expression of severa! ROS proteins family members, negative regulators of G protein coupled receptor signaling, in megakaryocytes and platelets. RGS2 and RGS16 transcript levels, but not ROSI, RGS3 and ROSS, increase during megakaryocyte differentiation. Only these two ROS are transcriptionnaly upregulated in response to high concentrations ofSDF-1, revealing a specifie role in downregulating CXCR4 function. ROSI, RGS2, RGS3, and RGS16 overexpression in a megakaryocytic cellline MO7e and in megakaroyctes obtained in vitro lead to an inhibition ofSDF-1 response as weil as in migration and MAP kinases activation assays. This whole work implies CXCR4/SDF-I proteins in regulation of early stages of megakaryocyte migration. Our results suggest that upregulation of RGS2 and ROS16 expression during MK maturation plays a crucial role in CXCR4 loss of function and megakaryocyte release into the blood circulation
Hezzaz-Bouchahm, Nadia. "Etude du stress oxydant et de sa modulation par le dialyseur Vitabran chez les sujets hémodialysés." Reims, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010REIMM204.
Full text@Chronic renal failure is associated with increased oxidative stress. This is due to overproduction of reactive oxygen forms and reduced antioxidant defenses. It participates in the complications associated with uremia, particularly cardiovascular complications. It is measured by quantifying end products of oxidation. The aim of the thesis was to develop techniques for the determination of several markers of oxidative stress on the one hand and to study in vivo the influence of a dialysis membrane antioxidant (Vitabran; polysulfone grafted vitamin E) on oxidative stress and formation of advanced glycation end products in patients on conventional hemodialysis, on the other hand. We have reassessed the determination of S-nitrosothiols (RSNO) by fluorimetry using diaminonaphthalene (DAN) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). Initially described for determination of nitrite and RSNO in environmental samples, this assay was then used to measure these compounds in biological matrices. We show that with some modifications this technique can be used to detect plasma concentrations of nitrite at the nanomolar level. We show that plasma nitrite levels were identical in control subjects and dialyzed patients. However, this measurement technique does not measure the rate of plasma RSNO. We have also developed techniques to measure lipid peroxidation (TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), protein oxidation (AOPP, advanced oxidative protein products) and pentosidine, an advanced glycoxidation products. We then studied the effect of a membrane VitabranE consisting of polysulfone coated vitamin E on oxidative stress markers and activation of neutrophils. This is a prospective, randomized, crossover, study, including 36 patients in chronic hemodialysis dialyzers comparing polysulfone (PS) and polysulfone dialyzers containing vitamin E (PS-VE). We found no significant differences between these two dialyzers in terms of the plasma pentosidine, TBARS and AOPP, the bio-incompatibility tested by activation of neutrophils was identical with the two dialyzers. This study showed no effect of the antioxidant Vitabran membrane covered with vitamin E on oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. It is possible that the improvement of biocompatibility of polysulfone membranes, no longer allows observing the anti-oxidant dialysis membranes coated with vitamin E. A second possibility is that the antioxidant effect of the membrane Vitabran is not exerted on all the redox reactions but rather on lipid peroxidation, vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant. Our study was not powerful enough to show a small difference in markers of lipid peroxidation. Consideration should be given a study with a larger number of patients and with more specific assays
Fanchon, Stéphanie. "Effets de deux inhibiteurs de métalloprotéases (marimastat® et CT1166®) et d'un facteur de croissance (TGFβ-1) sur l'odontogénèse." Paris 5, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA05M005.
Full textIn order to study the role of matrix metalloproteinases in odontogenesis, two MMPs inhibitors, marimastat® and CT1166®, were tested on an organotypic culture model of embryonic mouse tooth germs. MMPs are really implicated in the processing and mineralization of the dental matrix, possibly MMP-2, -9, -3 and -20. Macroscopic effects are associated with significant modifications at the molecular and ultrastructured levels. MMPs inhibition deregulated the molecular processing of e few molecules studied here, namely amelogenin, dental sialprotein, decorine, biglycan andTGFβ. Then, in order to get a better understanding of the TGFβ effects and more precisely on cell proliferation and differenciation, and espression of molecules, organotypic toooth germ culture were supplemented with TGFβ. They were analyzed. Along this way, mutant mice overexpressing TGFβ have been studied. These two models provide evidence that enamel and dentin matrix are altered. Enamel was porous, aprismatic with a malformed architecture. Predentin displayed a denser collagen fibrils accumulation and dentin was hypomineralized, and apparently revealed as an osteodentin rather than orthodentin in the circumpulpal dentin, whereas the mantle dentin was not altered. These results provide evidence that MMPs and TGFβ are implicated in odontogenesis. The mechanisms of these interactions remain to be elucidated
Perbet, Romain. "Rôle des vésicules extracellulaires dans la propagation de la protéine Tau." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S023.
Full textIntra-neuronal accumulation of tau protein aggregates is one of the common feature of a group of heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases called tauopathies. In some of them, the pathology will first affect a region before spreading to other regions.This staging could be linked to the prion-like propagation of pathological seed-competent tau species. These seeds, identified in transgenic mice interstitial fluid (ISF) and in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are uptaken by cells and induce subsequent intracellular tau aggregation (Takeda et al., 2016). The pathological species of tau which are spreading are not yet well characterized but several mechanisms mediating their transfer (secretion and capture) have been highlighted. Among them, we demonstrated that tau is secreted in extracellular vesicles (EV´s) (Dujardin et al., 2014). We also know that neurons are implicated in this transfer but the role of glial cells is unknown.In this context, we wanted to: 1 / demonstrate that pathological Tau protein is present in EVs extracted from brain of patients suffering from different Tauopathy and that those EVS induce pathology in animals. 2 / detect pathological Tau species in EVs extracted from plasma and CSF, potential biomarkers of Tauopathies. 3 / demonstrate that Tau protein can be transferred from neuron to astrocyte and, if so, to determine the transfer pathway.To test the seeding potential of EV’s containing in ISF derived from human brain of patient presenting tauopathies, and Tau 30 mouse brain we have used a sensitive and specific tau biosensor assay. Our results demonstrate that EVs isolated from ISF of AD patient, PSP patient and Tau 30 mouse contain seed prion-like properties. The ability of these seeds to recruit tau seems to be correlated to the severity of tau pathology (prefrontal>occipital>cerebellum) for AD. This might reflect the slight presence of neurofibrillary degeneration as well as extracellular tau in this pathology in comparison to AD. Finally, the presence of seeds-containing EV’s in the extracellular space supports the idea that these shuttles might be implied in the prion-like propagation of tau pathology in Humans. Additionally, tau pathology spreading is driven by EV’s rather than by free-floating tau species.We also demonstrated that tau can be transferred from neuron to astrocyte; this transfer is more efficient with EV’s than with free floating tau.These data open new avenues for therapeutic interventions that might targets the toxic and propagative species
Rignon-Bret, Jean-Marie. "Étude comparative de différents systèmes d'enregistrement du rapport intermaxillaire chez des édentés totaux présentant une pathologie acquise mais réversible des articulations temporo-mandibulaires : matérialisation et visualisation des résultats grâce à l'articulateur R.B. et une étude tomographique." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05A001.
Full textLemaire, Julie. "MicroARN : biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques en oncogenèse." Thesis, Lille 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LIL2S006.
Full textMicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate geneexpression. They are involved in many essential cellular and molecular processes such as celldeath or differentiation. In addition, their deregulation plays an important role in thetumorigenesis. Indeed, many miRNAs have been described as oncogenes or tumor suppressorgenes. In this context, this thesis work focused on the potential role played by miRNAs inkidney and lung cancers. Indeed, a first part consisted in identifying miRNAs differentially expressed in proximal renal tubular cells in response to cadmium exposure, an environmental compound with carcinogenic properties. This data suggests that some of these miRNAs could be of interest as biomarkers of cadmium exposure.In the second part of this thesis, we evaluated the tumorigenic properties of miR-92a-3p innon-small cell lung cancers. Our in vitro data suggests that targeting miR-92a-3p by antisense oligonucleotides could represent a relevant anticancer therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, amouse model of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (CCSP-Cre-LSL-KrasG12D model) has been developed to test the pharmacological effect of this therapeutic strategy.Overall, this work highlights the importance of miRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the field of cancer
Radi-Abokhair, Maiada. "Reconstruction tridimensionelle de la morphogenèse du pancréas chez l'homme et chez le rat pendant la période embryonaire du stade 12 au stade 23." Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON1TA08.
Full textThe study based on the morphogenesis of the pancreas since the appearance of the first ceIls in both pancreatic buds, dorsal and ventral, and right from stage 12 of the embryonic deveiopment, to the final formation of the pancreas at stage 23 which corresponds to the end of the embryonic period during the Sth post-ovulatory week. This study was performed using seriai embryonic sections of 45 specimens, including 9 human embryos and 36 embryos of rats. After the acquisition of micro photographie images of the. Sections, three-dimensional reconstructions were performed for each stage of development, with the :MRI computer software Object 1v1odeling Workbench, developed by the CNRS in Montpellier (Department :MERC-CNRS team Travo P. , VLBaecker). . The dynamics of development, the fusion of the two pancreatic buds and the phenomena of rotation were clearly observed. The knowledge of the stages during the morphogenesis of the three-dimensional reconstruction of the pancreas provides elements for the diagnostic approach and the therapeutic management of various diseases of the body, which oecur during the embryonic period. The similarity of the morphogenesis of the pancreas in humans and rats shows that the rat embryo provides a good experimentaI model
Bustamante, Jacinta Cecilia. "Défaut héréditaire de CYBB et prédisposition mendélienne aux infections mycobactériennes." Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05A003.
Full textMendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare syndrome conferring predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria (bacille Calmette Guérin vaccines and environmental mycobacteria), as well as more virulent. M. Tuberculosis and salmonella. Mutations found in six genes involved IL12/IL23-IFNγ mediated immunity. We studied a multiples family in which four otherwise healthy adult males show mycobacterial diseases (BCG-osis and tuberculosis). By multipoint linkage analysis, a maximal Lod score of 1. 93 was found for two candidate regions on X-chromosome. The patients harbor a novel mutation in CYBB (Q231P), which abolishes the respiratory burst in monocyte-derived macrophages. This gene is an essential component of NADPH in phagocytes. Germline CYBB mutations are commonly associated with chronic granulomatous disease. The MSMD-causing mutation in CYBB selectively affects the respiratory burst in macrophages. This experiment of nature indicates that the pathway in human macrophages is crucial for protective immunity to mycobacteria
de, Beco Simon. "Homéostasie mécanique des épithéliums : rôle de la dynamique du cytosquelette et des jonctions adhérentes." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T115.
Full textCarcaillon, Laure. "Hémostase, athérothrombose et démence vasculaire au cours du vieillissement." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T079.
Full textBodineau-Mobarak, Agnès. "Inflammation gingivale au cours de la parodontite chronique : effet du vieillissement et apport de la thérapie photodynamique." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05M004.
Full textThe first part of this work is a comparative analysis of inflammatory gingival tissues between elderly (more than 75) and middle-aged adults, with chronic periodontitis. We demonstrate in elderly : (1) a deficit in T helper lymphocytes, (2) a decrease in intraepithelial Langerhans cells, (3) an increase in dermal dendritic cells, (4) an increase in dendritic cells with a mature phenotype, (5) a lesser degradation of the collagen network associated with a decrease in the secretion of active form of MMP-9. At the same time, we evaluate the effects of PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) in the treatment of periodontal disease, through the analysis of gingival samples obtained in a clinical trial and of connective tissues reconstructed in vitro. Our results do not demonstrate any effect of PDT on the behavior of fibroblasts in culture; however, the clinical trial reveals the immunomodulatory effect of PDT in inflammatory gingival tissues
Carrard, Julie. "Impact d'une exposition aux nanoparticules de carbone couplées au benzo(a)pyrène sur la réponse inflammatoire dans des modèles expérimentaux d'asthme." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S004.
Full textAllergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is characterized by therecruitment of inflammatory cells including CD4+ type 2 helper T-lymphocytes (Th), interleukin(IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 producers, eosinophils as well as mast cells and basophils. The prevalenceof asthma has continued to increase in recent decades and genetic changes cannot be solelyresponsible Air pollution, especially particulate matter, is suspected to be part of this rising trend.Atmospheric particles can be classified according to their aerodynamic diameter, includingultrafine particles (< 100 nm). These particles are potentially more harmful because of their smallsize, which gives them the ability to settle deep in the bronchial tree. They are also able to adsorbmolecules such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. However, some of these hydrocarbons,such as benzo(a)pyrene, are known to be harmful to health and in particular to the respiratorysystem. We investigated the effects of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene-bound ultrafine particles onthe inflammatory response in two experimental models of allergen-induced asthma. For this, weused a simplified model of particles from an industrial process that we call « nanoparticles ».In our first model, chronic exposure to carbon nanoparticles coupled or not to benzo(a)pyrene,was performed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally to the allergen Dermatophagoidespteronyssinus. Nanoparticles had no effect on cell recruitment in allergen-inducedbronchoalveolar lavage. Surprisingly, co-administration of nanoparticles with the allergendecreased bronchial hyperreactivity compared to allergen alone. In contrast, we observed aneffect on lung tissue when co-exposed to benzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles and allergen.Indeed, this co-exposure induced a strong increase in Th2 cytokine expression and cellrecruitment in lung tissue compared to sensitized mice. In addition, this co-exposure modify thetype of cells recruited by the allergen, with an increase in the number of neutrophils, NKT-likecells, CD8+ T cells, Ly6C+ and Ly6C- monocytes/macrophages. These results were not found inco-exposure to nanoparticles not coupled to benzo(a)pyrene.In our second model, exposure to carbon nanoparticles, coupled or not with benzo(a)pyrène, wasperformed in C57Bl/6 mice sensitized intranasally with a low dose of the allergenDermatophagoides farinae. Preliminary results showed an adjuvant effect of nanoparticles withthe allergen on immunoglobulin E production but also on the inflammatory infiltrate in thebroncho-alveolar lavage, mainly composed of eosinophils. The expression of Th2 cytokines isalso increased by the administration of allergen with nanoparticles uncoupled to benzo(a)pyreneand not with benzo(a)pyrene-coupled particles. But, co-exposure of allergen withbenzo(a)pyrene-coupled nanoparticles induces the expression of Il-33, an alarmin produced bythe epithelium, which is also pro-Th2. In conclusion, our results suggest that nanoparticles have an impact on inflammation in allergensensitizedmice in our two experimental models. However, the dose, the amount of allergen andthe nature of the inhaled nanoparticles appear to influence the induced response in vivo
Neyraud, Vincent. "L'ubiquitination des GTPases Ral : Un nouveau mécanisme de régulation diu trafic intracellulaire de Ral et des micro-domaines menmbranaires lipidiques." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T085.
Full textBousaleh, Mohamed. "Définir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques pour l´hépatite alcoolique : nécessité d´une approche translationnelle." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S041.
Full textAlcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a complex disease associated to a poor prognosis. The therapeutic arsenal is limited to corticosteroid treatment. However, 40% of patients do not respond to the treatment and liver transplantation represents the last option for their survival. AH is characterized by a large infiltration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), and paradoxically the infection of these patients is a frequent event related to mortality. On the other hand, our group has demonstrated in AH an important defect of hepatic regeneration characterized by a decrease in hepatocytes proliferation, and the formation of ductular reaction. The aim of our study was to determine the cellular mechanisms causing the defect of liver regeneration in AH, to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the interaction of the PMN and hepatocytes, and to evaluate the migratory capacity of the PMN.Our work has highlighted the Hippo/YAP pathway as profoundly altered during AH. The effector YAP was aberrantly activated in AH hepatocytes. This led to the dedifferentiation and the loss of function of hepatocytes. The treatment of AH-isolated hepatocytes by the YAP inhibitor, dobutamine, limited the dedifferentiation process. Targeting YAP appears as an innovative strategy for AH management. Our work also identified the NOD1 pathway as a major actor in the PNN/hepatocyte interaction through expression of adhesion molecules. Our results suggest that NOD1 is an interesting target to limit PMN-induced liver injury. In addition, during AH, deregulation of the IL33 / sST2 pathway was involved in PNN migration. We have demonstrated a decrease in the migratory capacity of circulating PMNs. The treatment of PMN by IL33 was able to compensate for this migratory defect, which represents an interesting tool to prevent infectious risks during AH
Poncet, Anaïs. "Modulation de l’activité des cellules dendritiques par la réponse UPR induite lors de l’infection à Toxoplasma gondii." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S038.
Full textThe intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is one of the most common zoonotic pathogen invading all animals, including humans. In healthy individuals, type II parasite persists in cysts in the central nervous system leading to severe mental disorders and increasing the risk of developing neuro degenerative diseases. The control of chronic toxoplasmosis relies on dendritic cells (DCs) functions that activate the IL-12- induced Tcell IFN-g-derived response. In order to survive, T. gondii secretes an arsenal of virulencefactors that modulate host immune responses; however the interplay between DCs andT. gondii has been poorly explored. Recent studies highlighted the intricate molecularcross-talk between the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and the innate pathways. TheUPR response is a cytoprotective response induced during a cellular stress triggered byan imbalance in protein and lipid homeostasis, but also during intracellular pathogen infection.So far, nothing is known about the influence of T. gondii infection on the UPR.We hypothesized that T. gondii induction of the UPR could modulate the antigenic presentationability and cytokine secretion of DCs, thereby impacting parasite disseminationand persistence. Using, Bone-Marrow-derived DC (BMDCs) and mice deficient for the ERsensor IRE1a and the transcription factor XBP1, we examined the impact of the UPR onDC responses and T cell activation. Our results demonstrated that T. gondii infectionactivates the IRE1a arm of the UPR in BMDCs in a MyD88 dependent manner, therebyinducing a unique set of secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also demonstrated thatthis pathway regulates MHC-I presentation of secreted parasite antigens. In infected mice,we found that the IRE1a/XBP1s pathway is specifically activated in splenic cDC1s, regulatesT CD8+ cell responses and thus, the IFN-g production. In addition, IRE1a/XBP1deficient mice do not control parasite proliferation and succomb during the acute phaseof the infection. Therefore, our work revealed an essential protective role of the IRE1abranch of the UPR in DCs to fight T. gondii infection
Jourdain, Marie-Laure. "Analyse phénotypique et fonctionnelle des ostéoclastes et de leurs précurseurs dans la maladie osseuse liée à la mucoviscidose Inflammation and CFTR-related bone remodeling in patients in cystic fibrosis CFTR-deficient pigs display alterations of bone microarchitecture and composition at birth Overexpression of RANKL in osteoblasts: a possible mechanism of susceptibility to bone disease in cystic fibrosis." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMO201.
Full textThe increasing life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is associated with extra-pulmonary complications which prevalence increases with age, such as bone disease or diabetes, that impact the quality of life of CF patients. The bone deficit related to cystic fibrosis is still incompletely characterized and the understanding of the impact of CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator) defect on bone physiology is essential to propose new therapeutic strategies. The most common mutation of CFTR, (F508del) in osteoblasts is associated with a high RANK-L/OPG ratio that may stimulate osteoclastogenesis. The aim of this work was to study the impact of CFTR defective activity on osteoclast precursors and their differentiation as well as the functional activity of CF osteoclasts. We have demonstrated that there is an overexpression of the RANK and M-CSF receptors on the surface of osteoclastic precursors derived from patients carrying the CFTR G551D mutation. Furthermore, we have revealed that the osteoclasts phenotype is strongly impacted by the F508del mutation as well as the S1P pathway, a prominent mediator for the circulation of osteoclastic precursors between blood and bone compartments. All of these data and the demonstration of a disturbed resorptive osteoclasts profile when CFTR activity is deficient suggest that there is a dysregulation of resorption and more widely of bone remodeling in CF patients
Azria, Elie. "Sur les voies de la connaissance médicale : de la recherche clinique aux incertitudes de la pratique du soin : A propos de la controverse de l'accouchement des fœtus en présentation du siège." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T022.
Full textLuu, Duc-Nam. "Proposition et formalisation d’un modèle méthodologique pour la mise en place d’une stratégie d’éco-conception ainsi que des outils de déploiement pour son implémentation. Application au domaine de la pharmaceutique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023HESAE033.
Full textEnvironmental issues take a major place in our modern societies. Human activity contributes to the degradation of the environment and manufacturers have the duty to limit the impact of the solutions they offer and put on the market. Eco-design is one of the approaches of Design for Sustainability which makes it possible to integrate environmental aspects, during the development phases. The penetration of its practices within industrials requires vertical and horizontal integration. Horizontal integration concerns the strategic, tactical and operational aspects while horizontal integration focuses on the aspects of cultural change and human factors. This doctoral thesis focuses on the integration of eco-design within a multinational pharmaceutical company. The objective of the project was to formalize the concepts for its integration in the pharmaceutical industry in order to support the transition of internal eco-design practices in this sector. The variety and complexity of eco-design aspects, as well as both the technical and organizational challenges of the pharmaceutical industry must be taken into account in order to provide a coherent transition approach. The experiments for this work were carried out with a partner, an international pharmaceutical industry, in collaboration with the Arts et Métiers, Paris campus. The work carried out has made it possible to lay the foundations of an eco-design integration model within the pharmaceutical industry, with associated support tools
UREÑA, MARTÍN Carlos. "Study of Caveolae Mechanotransduction Under 3D Compressive Stresses : Comparative Analysis of 2 Models Mimicking Structural and Mechanical Tumor Characteristics." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS525.
Full textMechanics and compressive stress play an important role in tumor progression. Recently, several approaches have been developed to test compressive stress in 3D in vitro models. In the present work, we first show the relevance of compression in the organization of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), enwrapping cancer cells upon 3D isotropic compression in capsules of hollow alginate. In this system, CAFs cover cancer cells in the presence of compression by a process which most likely involves fibronectin deposition reorganization, and not a passive rearrangement of the two spheroids. In the second part of this work, we investigated the response of caveolae components to compressive stress. Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations which are able to buffer membrane tension, thus protecting the cell from bursting. Here, we show how caveolae reduce their presence under 3D short term compression, and how this compression inhibits interferon induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation. Moreover, long term effects of compressive stress in spheroids result also in loss of the caveolae component EHD2, acentral ATPase for caveolae stability on the membrane. Lastly, we found different pathways with altered gene transcription after compressive stress. Among them, we characterized the effect of caveolin-1 loss on the release of exosomes under 3Dcompression
Saleh, Yara. "Etude de la pathogénicité pulmonaire des polluants atmosphériques nanoparticulaires." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S014.
Full textBackground: Air pollution is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. Among air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) is a major health risk factor, through the development of pulmonary diseases. The toxicity of PM depends on their chemical composition and size which increases their mutagenic and/or carcinogenic properties and determine their penetration and retention in the respiratory tract. Fine particles (FP <2,5μm) and ultrafine particles (UFP <0,1μm) can thus reach the deepest airways where their purification will be carried out slowly by macrophage clearance. Compared to FP, less is known about the toxicological impact of UFP.Methods: We first compared the impact of prolonged exposure to PF and PUF collected on the same urban-industrial site on the respiratory health in mice. After physicochemical characterization of the particles (granulometry, surface composition, elementary composition, PAH), BALB/c mice were intranasally exposed to increasing single doses of PF or PUF (10, 50 or 100 μg) and subchronically for 1 month or 3 months, to 3 doses of 10 μg of particles per week. Mice were then sacrificed, bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) were performed and different samples (blood, lungs, liver, femurs) were taken for toxicological analyses.Results: The elemental chemical composition of FP and UFP did not show any major differences but highlights their industrial origin due to their high content of metals. On the other hand, a slightly higher PAH content was detected in FP compared to PUF. For all experimental conditions, no in vivo genotoxic and / or mutagenic effects were detected (comet, micronucleus, Pig-A negative tests). However, the study of the cellularity of BAL, the quantification of cytokine gene expression and histological analysis of lung tissue suggest the occurrence of chronic inflammation in exposed mice lungs. More extended lesioned areas were, however, observed in the UFP-exposed mice. Transcriptomic analyses have shown, on the one hand, that the number of deregulated genes increases with the dose and the time of exposure, and on the other hand that this number is much higher in mice exposed to UFP compared to those exposed to FP. The identification of the main signalling pathways most5significantly impacted confirms that UFP induce greater and earlier lung tissue response than PF. Concerning the epigenetic analyses, deregulation of DNA methylation, histone modifications, and gene expression of some miRNAs was more pronounced in PUF-exposed mice. The ongoing functional analysis of miRNAs specifically deregulated by PUFs, or commonly deregulated by PUFs and PFs, should allow the identification of their target mRNAs.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that UFP have greater impact on the respiratory system than FPs which would allow the identification of new biomarkers of tissue damage. The information resulting from this project can be transmitted to the different organizations in charge of air pollutants and their effects on health, to the concerned authorities and to the industries in order to contribute to make better decisions regarding the reduction of emissions of particulate pollutants of greatest concern. They will thus help to update the current regulations in order to include UFP and limit their emissions
Hertault, Adrien. "Conception et évaluation d’un stent actif pro-cicatrisant basé sur la polydopamine, un polymère biocompatible et bioinspiré." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S031.
Full textIntroduction: In-stent restenosis (ISR) is induced by an uncontrolled smooth muscular cells (SMC) proliferation after bare metal stent (BMS) implantation. It is associated with recurrence of symptoms and additional health costs. Drug-eluting stents have demonstrated efficiency on ISR but induce a high risk of late acute thrombosis due to a delayed struts reendothelialization. Polydopamine (PDA), a biocompatible polymer inspired from mussels byssus, has been reported to promote endothelial cells (EC) and inhibit SMC proliferation in-vitro, thus suggesting a potential pro-healing effect on the vascular wall. Furthermore, polydopamine expresses amine, catechol and quinone functions on its surface and can be used as an anchor for another therapeutic agent. This study aimed at 1) evaluating the impact of a PDA-coated stent on in-stent restenosis (ISR), 2) designing a vascular stent with a potential additional pro-healing drug, hemin, immobilized via the PDA layer.Methods: In the first part of this study, PDA coatings were obtained by dip coating of cobalt-chromium disks or stents in a dopamine solution. Disk samples were used to evaluate biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. The pro-healing potential was investigated in-vitro by seeding human EC and SMC on the different samples. In-vivo experimentations were conducted to assess the pro-healing effect in a rat model. ISR was evaluated in optic microscopy with quantification of the neointima/media (n/m) ratio after eosin/hematoxillin coloration. Quality of the struts reendothelialization was assessed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Molecular pathways involved in a potential pro-healing effect were investigated with western blot analyses.In the second part of this work, PDA-coated surfaces were modified with polyethylenimine (PEI) to enhance the expression of amine functions. This modified coating was characterized and cytocompatibility was assessed in-vitro. This modified surface was used to immobilized hemin, a therapeutic agent, on the sample surfaces. Functionalized surfaces were characterized, and presence of the therapeutic agent was assessed and quantified. The potential healing effect of the hemin-stent was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo.Results: PDA surfaces demonstrated a pro-healing effect in-vitro compared to bare chromium-cobalt. PDA stents demonstrated a significant reduction in ISR compared to bare metal stents (ratio n/m = 0.48 (+/- 0.26) versus 0.83 (+/- 0.42), p<0.001) in the rat model. TEM analyses confirmed the presence of neointima surrounding the struts in each group and revealed a thinner neointima layer in the PDA-stent group compared to BMS, with similar ultrastructures of the cells facing the arterial lumen. Western blot analyses identified a trend to an increased activation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and its anti-proliferative effects on vascular SMC which could explain the results observed in the histomorphometric analyses.Immobilization of PEI was achieved through Michael addition and Shift base reaction on PDA coatings, and successfully enriched the surfaces with amino groups without decreasing cytocompatibility. Hemin was successfully grafted on the PDA-PEI surfaces via amide bounds (approximately 10ng of hemin per cm²). Hemin-coated surfaces demonstrated no superiority in-vitro or in-vivo to PDA alone.Conclusion: The expected pro-healing effect of PDA-coating on the arterial wall seems to be confirmed in this in-vivo model. This biocompatible polymer could intrinsically limit in-stent restenosis. Additionally, it also offers the possibility to immobilize many relevant drugs on its surface through amine functions providing potential synergistic effects
Garçon, Damien. "Effet intestinal de PCSK9 au delà du métabolisme du cholestérol : focus sur la lipémie postprandiale et l'allergie alimentaire." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT1011.
Full textPCSK9 (ProProtein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9) is the 3rd gene responsible for familial hypercholesterolemia. Indeed, PCSK9 is a natural inhibitor of the LDL receptor. Patients with PCSK9 gain function mutations are at very high risk for cardiovascular disease. In addition to its impact on cholesterol metabolism, PCSK9 plays a role in another cardiovascular risk factor: postprandial lipemia. This phenomenon, characterized by a rise in plasma triglycerides after a meal, is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in certain pathologies, particularly in patients with type 2 diabetes. It has been shown that mouse models deficient in PCSK9 have a reduction in their postprandial lipemia. During my thesis, we showed by using deficient mouse models, inhibition of PCSK9 by anti-PCSK9 antibodies and the development of an original model of intestinal PCSK9 deficiency that the circulating form of PCSK9 is crucial in the phenomenon of postprandial lipemia. Beyond lipid metabolism, PCSK9 has been shown to play a role in inflammatory responses, particularly during septic shock. In my thesis, we observed the impact of PCSK9 deficiency and inhibition on the food allergy development. We showed that the absence of PCSK9 protects against the onset of allergy symptoms. My thesis has therefore highlighted the role of PCSK9 beyond cholesterol metabolism and at the intestinal level
Dos, Santos Célia. "Implication de la région C-terminale de l'Héparin Affin Regulatory Peptide (HARP) dans l'inhibition de la prolifération des glioblastomes et mise en évidence d'interactions entre ce facteur de croissance et d'autres Heparin Binding Growth Factors (HBGFs)." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T082.
Full textTirou, Linda. "Rôle de la voie de signalisation Sonic Hedgehog dans les cellules Glast positives du cerveau de souris adulte C9C5 Positive Mature Oligodendrocytes are a Source of Sonic Hedgehog in the Mouse Brain Hedgehog Controls Quiescence and Activation of Neural Stem Cells in the Adult Ventricular-Subventricular Zone." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL022.
Full textDuring embryogenesis, the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway plays a key role in neural patterning. The pathway is still active in the adult rodent brain where it participates to the maintenance of neural stem cells (NSCs), to neuronal and glial circuitry and to tissue repair (Ruat et al, Top. Med. Chem., 2015). In the adult brain, the astrocytes, glial cells regulating trophic support and activity of neurons, are proposed as the main Shh-responsive cells (Garcia et al, J. Neurosci., 2018). However, the implication of Shh signaling in these astrocytic functions is still poorly characterized. Here, I investigated the role of Shh signaling in astrocytes using various genetic, molecular, biochemical and pharmacological approaches. I used the transgenic mouse line Glast-CreERT2-YFP-Ptc-/- (YFP-Ptc-/-), a model of conditional deletion of the Shh receptor Patched (Ptc) in Glast-expressing cells, and their control littermates, YFP-Ptc+/+ mice. Tamoxifen-mediated recombination in YFP-Ptc-/- mice during adulthood led to Ptc deletion and YFP reporter expression specifically in Glast+ cells, namely astrocytes, NSCs and their progeny. I provided the first detailed analysis of Shh pathway transcripts expression (Ptc, Gli1, Gli2, Gli3) in astrocytes using single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization (smFISH) combined to immunohistofluorescence in various brain regions, including the hypothalamus. Moreover, I identified a subpopulation of mature oligodendrocytes (OLs), expressing the OLs markers CC1, Olig2 and Sox10, as a potential source of Shh ligand for these astrocytes and for neurons expressing Ptc in the postnatal brain. I demonstrated the presence of Shh protein and transcripts in these cells using the specific Shh monoclonal antibody C9C5 and smFISH, respectively. The characterization of YFP-Ptc+/+ and YFP-Ptc-/- mice metabolic phenotype at different timepoints revealed the implication of astrocytic Shh pathway in the regulation of whole body energy insulin tolerance tests. This effect was maintained over time and associated to lower blood insulin levels. YFP-Ptc-/- mice also exhibited a strong lean phenotype related to the absence of body weight gain. They presented a reduction of white and brown adipose tissues accompanied by an increase of fatty acid oxidation evaluated in metabolic cage, while food intake, locomotor activity and body temperature were not altered. Thus, the activation of astrocytic Shh signaling counteracted age-associated but also diet-induced metabolic alterations. At the cellular level, Ptc deletion did not affect glucose uptake in primary astrocyte cultures suggesting that these effects are mediated by another mechanism. In the hypothalamus, a key region in the control of energy homeostasis, the activation of astrocytic Shh pathway led to an increase of insulin signaling genes expression. Altogether, these data argue for a novel important role of Shh signaling in astrocytes for hypothalamic regulation of energy metabolism. The phenotype analysis of YFP-Ptc+/+ and YFP-Ptc-/- mice also revealed a key role of Shh signaling in orchestrating the quiescence and activation of NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles, one of the main adult neurogenic niche. Long term activation of Shh pathway in NSCs induced an increase of quiescent NSCs number while activated NSCs and their progeny were strongly depleted affecting neurogenesis in this region. Overall, this work highlights novel properties of Shh signaling that will allow deeper understanding of its functions in the adult brain, and widens the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulators of this pathway to neurodegenerative, demyelinating and metabolic disorders
Quilbe, Alexandre. "Évaluation in vitro et in vivo de deux nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques ciblées dans l'adénocarcinome pancréatique : une immunothérapie ciblant l’Immune Checkpoint Galectine-9 et une thérapie photodynamique ciblant le récepteur folate." Thesis, Lille, 2020. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/EDBSL/2020/2020LILUS034.pdf.
Full textRecently, other and our team have demonstrated that a high regulatory T lymphocytes (Treg) prevalence promotes tumor progression by inhibiting anti-tumor immune response. This was further substantiated by other studies on various cancer models. Using this knowledge, our laboratory has developed a new immunotherapy strategy targeting immunosuppressive activity of human natural Treg (CD4+ CD25high FoxP3+ CD127-/Low). This strategy targets Galectin-9 (Gal-9) produced and secreted by Treg cells using an anti Gal-9 monoclonal antibody (Patent WO2015185875). Thus, for the first time, we demonstrated that an anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy can significantly limit tumor growth in a humanized mouse model of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In parallel, it have been shown a high Gal-9 expression in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer (PDAC), and a high prevalence of circulating and infiltrating Treg in PDAC patients. Thus, PDAC appears to be a privileged target for our anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy. In this context, our main objective was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of our anti-Gal-9 immunotherapy in PDAC. In close collaboration, with Dr. Isabelle Vanseuningen (JPARC, Lille), we were first able to evaluate the expression of Gal-9 and the prevalence of Treg from the earliest stages of pancreatic carcinogenesis in a transgenic mouse model. We have also evaluated the efficiency of anti-Gal9 treatment on tumor pancreatic progression. Our data demonstrated that the neutralization of Gal-9 was successful in limiting Treg infiltration along with neoplastic lesion progression. In a second time, in order to anticipate the use of this immunotherapy in humans, we also validated Gal-9 expression (RT-qPCR, Immunofluorescence, Western blot and cytometry) in 4 different human pancreatic cancer lines (Capan-1, Capan-2, MIAPaCa-2, PANC-1). Interestingly, we showed that these lines secrets Gal-9 in particular via exosomes (ELISA, Western-Blot). Finally, in vivo results suggested that our anti-Gal-9 antibody limits not only exosomes immunosuppressive impact, but also the tumor growth in a humanized mouse model of PDAC.Furthermore, we have initiated a novel study to evaluate a new therapeutic strategy for PDAC: The Photodynamic Therapy (PDT). PDT is based on the use of a non-toxic photosensitizer (PS) and a light excitation. Upon accumulation in the neoplasm and subsequent photo-excitation, the PS generates reactive oxygen species to elicit tumoral cytotoxicity. In the recent years, PDT has already proved its worth in the field of oncology. There is indeed a rationale to think that PDT could impact the immune response, in favor of immunoactivation against the tumor. In the laboratory, we have a new folate-coupled PS (PS2), protected by a recently published patent (WO2019 016397-A1, January 24, 2019), which binds with folate receptor 1 (FOLR1). FOLR1 is expressed in 100% of ADKPs, and even over-expressed in 30%. In this context, the objective was to evaluate the efficacy of PDT on 4 human PDAC lines: Capan-1, Capan-2, MiaPaca-2 and Panc-1. We validated the genomic and proteomic expression of FOLR1 on the 4 PDAC cell lines. Subsequently, we confirmed the efficacy of PS2 mediated PDT our 4 tumor cell lines. Our results also demonstrated that PDT affects the cytokine secretion of cancer cell lines and the conditioned media of these PS2-PDT-treated cells had a proliferative effect on the human immune system. Finally, we showed that PS2-PDT limits the tumor growth of our immunocompromised humanized mice (SCID) model with subcutaneously transplanted MIAPaCa-2 cells.In conclusion, our investigations suggest not only that PS2-PDT is an effective targeted therapy in the treatment of ADKP but also that it activates the immune system and plays the role of a real adjuvant anti-cancer vaccination
Guillon, Jordan. "Caractérisation moléculaire de mécanismes d’échappement à la sénescence : définition d'une hétérogénéité de la sénescence Regulation of senescence escape by TSP1 and CD47 following chemotherapy treatment Regulation of senescence escape by the cdk4–EZH2–AP2M1 pathway in response to chemotherapy tRNA biogenesis and specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases regulate senescence stability under the control of mTOR. Proteomics approaches to define senescence heterogeneity and chemotherapy response Chemotherapy-induced senescence, an adaptive mechanism driving resistance and tumor heterogeneity." Thesis, Angers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ANGE0005.
Full textSenescence is induced as a result of telomeric shortening, activation of oncogenes or in response to chemotherapy. This tumour suppression mechanism prevents the proliferation of abnormal cells and transformation. However, some studies have shown that in response to chemotherapy, senescence is more of an adaptation mechanism allowing tumour cells to escape. Thus, we have characterized new escape mechanisms allowing to define senescence heterogeneity. During our studies, we observed that the stability of this suppressive mechanism is epigenetically regulated by EZH2. This methylase modulates the expression of AP2M1, an endocytosis protein required for escape. The stability of senescence is also modulated by secreted SASP factors such as TSP1. By interaction with its receptor CD47, this glycoprotein limits the emergence of persistent cells. The reduction in the expression of this receptor then favours the escape of senescence. Finally, tRNA biosynthesis also modulates the stability of this suppressive mechanism. During the emergence of persistent cells, mTOR promotes the expression of specific tRNAs and the resolution of protein stress. The expression of the corresponding tRNA ligases is then required for escape. Thus, senescence is more heterogeneous than initially described. Its stability is disturbed by the expression of epigenetic regulators, endocytosis proteins, specific receptors and by the deregulation of tRNA biosynthesis
Le, Guern Rémi. "Colonisation digestive par entérobactéries productrices de carbapénémase dans un modèle murin : aggravation de la pneumopathie à Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S033.
Full textAntibiotics disrupt the gut microbiota, and are considered a risk factor of colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria. In a murine model, we studied the impact of digestive colonization with carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) on the severity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. Mice colonized by CPE presented a more severe pneumonia (clinical score and alveolocapillary permeability) and a higher mortality compared to controls or mice that received only clindamycin. Fecal microbiota transplant was associated with better outcomes. After infection by P. aeruginosa, lung dendritic cells and CD4 T lymphocytes were decreased in mice colonized by CPE. Gut microbiota was specifically altered in mice colonized by CPE: Muribaculaceae relative abundance was greatly reduced, associated with an expansion of the Hungatella genus. Tryptophan metabolites were modified by CPE colonization. Asymptomatic digestive colonization with CPE had a detrimental effect on the host response to P. aeruginosa pneumonia
Gilles, Mélissa. "Nouvelles fonctions de la protéine Tau dans le métabolisme des ARN." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S054.
Full textTauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by an intraneuronalaggregation of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. The accumulation of these lesionsinduces neuronal dysfunctions leading to cells death. It has been established that Taudysfunctions play a central role to the neurodegenerative process. However, thephysiological functions of these proteins are still incompletely understood. Tau was first described as a microtubule associated protein involved in microtubule stabilization.However, it has been shown that Tau displays additional functions depending of itscellular localization. In the cytoplasm, Tau regulates axonal transport, synapticfunctions and signaling pathway. Tau was found also in the nuclear compartmentwhere it is involved in nucleic acid protection, organization of neuronal pericentromericheterochromatin and expression of ribosomal genes. In addition, studies have demonstrated an interaction between Tau and several RNA binding proteins, known to play a role in RNA metabolism. Moreover, dysfunctions of this mechanism havebeen reported in tauopathies.To gain insights into roles of Tau in RNA metabolism, we used tandem affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry to identify novel interaction partners. Weidentified DDX5, a DEAD box RNA helicase, as a novel interacting partner. DDX5 is aprotein involved in several RNA metabolic processes such as, transcription, splicing,ribosome and micro RNA biogenesis and nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Inthis work, we validated Tau-DDX5 interaction and identified the Tau sequence involvedin the interaction. We also showed that this interaction is modulated in a RNA dependent manner and identified the presence of DDX17, another DEAD box RNAhelicase, in this complex. Our results demonstrated that Tau positively regulatesmRNA degradation by NMD pathway in a DDX5 dependent manner. We also shownthat Tau negatively regulates pre-mRNA splicing and expression of splicing factorsPTBP1 and PTBP2. The NMD is known to modulate expression of some splicingfactors through a system called “Alternative splicing coupled to NMD” (AS-NMD)suggesting that Tau effect on splicing could be dependent of NMD activation.Interestingly, Tau phosphorylation, especially the threonine 231 known to be involvedin tauopathies, increased the effect of Tau on NMD pathway.Altogether, our results highlight a link between Tau and the DEAD box RNA helicaseDDX5 and demonstrate an unexpected role of Tau in regulating splicing and NMD pathway. Our findings suggest that a loss of Tau functions may participates directly tothe splicing and NMD target genes misregulation observed in tauopathies
Rivera-Millot, Alex. "Mécanismes de l’homéostasie du cuivre chez un pathogène strictement humain, Bordetella pertussis." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S009.
Full textCopper has become an essential element for most living organisms since the adventof oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere, 2.7 billion years ago. This metal is used in manybiological processes. However, the electronic properties that make it crucial for life are alsowhat makes it poisonous. This ambivalent biological impact has forced organisms to acquirean increasing number of mechanisms dedicated to maintaining a strict control over copperhomeostasis. In addition, a few organisms such as amoebae have taken advantage of its toxicproperties. Those lower eukaryotes have developed a complex predation mechanism to feedon other unicellular organisms, phagocytosis, and make use of metal poisoning, in particularcopper, to kill their preys. Phagocytosis has persisted over the course of evolution to becomea key actor of innate immunity in metazoans, including humans. Copper detoxificationmechanisms developed by prokaryotic organisms have likely been selected through thepressure exerted by phagocytosis. In particular, copper homeostasis regulation mechanismsare part of the strategies adopted by pathogenic bacteria to survive phagocytosis. Thesemechanisms vary depending on the ecological niche of each species. Studies on this topichave mainly focused on environmental bacteria and on pathogenic bacteria, especially thosewith an intracellular lifestyle. Copper homeostasis in Bordetella pertussis is at the centre ofthis thesis. This bacterium is the etiologic agent of whooping cough whose peculiarity is to bestrictly dependent on its host. Furthermore, its ecological niche is very limited, as it onlyinfects the human upper respiratory epithelium. This bacterium represents a new model tostudy the role of copper in host-pathogen relationships. This work has revealed the loss ofmost copper homeostasis systems in B. pertussis. An original detoxification mechanism witha composite regulation has been identified that includes the cytoplasmic metallochaperoneCopZ and two enzymes catalyzing detoxification of peroxides. This thesis work has led to thefollowing hypothesis: this system, which is a distinctive feature of the Bordetella genus, isinvolved in survival to phagocytosis, the only situation where the bacterium experiencescopper excess in its ecological niche. The metallo-chaperone CopZ mediates thedetoxification of free copper by complexation, and together the two enzymes decrease theconcentration of hydrogen peroxide, which causes oxidative stress through the Fenton andHaber-Weiss reactions. The co-regulation of this system by copper and hydrogen peroxideresults in a very dynamic and selective activation, specific to phagocytosis-relatedmechanisms. This system offers a sufficiently favorable cost-benefit balance to have beenselected over the course of the evolution of this host-restricted pathogen.This work has led to the identification of copper tolerance mechanisms in B. pertussisand to the description of their evolutionary selection among Bordetellae
Boukpessi, Tchilalo. "Rôle de protéines non collagéniques dans la physiopathologie de la dentine humaine." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05M002.
Full textThe aim of this work was to study the physiopathology of dentin extracellular matrix. With this end, two models of pathological dentin were carried out : artificial caries-affected dentin and hypophosphatemic dentin. Through these models, we tried to better understand the role of non collagenous proteins in the mineralization, the structure and the degradation of human dentin. Therefore, in the first model, we investigated how recombinant MMP-3 initiates the release of ECM molecules from artificially demineralized human dentin. That way, we identified for the first time to the best of our knowledge, the presence of endogenous MMP-3 in mature dentin. In this first approach, the use of MMP-3 as a potential agent for dentin preparation may improve resin adhesion. The second model concerned dentin from hypophosphatemic patients. Familial hypophosphatemic rickets results from the mutation of the PHEX gene. Patients have reported to display important dentin defects, and therefore, we explored the dentin structure, composition, and distribution of ECM molecules in hypophosphatemic human deciduous teeth. The abnormal presence of low-molecular weight protein complexes in large interglobular spaces was shown. In these pathological conditions, MEPE seems to display important role and our work aimed to better understand this function
Razy-Krajka, Florian. "Etude des systèmes monoaminergiques de l'ascidie Ciona intestinalis : De la différenciation au comportement : hypothèses d'homologies." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA11T005.
Full textLorrain, Jean-Louis. "Figures de la souffrance psychique : approche éthique." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA11T117.
Full textAs the front door of perception, the figure enables an ethical joumey through the mind-body of man, suffering in his neural and societal dimension. Searching for a substrate to sufferance calls for neurosciences and leads us to ponder over conscience, a mysterious phenomenon. As a vector of sufferance, creativity makes the invisible visible and art enables the unspeakable. Poetics and politics are presented as emergences against the impotence of science. Man suffering, altered by emotion, shows ethics his precariousness and frailty as powers raising the complexity of subjectivity and intent, making possible a suggestion of sucular transcendence. The sufferance of ethics, related to posthumanism, requires a re-foundation of ethics based upon responsibility, resistance, and the will not to abandon. Ethics becomes the interface between humanity and the suffering world, whose sufferance is intrinsic
Feliu, Catherine. "Implication des récepteurs P1 et P2 dans la protection des cellules endothéliales au cours de l’hypoxie-reoxygenation Complementary Role of P2 and adenosine receptors in ATP induced-anti-apoptotic effects against hypoxic injury of HUVECs Current knowledge on the role of P2Y receptors in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion Intra-extracellular quantification of nucleotides and adenosine using UHPLCHRMS: improvement of robustness by the use of ascorbic acid in mobile phase Description of the novel cytoprotective action pathways of ticagrelor against hypoxic lesions at the endothelium." Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMM202.
Full textDuring cardiac ischemia, the lesion is triggered in the endothelium and progresses to the surrounding cardiomyocytes. Purinergic signalling plays an important role during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) events. Many studies have been carried out to study the mechanisms of protection of nucleotides and nucleosides, without studying their specific roles on the endothelium. In this work, we report an increase in extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine from the endothelium exposed to hypoxia. We report a protective effect of extracellular ATP and a complementary role of the P2 and P1 receptors. P2 receptors protective effects involve the PI3K, ERK1/2, mKATP channel signalling and also involve NOS. The protection mediated by the P1 receptors involves the MEK/ERK1/2, PKA and NOS. In a second step, we describe a new cytoprotective mechanism of ticagrelor, independent of the blood element and its antiplatelet anti-aggregating effect. This mechanism is initiated by the increased of extracellular adenosine bioavailability, which triggers protective effects via its A3 and A2A receptors. This may explain, in part, the reported cardioprotective effects of the ticagrelor in clinical studies. Together, our data support the protective role of ATP and adenosine against deleterious effects ofendothelium hypoxia and suggest a beneficial role for these mediators in different ischemia, including cardiac, renal or cerebral ischemia
Balland, Églantine. "Rôle des tanycytes de l’éminence médiane dans le transport de la leptine de la périphérie vers l’hypothalamus." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL2S053.
Full textThe arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) is a critical component of the neural circuits that regulate energy balance. However, little is known about how peripheral signals reach the ARH to mediate their central effects. The ARH is adjacent to the median eminence (ME), where highly specialized ependymal cells called tanycytes are found. The cell bodies of tanycytes are lining the floor of the third ventricle and their end-feet are contacting the rich capillary plexus with fenestrated endothelium of the ME. Tanycytes have recently been proposed to play a role in blood-hypothalamus barrier regulation. Their privileged location at the interface between the blood and the brain suggests that these cells might be direct target for a variety of peripheral signals, including the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin. The understanding of leptin transport mechanisms is fundamental as it may provide new insights into cellular processes involved in leptin resistance linked to obesity.The aim of this work was to determine wether tanycytes of the median eminence could be responsible for leptin entry in the hypothalamus and in this case if they could be involved in the mechanisms responsible for obesity-associated leptin resistance.We first investigated leptin uptake into the hypothalamus through several approaches in vivo. Western-blot experiments revealed that peripherally injected leptin is sequentially found in ME and later in MBH, moreover the timing of the leptin receptor activation appears to follow the same sequence. In contrast, we observed that leptin failed to reach the hypothalamus and was seen to accumulate in the ME in obese mice (db/db and DIO models) that has lost the capacity of activating LepRb signaling pathways in the ME. The use of fluorescent leptin demonstrated that leptin is internalized in ΜΕ tanycytes in a polarized manner, leptin is uptaken at the level of the basal processes contacting fenestrated capillaries and transported toward the apical pole. In addition, we showed that these tanycytes are the first cell type in the median eminence to respond to peripheral leptin injection through the activation of P-STAT3 detected by immunohistochemistry. The use of a leptin antagonist showed the dependence of leptin receptor(s) activation for leptin internalization in tanycytes. Then, the use of tanycyte primary cultures as an in vitro model system allowed us to study leptin transport mechanisms more in detail. Experiments performed on cultured tanycytes confirmed our in vivo findings and showed that the release of leptin from tanycytes, which is blocked in obese mice, depends on the activation of the X signaling pathway. The use of a pharmacological compound able to activate the X signaling pathway in tanycytes can rescue leptin transport from ME to MBH in obese mice. Altogether this data may provide valuable information in the understanding of central leptin transport and may help to explain mechanism underlying obesity-associated leptin resistance
Kezai, Mohamed. "Association de l'infection chronique à Toxoplasma gondii avec la schizophrénie : étude épidémiologique et rôle potentiel de l'activation de la voie des kynurénines dans le système nerveux central de l'hôte infecté." Thesis, Lille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LILUS013.
Full textToxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan that crosses the blood-brain barrier to reach the central nervous system (CNS) where it infects several cell types including astrocytes, neurons and microglia. This obligate intracellular parasite only persists as cysts in neurons resulting in a life-long chronic infection. Latent cerebral toxoplasmosis is correlated by an increase in the levels of dopamine and glutamate and the establishment of low-grade chronic inflammation, notably caused by the activation of microglia and astrocytes. Schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting 1% of the world's population characterized by the development of severe cognitive and psychiatric disorders. This disease, which develops at the adolescence, is correlated with a chronic inflammation of the CNS and the activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) in activated astrocytes. Activation of the KP results in the production of kynurenic acid (KYNA) by astrocytes, a neuroactive metabolite that alters neuronal functions at high concentrations. In this project, we aimed to investigate a putative functional link between toxoplasmosis and schizophrenia. In particular, we explored whether latent infection by T. gondii activates the KP and the production of neuroactive metabolites such as KYNA and quinolinic acid. On one hand, an epidemiological study carried out in a sample of the Algerian population characterized by a high prevalence for toxoplasmosis indicates a significant association between schizophrenia and the T. gondii infectious status with a seroprevalence of 70% in patients with schizophrenia against 52.9 % in controls and a calculated odds ratio (OR) of 2.081. This association is more pronounced in subjects under 38 years of age (OR = 2.715), suggesting that infection could promote the onset of schizophrenia. On the other hand, our study carried out at Pasteur Institute of Lille showed that a long-term chronic infection (6 months) of C57BL/6 mice by a type II strain induces an inflammatory environment in the CNS characterized by the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and importantly, induces the activation of the kynurenine pathway. Furthermore, after using another less virulent type II parasitic strain, our results do not show a direct correlation between the level of inflammation and the level of the activation of the KP, suggesting a direct action of the infection, which could be related to the activation of astrocytes and microglia by the parasite. Our results obtained in vitro on primary astrocyte cultures confirmed our previous results obtained in the CNS of chronically infected mice. Infection with a type II strain induces a strong activation of astrocytes characterized by increased expression of MHC-I molecules, the recruitment of the GFAP protein around the parasitic vacuole and the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the infection of astrocytes induces the activation of the KP demonstrated by the increased expression of the enzymes IDO-1, IDO-2 and KATII. Interestingly, our results suggest that the parasite decreases the activation of astrocytes, possibly via secreted parasitic factors. Our study therefore reveals that chronic infection with T. gondii modulates astrocytic activity as well as the activation of the kynurenine pathway, a mechanism that could potentially promote the appearance or development of the cognitive disorders observed in schizophrenic patients
Mogrovejo, Valdivia Alejandra. "Conception et évaluation d'un pansement à libération de deux principes actifs pour le traitement des plaies chroniques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL2S046.
Full textChronic wounds present a risk of infection, delaying the healing process and leading to severe pain. Chronic wounds represent a public health problem that generates high costs. Silver dressings are widely used to treat wounds already infected or with a risk of infection. Nevertheless, the toxic effect of silver toward fibroblasts and keratinocytes generates a perception lack of efficacy and cost effectiveness, and question their effectiveness as well as its safety. The goal of this work was to design a wound dressing releasing two active ingredients: a silver salt to treat the infection and ibuprofen to relieve the pain. The dressing was coated by a layer-by-layer (L-b-L) system to slow down silver diffusion into the wound and at the same time provide a moist environment to the wound. First, a nonwoven polyester textile was functionalized by chitosan or by β-cyclodextrin polymer, both crosslinked with citric acid under curing conditions to form a thermofixed negatively charged layer at the surface textile to then loaded silver onto the textile. Next, a L-b-L system was built on the support by alternating self-deposition of CHT as cationic polyelectrolyte and cyclodextrin polymer as anionic polyelectrolyte. A curing process was applied to stabilize the L-b-L system. L-b-L system showed a linear evolution of the weight gain in relation to number of layers formed. Loaded silver and ibuprofen reached up to 240 μg/cm2 and 200 μg/cm2 respectively. Silver was released up to 3 μg/cm2 after 3 days in PBS under static conditions, and ibuprofen was released up to 6 hours under the same parameters. Biological studies proved the dressing cytocompatibility using human lung normal cell lines (L132). In vitro microbiological evaluation showed greater antibacterial activity of the dressing against S. aureus and E. coli. Finally, a preliminary in vivo study was performed in C3H/HE mice with a wound infected by E. coli. The dressings tested were applied to the wounds and were maintained for 3 days. Only the free silver-dressing (negative control) showed a colonization by E. coli
Carvalho, Kévin. "Rôle des récepteurs adénosinergiques A2A dans la maladie d'Alzheimer." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S030.
Full textNeuronal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau proteins (referred to as “tau pathology”) is correlated with cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but the mechanisms underlying tau-induced memory deficits remain unclear. Epidemiological and experimental studies pointed out that chronic caffeine consumption reduces AD risk, associated lesions as well as related cognitive deficits. These protective effects were ascribed to the blockade of adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs), which have been found upregulated in AD patient’s brains in correlation with tau pathology development and cognitive deficits. These observations suggest a link between A2AR dysregulation, tau pathology development and memory loss in AD. Interestingly, both neuronal and astroglial A2AR appear to be dysregulated in AD, but the specific impact of each cell-specific change on AD progression remain unknown. In this context, the goal of this PhD work is to get insights towards the relationship between A2AR dysregulation, tau pathology development and associated synaptic/cognitive deficits, by inducing neuronal or astrocytic A2AR upsurge in a new transgenic mouse model of AD.To address this question, we have developed a new conditional model (Tet-Off) allowing the A2AR overexpression in CaMKII-positive neurons or GFAP-positive astrocytes. This model was crossed with THY-Tau22 mice, which progressively develops a hippocampal Tau pathology associated with memory decline, associated with neuroinflammatory processes and synaptic loss. In the different experimental groups, we have evaluated the consequences of neuronal or astrocytic upsurge of the A2ARs towards tau pathology and functional impairments (learning and memory). In addition, we also investigated post-mortem tissue of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau aggregates (FTLD-tau).First, we show a neuronal upsurge of A2AR in the temporal cortex of FTDL-tau patients with MAPT P301L mutation, a pure tauopathy. The neuronal upregulation of A2AR in THY-Tau22 mice, modelizing these pathological changes, led to an hippocampal increase of tau hyperphosphorylation, associated with glutamatergic synapse loss, linked to the accumulation of the microglial complement protein C1q, leading to the worsening of spatial memory impairments. Additionally, we found that astrocytic A2AR overexpression worsened spatial memory impairments of THY-Tau22 mice. These effects were associated with an increased Tau phosphorylation together with the upregulation of hippocampal neuroinflammatory processes.Altogether, these data suggest that A2AR dysregulation seen in the brain of AD and FTLD-tau patients contributes to the development of Tau-induced cognitive impairments by increasing tau pathology and associated synaptic loss through detrimental neuro-immune changes. These data suggest that the blockade of adenosinergic A2A receptors is a therapeutic option to consider in the context of tauopathies
Hoarau, Gautier. "Caractérisation du mycobiome intestinal et fécal chez les patients atteints de maladie de Crohn, et leurs parents sains du premier degré." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S033/document.
Full textIntroduction: Crohn's disease (CD) results from a complex interplay between host genetic factors and endogenous microbial communities.Methods: In the current study, we used Ion Torrent sequencing to characterize the gut bacterial microbiota (bacteriome) and fungal community (mycobiome) in patients with CD and their non-diseased first degree relatives (NCDR) in 9 familial clusters living in Northern France/Belgium, and in healthy individuals from 4 families living in the same area (non-CD unrelated, NCDU). Principal components analysis, diversity, and abundance analyses were conducted and CD-associated inter- and intra-kingdom microbial correlations determined. Significant microbial interactions were identified and validated using single- and mixed-species biofilms.Results: CD and NCDR groups clustered together in the mycobiome, but not in bacteriome. Microbiota of familial (CD, NCDR) samples were distinct from that of non-familial (NCDU) samples. Abundance of Serratia marcescens (SM), Escherichia coli (EC) was elevated in CD patients, while that of beneficial bacteria was decreased. Abundance of the fungus Candida tropicalis (CT) was significantly higher in CD compared to NCDR (P = .003), and positively correlated with levels of anti–Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody (ASCA). Abundance of CT was positively correlated with SM and EC, suggesting these organisms interact in the gut. The mass and thickness of Triple species (CT+SM+EC) biofilm were significantly higher than single and double species biofilm. CT biofilms comprised of blastospores, while double and triple species biofilms were enriched in hyphae. SM used fimbriae to co-aggregate or attach with CT/EC, while EC closely apposed with CT. Conclusion: Specific inter-kingdom microbial interactions may be key determinants in CD
Perrier, Anabelle. "Etude du trafic intracellulaire de la protéine M du coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient (MERS-CoV)." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S018.
Full textCoronaviruses are an important family of emerging pathogens, as shown by therecent emergence of pathogenic SARS-CoV (Severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus) and MERS-CoV (Middle-East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) in the lasttwo decades. There are still some knowledge gaps concerning the biology ofcoronaviruses and we do not have any specific treatment or vaccine.Among the four structural proteins of the virus, the M protein is considered to bethe motor of viral assembly. Expressed alone in cells, M proteins can go beyond theassembly site of the virus (Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment,ERGIC) in the secretory pathway. We confirmed MERS-M localization in the Trans-Golginetwork (TGN) and identified two signals involved in its intracellular trafficking in its Cterminaldomain: a DxE ER export signal, and a KxGxYR TGN retention signal. The DxEsignal was already identified on another viral protein, whereas the KxGxYR signal is anew motif. To confirm the role of KxGxYR signal in TGN retention, we constructedchimeras between MERS-M and the protein M of the Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV),located in the ERGIC. Our results suggest that for both MERS-M and IBV-M the Cterminaldomain is determinant for the specific localization of the proteins.We also initiated a project on the characterization of the antiviral activity ofdigoxigenin against HCoV-229E. Our results demonstrated that it inhibits HCoV-229E ata post-entry step, with an IC50 of 250nM, and that it is not toxic at this concentration.Digoxigenin also inhibits hepatitis C virus (HCV) and likely has an effect on an early stepof replication of RNA (+) viruses
Lequeux, Audrey. "Impact du ciblage du domaine de liaison de HIF-1α avec HIF-1β sur le paysage immunitaire du mélanome Targeting HIF-1 Alpha Transcriptional Activity Drives Cytotoxic Immune Effector Cells into Melanoma and Improves Combination Immunotherapy Hijacker of the Antitumor Immune Response: Autophagy is Showing its Worst Facet Impact of Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Cell Plasticity on The Expression of Immune Checkpoints Improving Cancer Immunotherapy by Targeting the Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment: New Opportunities and Challenges." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL026.
Full textHypoxia is a major feature of solid tumors and is able to induce a tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Here, we investigated the impact of inhibiting of the binding domain of HIF-1α to HIF-1β on the immune landscape of B16-F10 melanoma. Targeting this binding domain inhibits the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in B16-F10 cells in vitro. In vivo, inhibiting the transcriptional activity of HIF-1α in B16-F10 melanoma shows a significant decrease in tumor growth and a consistent improvement in mice survival. Tumor growth is restored in immunodeficient mice, highlighting the critical role of the immune system in controlling melanoma growth. The phenotyping of intra-melanoma immune cells reveals an increase in Natural Killer (NK), CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells, M1 and M2 macrophages and dendritic cells. NK depletion restores tumor growth in our experimental model, highlighting the role of NK cells in melanoma surveillance. The alteration of the immune landscape that we observed also correlates with a clear increase of secreted CCL5 and CCL2. In conclusion, this study highlights the role of HIF-1α in controlling the growth and the immune landscape of B16-F10 melanoma. It indicates the opportunity of combining HIF-1α inhibitors with immune checkpoint blockade to extend immune checkpoint blockade efficiency and therapeutic benefit to a larger number of cancer patients
Chabot, Thomas. "Modulation de l'activité du Rad51 par le récepteur tyrosine kinase c-Met dans la réparation des cassures double-brin de l'ADN." Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=360755d5-6a18-407f-9af7-fe215a83747f.
Full textGenomic instability due to deregulation of DNA repair pathways may be at the onset of cancer and subsequently lead to resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Understanding these biological mechanisms is therefore essential in the fight against cancer. RAD51 is the core protein of the homologous recombinant double-stranded DNA repair pathway. This repair leads to faithful DNA repair. The recombinase activity of the RAD51 protein is finely regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation. Over the last decade, more and more studies have suggested the existence of a relationship between receptors with tyrosine kinase activity, which are often overactivated and involved in aggressiveness and cancer proliferation; and DNA repair. Among these receptors with tyrosine kinase activity, the c-Met/HGF-SF duo is often mutated, over-expressed or constitutively activated in many cancers and its inhibition has been shown to induce a decrease in repair by homologous recombination. Through this thesis, we show for the first time that c-Met is able to phosphorylate the RAD51 protein on four tyrosine residues located mainly in the human recombinase nucleofilament monomer- monomer interface. We show the implication of these phosphorylations on the activity of RAD51 in the different steps of homologous recombination. All the results obtained suggest the possible role of these modifications in the regulation of RAD51 and underline the importance of c-Met in the response to DNA damage
Ducastel, Sarah. "Le récepteur nucléaire FXR dans les cellules L entéroendocrines : régulateur de la réponse aux acides gras à chaîne courte, métabolites du microbiote intestinal." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S022.
Full textThe control of glucose homeostasis is the result of a close dialogue between the different metabolic organs through nervous and hormonal messages. Among the regulatory mechanisms, the incretin GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1), produced and secreted by enteroendocrine L cells in the intestine in response to food intake, enhances insulin secretion by the pancreas. At the beginning of mythesis, we have shown first that activation of the nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) decreases theproduction and the secretion of GLP-1 in response to glucose. However, there are many other stimuli ofGLP-1 secretion. In particular, the intestinal microbiota participates in the control of energy homeostasisby fermentation of dietary fibers, producing short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon which promotethe secretion of the incretin GLP-1 by binding to their transmembrane receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 inenteroendocrine L cells. We therefore investigated whether FXR could also regulate other GLP-1secretion pathways in L cell and the aim of my thesis work was then to study the role of FXR in colonicL cell response to SCFAs.GLP-1 secretion in response to SCFAs was evaluated ex vivo in intestinal biopsies from micetreated with GW4064, a synthetic agonist of FXR, in murine colonoids from WT and FXR KO mice, invitro in murine L cells GLUTag and human L cells NCI-H716 activated with GW4064 and in vivo inWT and FXR KO mice after supplementation with prebiotics (inulin type fructans) to increase SCFAsproduction in the colon. Expression of the SCFAs receptors FFAR2 and FFAR3 were also examined inthese different models and FFAR2 Gαq-signalling pathway was evaluated in vitro.SCFA-induced GLP-1 secretion is blunted in colon explants from mice treated with GW4064 and improved in FXR KO colonoids. In vitro activation of FXR inhibits GLP-1 secretion in response toSCFAs and synthetic ligands of FFAR2, mainly by decreasing FFAR2 expression and FFAR2 Gαqsignallingpathway. FXR KO mice exhibit an increased FFAR2 expression in colon and increased plasma GLP-1 levels after prebiotic supplementation.Overall my thesis results show that FXR inhibition increases GLP-1 secretion byenteroendocrine L cells in response to glucose and to gut microbiota-metabolites, the SCFAs. Thecombination of FXR antagonists with prebiotic supplementation can thus be a promising therapeuticapproach to stimulate the incretin axis in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liverdiseases such as NASH (Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis)
Manaii, Racha. "Étude du comportement mécanique en fatigue et à l'impact du composite lin/ Elium." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, HESAM, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021HESAE027.
Full textThe advantages brought by natural fibers in the composite materials sector are multiple: lightness, good specific mechanical properties, competitive cost and reduced environmental impact. In view of these advantages, the interest for these fibers has multiplied the scientific studies concerning them, in particular with regard to the objectives of a sustainable development. However, the use of these materials in structural parts is subject to the knowledge of their long-term behavior and in front of the various dynamic and repetitive loads. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to study the mechanical behavior of a flax fiber composite and Elium® matrix in fatigue and impact. In a first step, this study allowed to determine the mechanical properties of the material in traction and to follow the induced damage by means of microscopic observations and acoustic emission analysis. Then, in order to answer the problem related to the resistance and endurance in fatigue, the experimental campaign carried out allowed an estimation of the LCF/HCF limit and to study the damage in repetitive loading of the material. Finally, the response to low speed impact was studied. Different tools were used to study the impact response. The results also showed a strong potential of repair after impact of the composite, in the absence of fiber rupture, and this thanks to the thermoplastic resin Elium®
Kane, Mariame Selma. "Etude des altérations mitochondriales dans les neuropathies optiques associées aux mutations du gêne OPA1." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0075.
Full textAutosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is a rare mitochondrial disease. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and axons that form the optic nerve degenerate, resulting in progressive visual loss. This hereditary neuropathy is linked to mutations of the OPA1 gene. Various alterations of the central nervous system, peripheral and autonomous have been reported in syndromic ADOA patients with variation in age of onset and severity. The mitochondrial protein OPA1 is involved in mitochondrial fusion, cristae constriction and mitochondrial genome maintenance. The conjunction of disturbed mitochondrial dynamics, mtDNA instability and impaired mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation precipitate RGCs and other neuronal cells death. The use of ADOA patients’ fibroblasts allows the pathophysiology study of different OPA1 mutations. Biochemical characterization and fluorescent microscopy allowed the isolation of syndromic ADOA patients with mitochondrial network defects and mitochondrial uncoupling. We showed an alteration of mtDNA compaction and nucleoids’ distribution. A study of the autophagic pathways in OPA1-mutated cells showed a correlation between partial uncoupling and an increased mitophagy response. These pathophysiological mechanisms are consistent with the progressive aspect of ADOA. The search for therapeutic approaches highlighted the beneficial effect of tubacine, a specific histone deacetylase’s inhibitor, on OPA1-mutated-cells’ phenotype. Microtubules hyper-acetylation led to a reversal of mitochondrial network phenotype, an increased mitochondrial biogenesis and a tighter mitochondrial coupling
Bouté, Mélodie. "Etude des mécanismes impliqués dans le remodelage bronchique dans un modèle expérimental d’asthme sévère d’endotype Th2/Th17." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S002.
Full textSevere allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in response in anallergen. This disease is a public health problem and can be associated with bronchialremodeling, for which no treatment is yet available, except thermoplasty with neutrophilrecruitment in the lung, and Th17 cytokine production as well as mixed Th2/Th17 responses.Among Th17 cytokines, IL-17 and IL-22 are pro-inflammatory cytokines in asthma and arefound in sputum of asthmatics patients. IL-22 is involved in neutrophil recruitment, tissueremodeling and is induced in response to infectious agents, some of which can promote thedevelopment and exacerbation of asthma. These pathogens are recognized by an innateimmunity receptor, NOD2, present in epithelial and dendritic cells. This receptor is able torecognize a peptidoglycan named muramyl di peptide. So, our hypothesis was that costimulation between an allergen and the NOD2 ligand could promote the development of severe allergic asthma through IL-22. To answer this, a murine model of chronic neutrophilic asthma induced by dog allergen has been developed in the laboratory, which reproduces theTh17 severe asthma endotype. The PhD project has been divided in three parts. The first onehas evaluated the effects of NOD2 co-stimulation in the model of chronic dog-inducedexperimental asthma, in particular on lung remodeling, and the cellular origin of IL-22. Despitethe absence of adjuvant effect of NOD2 co-stimulation on asthma parameters, the discoveryof induced Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (iBALT) in this model prompted us to pursuethe phenotypic and mechanistic characterization of the formation of these follicles. Atranscription factor, Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expressed in Th17 cells and necessaryfor IL-22 production, has been studied in our model. An AhR antagonist inhibited someparameters of asthma including IL-22 production but also increased the formation of iBALTswith decreased IL-10 production. The aim of the second part was to determine the role of IL-22 in the chronic experimental model by using IL-22 deficient mice. IL-22 deficiency induced adecrease in lung neutrophil recruitment, airway hyperresponsiveness, and parametersassociated with iBALT formation, but not modification in humoral response. The last partconsisted in identifying the target cells involved in the IL-22 dependent effects, by using CreLoxP mice allowing to specifically delete the IL-22 receptor, IL-22Ra1 from epithelial or smoothmuscle cells. The first results show that both cells types are involved in Broncho-AlveolarLavage cell recruitment whereas only smooth muscle cells are involved in airwayhyperresponsiveness and humoral response. In conclusion, our results show that IL-22R is a target for treatment of severe allergic asthma.Altogether this project should identify novel mechanisms involved in this disease and opensthe way towards novel therapeutic strategies in severe asthma, potentially by localadministration targeting IL-22R, and potentially bronchial remodelling, an indicator of severeasthma
Hueso, Thomas. "Impact et conséquences de l’atteinte de la barrière intestinale au cours du traitement des leucémies aiguës myéloïdes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S020.
Full textInduction chemotherapy with consolidation followed by allogeneic stem celltransplantation (allo-SCT) remains the standard of care in patients with acute myeloidleukemia (AML). But, high dose chemotherapy is responsible for intestinal impairmentresponsible for complications such as septicemia and Graft vs. Host disease (GvH) afterallo-SCT. The aim of this work was to investigate the specific impact and consequences ofinduction chemotherapy on intestinal barrier in case of AML.First of all, we investigated on 15 patients with AML, clinical, biological (citrullineand short-chain fatty acid) and microbial (qPCR and sequencing on feces) parametersbefore induction chemotherapy (T0), during aplasia (T1) and after hematological recovery(T2). An induction chemotherapy model was designed in a mouse model (Wt mice) withoutantibiotics and in a transgenic model able to release in intestinal lumen a recombinantprotein strengthening mucosal layer (Tg222). Intestinal damage was investigated withplasmatic citrulline level, terminal ileum mucosa analysis on histological slides withapoptosis (TUNEL) and cellular proliferation (PCNA) staining. Adherent microflora wasassessed with qPCR and sequencing on ileum section. Intestinal translocation wasassessed after oral gavage of Salmonella (S). Typhimurium. The fifteen patients hadneutropenic fever and received broad-spectrum antibiotics after chemotherapy completion.Septicemia with E. coli was diagnosed in 26 % of patients. Plasma citrulline level collapsedat T1 and reached normal value at T2. The alpha and beta diversity decreased significantlyand remained low at T2 with a decrease of all bacteria except for enterobacteria,enterococcus and lactobacillus. In mouse model, chemotherapy induced a transientdecrease of all blood counts, and citrulline level. We observed also a terminal ilealimpairment depicted by the increase of apoptosis and PCNA staining and a decrease ofgoblet cells. Three days after the chemotherapy completion, we observed a higher tissuerepair, citrulline level and a preserved alpha diversity in Tg222 mice compared to Wt mice.Intestinal translocation of S. Typhimurium was also lower than in Wt mice.Secondly, plasmatic citrulline level and in vitro macrophage reactivity wereassessed after microbial stimulation with (PAMP) in patients before allo-SCT procedure.Then, the plasma citrulline level as a predictive surrogate marker of GvH was investigatedin a large cohort of patients. Before allo-SCT procedure, a low citrulline level and anincrease of IL-6 and IL-10 released by macrophages were predictive of GvH. A large studywith 191 patients confirmed that a low citrulline level before allo-SCT procedure was anindependent risk factor of intestinal GvH.Intestinal impairment during induction chemotherapy was responsible for a transientepithelial impairment and prolonged dysbiosis leading to bacterial colonization andtranslocation. Before conditioning regimen, a low citrulline level and increased macrophagereactivity reflect sub-clinical damage and are predictive of GvH after allo-SCT procedure. Inmice, mucosal layer strengthening as a proof of concept may enhance tissue repair,maintain microbial diversity and could limit bacterial translocation after high dosechemotherapy