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1
Førde, Olav Øyvind. "Analysis of the Turbulent Energy Dissipation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18694.
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An investigation of the turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy dissipation in low Reynolds number channel flow is made, both analytically and numerically with means of Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS). The unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved at a Reynolds number of 360, based on the shear velocity and channel height, for four grid resolutions 48^3, 88^3, 128^3 and 192^3. The results are compared with data from Kim et al. (1987) [9], and good agreement is found for the 192^3 grid resolution.The viscous term in the kinetic energy equation is derived and described, from there the “isotropic” dissipation equation is shown to be the homogeneous dissipation equation which is compared with the thermodynamically correct dissipation. The results are in agreement with the findings of Bradshaw and Perot (1993) [2], with a difference of maximum ≈2.5% from the correct dissipation.The isotropic dissipation, often used as approximation in experiments, is also calculated and compared with the homogeneous dissipation. The results are un- surprisingly poor, and are only in agreement about the centerline. A comparison with an equation from the k-ε-model is also made, most as a curiosity, and also shows poor agreement.The Kolmogorov length scale is calculated from the dissipation, and it shows clear grid dependency even though the grid is smaller than the Kolmogorov length scale in the z-direction with max(∆z+/η+) = 0.8. The dissipation of the Reynolds stress components are used to create Kolmogorov length scales in x, y and z-direction. They are also grid dependent, even though max(∆z+/η+ ) ≈ 0.7. A length scale tensor analogous to the Kolmogorov length scale is proposed. It is based on the connection between the Reynolds stress equation and the turbulent fluctuating kinetic energy equation. It relaxes the grid restrictions compared to the Kolmogorov length scale, but investigation of its validity requires simulations with a super computer and is therefore not performed.
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Wang, Lipo. "Geometrical description of homogeneous shear turbulence using dissipation element analysis." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989018180/04.
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Voller, Gordon Paul. "Analysis of heat dissipation from railway and automotive friction brakes." Thesis, Brunel University, 2003. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5558.
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The thesis presents research into the understanding and improvement of heat dissipation from friction brakes. The investigations involved two brake types, considered to be the most thermally loaded and therefore most challenging; axle mounted high speed railway and commercial vehicle disc brakes. All three modes of heat transfer (conduction, convection and radiation) and airflow characteristics have been analysed experimentally and theoretically in order to increase the understanding of heat dissipation. Despite the very practical aspects of this research, a 'generic heat transfer approach' was applied, enabling wider engineering applications of the results. Experimental analyses conducted on a specially developed Spin Rig allowed measurements of cooling and airflow characteristics for different designs. Methodologies have been developed to determine thermal contact resistance, heat transfer coefficients, emissivity and aerodynamic (pumping) losses. Established values and relationships compared very favourably with theoretical work. Analytical, FE and CFD analyses were employed to further investigate design variations and perform sensitivity studies. Inertia dynamometer route simulations provided disc temperatures for validation of the overall work. Recommendations have been made for optimising heat dissipation, by proposing practically acceptable and economically viable design solutions. A proposed ventilated disc design efficiency ratio allows large, high speed ventilated disc designs, to be efficiently and accurately evaluated and compared, providing a valuable disc design optimisation tool. The determination of the methodologies, parameters and functions defining cooling characteristics, enable heat dissipation to be predicted confidently and accurately for brakes and other engineering assemblies at early design stages.
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Sorenson, Logan D. "Design and analysis of microelectromechanical resonators with ultra-low dissipation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52910.
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This dissertation investigates dissipation in microelectromechanical (MEMS) resonators via detailed analysis and modeling of the energy loss mechanisms and provides a framework toward creating resonant devices with ultra-low dissipation. Fundamental mechanisms underlying acoustic energy loss are explored, the results of which are applied to understanding the losses in resonant MEMS devices. Losses in the materials, which set the ultimate limits of the achievable quality factor of the devices, are examined. Other sources of loss, which are determined by the design of the resonator, are investigated and applied to example resonant MEMS structures. The most critical of these designable loss mechanisms are thermoelastic dissipation (TED) and support (or anchor) loss of acoustic energy through the attachment of the MEMS device to its external environment. The dissipation estimation framework enables prediction of the quality factor of a MEMS resonator, which were accurate within a factor of close to 2 for high-frequency bulk acoustic wave MEMS resonators, and represents a signficant step forward by closing one of the largest outstanding problems in MEMS devices: how to predict the quality factor for a given device.
Dissipation mitigation approaches developed herein address the most critical dominant loss mechanisms identified using the framework outlined above. These approaches include design of 1D phononic crystals (PCs) and novel 3D MEMS structures to trap and isolate vibration energy away from the resonator anchors, optimization of resonator geometry to suppress thermoelastic dissipation, and analysis of required levels of surface polish to reduce surface dissipation. Phononic crystals can be used to manipulate the properties of materials. In the case of the 1D PC linear acoustic bandgap (LAB) structures developed here, this manipulation arises from the formation of frequency stop bands, or bandgapwhich convert silicon from a material capable of supporting acoustic waves to a material which rejects acoustic propagation at frequencies in the bandgap. The careful design of these LAB structures is demonstrated to be able to enhance the quality factor and insertion loss of MEMS resonators without significant detrimental effects on the overall device performance.
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Erskine, Jon S. "Effects of welding on energy dissipation in a watertight bulkhead." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FErskine.pdf.
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Wang, Lipo [Verfasser]. "Geometrical description of homogeneous shear turbulence using dissipation element analysis / Lipo Wang." Aachen : Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/997762934/34.
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Chen, Zhong. "Cutting fluid aerosol generation and dissipation in machining process : analysis for environmental consciousness." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17929.
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Ebenbauer, Christian. "Polynomial control systems : analysis and design via dissipation inequalities and sum of squares /." Düsseldorf : VDI-Verl, 2006. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=014984316&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Bellon, Ludovic. "Vieillissement des systèmes vitreux et rapport fluctuation-dissipation." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003649.
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Ce travail propose une étude expérimentale au niveau fondamental du vieillissement des matériaux vitreux, en vue de valider les approches théoriques récentes sur le sujet. Dans un premier chapitre, nous introduisons ces nouveaux concepts : basés sur l'analogie verre de spin - verre structuraux, ils définissent la température effective Teff de ces systèmes faiblement mais durablement hors d'équilibre. Cette observable se mesure via le rapport fluctuation dissipation d'un tel système.
Le second chapitre est consacré à l'étude de l'effet rajeunissement-mémoire dans un polymère, le poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). En s'inspirant d'expériences sur les verres de spins, nous démontrons une analogie de comportement forte sur des effets fins entre ces systèmes très différents. Une interprétation théorique en terme de paysage d'énergie hiérarchique permet de rendre compte de ces propriétés communes. Cette similitude fait du PMMA un bon candidat pour une étude du rapport fluctuation dissipation, introduite dans un troisième chapitre. Notre approche du problème, basée sur la mesure des propriétés électriques, est soigneusement analysée pour déterminer précisément les barres d'erreurs. Nous démontrons ainsi la nécessité d'améliorer le rapport signal sur bruit de notre expérience avant de tirer des conclusions.
Dans les deux derniers chapitres, nous étudions un verre colloïdal : la Laponite. La mesure de Teff à l'aide des propriétés électriques de ce système, en suivant le protocole du troisième chapitre, met cette fois en évidence une nette violation du théorème fluctuation dissipation, en accord avec les théories récentes sur le vieillissement. Pour tester le caractère intrinsèque de cette température effective, nous en proposons finalement une seconde détermination à l'aide des propriétés rhéologiques du matériau. Un rhéomètre ultra-sensible est ainsi conçu, et les résultats préliminaires de cette expérience sont présentés.
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Buisson, Lionel. "Intermittence pendant le vieillissement et relation fluctuation dissipation." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005035.
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Une étude expérimentale du vieillissement des matériaux vitreux,basée sur l'analogie entre verres de spin et verres structuraux, a
été réalisée en introduisant une température effective Teff
pour ces systèmes faiblement hors équilibre. Cette nouvelle
observable se mesure via le rapport fluctuation dissipation.
La mesure de Teff sur les propriétés diélectriques d'un verre
polymérique (polycarbonate) après une trempe sous la température
de transition vitreuse montre que le théorème fluctuation
dissipation est fortement violé. L'amplitude et la persistance
dans le temps de cette violation sont des fonctions décroissantes
de la fréquence. Autour de 1 Hz, elle persiste plusieurs heures.
L'origine de la violation semble être due à une dynamique
fortement intermittente caractérisée par de grandes fluctuations.
Cette intermittence semble dépendre de la vitesse de trempe et de
la température d'arrêt. Une interprétation théorique basée sur le
modèle en piège permet de rendre compte de cette dynamique.
Un comportement intermittent très similaire a été observé pour un
verre colloïdal (Laponite) pendant la transition de l'état liquide
à l'état solide alors qu'aucune violation ou intermittence n'ont
été observées après une trempe lente réalisée sur un autre verre
polymérique, le poly(méthyl méthacrylate) (PMMA).
Nous présentons également une mesure mécanique préliminaire de la
relation fluctuation dissipation sur une tige de polycarbonate à
l'aide d'un interféromètre de Nomarski à deux bras.
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DeMarco, Adam W. "A Mesoscale Model Analysis of Sea Fog Formation and Dissipation Near Kunsan Air Base." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6786.
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This research used the Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) to examine the physical processes affecting sea fog development near Kunsan AB. The simulated sea fog event occurred from 30 March to 02 April 2011 and was validated using observations. Model results were analyzed from three perspectives. A trajectory analysis examined the evolution of the wind, air-sea interaction, and thermodynamic properties of the air column prior to the sea fog formation; a time variation of similar properties at fixed locations investigated the evolution of the fog for the entire life cycle of the fog event; and a vertical cross-section through Kunsan AB revealed the spatial variability and the effects of coastal circulations. Finally, evaluation of a current forecast tool, Fog Stability Index (FSI), was conducted to determine its adequacy. Results from this analysis indicated strong influence of the adjacent sea on the fog development and maintenance at Kunsan AB. For the fog event studied in this research, fog initially developed as nocturnal fog over land, but was later maintained by advection from the sea. Strong cooling within the fog layer was present resulting in significant surface-air temperature difference, likely associated with radiation cooling. Radiative cooling, however, did not result in turbulent mixing due to the shallowness of the fog layer and the stable thermal stratification. The presence of the fog layer along the coast appeared to modify the coastal circulation, which was also an important component in introducing moisture into Kunsan AB for fog formation/maintenance. Dissipation of the fog was dominated by synoptic changes. A modified version of FSI is suggested based on results from this study.
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Premkumar, Daryl. "OPTIMIZATION OF BRAKE PAD GEOMETRY TO PROMOTE GREATER CONVECTIVE COOLING TO INCREASE HEAT DISSIPATION RATE." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2322.
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Despite many research pieces on brake systems, there is still research to be done on brake pad geometry and the dissipation of heat during brake engagements using the finite element analysis method. Brake application is a process in which the kinetic energy of the vehicle is mostly converted into thermal energy and then dissipated in the form of heat. Based on dynamometer test results it was seen that brake pad temperatures could reach up to 600° C [23]. Preliminary research using computer modeling software has shown that heat dissipation in brake pads with wavy geometries and air channels from the top to bottom is much better compared to pads that do not have those specific features. Brake pads that dissipate heat faster are prone to brake fade and other braking issues that may arise due to overheating [15]. For this research, two readily available brake pads and two designs of brake pads with new geometry were modeled using CAE software. Finite element analysis was then performed to test how well each brake pad dissipated heat after reaching brake fade temperatures. The readily available brake pads were from Power Stop and Wagner [26]. ANSYS Space Claim [25] was used to design and model the brake pads, ANSYS 18.2 [24] was used to perform the finite element analysis on the pads. After performing the analysis, results indicate that a brake pad with a design that had zones for turbulent air at ambient conditions and convection slots from the top to the bottom decreased in temperature by about 90° C more in the same time compared to the conventional design. By studying the changing values of the convection heat transfer coefficient with velocity, the placing of the turbulence zones can be more precise in order attain greater airflow to remove heat from the brake pad quicker.
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Jayaraman, Dheepakkumaran. "Optimization Techniques for Performance and Power Dissipation in Test and Validation." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/473.
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The high cost of chip testing makes testability an important aspect of any chip design. Two important testability considerations are addressed namely, the power consumption and test quality. The power consumption during shift is reduced by efficiently adding control logic to the design. Test quality is studied by determining the sensitization characteristics of a path to be tested. The path delay fault models have been used for the purpose of studying this problem. Another important aspect in chip design is performance validation, which is increasingly perceived as the major bottleneck in integrated circuit design. Given the synthesizable HDL code, the proposed technique will efficiently identify infeasible paths, subsequently, it determines the worst case execution time (WCET) in the HDL code.
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Lindén, Ronja, and Henrik Samuelsson. "Thermal analysis and design improvement of light module fixture." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Maskinteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30485.
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Introduction One of the products made by SAAB Avionics Systems in Jönköping was in need of a better cooling solution. The product, a Head-Up Display, holds a LED that was overheating when run at desired input power. The purpose of this thesis was to identify the design weaknesses in the current solution regarding heat dissipation and produce new design proposals that fulfill the requirements. The parts analyzed consist of a LED light source, adjustment plates and a heat sink. The adjustment plates and heat sink where covered in a surface treatment. Theoretical framework A simulation of a finite element model was set up of the current solution in order to identify the influence of the different parts and their thermal properties. The simulation was set up as a steady state thermal model. The FEM and steady state equations used during this are mentioned and shortly explained. The state of modern research was found in order to find new innovative ways of solving the heat problem. Method In order to understand the current solution, experimentswere carried out. Interviews were used in order to get the correct information easily. A literature study was preformed to understand the different theories. Reverse engineering was applied to get a detailed understanding of the functionality both mechanically and thermally. Brainstorming was used to generate new solutions, which was followed by a feasibility evaluation and Pugh’s method to sort out the best concepts. Implementation and Result Based on the simulations it can be concluded that some of the developed solutions pass the requirements and can be implemented right away. Some need some more work in order to fully pass the demands. Conclusions The thermal flow was greatly affected by the properties of the aluminum in the adjustment plates and heat sink, though there was not much room for thickness reduction. However, the oxide layer and the surface roughness also had a great impact on the high junction temperature. The requirements where therefore met when adjustment plates and interfaces were removed, to lower the amount of oxide and air between the LED and the heat sink. But the oxide layers needed to be thinner and the surface roughness needed to be reduced in order to meet requirements. If the oxide layers need to stay at current thickness or the surface roughness cannot be changed, the heat sink needs to be redesigned. The recommended concepts were smaller than the current solution. If this space is utilized with a bigger heat sink, the goals can be met with greater ease. There is also room for improvement when it comes to heat sink heat spreader pattern. Discussion The discussion covers what knowledge which was needed to write this thesis and how different problems that occurred along its path were solved. Sustainability in different ways was also discussed.
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Peng, Bo. "Applying the Newmark Method to the Discontinuous Deformation Analysis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/51092.
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Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) is a newly developed simulation method for discontinuous systems. It was designed to simulate systems with arbitrary shaped blocks with high efficiency while providing accurate solutions for energy dissipation. But DDA usually exhibits damping effects that are inconsistent with theoretical solutions. The deep reason for these artificial damping effects has been an open question, and it is hypothesized that these damping effects could result from the time integration scheme. In this thesis two time integration methods are investigated: the forward Euler method and the Newmark method.
The work begins by combining the Newmark method and the DDA. An integrated Newmark method is also developed, where velocity and acceleration do not need to be updated. In simulations, two of the most widely used models are adopted to test the forward Euler method and the Newmark method. The first one is a sliding model, in which both the forward Euler method and the Newmark method give accurate solutions compared with analytical results. The second model is an impacting model, in which the Newmark method has much better accuracy than the forward Euler method, and there are minimal damping effects.Master of Science
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Didier, Herisson. "Mesure de relations de fluctuation-dissipation dans un verre de spin." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002055.
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Ce travail de thèse présente un dispositif expérimental original permettant la mesure, dans des conditions comparables, des fluctuations de l'aimantation d'un échantillon et de sa réponse à un champ magnétique. Une comparaison quantitative permet, via le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation, une mesure absolue de la température lorsque l'échantillon est à l'équilibre thermodynamique. Pour des systèmes vitreux, la "température effective" ---une extension conservant le formalisme du théorème de fluctuation-dissipation de la température pour les système à faible production d'entropie--- est rendue accessible. Un échantillon "verre de spin" ($CdCr_{1,7}In_{0,3}S_4$) aux propriétés vitreuses étudiées depuis de nombreuses années a permis cette mesure. Le régime fortement vieillissant, non-stationnaire, est étudié; la mesure nécessaire des fluctuations thermiques est très délicates (l'amplitude de ces fluctuations correspond à la réponse de l'échantillon à des variations de l'ordre du millionième du champ magnétique terrestre). Les résultats obtenus montrent en premier lieu une dynamique de quasi-équilibre, confirmant des résultats précédents. Le régime fortement vieillissant est maintenant également atteint. Toutefois, les mesures ne peuvent pas être traduites directement en terme de température effective, car expérimentalement, on observe systématiquement la coexistence d'une dynamique stationnaire et de la dynamique de vieillissement. Une analyse par scaling est proposée pour séparer ces deux contributions. Sous réserve de validité de cette analyse, les mesures confirment alors les principales caractéristiques attendues pour la température effective, et notamment son indépendance en fonction de l'âge du système.
Les différents modèles connus ne permettent cependant pas d'expliquer complètement toutes les caractéristiques de la température effective mesurée, certaines d'entre elles paraissant encore antinomiques...
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Feng, Jiling. "Wave propagation in flexible tubes." Thesis, Brunel University, 2008. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5367.
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Wave dissipation was previously investigated intensively in the frequency domain, in which the dissipation of waves is described as attenuation of pressure pulse decay with respect to the frequency or harmonics. In this thesis, wave dissipation, including decay of pressure pulse, peak of wave intensity and wave energy, is investigated in the time domain using wave intensity analysis (WIA). Wave intensity analysis benefits to this research in several aspects including: 1) WIA allows for wave dissipation investigated in the time domain; 2) WIA does not make any assumptions about the tube's wall non-linearity and the analysis takes into account the effects of the vessel's wall viscoelastic properties, convective, frictional effects and fluid viscosity; 3) WIA offers a technique (separation) to study wave dissipation in one direction whilst taking into account the effect of reflections from the opposite direction; 4) The physical meaning of wave intensity provides a convenient method to study the dissipation of energy carried by the waves along flexible tubes. In this research, it is found that the degree of dissipation in flexible tube were not only affected by the mechanical properties of the wall property and viscosity of liquid but also by the other factors including initial pressure and pumping speed of piston as well as direction of wave in relation to direction of flow. Also an new technique to separate waves into forward and backward directions only using diameter and velocity might potentially be used to separate the waves in both directions non-invasively based on the non-invasive measurement of diameter (wall movement) available.
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Mcardle, Trevor. "Optimising the adsorption of bilirubin oxidase using dual polarisation interferometry and an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation analysis." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-the-adsorption-of-bilirubin-oxidase-using-dual-polarisation-interferometry-and-an-electrochemical-quartz-crystal-microbalance-with-dissipation-analysis(97b774fe-9846-4d69-a9bf-1cf385fa0d5a).html.
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This thesis investigates the adsorption mechanisms and changes in activity of bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria immobilised to gold- and silica-modified surfaces. This enzyme is used as an efficient bioelectrocatalyst for the four-electron oxygen reduction in fuel cells. An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (E–QCM–D) was used to show how applying a constant potential to bilirubin oxidase adsorbed to a carboxylate-terminated gold electrode resulted in activity loss attributed to structural rearrangement of the adsorbed enzyme layer. When a varying potential was applied, rapid enzyme deactivation occurred, with no mitigation of activity loss through covalent attachment to the electrode. The E-QCM-D was further used to observe how changing enzyme concentration affects the adsorption mechanics and catalytic activity of the adsorbed layer. An optimum concentration produced greatest activity and stability, with lower concentrations denaturing more readily, and higher concentrations adopting an unfavourable geometry for electron transfer. Surface functionality showed adsorption to hydrophobic methyl- terminated electrodes revealed a rigid layer with reduced catalytic activity. Ammonium terminated surfaces resisted denaturation, but misorientated the enzyme for efficient electrocatalysis. Increasing the chain length of the surface modifiers increased the enzyme–electrode distance; this decreased activity for the carboxylate surface and removed the activity for methyl- or ammonium-terminated surfaces. Dual polarisation interferometry further showed no enzyme denaturation when it was adsorbed to amine and sulfonic acid surfaces. Enzyme adsorption under an applied constant potential caused a decrease in both mass loading and activity when compared to open circuit potential adsorption. The presence of an applied potential did not cause increased layer denaturation, but changed the orientation of the enzyme in a position unfavourable for electron transfer. Lower applied potential give lower mass loadings, yet similar surface mechanics and activity per adsorbed enzyme. Chemical modification to pristine graphene showed targeted interactions with biomolecules such as proteins and fluorophores. This surface modification has the potential to be adapted towards adsorption of bilirubin oxidase for fuel cell catalysis and other electrochemical sensing applications. The observations in this thesis show how the E–QCM–D and DPI can provide a more expansive picture of the applicability of redox enzymes in fuel cell systems. Preventative steps need to be taken in order to maintain an enzyme’s structural integrity and in turn its catalytic competency. Without such provisions the observations above suggest that redox enzymes have a finite lifetime when under conditions approximating fuel cell systems.
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Marshall, Justin D. "Development, Analysis and Testing of a Hybrid Passive Control Device for Seismic Protection of Framed Structures." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30152.
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A new seismic protection strategy called the hybrid passive control device (HPCD) has been developed which combines typical passive energy dissipation devices. It consists of a high damping rubber (HDR) sandwich damper in series with a buckling restrained brace (BRB). The HPCD provides energy dissipation at small deformations without significantly decreasing the structural period. The significant energy dissipation capacity of a BRB is provided for significant seismic events in the second phase. The transition between these two phases consists of an increasing stiffness as the device transitions from rubber damper to BRB. The HPCD reduces deformations, forces and accelerations from seismic events. The hyperelastic or stiffening effect also prevents resonant build-up and aids in collapse prevention due to p-delta effects.
The first phase of this work included characterization of high damping rubber compounds and analytical modeling of the HPCD concept. Experimental testing was completed to measure both the static and dynamic material properties of six different rubber compounds. The two most promising rubber compounds were selected for possible inclusion in the device. Analytical models of these selected materials were developed for nonlinear solid finite element analysis. The most promising configuration of the device was selected from several options. The selected configuration was analyzed using the commercial finite element program ABAQUS. These models were used to confirm the validity of the theoretical behavior of the device. Additionally these tests were used to determine which of the rubber compounds performed best.
Experimental testing of a half-scale HPCD specimen was carried out in the Structures and Materials Research Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The prototype was tested under cyclic and static loads. The experimental tests confirmed the potential of the hybrid device while highlighting minor issues with the design of the prototype. The final component in the research was an analytical study using hybrid devices in a 9-story steel moment frame structure. The devices were found to provide improved response over a special steel moment frame and a moment frame combined with a buckling restrained brace frame.Ph. D.
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Yu, Nan. "Thermal analysis of energy beam using de-laval nozzle in plasma figuring process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2016. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12418.
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In 2012, plasma figuring was proven to be an alternative solution for the fabrication of large scale ultra-precise optical surfaces. Indeed, plasma figuring was successfully demonstrated on a metre class glass surface. The process was exceptionally rapid but residual errors were observed. This thesis addresses this issue by proposing an enhanced tool that provides a highly collimated plasma jet. The enhanced tool is characterized by a targeted material removal footprint in the range 1 to 5 mm FWHM. The energy beam is provided by an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) torch equipped with a De-Laval nozzle. This thesis focuses on characterization and optimisation of the bespoke plasma torch and its plasma jet. Two research investigations were carried out using both numerical and experimental approaches. A novel CFD model was created to analyse and understand the behaviour of high temperature gas in the De-Laval nozzle. The numerical approach, that was based on appropriate profiles of temperature and velocity applied to the nozzle inlet, led to a significant reduction of computational resources. This model enabled to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena observed from the nozzle inlet up to the processed surface. Design rules and the effect of changing nozzle parameters were identified. Sensitivity analysis highlighted that the throat diameter is the most critical parameter. A challenging power dissipation analysis of the plasma torch was carried out. Temperature and flow rate in key components of the torch were measured. Experimental results enabled to calculate the power dissipation values for RF power up to 800 W and for the entire series of designed nozzles. This work enabled to scientifically understand the power dissipation mechanism in the bespoke ICP torches. In addition, by comparing the intensity of the power dissipation values, one nozzle was clearly identified as being more capable to provide a highly efficient plasma jet.
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Weseman, Brian D. "The Effects of Retention Aid Dosage and Mechanical Energy Dissipation on Fiber Flocculation in a Flow Channel." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7960.
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Formation plays an important role in the end-use properties of paper products,
but before formation can be optimized to achieve superior properties, an understanding
about the causes of formation must be developed. Formation is caused by variations in
the basis weight of paper that are results of fiber floc formation before and during the
forming of the sheet. This project is a first step in a larger research program aimed at
studying formation. By observing the effects that mechanical energy dissipation (in the
form of turbulence) and retention chemical dosage have on floc formation, we may
develop a better understanding of how to control formation.
In this study, a rectangular cross-section flow channel was constructed to aid in
the acquisition of digital images of a flowing fiber suspension. The furnish consisted of a
55:45 spruce:pine bleached market pulp mix from a Western Canadian mill. Turbulence
was varied by changing the flow rate; Reynolds numbers achieved range from 20,000 to
40,000. The retention aid used was a cationic polyacrylamide with a medium charge
density. Dosage of the retention aid was varied from 0 to 2 pounds per ton OD fiber.
Digital images of the flowing fiber suspension were acquired with a professional digital
SLR camera with a forensics-quality lens. Three separate image analysis techniques were
used to measure the flocculation state of the fiber suspension: morphological image
operations, formation number analysis, and fast Fourier transform analysis.
Morphological image analysis was capable of measuring floc size increases seen in
the acquired floc images. It was shown how floc diameter could increase simultaneously
with decreasing total floc area and total floc number. A regression model relating
retention aid dosage and energy dissipation was constructed in an effort to predict
flocculation. The regression model was used to predict F2 (formation number squared)
results from the study. The interaction effect RE was shown to have a differing effect across the retention aid dosage levels. As a result, this model and technique may prove to
be a beneficial tool in optimizing retention aid applications.
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Soundararajan, Sujitha. "Seismic Energy Dissipation, Self-Centering, and Settlement of Rocking Foundations: Analysis of Experimental Data with Comparisons to Numerical Modeling." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31711.
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The major objective of this study is to correlate the rocking foundation performance parameters with their capacity parameters and earthquake demand parameters using the results obtained from 142 centrifuge and shaking table experiments. It is found that seismic energy dissipation and permanent settlement of rocking foundations correlate well with rocking coefficient and Arias intensity of the earthquake, whereas the maximum moment and peak rotation of the foundation correlate well with peak ground acceleration. A numerical model, using the contact interface model available in OpenSees, is developed to simulate the performance of rocking foundations, and it is validated using experimental results. Though the numerical model predicts the moment capacity, seismic energy dissipation, and tipping-over stability of rocking foundations reasonably well, the model appears to overpredict the settlement of foundations. Furthermore, a parametric study showed that settlement reduces as initial vertical stiffness increases and is directly proportional to peak ground displacement.
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Morin, Claire. "A comprehensive approach for fatigue analysis of shape memory alloys." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/60/82/05/PDF/Morin.pdf.
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We develop a comprehensive approach for fatigue analysis of SMAs in three steps: first, the determination of the constitutive law allows the computation of the stabilized thermomechanical state of the structure. In order to better predict this state, tensile-compressive asymmetry and strong thermomechanical coupling are introduced into the ZM models. Second, the stabilized state is computed using an extension of the Direct Cyclic Method, which is shown to provide significant saving in computation time compared to the conventional incremental method. Third, the fatigue lifetime of the structure is determined with an energy-based criterion accounting for the influence of the hydrostatic pressure. The dependence of the fatigue lifetime on temperature and loading frequency is discussed. The prospects of this work include the validation of the constitutive laws and fatigue criterion for the case of non proportional loadingsNous développons, en trois étapes, une approche globale de calcul à la fatigue des Alliages à Mémoire de Forme. La détermination de la loi de comportement permet le calcul de l'état thermomécanique stabilisé de la structure. Afin d'obtenir une meilleure prédiction de cette réponse, la dissymétrie entre traction et compression et le couplage fort thermomécanique sont ajoutés aux modèles ZM. Ensuite, le calcul numérique de l'état stabilisé est réalisé grâce à une généralisation de la Méthode Cyclique Directe, permettant un gain de temps de calcul considérable par rapport à la méthode incrémentale. Enfin, la durée de vie en fatigue est déterminée par un critère de fatigue énergétique qui tient compte de l'effet de la pression hydrostatique. La dépendance de la durée de vie vis-à-vis de la température et de la fréquence de chargement est discutée. Les perspectives concernent la validation des lois de comportement et du critère de fatigue pour des chargements non proportionnels
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Caillier, François. "Dynamique des dislocations coin et dissipation dans les films librement suspendus de cristal liquide smectique." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011175.
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Les films librement suspendus de cristal liquide 8CB en phase smectique A sont très stables du fait de leur structure lamellaire. En effet, l'élasticité des couches compense la pression capillaire imposée par le ménisque qui le borde et qui joue le rôle de réservoir de matière. Lors de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dynamique de ces films. Nous avons mis en évidence que le ménisque se comportecomme un réservoir dissipatif.
En régime quasi-statique, lorsque les échanges de matière entre le film et le ménisque sont lents, les écoulements de perméation autour des dislocations coin qui le composent sont à l'origine de sa perméabilité finie. Un modèle hydrodynamique montre que la dissipation est localisée à son entrée, dans la zone bien orientée et qu'elle dépend fortement de l'épaisseur du film. Dans les films fins, le ralentissement des boucles de dislocation et dans les films épais, la dynamique de relaxation de deux ménisques reliés par un même film ont permis de confirmer expérimentalement ce modèle.
La dynamique d'effondrement d'une bulle a permis de caractériser la dissipation dans des régimes d'écoulements plus rapides en mettant en évidence un écart à la loi de Laplace (statique). Les expériences montrent qu'après une étape conduisant à la déstructuration du ménisque, ce qui le rend plus perméable, la bulle peut s'effondrer, la matière s'engouffrant dans le ménisque avec un comportement rhéofluidifiant. De plus, la nucléation et la croissance d'îlots peut rendre le processus moins dissipatif, ce qui est essentiellement observé dans les films fins.
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Tesanovic, Goran. "Performance Analysis and Implementation of Full Adder Cells Using 0.18 um CMOS Technology." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2111.
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0.18 um CMOS technology is increasingly used in design and implementation of full adder cells. Hence, there is a need for better understanding of the effects of different cell designs on cell performance, including power dissipation and time delays.
This thesis contributes to better understanding of the behavior of single-bit full adder cells when low power-delay products are essential. Thirty one single-bit full adder cells have been implemented in Cadence tool suit and simulated using 0.18 µm CMOS technology to obtain a comprehensive study of the performance of the cells with respect to time (time-delays) and power consumption (power dissipation).
Simulation method used for performance measurements has been carefully devised to achieve as accurate measurements as possible with respect to time delay and power dissipation. The method combines the simple measurement technique for obtaining accurate time-delays and power dissipation of a cell, and the transistor resizing technique that allows systematicallyresizing of transistors to achieve minimal power-delay product. The original technique of sizing of the transistors has been extended in this thesis for the purpose of the performance measurements to include both resizing the transistors in the critical path and resizing the transistors on the global level, and therefore efficiently obtain minimal power-delay product for every cell.
The result of this performance study is an extensive knowledge of full adder cell behaviour with respect to time and power, including the limitations of the 0.18 µm CMOS technology when used in the area of full adder cells. Furthermore, the study identified full adder cell designs that demonstrated the best performance results with respect to power-delay products.
In general, the complex performance simulation method in this thesis that combines the simulation of time delay and critical path transistor resizing provides the most accurate measurements and as such can be used in the future performance analysis of single-bit full adder cells.
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Scerrato, Daria. "Effect of Micro-Particle Addition on Frictional Energy Dissipation and Strength of Concrete : Experiments and Modelling." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0101.
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Si un béton classique est constitué d'éléments de granulométrie décroissante, en commençant par les granulats, le spectre granulométrique se poursuit avec la poudre de ciment puis parfois avec un matériau de granulométrie encore plus fine comme une fumée de silice (récupérée par exemple au niveau des filtres électrostatiques dans l'industrie de l'acier). L'obtention d'un spectre granulométrique continu et étendu vers les faibles granulométries permet d'améliorer la compacité, donc les performances mécaniques. L'idée de base de cette thèse a été d'utiliser comme éléments de granulométrie fine des fillers à base de calcaire. Ces fillers ont des granulométries très fines qui leur permettent de remplir les micro-fissure généralement présentes à l'intérieur du béton. La surface rugueuse des grains de ces fillers permet de modifier le coefficient de frottement entre les lèvres de chaque fissure. Le résultat souhaité est celui de produire un béton qui dissipe par frottement plus d'énergie par rapport à un béton standard. Un béton de ce type pourrait avoir des applications importantes dans l'ingénierie civile, surtout pour ce qui concerne l'absorption des vibrations dans la ville et les constructions en régions séismiques. Les théories des milieux continus généralisés permettent de tenir compte de l’effet de la microstructure des matériaux sur leur comportement macroscopique et, en particulier, de décrire la dissipation d’énergie dans le béton sujet à des chargements cycliques. Un modèle continu généralisé avec une variable cinématique supplémentaire a été développé dans le cadre de cette thèse qui permet de décrire le glissement relatif des lèvres des fissures dans le béton à l'échelle microscopique. La relation entre ces micro-mouvements au niveau des lèvres de fissures et la dissipation d'énergie observée à l'échelle macroscopique a ensuite été étudiée. Les équations en forme forte qui dérivent de cette modélisation continue sont obtenues à l'aide d'un principe variationnel de Hamilton-Rayleigh dans lequel on a intégré la nature dynamique du problème ainsi que la possibilité de décrire des phénomènes de dissipation au niveau microscopique. Le modèle obtenu permet de décrire les cycles d'hystérésis typiques du béton sujet à des chargement cycliques et ses paramètres ont été calés sur des essais menés au LGCIE de l'INSA de Lyon. Des études paramétriques concernant les paramètres reliés à la microstructure du matériau ont permis d'identifier l'effet que l'addition des micro-fillers a sur le comportement mécanique global du béton lorsque il est sujet à des chargement dynamiquesIn this thesis, a two-degrees-of-freedom, non-linear model is introduced aiming to describe internal friction phenomena which have been observed in some modified concrete specimens undergoing slow dynamic compression loads and having various amplitudes but never inducing large strains. The motivation for the theoretical effort presented here arose because of the experimental evidence described in some papers in which dissipation loops for concrete-type materials are shown to have peculiar characteristics. Since viscoelastic models –linear or non-linear– do not seem suitable to describe either qualitatively or quantitatively the measured dissipation loops, it is proposed to introduce a micro-mechanism of Coulomb-type internal dissipation associated to the relative motion of the faces of the micro-cracks present in the material. In addition, numerical simulations, showing that the proposed model is suitable to describe some of the available experimental evidences, is presented. These numerical simulations motivate further developments of the considered model and supply a tool for the design of subsequent experimental campaigns. Furthermore, the effect of micro-particle additives such as calcium carbonate on internal dissipation of concrete was experimentally investigated. The damping performance of concrete can be improved by adding to the mixture different kinds of micro-particles with suitable size which fill the pores of the matrix and change the contact interaction between internal surfaces of voids. It was determined that the energy dissipation of the concrete increases with the increasing content of micro particles at least when the concrete matrix is “soft” enough to allow microscopic motions. On the other hand, the increasing percentage of micro-particles addition can affect the mechanical strength of the material. Thus, there is a reasonable compromise in incorporating these micro-particles to obtain higher damping with- out weakening the mechanical properties. Several concrete mixes were prepared by mixing cement powder with different percentages of micro-fillers. A concrete mix without addition of micro-particles was molded as a reference material for the sake of comparison. All these specimens were tested under cyclic loading in order to evaluate energy dissipation starting from the area of a dissipation loop detected in the diagram relative to a representative cycle. The experimental determination of the dissipated energy shows a significant increase in the damping capability of the cement-based materials with micro-filler compared to the standard concrete. The experimental results presented seem to indicate that the proposed model is suitable to describe the mechanical behavior of modified and unmodified concrete, provided that the introduced parameters are suitably tuned in order to best fit the available experimental data
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Cetin, Barbaros. "Analysis Of Single Phase Convective Heat Transfer In Microtubes And Microchannels." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605820/index.pdf.
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Heat transfer analysis of two-dimensional, incompressible, constant property, hydrodynamically developed, thermally developing, single phase laminar flow in microtubes and microchannels between parallel plates with negligible axial conduction is performed for constant wall temperature and constant wall heat flux thermal boundary conditions for slip flow regime. Fully developed velocity profile is determined analytically, and energy equation is solved by using finite difference method for both of the geometries. The rarefaction effect which is important for flow in low pressures or flow in microchannels is imposed to the boundary conditions of the momentum and energy equations. The viscous dissipation term which is important for high speed flows or flows in long pipelines is included in the energy equation. The effects of rarefaction and viscous heating on temperature profile and local Nusselt number are discussed. The results of the numerical method are verified with the well-known analytical results of the flow in macrochannels (i.e. Kn =0, Br =0) and with the available analytical results of flow in microchannels for simplified cases. The results show significant deviations from the flow in macrochannels.
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Roser, Alexandra. "An Analysis of Including the Evolution Law for the Serial Element in the Musculoskeletal Modelling." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanik och hållfasthetslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-172282.
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In the classic Hill model for muscle contraction, the split between the muscle and tendon is arbitrary and the problem lacks a unique solution. Instead of reformulating the problem to a differential-algebraic equation and solving for a set of initial conditions, a constant tendon length is commonly assumed in musculoskeletal simulation tools. This assumption has not been thoroughly tested and introduces errors of unknown magnitude to the simulations. In this thesis, the contractile element of the Hill model is modelled as a friction clutch in parallel to a viscous damper. This provides an evolution law for the muscle length by which the muscle speed is numerically calculated taking into account a non-zero tendon speed. A simple biceps curl is simulated with the friction clutch model and compared to corresponding commercial musculoskeletal simulations. Overall, the results are similar, in particular for the muscle lengths which are almost identical in every simulation (0.00-0.42% difference). The difference in tendon speed is 0.00-3.26%, with upwards tendencies. In general, the error percentage of the tendon speed appears to decrease by the same amount that the contraction speed is reduced. Conclusively, it can be said that the introduced friction clutch model delivers comparative outcomes to a commercial musculoskeletal simulation software, while not assuming a constant tendon length. However, while presenting a relatively simple solution, an increased computation time is to be expected due to the need of a differential equation solver. Further investigation regarding implementation and computing times in more complex simulations may provide an alternative approach to conventional musculoskeletal simulations.
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Avecillas, Javier Andres. "Topology Optimization of Steel Shear Fuses to Resist Buckling." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87407.
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Shear-acting structural fuses are steel plates with cutouts subjected to in-plane lateral displacements during extreme loading events such as earthquakes, that dissipate energy through localized shear or flexural yielding mechanisms. Although previous studies have reported that fuses with specific geometry can develop a stable hysteretic behavior, their small thickness makes them prone to buckling, reducing strength and energy dissipation capacity.
In this work, topology optimization using genetic algorithms is performed to find optimized shapes for structural fuses with a square domain and constant thickness. The objective function uses the fuse's shear buckling load VB obtained from a 3D linear buckling analysis, and shear yield load VY obtained from a material nonlinear, but geometrically linear 2D plane-stress analysis. The two analyses are shown to be computationally efficient and viable for use in the optimization routine. The variations VY/VB=0.1,0.2,0.3 are investigated considering a target volume equal to 30%, 40% and 50% the fuse's original volume. A new set of optimized topologies are obtained, interpreted into smooth shapes, and evaluated using finite elements analyses with models subjected to monotonic and cyclic displacements histories. It was found that the drift angle when out-of-plane buckling occurs can be controlled using the VY/VB ratio, with optimized topologies buckling at drift angles (when subjected to a cyclic displacement protocol) as large as 9% as compared to 6% for previously studied fuses.Master of Science
Shear-acting structural fuses are steel plates with cutouts that dissipate energy during extreme loading events such as earthquakes. These structural fuses have a fixed edge and an opposing edge subjected to in-plane lateral displacements. Although previous studies have reported that fuses with specific geometry have a good cyclic performance, their small thickness makes them prone to bend or buckle, reducing strength and energy dissipation capacity. Considering a structural fuse with a square domain and constant thickness, a mathematical method called topology optimization is implemented to optimize the distribution of material with the goal of controlling the amount of yielding in the structural fuse before it buckles. The optimization routine uses the fuse’s shear buckling capacity (VB) and shear yield strength (VY ) obtained from relative simple and computationally inexpensive procedures that are also valid to characterize the potential for buckling in a structural fuse. The variations VY /VB = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 are investigated considering a target volume equal to 30%, 40% and 50% the fuse’s original volume. A set of optimized topologies are interpreted into smooth shapes and evaluated using finite elements analyses. It was found that the drift angle when out-of-plane buckling occurs can be controlled by using the VY /VB ratio, with optimized topologies buckling at drift angles (when subjected to a cyclic displacement protocol) as large as 9% as compared to 6% for previously studied fuses. .
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Anderson, Henrik. "Development of Electroacoustic Sensors for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107211.
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Patel, Ankit Rajnikant. "Probing tethered vesicle assemblies using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring : antibody binding and other applications towards ex vivo, label-free membrane protein analysis /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Miyashita, Elcio Ricardo. "Avaliação das tensões geradas nos componentes protéticos de próteses obturadoras maxilares classe I, II e IV de Aramany por meio de análise de elementos finitos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23152/tde-28052013-200930/.
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O tratamento cirúrgico do câncer bucal pode resultar em graves sequelas das estruturas anatômicas envolvidas na fisiologia da cavidade bucal. A extensão e a localização da ressecção cirúrgica, assim como a condição dental, são determinantes do planejamento da prótese obturadora. Este trabalho emprega a Análise de Elementos Finitos para o estudo do comportamento biomecânico de próteses obturadoras maxilares Classe I, II e IV de Aramany, em um modelo digital desenvolvido a partir de uma TC de um indivíduo adulto. O modelo tridimensional desenvolvido no programa Rhinoceros® versão 4.0 foi utilizado para a geração da malha de elementos finitos no programa Ansys Workbench 14.0®. Uma força de 120 N foi aplicada nas plataformas oclusal e incisal, correspondentes aos dentes posteriores e anteriores das próteses obturadoras, para observação das tensões geradas sobre as próteses obturadoras. Os resultados são apresentados sob a forma de análise qualitativa, indicada pelo estudo de Tensão Máxima Principal para as estruturas acrílicas da prótese e estudo de Von Mises para as estruturas metálicas da prótese, e análise quantitativa, representada por valores em Mega Pascal (MPa). Tanto nos carregamentos posteriores como nos carregamentos anteriores, foram observadas dissipações de cargas significativas localizadas na placa palatina próxima a ressecção e na junção do metal com o acrílico, sendo os maiores valores alcançados na placa de retenção metálica para retenção do acrílico localizada posteriormente na condição de carregamento posterior em ordem crescente na Classe II de Aramany com 149,17 MPa, Classe I de Aramany com 344,08 MPa e Classe IV de Aramany alcançando valor de 390,25 MPa. No acrílico da prótese obturadora, no caso de Classe I de Aramany em carregamento posterior, foi observada uma concentração de tensão principal na região correspondente ao limite lateral e anterior da junção da placa de retenção e do acrílico no valor de 19,796 MPa de tração. Na Classe IV de Aramany em carregamento posterior, foi observada uma concentração de tensão na região posterior da junção da placa de retenção e do acrílico no valor de 18,33 MPa. Na Classe II de Aramany, em carregamento posterior foi observada uma concentração de tensão na região anterior próxima ao limite da ressecção anterior no valor de 25,45 MPa de tração. Concluiu-se que os valores quantitativos alcançados neste estudo parecem não apresentar riscos de fratura sobre a armação metálica de liga de CrCo, porem podem apresentar riscos de falha na retenção metal/acrílico da prótese obturadora maxilar. A configuração de placa de recobrimento palatino proporciona uma melhor distribuição das tensões ao longo de sua superfície.The surgical treatment of oral cancer may result in severe sequel of the anatomical structures involved in oral physiology. The extension and location of surgical resection, as well as the dental condition, determine the prosthetic planning of the obturator prostheses. This study employs the finite elements analysis to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of Aramany Class I,II andIV obturator prostheses, in a digital model developed from a computerized tomography of an adult individual. A tridimensional model was constructed applying the software Rhinoceros® version 4.0 and then it was used to develop the finite element mesh in the software Ansys Workbench 14.0 ®. A 120 N load was applied to the occlusal and incisal surfaces correspondent to the prosthetic teeth. The qualitative analysis was based on Principal Maximum stress and the quantitative analysis was expressed in Mega Pascal values. Results demonstrated that in the posterior loadings as in the anterior loadings were observed charge dissipation plate located in significant palate resection and near the junction of the metal with the acrylic and the highest values obtained in the metal retaining plate for retaining acrylic located further provided that subsequently loaded in ascending order in Class II Aramany with 149.17 MPa, Aramany with Class I and Class IV 344.08 MPa Aramany reaching value of 390.25 MPa. In acrylic prosthesis obturator in the case of Class I Aramany in subsequent loading, was observed a stress concentration in the region corresponding to the limit lateral and anterior junction of the retaining plate and the value of acrylic 19.796 MPa. Class IV for loading Aramany later, it was observed a stress concentration in the posterior region of the junction of the retaining plate of acrylic and the value of 18.336 MPa. In Class II Aramany in load was later observed a stress concentration in the anterior region near the boundary of the anterior resection worth 25.455 MPa. It was concluded that the quantitative values obtained in this study do not appear to present a risk of fracture of the metal frame CrCo alloy, but may present risks of failure in the metal retention / acrylic obturator prostesis . The configuration of palatal plate coating provides a better stress distribution along its surface.
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Phillips, Adam Richard. "Large-Scale Cyclic Testing and Development of Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls for Improved Seismic Performance of Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73513.
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A novel shear wall system for building structures has been developed that improves upon the performance of conventional steel plate shear walls by mitigating buckling. The new structural system, called the Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Wall, was investigated and developed through experimental and computational methods. First, the plastic mechanism of the system was numerically derived and then analytically validated with finite element analyses. Next, five large-scale, quasi-static, cyclic experimental tests were conducted in the Thomas M. Murray Structures Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The large-scale experiments validated the system performance and provided data on the boundary frame forces, infill panel shear deformation modes, buckling mode shapes, and buckling magnitudes.
Multiple computational modeling techniques were employed to reproduce different facets of the system behavior. First, detailed finite element models were constructed to accurately reproduce the cyclic performance, yielding pattern, and buckling mode shapes. The refined finite element models were utilized to further study the boundary element forces and ultra-low cycle fatigue behavior of the system. Second, reduced-order computational models were constructed that can accurately reproduce the hysteretic performance of the web plates. The reduced-order models were then utilized to study the nonlinear response history behavior of four prototype building structures using Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls and conventional steel plate shear walls. The nonlinear response history analyses investigated the application of the system to a short period and a long period building configuration. In total 176 nonlinear response history analyses were conducted and statistically analyzed.
Lastly, a practical design methodology for the Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Wall web plates was presented. The experimental tests and computational simulations reported in this dissertation demonstrate that Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls are capable of improving seismic performance of buildings by drastically reducing buckling and improving cyclic energy dissipation.Ph. D.
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Kabiri, Far Bardia. "Application of the Equivalent Static Analysis method to the design of a steel frame structure with added viscous dampers." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/10647/.
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All the structures designed by engineers are vulnerable to natural disasters including floods and earthquakes. The energy released during strong ground motions should be dissipated by structural elements. Before 1990’s, this energy was expected to be dissipated through the beams and columns which at the same time were a part of gravity-load-resisting system. However, the main disadvantage of this idea was that gravity-resisting-frame was not repairable.
Hence, during 1990’s, the idea of designing passive energy dissipation systems, including dampers, emerged. At the beginning, main problem was lack of guidelines for passive energy dissipation systems. Although till 2000 many guidelines and procedures where published, yet most of them were based on complicated analysis which was not so convenient for engineers and practitioners.
In order to solve this problem recently some alternative design methods are proposed including 1. Lopez Garcia (2001) simple procedure for optimal damper configuration in MDOF structures 2. Christopoulos and Filiatrault (2006) trial and error procedure 3. Silvestri et al. (2010) Five-Step Method. 4. Palermo et al. (2015) Direct Five-Step Method. 5. Palermo et al. (2016) Simplified Equivalent Static Analysis (ESA). In this study, effectiveness and differences between last three alternative methods have been evaluated.
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Singh, Kulveer. "Structure-function studies of the oxidoreductase bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0376cc7e-f572-4e0c-96f0-43b0b4b91d99.
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This thesis presents the development and redesign of a commercial electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (E–QCM–D). This was used to study factors affecting the efficiency of the four electron reduction catalysed by the fuel cell enzyme bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria immobilised on thiol modified gold surfaces. Within this thesis, the E–QCM–D was used to show that application of a constant potential to bilirubin oxidase adsorbed to thiol-modified gold surfaces causes activity loss that can be attributed to a change in structural arrangement. Varying the load by potential cycling distorts the enzyme by inducing rapid mass loss and denaturation. Attaching the enzyme covalently reduces the mass loss caused by potential cycling but does not mitigate activity loss. Covalent attachment also changes the orientation of the surface bound enzyme as verified by the position of the catalytic wave (related to the overpotential for catalysis) and reactive labelling followed by mass spectrometry analysis. The E–QCM–D was used to show how electrostatic interactions affect enzyme conformation where high pH causes a reduction in both mass loading at the electrode and a reduction in activity. At pH lower than the enzyme isoelectric point, there is a build up of multilayers in a clustered adsorption. When enzyme adsorbs to hydrophobic surfaces there is a rapid denaturation which completely inactivates the enzyme. Changing the surface chemistry from carboxyl groups to hydroxyl and acetamido groups shows that catalysis is shifted to more negative potentials as a result of an enzyme misorientation. Further to this, increasing the chain length of the thiol modifier indicates that an increased distance between surface and enzyme reduces activity, enzyme loading and results in a conformational rearrangement that permits electron transfer over longer distances.
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Lavarnway, Daniel L. "Evaluating the Use of Ductile Envelope Connectors for Improved Blast Protection of Buildings." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1365001432.
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Mbailassem, Fulbert. "Contrôle du bruit par effets de localisation par géométries irrégulières." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI095/document.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche des moyens de réduction du bruit. Le but est d’analyser et de créer par une méthode passive, le confinement d’énergie acoustique dans les irrégularités géométriques via le phénomène de localisation pour ensuite la dissiper. En prélude à l'atténuation du bruit par les géométries irrégulières, les mécanismes de la dissipation acoustique sont rappelés et illustrés par quelques exemples de réseaux de résonateurs quart-d'onde. Le phénomène de localisation est ensuite étudié par une analyse modale. Le caractère localisé d'un mode est quantifié par son volume d'existence relatif (VER) qui donne, en fraction du volume total du domaine, le volume effectif concerné par l'énergie du mode. Il ressort de cette étude que seules les cavités irrégulières ayant des irrégularités en forme de sous-cavités couplées à une cavité principale sont « localisantes ». La fréquence d'un mode localisé est liée aux dimensions de la zone irrégulière de localisation. Le lien entre les irrégularités géométriques et la dissipation acoustique est ensuite analysé au moyen des indicateurs tels que le facteur de qualité, le coefficient d'absorption ou le taux d'amortissement de l'énergie. Cette étude montre que les cavités irrégulières amortissement mieux une onde acoustique comparativement aux cavités à géométrie régulière. Toutefois, la dissipation de l'énergie acoustique des cavités irrégulières n'est pas uniquement liée à la localisation. Elle dépend également d'autres paramètres (porosité, résistivité, etc.). Lorsque les irrégularités des parois rigides ne permettent pas de réaliser une dissipation suffisante, elles peuvent être réalisées dans les matériaux poroélastiques à performance acoustique moyenne pour augmenter leur capacité dissipative. Enfin, des études expérimentales menées ont permis de valider l'existence du phénomène de localisation et de confirmer la tendance plus dissipative des géométries irrégulières par rapport aux géométries régulières. De même, des mesures du coefficient d'absorption d'un échantillon de forme préfractale d'un béton de chanvre (matériau ayant une performance acoustique moyenne) montrent une augmentation de la dissipation de plus de 40% induite par la forme irrégulière. La contribution majeure de cette thèse est d’avoir répondu à un défi technologique important consistant à effectuer une mise en évidence expérimentale du phénomène de localisation jusque-là difficile à réaliser avec des microphones. Pour y parvenir, un outil optique peu conventionnel dans la métrologie acoustique est adopté; il s'agit de la réfracto-vibrométrie qui consiste à utiliser, sous certaines conditions, le vibromètre laser pour mesurer un champ acoustique (pression acoustique). Bien que contraignante, cette technique présente l'avantage d'être non intrusive et donc moins encombrante même pour de petites cavités comparativement aux microphonesIn this thesis, the acoustical behavior of irregular cavities leading to localization phenomenon is investigated for noise reduction applications. The aim of this work is to study and create by means of passive method, an accumulation of acoustical energy and dissipate it. Before addressing geometrical irregularities effects on the sound field, viscothermal dissipation mechanisms of sound are recalled and illustrated through few networks of quarter-wave resonators. In a second part, a study of the localization phenomenon is carried out by a modal analysis approach. The localization is quantified by the relative existence volume (VER), an indicator which gives a measure of the volume of the region in which a mode is localized as a fraction of the total cavity volume. The localization analysis is conducted using both regular and irregular cavities. It has been shown that only cavities with irregular geometry, such that sub-cavities are formed, can localize some acoustical modes. Moreover, the frequency of a localized mode is related to the dimensions of the localization region. Following the investigation of the localization phenomenon, the relation between cavities geometry and sound energy dissipation has been studied by the estimation of damping indicators, such as the quality factor, the sound absorption coefficient or the energy damping rate. According to this study, irregular cavities have higher capability to damp sound waves compared to regular cavities. However, for the case of irregular cavities only, the induced dissipation is not proportional to the localization. Nevertheless, when irregularities of rigid walls are not able to achieve sufficient dissipation, this can be obtained with slightly absorptive porous materials of irregular geometry. In fact, the dissipative properties of some porous materials can be optimized by giving them irregular interface. Finally, an experimental set-up has been designed to validate the localization phenomenon and to confirm the damping tendency of irregular geometries in comparison to regular ones. Moreover, measurements of the sound absorption coefficient of a hemp concrete reveal that the sample of irregular geometry achieves sound dissipation more than 40% higher than the one achieved by a regular plane sample. Finally, this thesis has addressed a technological challenge consisting of experimentally validating the localization phenomenon which is so far very difficult to obtain by the use of conventional pressure microphones. In the framework of this thesis, an optical non-conventional sound pressure measurement technique has been used. The used technique is the laser refracto-vibrometry which consists of using a laser vibrometer in some specific conditions to measure the acoustical field (sound pressure). This technique is difficult to conduct but it has the advantage of being contactless, thus less cumbersome for even very small cavities as compared to pressure microphones
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Norman, Maria. "Air-Sea Fluxes of CO2 : Analysis Methods and Impact on Carbon Budget." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-194960.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric concentration of CO2 has increased by more than 100 ppm since prior to the industrial revolution. The global oceans are considered an important sink of atmospheric CO2, since approximately one third of the anthropogenic emissions are absorbed by the oceans. To be able to model the global carbon cycle and the future climate, it is important to have knowledge of the processes controlling the air-sea exchange of CO2. In this thesis, measurements as well as a model is used in order to increase the knowledge of the exchange processes. The air-sea flux of CO2 is estimated from high frequency measurements using three methods; one empirical method, and two methods with a solid theoretical foundation. The methods are modified to be applicable for various atmospheric stratifications, and the agreement between methods is good in average. A new parameterization of the transfer velocity (the rate of transfer across the air-sea interface), is implemented in a Baltic Sea model. The new parameterization includes also the mechanism of water-side convection. The impact of including the new parameterization is relatively small due to feedback processes in the model. The new parameterization is however more representative for flux calculations using in-situ measurement or remote sensing products. When removing the feedback to the model, the monthly average flux increases by up to 20% in some months, compared to when water-side convection is not included. The Baltic Sea carbon budget was estimated using the Baltic Sea model, and the Baltic Sea was found to be a net sink of CO2. This is consistent with some previous studies, while contradictory to others. The dissimilarity between studies indicates the difficulty in estimating the carbon budget mainly due to variations of the CO2 uptake/release in time and space. Local variations not captured by the model, such as coastal upwelling, give uncertainties to the model. Coastal upwelling can alter the uptake/release of CO2 in a region by up to 250%. If upwelling would be included in the model, the Baltic Sea might be considered a smaller sink of CO2.
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Trépout, Sylvain. "Etude de l'assemblage du système d'efflux membranaire MexAB-OprM impliqué dans la résistance aux antibiotiques chez Pseudomonas aeruginosa : caractérisation combinée par Microbalance à cristal de quartz avec mesure de dissipation et cryo-tomographie électronique." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13710/document.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa est une bactérie Gram-négative qui présente une grande résistance aux antibiotiques, lui permettant de sévir dans le milieu hospitalier en infectant plus particulièrement les patients immunodéprimés. Cette résistance est principalement due au système d’efflux membranaire MexAB-OprM, capable d’exporter les antibiotiques en dehors de la cellule. Cette pompe à efflux est composée de trois protéines, MexA, MexB et OprM, incorporées dans les membranes internes et externes de la paroi bactérienne. Les structures de MexA, OprM et AcrB -une protéine présente chez E. coli, homologue de MexB- ont été déterminées individuellement par cristallographie des rayons X. Cependant, la structure du complexe entier, regroupant les trois protéines en interaction, ainsi que le mécanisme de cette pompe font toujours défaut. Le renforcement de nos connaissances structurales et fonctionnelles est donc capital pour lutter plus efficacement contre ces bactéries, par de nouvelles stratégies médicamenteuses. Ce travail porte sur l’étude de la structure et de la stœchiométrie de l’assemblage des protéines OprM et MexA au sein d’une membrane lipidique. La caractérisation du complexe OprM/MexA a été réalisée à l’aide de nouvelles techniques de caractérisation physico-chimique des surfaces, telle que la Microbalance à Cristal de Quartz avec Mesure de Dissipation (QCM-D), et par des méthodes d’imagerie, telles que la Cryo-Microscopie Electronique en Transmission (CryoMET) et la Cryo-Tomographie Electronique (CryoTE). En QCM-D, les mesures d’interaction entre OprM et MexA ont été réalisées sur support solide en contrôlant l’orientation d’OprM placée dans un environnement lipidique. Après ajout de la protéine MexA, la formation de complexes OprM/MexA a été mise évidence. Pour comprendre l’organisation de ce complexe, nous avons procédé à une étude comparative de l’organisation des protéines OprM, MexA et du complexe OprM/MexA incorporés dans une membrane lipidique, par CryoMET. Trois types d’organisation, respectivement spécifiques d’OprM, de MexA et du complexe OprM/MexA, ont été mis en évidence. Une analyse structurale de ces trois différents assemblages, pris en sandwich entre deux membranes lipidiques, a été menée par CryoTE. La reconstitution de la protéine OprM conduit à la formation de protéoliposomes, dû à des interactions intervenant entre les protéines OprM au niveau de leurs hélices périplasmiques. La protéine MexA s’organise sous forme d’une structure annulaire de 13 nm de hauteur au sein des membranes lipidiques, et d’une structure plus complexe de 26 nm de hauteur, résultant de l’empilement tête-bêche de deux structures annulaires de 13 nm. Ce travail révèle les dimensions exactes de l’assemblage formé par MexA, et permet de localiser à proximité des membranes les domaines non résolus dans la structure cristallographique. La reconstitution du complexe OprM/MexA révèle une disposition régulière des deux protéines dans les membranes lipidiques. Au sein des complexes, les protéines OprM sont présentes sous forme de trimères. Dans la membrane opposée, à l’aplomb d’une molécule d’OprM, MexA ne forme pas une structure annulaire similaire à celle décrite précédemment, indiquant un état d’oligomérisation différent de celui observé dans les assemblages MexA. Les densités de MexA sont compatibles avec la présence de quelques molécules de MexA. Cependant des structures annulaires de MexA, positionnées à l’aplomb de trois trimères d’OprM sont visibles. Notre étude montre que MexA adopte des structures oligomériques spécifiques en fonction de ses interactions avec les membranes lipidiques ou avec son partenaire OprMThe structure determination of membrane protein in lipid environment can be carried out using cryo electron microscopy combined with the recent development of data collection and image processing. We describe a protocol to study assemblies or stacks of membrane protein reconstitued into a lipid membrane using both cryo electron tomography and single particle analysis which is an alternative approach to electron crystallography for solving 3D structure. We show the organization of the successive layers of OprM molecules revealing the protein-protein interactions between OprM molecules of two successive lipid bilayers
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Aguirre, Herrera Santiago Alberto, and Barazorda Elio Andre Vidal. "Comportamiento estructural de una edificación esencial de mediana altura usando aisladores de base y disipadores SLB." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/654612.
Full textAbstract:
Este artículo consiste en analizar una nueva alternativa de control antisísmico de alta tecnología para la construcción de hospitales en el Perú, que en su normativa exige el uso de aislamiento de base para edificaciones esenciales. Para ello, se opta por la evaluación estructural de una edificación construida con aisladores sísmicos y la misma con implementación del sistema de disipación de energía SLB (Shear Link Bozzo). Los resultados analizados, para cada técnica estudiada de control antisísmico, son: derivas de entrepiso, aceleraciones de piso, balance energético y análisis de rotulas plásticas, en base a la filosofía de funcionalidad continua.This article consists of analyzing a new high-tech anti-seismic control alternative for the construction of hospitals in Peru, which in its regulations requires the use of base insulation for essential buildings. For this, the structural evaluation of a building constructed with seismic isolators is chosen and the same with the implementation of the SLB (Shear Link Bozzo) energy dissipation system. The results analyzed for each anti-seismic control technique studied are: mezzanine drifts, floor accelerations, energy balance and analysis of plastic hinges, based on the philosophy of continuous functionality.
Trabajo de investigación
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Kokoszka, Florian. "Estimations du mélange vertical le long de sections hydrologiques en Atlantique Nord." Thesis, Brest, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BRES0097/document.
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Le mélange vertical dans l’océan contribue au maintien de la Cellule Méridienne de Circulation Océanique (MOC) en permettant le renouvellement des eaux profondes. Une coupe transverse d’une partie de la MOC est réalisée par la radiale hydrologique OVIDE qui a lieu tous les 2 ans depuis 2002 entre le Portugal et le Groenland. L’énergie nécessaire au mélange est fournie par les ondes internes générées par le vent et la marée, et des mesures de micro-structure (VMP) en 2008 montrent des valeurs de dissipation Evmp intensifiées dans la thermocline principale et au niveau des topographies. Notre étude se base sur ces observations pour étudier la fine-structure verticale de l’océan et estimer indirectement la dissipation E due aux ondes internes à l’aide de mesures CTD et LADCP. La comparaison au mesures du VMP permet d’optimiser la paramétrisation de E en encadrant les observations par facteur 3 et leurs valeurs moyennes à ±30%. L’application sur l’ensemble des données OVIDE permet d’obtenir une cartographie du mélange a travers le bassin. La distribution géographique de la diffusion verticale K est similaire le long des 5 sections, avec des valeurs de l’ordre de 10−4m2/s dans la thermocline principale, au fond et au niveau des topographies, et de l’ordre de 10−5m2/s dans l’océan intérieur. Des différences régionales sont présentes et K peut être localement proche de 10−3m2/s. L’étude de la section FOUREX 1997 révèle une intensification de K le long de la dorsale médio-Atlantique où les valeurs moyennes sont de 2 à 3 plus fortes que le long des sections OVIDE. La distribution spatiale des échelles de Thorpe LT est corrélée avec celle du mélange. Néanmoins la dissi-pation basée sur LT surestime Evmp d’un facteur 10 à100, ce qui pourrait être dû à une mauvaise représentation de la durée de vie de la turbulence dans l’océan. Certains mécanismes susceptibles de générer des ondes internes sont proposés. Des sites possibles de génération par la marée sont localisés à l’aide d’un modèle simple de la trajectoire des rayons d’ondes. Une corrélation possible entre les mouvements géostrophiques et les ondes internes est envisagée dans la thermocline principale. Enfin l’étude des angles de Turner montre que des instabilités de double-diffusion peuvent être présentes sur une grande partie de la sectionVertical mixing in the ocean contributes to sustain the Meridionnal Overturning. Circulation (MOC) by allowing the renewal of deep waters. A section across the MOC is performed by the hydrological radial OVIDE repeated every two years between Portugal and Greenland since 2002. The energy required for mixing is provided by internal waves generated by wind and tides and micro-structure measurements(VMP) in 2008 show intensified values of dissipation Evmp in the main thermocline and near topographies. Our study is based on these observations and aims tostudy the vertical fine-scale structure of the ocean. Estimates of the dissipation E due to internal waves are made with CTD and LADCP measurements. The comparison with VMP measurements allow us to optimize the parameterization of E by framing the observations by factor 3 and their mean values at ±30%. The systematic application to the OVIDE dataset provides a mapping of the mixing across the basin. Geographical distribution of the vertical diffusion K is similar along the five sections, with values near10−4m2/s in the main thermocline and at the bottom of topographies, and near 10−5m2/s in the ocean interior. Regional differences are present and K can belocally close to 10−3m2/s. Application to FOUREX1997 datas et reveals an increase of K along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the average values are 2 to 3stronger than along OVIDE sections. The spatial distribution of Thorpe scales LT appears to be correlated with internal waves mixing patterns. Nevertheless dissipation estimates based on LT overestimates Evmp by a 10 to 100 factor, which maybe due to misrepresentation of the stage of turbulence development in the ocean. Some mechanisms that can generate internal waves are proposed. Probable sites where tidal generation could occur are located using a simple model of wave beam trajectory. A possible correlation between geostrophic flows and internal waves is considered in the main thermocline. Finally the study of Turnerangles shows that double-diffusion instabilities may bepresent over a large part of the section
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Abdulridha, Alaa. "Performance of Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Monotonic and Cyclic Loading." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24168.
Full textAbstract:
The ability to adjust structural response to external loading and ensure structural safety and serviceability is a characteristic of Smart Systems. The key to achieving this is through the development and implementation of smart materials. An example of a smart material is a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA).
Reinforced concrete structures are designed to sustain severe damage and permanent displacement during strong earthquakes, while maintaining their integrity, and safeguarding against loss of life. The design philosophy of dissipating the energy of major earthquakes leads to significant strains in the steel reinforcement and, consequently, damage in the plastic hinge zones. Most of the steel strain is permanent, thus leading to large residual deformations that can render the structure unserviceable after the earthquake. Alternative reinforcing materials such as superelastic SMAs offer strain recovery upon unloading, which may result in improved post-earthquake recovery. Shape Memory Alloys have the ability to dissipate energy through repeated cycling without significant degradation or permanent deformation. Superelastic SMAs possess stable hysteretic behavior over a certain range of temperature, where its shape is recoverable upon removal of load. Alternatively, Martensite SMAs also possess the ability to recover its shape through heating. Both types of SMA demonstrate promise in civil infrastructure applications, specifically in seismic-resistant design and retrofit of structures.
The primary objective of this research is to investigate experimentally the performance of concrete beams and shear walls reinforced with superelastic SMAs in plastic hinge regions. Furthermore, this research program involves complementary numerical studies and the development of a proposed hysteretic constitutive model for superelastic SMAs applicable for nonlinear finite element analysis. The model considers the unique characteristics of the cyclic response of superelastic materials.
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Medel, Vera Carlos Pablo. "Seismic probabilistic safety assessment and risk control of nuclear power plants in Northwest Europe." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/seismic-probabilistic-safety-assessment-and-risk-control-of-nuclear-power-plants-in-northwest-europe(c51a155a-289b-40c0-a642-644cb527939b).html.
Full textAbstract:
Nuclear power plays a crucial role in energy supply in the world: around 15% of the electricity generated worldwide is provided from nuclear stations avoiding around 2.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. As of January 2016, 442 reactors that generated 380+ GW were in operation and 66 new reactors were under construction. The seismic design of new nuclear power plants (NPPs) has gained much interest after the high-profile Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. In the UK, a tectonically stable continental region that possesses medium-to-low seismic activity, strong earthquakes capable of jeopardising the structural integrity of NPPs, although infrequent, can still occur. Despite that no NPP has been built in Great Britain after 1995, a New Build Programme intended to build 16 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 is currently under way. This PhD project provides a state-of-the-art framework for seismic probabilistic safety assessment and risk control of NPPs in Northwest Europe with particular application to the British Isles. It includes three progressive levels: (i) seismic input, (ii) seismic risk analysis, and (iii) seismic risk control. For seismic input, a suitable model to rationally define inputs in the context of risk assessments is proposed. Such a model is based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms that are compatible with seismic scenarios defined by magnitude 4 < Mw < 6.5, epicentral distance 10 km < Repi < 100 km, and different types of soil (rock, stiff soil and soft soil). It was found to be a rational approach that streamlines the simulation of accelerograms to conduct nonlinear dynamic analyses for safety assessments. The model is a function of a few variables customarily known in structural engineering projects. In terms of PGA, PGV and spectral accelerations, the simulated accelerograms were validated by GMPEs calibrated for the UK, Europe and the Middle East, and other stable continental regions. For seismic risk analysis, a straightforward and logical approach to probabilistically assess the risk of NPPs based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms is studied. It effectively simplifies traditional approaches: for seismic inputs, it avoids the use of selecting/scaling procedures and GMPEs; for structural outputs, it does not use Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate the damage state. However, it demands more expensive computational resources as a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses are needed. For seismic risk control, strategies to control the risk using seismic protection systems are analysed. This is based on recent experience reported elsewhere of seismically protected nuclear reactor buildings in other areas of medium-to-low seismic activity. Finally, a scenario-based incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is proposed aimed at the generation of surfaces for unacceptable performance of NPPs as function of earthquake magnitude and distance. It was found that viscous-based devices are more efficient than hysteretic-based devices in controlling the seismic risk of NPPs in the UK. Finally, using the proposed scenario-based IDA, it was found that when considering all controlling scenarios for a representative UK nuclear site, the risk is significantly reduced ranging from 3 to 5 orders of magnitude when using viscous-based devices.
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Naert, Antoine. "Turbulence dans un jet d'hélium gazeux à basse température." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10009.
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Il est apparu recemment que la turbulence accessible a l'experience pouvait ne pas avoir atteint, meme aux plus grand nombres de reynolds (re), un regime ultime (reynolds infini) qui avait jusque-la fait l'objet de predictions theoriques. L'experience presentee ici est un jet d'helium gazeux a 4,2 k. A cette temperature proche de la temperature critique, modifier la pression du fluide permet de faire varier la viscosite, et donc le reynolds sur une large gamme (re=10#3 a 10#5) sans que la geometrie de l'ecoulement ne soit modifiee. Nous mesurons avec une haute resolution statistique les fluctuations de vitesse dans cet ecoulement grace a un anemometre cryogenique base sur le principe du fil chaud. La statistique non-gaussienne, intermittente, des increments de vitesse est analysee comme une superposition de statistiques elementaires, quasi-gaussiennes. L'unique parametre caracterisant ce melange de regimes purs de la turbulence est appele profondeur de la cascade. Il est mesure et etudie en detail en fonction de l'echelle et du nombre de reynolds. Une etude des histogrammes conditionnels permet de controler la pertinence cette methode d'analyse. La large gamme de reynolds accessibles a la mesure nous a permis de mettre en evidence une transition (a re 5000) entre deux regimes distincts de la turbulence : turbulence douce et turbulence dure.
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Hwang, Guey-Lin, and 黃貴麟. "Energy dissipation analysis of Cascade flows." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77260785658536572214.
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碩士國立中央大學
土木工程學系
84
The characteristics of energy dissipation for one-step nappe flows is explored in this study by employing experimental measurements. Before reaching the recirculating zone, the nappe trajectory after the free fallis very close to the analytical solution proposed by Marchi(1993), and the nappe trajectory then deviates from Marchi's soluation due to the effect of hydrostatic pressure. The energy dissipation after the free fall is close to White's(1943) analysis when the relative recirculating water depth is small, while the energy loss is better described by Gill's(1979) analysis at large recirculating water depth.
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Chang, Chih-Hsien, and 張志賢. "Heat Dissipation Analysis and Countermeasure of Projector." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11006542404398937727.
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碩士國立清華大學
工程與系統科學系
94
The heat dissipation technique of projector(s) is always a subject with continuous research and development needs. It is particularly important toimprove existing methods of heat dissipation and develop new techniquesin the face of improve electronic circuitry efficiencies. In this regard, theobjective of the present thesis is to investigate and discuss the appropriateanalysis of thermal problem in projector for the purpose of understandinghow and under what conditions heat dissipation occur, in order to achieveimprovements in current heat dissipation techniques, and to attain idealoperating temperature and internal systems heat control. We began our study by thermal experiments and used the FLOTHERM V4.2 simulation software to provide a basic internal projector systemsthermal analysis. Results of experiments and simulations were used toanalyze current and systems heat flows, which served as the basis for ourrecommendations to improve existing heat dissipation techniques. Making comparisons between the experiments and simulations analysis, we have arrived at the following conclusions and recommendations. (1)The main heat dissipation way of bulb is the pressure air from blower. (2)The design of Air Guide could improve the efficiency of bulb heat dissipation greatly. (3)The proper elevation of blower could improve the efficiency of bulb heat dissipation. (4)The design of light screen, besides preventing the light source of the bulb from exposing, could also lower the speed and rectification to the pressure air of vent and then reduce the noise of system.
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蔡億. "Analysis of Heat Dissipation inside the PC Case." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00873481839286486800.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程技術研究所
86
This study investigates, by 3D numerical midel, the effect of the positions of heat source and opening on the flow and temperature field inside a PC case. Also, the performance of removing heat from PC case is evaluated. Power Law Scheme, MSIMLEC algorithm, and Lam - Bremhorst Low Reynolds number form of the k - □ turbulent model are used to simulate the flow fields. From the analysis of the data obtained, it is found that when the heat source is positioned closer the exit opening on the computer case, more heat is removed from it.
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Wu, Min-si, and 吳旻錫. "Thermal Dissipation Analysis of Loudspeaker by Natural Convection." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49441117287802351142.
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碩士大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
101
In recent year, the demand for electronic products keeps growing; hence the power density of electronic components escalates. This is the cause why waste heat generates in modern society, and the high temperature reduces the effectiveness and life cycle of electronic products. Therefore, it is very important to come up a way to enhance the thermal dissipation of electronic products to improve its reliability. This study discusses the heat transfer problem of moving speakers coil. Due to the limit of the work environment for speakers, it is not possible to use an active cooling method in speaker system. For this reason, this study enhances the cooling capability of speaker system by changing parts of geometric structure. For the discussion of cooling problem of speakers, this study focuses on changing the geometric form of some components. We start this process by using graphics software to build model, then use CFD to calculate the temperature of speaker in natural convection.
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Rende, Craig Michael. "Heat transfer analysis on various thermal dissipation device." 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062009-110827/unrestricted/etd.pdf.
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Ou, Po-Cheng, and 歐柏呈. "Thermal Dissipation Analysis of IGBTModulesby Air Forced Convection." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3pz8u9.
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碩士大同大學
機械工程學系(所)
102
In recent years, the power increasing of IGBT module also induces the demand for heat dissipation itself especially in the electronic vehicle. If the temperature of IGBT is higher than its designing limit, the performance of vehicle may be decayed and even shut down. Then, it needs to pay more cost for fix This study explores three-dimensional thermal dissipation of IGBT module by numerical simulation. The symmetry effect with three kinds of module is compared. Also, the effect due to thermal conductivity, fin height and fin thickness are studied by air forced convection. The thermal resistance and efficiency of the IGMT module are calculated to find its cooling performance. According to the results shown in this study, the best arrangement to thermal dissipation and thermal resistance and efficiency is wind velocity with four meters per second. For the purpose of energy saving, however, the wind velocity with one meter per second was adopted in this study In addition, changing spreader thermal conductivity has less influence on cooling effect。 Finally, the thermal performance of IGBT module with six different sizes of fin height and four different kinds of fin thickness are analyzed for comparison under the same wind velocity. It is found that changing fin height has more influence on cooling effect than fin thickness. The best cooling effect occurs at the fin thickness 0.5mm and fin height 25mm. Nevertheless, the fin thickness 0.5mm and fin height 21mm can be considered for the purpose of cost reduction.