Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dissociative identity disorder'

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-143). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

For the mental health professional, the client with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) can be exciting, exhausting and frustrating. Formal education offers little help in treatment and diagnosis of this disorder. This paper will explore the most utilized treatment goals available to the professional and the client. Although most "experts" in the field of Dissociative Disorders subscribe to the treatment goal of integration, this study challenges that idea. As the results of the study indicate, integration was not the most utilized goal of treatment among the participants of this study.

This study examined the prevalence of undiagnosed dissociative disorders in a sample of 201 adult patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital in a major metropolitan city in the south-central United States, over an eight-month period. A screening measure, two blind structured interviews, and a blind clinical interview were employed. The lifetime prevalence of dissociate disorders among the interviewed subjects was 40.8%. More specifically, 7.5% were diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, 15.4% with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, 13.4% with dissociative amnesia, and 4.5% with depersonalization disorder. Dissociative fugue was not found in this sample. Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were computed between the three interview measures, resulting in significant findings for the presence of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified versus no dissociative disorder. The Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were as follows: DDIS-DES-T = 0.81; SCID-D-DES-T = 0.76; Clinician-DES-T = 0.74, DDIS-SCID-D = 0.74; DDIS-Clinician = 0.71, and SCID-D-Clinician = 0.56. A meeting was conducted at the end of all subject interviews to discuss discrepant findings between measures. Four additional sub-analyses were performed between dissociative and non-dissociative subjects on DSM-IV variables. Patients diagnosed with a dissociative disorder had higher rates of comorbid major depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder, somatization disorder, and childhood history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Theoretical and methodological issues were discussed as they relate to these findings.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is a complex and often poorly understood dissociative disorder, characterised by disruption of identity with the presence of two or more distinct personality states (APA, 2013). Several theoretical models have been proposed to provide a framework within which to understand this client group. However little i known about the conceptualisation of this presentation by therapists working clinically with this population. The current study aimed to explore the subjective options of therapists regarding the conceptualisation of DID in clinical practice. Q-methodology was used in order to operationalise and analyse these subjective beliefs. A Q set of 54 statements was created from previously reported interview data (Stokoe, 2014) with clinicians who had significant experience in working with clients with DID. The Q set was then administered to 18 therapist participants, who were asked to Q sort the statements in relation to how essential the items were conceptualising or ‘formulating’ DID. Factor analysis identified three factors, suggesting the presence of three differing perspectives regarding the ‘essential’ features of the formulation of DID. Factor A focused on “Trauma, attachment and the internal system”, whilst Factor B, “The conscious experience of DID” prioritised the everyday experience of DID and Factor C emphasised the “Helpful aspects of DID Compartmentalising emotions to enable functioning”. There was consensus across all three factors regarding the ‘least essential’ items to include in their formulations. However, the identification of three statistically distinct factors indicates the existence of differing viewpoints amongst the therapist participants.

The representation of mental health disorders and syndromes has increased in contemporary literature, film and television. Characters with disorders and syndromes such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, autism and Asperger’s syndrome, Tourette’s syndrome, and dissociative identity disorder are common, leading to an increased critical engagement with these fictional texts. This thesis examines the representation of dissociative identity disorder (DID) in contemporary American fiction since 1994, concentrating on a small selection of texts: the novels Set This House in Order (2003) and Fight Club (1996), and the television shows Dollhouse (2009-2010) and United States of Tara (2009-2011). By engaging in turn with trauma theory, illness narratives and genre theory, and queer theory, this thesis argues that the texts metaphorically employ dissociative identity disorder as a means of resisting normativity, whether this is the systems of social normativity characters find themselves facing within the texts, or generic or narrative norms. In so doing, the texts position DID as a utopian condition: one that enables its sufferers to resist systems of normativity they encounter and champion non-normative identities. There is a tension evident here between metaphorical uses of disease within fiction and the real-world experiences of those who suffer from these disorders. By examining all the ways in which the texts resist norms and their utopian impulses, this thesis examines the extent to which these texts suggest DID can or should be universalised as a disorder of non-normativity.

Psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and the humanistic movement have, in the latter years of the twentieth century, been joined by a fourth psychological force, Transpersonal psychology. This study utilized a Qualitative methodology, Social-Constructivist orientation, Case Study design, and Dual Narrative format to explore the feasibility of utilizing a transpersonal approach in a case of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Sub-units of the investigation were (a) the treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder by traditional, psychoanalytic/medical model psychotherapy, (b) the functions of the altered states of consciousness within the client's personality system, (c) the functions of the Internal Self Helper in the integration of the client's fractured self, and (d) the theoretical orientation of the therapist and its impact upon the treatment process.

The foundation for this thesis was extrapolated from a case study of a male with Dissociative Identity Disorder. This study explores one man's journey of survival and the recurring issues that have deterred his complete healing. Sexual abuse is examined in its social and political context as well as issues related to male victimization. The myths and stereotypes surrounding males who have been sexually abused are addressed. The notion that only women are sexually abused and that men abuse, is challenged.
This case is analyzed by focusing on the trauma, the immediate effects, the immediate adaptation and the long term consequences. The long term effects are addressed in-depth and focus on issues such as grief and loss and attachment related difficulties. The theory that links attachment in infancy and attachment-related trauma to later dissociative symptoms is addressed. Also, the notion that abuse is often symptomatic of the system of caregiving within the family is argued. The nature and duration of the abuse is not random, but systematically related to the family's functioning. In this respect, Dissociative Identity Disorder is viewed as an adaptive technique resulting from an abusive situation, rather than a pathology.
The importance of incorporating a loss model in treating these individuals is emphasized by addressing non-bereavement losses and attachment related issues.

Awareness due to increase crime has highlighted the occurrence of immense personal and social problems. Problems resulting from disorders such as Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) are less common but have a profound impact on all of us. Research has shown that 97% of people with severe abuse and life trauma before the age of nine, develop DID. The objective of this study was to investigate (from the perspectives of therapists) the experience of people diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) in the workplace. A qualitative research design was used to capture the essence of the individual's experience thereby enabling the researcher to develop an understanding from the participant's point of view. In this study seven therapists were interviewed and each completed a questionnaire. This was the basis used to demonstrate the typical behaviour of DID in the workplace. The results indicated that DIDs cope to a certain extent but tend to switch (switching) personalities when exposed to trauma, stress or events that triggers past life trauma. Defense mechanisms and switching can have a negative influence on the organisation and its employees, but most of all on the DID. If professional treatment is available, the condition can be fully cured. Most patients treated were female, averaged 29 years of age, were single, and had experienced some kind of abuse. Patients experienced problems directly related to DID, such as lack of concentration, attention deficiency and memory loss, depression, migraine and constant headaches. Their behaviour is inconsistent and unpredictable, and they experience relationship problems. Results show that DIDs can hold relatively senior positions but tend to change jobs on a regular basis. Although this condition can be differentiated from other Psychological conditions, most DIDs have previously been misdiagnosed. A Psychological-based paradigm is mostly used to diagnose the condition. Recommendations to the organisation (especially to the HR department) and recommendations for future research were made.
Thesis (M.Com. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

In the last few decades, the incidence of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) has risen significantly. Most research into the aetiology of DID suggests that among other factors, a genetic propensity to pathologically dissociate is present in the development of the disorder. This thesis rejects the "innate predisposition" model of DID and aims to reconceptualise the disorder as an improvised social solution that is activated when external support structures are eroded. Insecure attachment, interrupted identity development and the acquisition of protective mechanisms are all identified as critical factors that, in the presence of trauma, lead to susceptibility to dissociate. The model put forth in this thesis postulates that DID is activated as an autodefault solution in the event of complete systemic psychological collapse. The improvised social solution is multifunctional, providing the illusion of order, the facility for conflict resolution and the provision of an internalised support structure.

There is a paucity of research on the diagnosis of dissociative disorders in children. Most children are misdiagnosed with more common mental disorders with similar symptoms. Earlier recognition of dissociative disorders can save years of pain, suffering, and cost. This qualitative collective case study examined the process of diagnosing dissociation in two children under the ages of 12 at the beginning of treatment. A concurrent focus on the training and development of the therapist/researcher is included. Archival data including progress notes, psychotherapy notes, assessments, correspondence, legal documents, school records, and medical records were analyzed using within-case and cross-case analyses to identify individual and common themes that may expedite the diagnosis of dissociative disorders in children. The narrative presentation of a qualitative study with its thick, rich description may increase the understanding of clinicians with little or no experience and help them to differentiate these disorders from other disorders with overlapping symptoms. Factors that impeded and advanced the recognition of dissociative disorders were identified. Clinical findings underscore the role of knowledge and training, experience, and consultation in the diagnosis of dissociative disorders.

This thesis aims to draw a unified picture of the relationship between Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) (APA, DSM-5, 2013), the affected person's attachment pattern, and specific characteristics of their trauma history. In particular, the analysis of these three elements focuses on cases where a person is persistently involved in a life of ongoing abuse, despite years of DID-specific psychotherapy. Based on attachment, forensic and psychoanalytic perspectives and on my extensive clinical work, I propose several new classifications to help identify and explain such cases, and ultimately improve their treatment. The first is further classification of the Disorganized Attachment (DA) category of attachment theory, to include two new sub-types: Concrete Infanticidal Attachment (IAc), which develops when a child needs to engage an attachment figure who only responds while the child is being severely abused, and Symbolic Infanticidal Attachment (IAs), which develops in response to severe but not abusive relational trauma, such as neglect. The second proposes a differentiation between two presentations of DID, Active and Stable. The first describes people who continue to be involved in a life of abuse even in adulthood, and their DID is thus constantly reinforced and recreated. The second pertains to people who bear the scars of childhood relational trauma but are safe at present and can focus on recovery from their traumatic past. Finally, I propose the Cyclical Model, which describes the relationship between severe childhood abuse, IAc and active DID as a self-perpetuating cycle. The term cyclicity is used to describe a repetitive, change-resisting quality of people with active DID. Cyclicity is attributed to their extreme levels of anxiety and terror. I argue that this quality, while 'quiet' and hard to detect, forms a major obstacle to recovery. Following these ideas, additional theoretical and clinical considerations are suggested as expansion to the Phase-Oriented Approach for the treatment of DID (ISSTD 2011). Key words: active DID, stable DID, attachment theory, childhood abuse, cyclicity, infanticidal attachment, relational trauma, phase-oriented treatment approach.

The purpose of this study was to examine forensic social workers' levels of knowledge about skepticism toward Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) in light of the controversy that surrounds the diagnosis. Relationships between demographic and professional practice variables and workers' levels of knowledge and skepticism were analyzed to assess the possible etiology of skepticism toward DID.

Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) often results from severe trauma during early childhood and is considered as the most severe and chronic manifestation of the dissociative disorders. This study aims to explore therapies used on patients with dissociative identity disorder and to obtain an overview of the dissociative identity disorder situation in Sweden according to the experts’ perspectives. To accomplish the objectives, a qualitative research was used and the data came from three interviews with experts in dissociative identity disorder field and a short literature review was conducted. The analysis was guided by the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural theories with a focus on the meaning of the interview texts. The result shows a positive trend of developments about the situation of dissociative identity disorder in Sweden. At the same time, it proves that social workers in Sweden have a long way to go in this field with therapists major in dissociative identity disorder. When it comes to therapists used by professionals, plenary effective therapies along with innovative therapies would be put in use in dissociative identity disorder field.

Master of Arts
Department of Communications Studies
Sarah E. Riforgiate
At 47 years old, Lori is a high-functioning businesswoman, matriarch, and contributing member of society. Lori is also diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). From age 3, Lori was violently raped and assaulted by several perpetrators, yet views her multiple personalities as strength, as survival mechanisms, and wants to share her story to help prevent child sexual abuse. Utilizing methods drawn from communication studies, ethnodrama, and autoethnography, this study aims to tell a person’s story in her own words and in a format that can easily be shared with both academic and non-academic audiences. Lori’s story is woven together as an ethnodramatic play that includes original interview transcripts along with an autoethnographic monologue describing the experience of writing someone’s truth when it challenges the hegemonic views of society, and instead embraces the feminist ideals of equality and deconstruction of power. Academic research needs to reach further than academic journals to make a true impact. Through the non-conventional venues of autoethnography and ethnodrama, we can breathe life into our research and provide accessibility to innovative information for those who may need it most.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Psychology, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], vi, 103 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-88).

Rationale: Research into patient's lived experiences of diagnosis is an important and emerging area of research. There are no studies on the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder in this regard which represents a significant gap in the research. This research examines how individuals diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) construe their experiences of being given what remains to be, a controversial diagnosis. Method: A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five women and two men diagnosed with DID. A Framework Analysis of the data was conducted. Findings: Analysis identified two overarching themes: "Diagnosis cross-examined" and "Navigating care systems". These were comprised of further themes which reflected the positive and negative aspects of living with the diagnosis, as well as the challenges encountered before, during and after diagnosis whilst seeking help for their distress. Discussion: The findings indicated that individuals diagnosed with DID had similar experiences of being stigmatised and issues accessing care, to the experiences reported by research into other contentious diagnoses. Furthermore, participants diagnosed with DID encountered additional difficulties which were particular to the controversy that surrounds this diagnosis and made accessing services more problematic.

The following dissertation involves intensively entering into dialogue with those suffering from dissociative identity disorder (DID) regarding their perceived encounters with the Divine during severe psychological trauma. The nature of the overlap with those who have had spiritual awakenings during near-death experiences (NDEs) and during peritraumatic dissociation is investigated and studied phenomenologically, through an imaginal research paradigm. The insights gleaned from both populations should inform and guide treatment for dissociative disorders and help NDErs cope with and integrate aftereffects while further exploring how the soul apparently survives psychological and physical trauma. In addition, many survivors speak of perceived otherworldly protection from guardian spirits during their traumata. Are NDErs, mystics, and DID individuals accessing an archetypal Self-care system which guides, protects, comforts, and informs, and whose presence is more readily acknowledged during altered states of consciousness?

It is challenging to understand the spiritual implications of survival from torture and how the apparently “disintegrated” mind of DID may actually be more fully integrated and connected to the transcendent. In the attempt to make meaning and find solace during times of intense psychological agony, it is heartening to know that the mind appears to tap into a restorative energetic field, as substantiated by quantum physics, mysticism, near-death research, and work with dissociative conditions. Through a thorough exploration of the subject with those who have felt abandoned, betrayed, and then comforted and nurtured by the Divine, there may appear a set of phenomena, ideas, and insights that could prove transformative in the daily struggles of the severely traumatized individual. The role of an exceedingly helpful yet elusive Ally, Essence, witness, or spiritual helper as human-Divine bridge appears to be a construct validated by many who have elicited safety and comfort from this apparently compassionate universal energy. This Essence may be the key to understanding the nature of the life-saving defenses of the Spirit. This transpersonal agent of transformation and guidance appears to be available to us all if we can learn to open ourselves to its presence. Thus, those who have traversed the edges of “sanity” may well become our best spiritual teachers.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) shares clinical features with schizophrenia and differentiating these disorders can be difficult. This study aims to determine whether cognitive functioning and indicators of cognitive decline can distinguish DID from schizophrenia. Findings of this study suggest a simple cognitive task combined with a measurement of estimated premorbid cognitive functioning helps distinguish those with a diagnosis of DID from schizophrenia where clinical symptoms alone do not permit clear differentiation.

Progress in the study and treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) has been hampered by ideological debate regarding its validity. This is particularly the case when patient's suffering from DID also report ritualistic abuse. Part of the difficulty has been that past studies have not established independent checks to assess whether alters are artefacts introduced by therapeutic bias. This study addressed this issue by using independent judges to test the validity of a patient being treated for DID who claimed ritualistic abuse. The judges were 16 clinicians with an average of 21 years experience in their respective disciplines. The study also examined the development and treatment of alter personalities through a detailed examination of case material. The patient had been in continuous therapy with the author and treatment had been conducted using the self psychology model. The study involved three phases.

Progress in the study and treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) has been hampered by ideological debate regarding its validity. This is particularly the case when patient's suffering from DID also report ritualistic abuse. Part of the difficulty has been that past studies have not established independent checks to assess whether alters are artefacts introduced by therapeutic bias. This study addressed this issue by using independent judges to test the validity of a patient being treated for DID who claimed ritualistic abuse. The judges were 16 clinicians with an average of 21 years experience in their respective disciplines. The study also examined the development and treatment of alter personalities through a detailed examination of case material. The patient had been in continuous therapy with the author and treatment had been conducted using the self psychology model. The study involved three phases.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is described in DSM-IV as ‘The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states’. The diagnosis is controversial and some mental health professionals were against its inclusion in DSM-V, which was published in May 2013. The concept of DID has its roots in beliefs about possession, hypnosis and hysteria, and it is these three different theoretical origins which shape current theories of DID and which underlie the fierce debates which surround it. Parts of the Church still adhere to the pre scientific view that multiple personalities indicate demonic activity, and mental health professionals can be divided into those who see DID as a product of hypnosis, and so are likely to view it as an iatrogenic condition, and those who view it as a dissociative disorder and believe it to be caused by severe abuse in childhood. Failure to reach agreement about the nature and cause of DID has led to misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Through an application of the Mimetic Theory of René Girard, this paper will propose a theory of multiple personalities which could be utilised by all disciplines. Mimetic Theory is often studied in three parts: psychological, sociological and theological. Maintaining that tripartite structure, principles of interdividual psychology will be used to explain the creation of new identities, the Scapegoat Mechanism will explain why those who have been abused continue to be victimised, and a theological engagement will produce a model of care which is safe, effective and appropriate for both church and clinical settings.

Bibliography: leaves 57-61.
This dissertation reviews issues in the literature relating to the psychotherapeutic treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder (formerly Multiple Personality Disorder.) Over the last three decades, significant developments have been made in the areas of dissociative disorders research and clinical practice.

Background: The role and nature of conflict in DID is underexplored beyond theoretical deduction. The present study sought to explore the subjective experience of conflict and the nature of conflict in psychiatric patients diagnosed with DID. Methodology: Qualitative methods were used for this study. First-hand accounts in the form of secondary data were explored – i.e. typed transcriptions of previously recorded in-depth interviews. A collective case study design was used, and the data analysed using thematic analysis alongside the constant comparison analysis method as formulated by Boeije (2002) Findings: Three main themes emerged from the data, viz.: 1) participants’ levels of separateness and unity of the self, 2) participants’ experience of having one or more incompatible and conflicting worldviews about their DID, and 3) the type and nature of conflict that arises between dissociative identities, i.e., conflict of information in awareness, conflicting actions or behaviours, conflicting ways of feelings, conflicting goals, conflicting values, and battle of wills. Conclusion: DID patients experienced distinct and separate parts or identities and these identities were experienced as separate to a lesser or greater extent. The participants’ understanding of the origin of their DID is contextually situated and variable. The conflict between one’s various belief systems may contribute to further dissociation. The study also revealed the nature of the different types of conflict that may be present between participants’ dissociative identities. Conflict between dissociative identities was found to be pervasive and multifaceted. The study provides insight into the complexities of conflict between dissociative identities as well as the role of awareness in DID.
Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Psychology
Masters of Research Psychology
Unrestricted

Syftet med denna kvalitativa innehållsanalys är att undersöka hur stereotyper, stigmatisering och trivialisering kring psykisk störning, närmare bestämt personer med dissociativ identitetsstörning, bibehålls genom gestaltningar i film, samt hur gestaltningen skiljer sig åt inom två filmer ur olika genrer, skräck- och komedifilm. Med filmerna Mina jag och Irene och Hide and Seek som analysunderlag, och med hjälp av ett representationsteoretiskt perspektiv, applicerades ett analysschema på sekvenser ur materialet som, genom de semiotiska analysverktygen denotation och konnotation, användes för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor. Resultatet visade att båda filmerna upprätthöll stigmatiserande och/eller trivialiserande skildringar av dissociativ identitetsstörning men att de skiljde sig åt i sitt sätt att porträttera störningen. Dessa sätt leder till olika uppfattningar om störningen men har snarlika verkliga konsekvenser.
The purpose of this qualitative content analysis is to investigate how stereotypes, stigmatization and trivialization around psychological disorders, more specifically around people with dissociative identity disorder, are maintained through representation in films and how the representation differs within two different film genres, horror and comedy films. With the films Me, myself & Irene and Hide and Seek as the basis for the analysis and by using the theoretical concepts of representation, stigma and trivialization, an analysis scheme was applied to sequences from the material, which, through the semiotic analysis tools denotation and connotation, were used to answer the study's research questions. The results showed that both films maintained stigmatizing and/or trivializing depictions of dissociative identity disorder but that they differed in their way of portraying the disorder. These approaches lead to different perceptions of the disorder but have similar real-life consequences.

Introdução e justificativa. A dissociação pode ser definida como a temporária desconexão (patológica ou não patológica) entre módulos psíquicos e / ou motores que se encontram, em geral, sob o controle voluntário ou acesso direto da consciência, do repertório comportamental usual e / ou do autoconceito (Krippner, 1997). As pesquisas internacionais têm sustentado sua recorrente associação com determinadas crenças e experiências alegadamente paranormais e / ou de cunho religioso. Tais crenças e experiências estão também frequentemente correlacionadas com outras variáveis ligadas à dissociação como sintomas depressivos e ansiógenos, queixas somáticas, trauma infantil e transliminaridade. O fato de algumas pessoas apresentarem características psicológicas que as predispõem a tais ocorrências sugere a importância de se compreender melhor como nelas se dá a formação da identidade, seu desenvolvimento cognitivo, emocional e social, de modo a permitir uma abordagem mais ampla de outros aspectos envolvidos nessas alegações e na assunção de várias dessas crenças. A revisão da literatura indica grande quantidade de estudos quantitativos e poucos estudos de natureza qualitativa, com a consequente ausência de aprofundamento em aspectos biográficos e sociais. Até o momento, não existem estudos brasileiros sobre as relações entre dissociação, crença paranormal e transliminaridade. Objetivos. Investigar as relações existentes entre dissociação (e seus tipos específicos), crença e formação da identidade em grupos religiosos e não religiosos de participantes brasileiros; Pesquisar os possíveis fatores etiológicos das experiências dissociativas e das crenças e experiências paranormais, bem como suas interações, a partir do estudo de variáveis psicopatológicas e psicossociais diversas; Investigar o papel dos processos inconscientes na formação e manutenção das crenças e experiências paranormais; Verificar a extensão e o impacto dos processos dissociativos e das crenças e práticas paranormais e religiosas na formação da identidade e na história de vida, com especial atenção ao desenvolvimento afetivo / emocional e social do indivíduo; Aprofundar a compreensão do contexto grupal e social de inserção dos participantes, de modo a averiguar como tal contexto contribui na construção de suas crenças e experiências, e de como estas afetam ou determinam, em contrapartida, esse mesmo contexto; Pesquisar empiricamente o nível de adesão a crenças religiosas tradicionais e outras categorias de crença paranormal em grupos religiosos e não religiosos de participantes brasileiros. Método. De modo a permitir certa generalização para os dados obtidos na pesquisa, bem como, paralelamente, um aprofundamento nos processos individuais e coletivos de construção da identidade, utilizou-se de uma proposta de investigação tanto quantitativa quanto qualitativa. Por meio de questionário sociodemográfico e escalas, compôs-se a frente quantitativa do estudo. No que diz respeito à frente qualitativa, empregou-se entrevistas biográficas abertas, questionário semi-dirigido sobre experiências anômalas / paranormais e observações de campo. Pressupondo-se que determinados contextos religiosos são aparentemente mais receptivos e estimuladores de vivências dissociativas, e que afiliações religiosas mais tradicionais ou mesmo grupos ateístas tenderiam a estimular menos esse tipo de experiências, os participantes do estudo foram divididos em três grupos, com vistas a uma análise mais detalhada dessas diferenças: grupo um (espíritas, umbandistas e membros de círculos esotéricos e ocultistas), grupo dois (outros religiosos e pessoas sem afiliação definida) e grupo três (ateus e agnósticos), abrangendo um total de 1450 respondentes para a frente quantitativa. O único critério de exclusão foi a idade (18 anos ou mais). O número de entrevistas biográficas (22) e de observações de campo (31) foi determinado com base no critério de saturação. No caso das entrevistas, considerou-se também certo equilíbrio em termos de gênero, idade e número de participantes acima e abaixo da nota de corte utilizada para diferenciar high e low scorers em dissociação. Para efetuarmos a análise dos dados, recorremos às hipóteses propaladas na literatura psicológica e sociológica recente acerca das crenças e experiências paranormais e de sua relação com os fenômenos dissociativos, buscando avaliar até que ponto nossos dados confirmavam ou não tais modelos hipotéticos. Nossas avaliações também tiveram como pano de fundo trabalhos que versam sobre os processos de construção psicossocial da identidade no mundo contemporâneo e sobre as transformações mais recentes na família e na religião (Bauman, 2005, 2007; Castells, 1999; Giddens, 2002; Paiva, 2007; Poster, 1979), bem como sobre novas formas de subjetivação e sofrimento psíquico (Roudinesco, 2006), incluindo contribuições de teorias psicodinâmicas atualmente em voga, em particular a teoria do apego (Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2008) e a teoria da gestão do terror (Pyzscynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Principais resultados. O grupo um e o grupo dois não diferiram em termos de dissociação cognitiva, mas ambos pontuaram acima dos ateus e agnósticos. Não obstante, o grupo um obteve média significativamente maior em dissociação somatoforme (sintomas conversivos e psicossomáticos), crença paranormal e transliminaridade comparativamente aos demais grupos. Não houve diferença entre os grupos para os relatos de experiência traumática na infância. A escala de experiências dissociativas correlacionou positiva e significativamente, embora em diferentes graus de magnitude, com a crença paranormal, a transliminaridade, a medida composta de sintomas psicossomáticos, a escala de sintomas conversivos e várias formas de experiência traumática na infância. Todavia, quando controlados os efeitos da transliminaridade, a correlação entre dissociação e crença se desfez, apontando para um possível paper mediador da transliminaridade na relação entre as duas variáveis. A dissociação (somatoforme e cognitiva) não foi elevada nos líderes dos grupos visitados, mas se observou histórico de aparente somatização em alguns casos. Indivíduos com escores elevados na escala de experiências dissociativas denotaram personalidade regredida e impulsiva, além de relatarem mais experiências anômalas espontâneas. Discussão. Sugere-se a existência de dois tipos de dissociação, uma tendencial, outra contextual. Sugere-se também a existência de uma série de mecanismos psicossociais de mimetismo, desempenho de papéis e gerenciamento da impressão que podem passar por fenômenos dissociativos, embora não o sejam. Relaciona-se o fenômeno da crença paranormal, do sincretismo religioso e da dissociação a variáveis sócio-históricas mais amplas, como a procura por sensação nas sociedades contemporâneas, certas consequências do processo de secularização, as relações de consumo, identidades líquidas e uma compensação frente a padrões de apego familiares desorganizados. Relaciona-se a personalidade regredida e impulsiva dos high scorers a formas de defesa narcísicas, a uma maior flexibilidade da barreira entre consciência e inconsciente e a uma manutenção da infância e da fantasia na vida adulta. Associa-se o aumento das crenças paranormais e religiosas com a idade à saliência da morte (teoria da gestão do terror), e certos aspectos da psicodinâmica adolescente ao ateísmo, que se mostrou mais frequente entre adultos jovens e adolescentes em conflito com suas famílias
Introduction and rationale. Dissociative experiences can be defined as reported experiences and observed behaviours that seem to exist apart from, or appear to have been disconnected from, the mainstream, or flow, of ones conscious awareness, behavioural repertoire, and/or self-identity (Krippner, 1997). Research has long sustained a positive relationship between dissociation and paranormal beliefs and experiences. Allegations of paranormal phenomena are also frequently correlated with dissociation-related variables such as depression and anxiety symptoms, somatic complaints, childhood trauma and transliminality. The fact that some people have psychological characteristics that predispose them to such occurrences suggests the importance of studying their identity formation and cognitive, emotional and psychsocial development in order to gain insight into other aspects involved in the assumption of paranormal beliefs. The literature on paranormal beliefs indicates large amount of quantitative studies and few qualitative data, with a consequent gap in biographical and cultural aspects. The majority of studies have also neglected contextual and social variables which are better understood through interviews and ethnographic observations. There is virtually no Brazilian studies on the subject of dissociation, paranormal belief and transliminality. Objectives. 1) To investigate the relationship between dissociation, paranormal belief and associated variables, including its possible impact on the life history and identity of Brazilian respondents from different religious and non-religious groups; 2) To identify some of the possible etiological factors underlying the presumed association between dissociativ eexperiences and paranormal beliefs, from the study of several psychosocial and psychopathological variables; 3) To investigate the role of unconscious and psychodynamic processes in the formation and maintenance of paranormal beliefs and experiences; 4) To improve the understanding of the social context underlying religious and non-religious dissociative practices, in order to ascertain how such a context assist in the construction of certain experiences or beliefs, and, on the other hand, how these beliefs and experiences affect or determine the same context; 5) To explore the level of adherence to traditional religious beliefs and other categories of paranormal belief in religious and non-religious groups of Brazilian participants; 6) To compose a Brazilian sample that could map the associations between the aforementioned variables, aiming to a comparison with data from other sociocultural contexts. Methods. A quali-quantitative approach was proposed. Through socio-demographic questionnaires and psychological scales, it was designed a quantitative online questionnaire. Regarding qualitative techniques, the study employed 1) biographical interviews, 2) semi-structured interviews concerning the phenomenology of paranormal / anomalous experiences and 3) field observations. Assuming that certain religious contexts are apparently more receptive to dissociative experiences, and that more traditional religious affiliations or even atheist groups tend to discourage such experiences, the participants were divided into three groups, with a view to a more detailed analysis of these differences: group one (also called dissociators: spiritualists, umbandists, members of esoteric groups, catholic carismatics and pentecostals); group two (members of other religious affiliations and people without defined philosophical or religious affiliation) and group three (atheists and agnostics), covering a total of 1450 respondents. The only exclusion criterion was age (18-years-old or above). The number of biographical interviews (22) and field observations (31) was determined on the basis of data saturation criterion. For the qualitative interviews, a balance was seek in terms of gender, age and number of participants above or below the cutoff (>= 20) used to differentiate high and low scorers on the Dissociative Experiences Scale. To perform data analysis, we considered some of the most important sociological and psychological hypotheses concerning the relationship between dissociation and paranormal beliefs and experiences, assessing the extent to which our data confirmed or not such hypothetical models. We were also based on works dealing with the psychosocial construction of identity in the contemporary world and the most recent changes in family and religion (Bauman, 2005, 2007, Castells, 1999; Giddens, 2002; Paiva 2007; Poster, 1979), as well as new forms of subjectivity and 7 psychological distress (Roudinesco, 2006), including contributions from psychodynamic theories currently in vogue, particularly the Attachment theory (Granqvist & Kirkpatrick, 2008) and the Terror Management Theory (Pyzscynski, Solomon & Greenberg, 2003). Main results. The group one and group two did not differ in terms of cognitive dissociation, but both scored above atheists and agnostics. Nevertheless, the group one scored significantly higher in somatoform dissociation (conversion and psychosomatic symptoms), paranormal belief, syncretism and transliminality compared to the other groups. There was no difference between the groups for reports of childhood traumatic experiences. The Dissociative Experiences Scale correlated positively and significantly, though in different degrees of magnitude, with paranormal belief, transliminality, the composite measure of psychosomatic symptoms (somatization, depression and anxiety combined), an original scale of conversion symptoms and various forms of childhood traumatic experience. However, when controlling for the effects of transliminality, the correlation between dissociation and belief disappeared, indicating a possible mediator effect of transliminality on the relationship between the other two variables. Dissociation (somatoform and cognitive) was not high on the leaders of the groups visited, but a history of apparent somatization was observed in some of these cases. High scorers on the dissociative experiences scale denoted regressive and impulsive behaviors, and reported more spontaneous anomalous experiences. Discussion. We suggest the existence of two types of dissociation: tendential and contextual. It is also suggested the existence of a number of psychosocial mechanisms of mimicry, role playing and impression management which may be wrongly interpreted as dissociative phenomena. Paranormal beliefs, religious syncretism, new age mentality and dissociative tendencies are hypothesized to be influenced by broader socio-historical variables such secularization and globalization, consumer relations, liquid identities and a compensation for disorganized attachment patterns developed in childhood. The regressive and impulsive personality of high scorers is described in terms of narcissistic defense mechanisms, flexibility of boundaries between conscious and unconscious processes, and a tendency to extend childhood fantasy into adult life. The increase in paranormal belief with age is explained as a result of mortality salience (terror management theory), but also in terms of a generational conflict, as atheism showed to be more frequent among adolescents and young adults in disagreement with their families

&ldquo
Dissociative Identity Disorder&rdquo
, also known as split or multiple personality disorder, made its appearance in literature in the form of &lsquo
the double&rsquo
, a projected dual personality. Ralph Tymms is believed to be the first to use the psychological provenance of the double as a literary device. To date, many publications have been made on Dissociative Identity Disorder, and many literary works dealing with &lsquo
the double&rsquo
have been published. However, the subject of the double, in all its literary and psychological manifestations, has not yet found the sufficient research and up-to-date study that it deserves. This paper ventures to study some of the links between Modern British Drama and Clinical and Social Psychology. It analyses the fact that although people adopting Dissociative Identity Disorder as a defence mechanism against social and personal constrictions are viewed outside the norms of personality structure, this practice allows them to create a personal space and a personal voice in the conditions they find themselves in. To this end, the characters Susan, Gareth, and Alan in the plays Woman in Mind, Philadelphia, Here I Come!, and Equus, written by Alan Ayckbourn, Brian Friel, and Peter Shaffer, respectively, will be studied.

La conscience de soi permet à un individu de se connaître et de réaliser son action sur le monde. Ces travaux concernent la compréhension des liens entre la conscience de soi et les formes de mémoire associées au self (mémoire épisodique et autobiographique) des patients et des patientes présentant des troubles de la mémoire associés au stress. Trois populations ont été étudiées : des patient∙e∙s présentant un ictus amnésique idiopathique, des patients∙e∙s avec une amnésie dissociative et des personnes exposées à un trauma (les attaques du 13/11/2015 à Paris) présentant ou non un trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT). Ces trois perturbations de la mémoire ont en commun leur origine fonctionnelle (atteinte de la fonction cognitive sans lésion « mécanique » des structures cérébrales qui sous-tendent cette fonction) et la présence récurrente d’un événement stressant, voire traumatique pour le TSPT, dans le déclenchement du trouble. Ce travail adopte une double perspective, à la fois fondamentale (contribuer aux modèles décrivant les relations entre mémoire et conscience de soi) et clinique (contribuer à la compréhension des symptômes mnésiques associés au stress dans une perspective neuropsychologique). Cette thèse commence par une introduction théorique visant à définir les différents concepts dissimulés sous les dénominations génériques de « conscience », de « self » et de « conscience de soi ». Ensuite, trois études originales sont présentées étudiant différentes dimensions de la conscience de soi en situation de perturbation mnésique liée au stress. La première étudie la focalisation de l’attention sur soi chez des patient∙e∙s présentant ou ayant présenté un ictus amnésique idiopathique. La seconde étude compare l’utilisation des pronoms personnels dans les récits autobiographiques de patient∙e∙s en phase aiguë d’ictus amnésique et dans ceux de personnes avec une amnésie dissociative. Enfin, la troisième étude explore les contenus de récits personnels associés ou non à un traumatisme selon les participant∙e∙s, chez des personnes ayant été exposées aux attaques du 13/11 à Paris. La discussion propose une ouverture sur les origines cérébrales des mécanismes observés dans le cadre de ces études et s’inscrit dans un large champ de recherche qui cherche à expliquer les conséquences neurocognitives du stress sur la mémoire des individus
Self-awareness allow individuals to know themselves and be aware of their action toward the world. The present work is focused on relationships between self-awareness and self related form of memory (episodic and autobiographical memory)

碩士
國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
96
Criminal law issues regarding individuals with mental disorders have always been hard for legal practices in Taiwan to tackle. Although forensic psychiatric evaluations can be performed to provide expert input, problems still prevail in actual practice. Courts, for instance, often either depend excessively on evaluation opinions and render the exercise of judicial discretion to psychiatric evaluators, or arbitrarily negate evaluation opinions without substantial reasons. The individualities of defendants with mental illness, therefore, are overlooked. This leads to concerns about justification of punishment. As long as these problems remain unsolved, it is difficult for us to reach appropriate judgments about behaviors committed by individuals with psychotic disorders (even this kind of mental disorder plays an important role in real practices). Furthermore, when it comes to Dissociative Identity Disorder (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder), which is still unfamiliar to our courts, judicial decisions will inevitably become even more arbitrary and capricious. This thesis holds that the attitude of “Seeing Others” is the key solution to these predicaments. Judicial personnel should motivate themselves to approach “others” and try to understand “others” with this attitude. Only when the existences and real situations of individuals with mental disorders are recognized can legal judgments conform to our beliefs. In view of the aforesaid position, this thesis introduces diagnostic criteria, features, and related legal discourses of Psychotic Disorders and Dissociative Identity Disorder. Although not elucidated in detail, they might still serve as reference materials while we are dealing with issues involving the disorders. In conclusion, based on the variety and complexity of psychotic symptoms, judgments about criminal liability of individuals with psychotic disorders should avoid routinely indulging in generalizations and stereotypes── like General Non-responsibility Theory. Defendants’ symptoms and their effects on defendants’ mental state and physical condition at the time of the crime should be considered before judicial decisions are made. As to defendants with Dissociative Identity Disorder, no matter how we view alters, the criteria proposed by Modified Unified Theory should be able to apply to all circumstances. Thus, if and only if all alters meet the legal requisites necessary to be found guilty, the justification for punishment can finally be confirmed.

The role of rule-governance in producing verbal behaviour associated with dissociative identity disorder (DID) was investigated, using a single-factor, between-subjects design. Fifty-two undergraduates role-played the part of an accused murderer undergoing a psychiatric assessment to prepare a legal defense. Participants were assigned randomly to one of three groups, a DID rule group, a self-defense rule group, or a control group. Participants then underwent a mock psychiatric assessment. Specific verbal behaviour of participants during the assessment was analyzed between groups. The hypothesis that individuals in the DID group would demonstrate more verbal behaviour associated with DID than those in either of the other groups was supported by data from a structured interview and a self-report measure; however, a statistically significant difference among groups was observed on only one (initial denial) of six dimensions on an unstructured interview. This latter result suggests that the contextual cues and perceived situational demands associated with the mock psychiatric interview were powerful enough to overcome the effect of the differential instructions.
February 2008

碩士
國立東華大學
諮商與臨床心理學系
106
The purpose of this study is to explore what is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) experience for diagnosed cases. Through interviews, we will explore interviewee’s lived experience from onset to be diagnosed as DID and after long-term treatment to now, including how DID are presented to them and how are they experienced DID, how to influence interviewee’s interaction with the world and medical system. This study uses phenomenological methods to analyze. Through phenomenological methods, we find that the general structure covered by the naming of DID contains three different orientations’ fractures: the fracture of sources of their own experience, the fracture of their time-experience or discontinuity of time, and the break in the common understanding of “I” to others. Under this structure, the appearance of different "identity/personality" as a result, which happens after the interaction of interviewee and their own experience and "others/world". They could also be an explanation which can cover all the experience happen to them. After that, interviewees get the possibility to reconnect with their experience and with "others/world".

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário para obtenção de grau de Mestre em Psicologia Clínica
O Inferno de Alice relata na primeira pessoa, a história de vida de Alice Jamieson, diagnosticada com Perturbação Dissociativa de Identidade. Trata-se de uma autobiografia, que narra os abusos sexuais que sofreu desde os seis meses até à idade adulta. Com o apoio da perspetiva psicanalítica, pretendemos compreender de que forma estes abusos contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da Perturbação Dissociativa de Identidade. Esta análise assenta num referencial teórico atual sobre o tema, assim como, na pesquisa sobre o conceito de identidade, uma vez que se trata de um conceito indispensável para a compreensão da Perturbação Dissociativa de Identidade. Trata-se de um estudo de caso em que se pretende compreender o sujeito e a sua vivência com a perturbação.
ABSTRACT: Today I'm Alice reports in the first person, the life story of Alice Jamieson, diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder. It is an autobiography, which chronicles the sexual abuse he suffered from six months to adulthood. With the support of the psychoanalytic perspective, we intend to understand how these abuses contributed to the development of Dissociative Identity Disorder. This analysis is based on a current theoretical reference on the subject, as well as on the research on the concept of identity, since it is an indispensable concept for the understanding of Dissociative Identity Disorder. It is a case study in which one intends to understand the subject and her experience with the disturbance.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
表演藝術研究所
107
This interpretation report analyzes and discusses the two　personality/characters of Jay and Hyde in the Broadway musical "Transformation". This interpretation report is divided into six chapters. The first chapter, the purpose and motivation of narrative research, as well as research methods and architecture. The second chapter, the background of the musical "Transformation of the strange doctor", this chapter is divided into five sections, the first section, the British Victorian background, the second section, the introduction of psychiatry in the development of the script before and after the age, third Festival, composer background exploration, the fourth section, composer background and script exploration, the fifth section, from the original novel to the musical adaptation. The third chapter is the analysis of the script, the first section is the Dissociative Identity Disorder (dual personality); the second section is the script outline and structure analysis; the third section is the role introduction; the fourth section is a summary of the first three sections. The fourth chapter is Henry. Jack and Edward. Hyde's role analysis, from the perspective of Dissociative Identity Disorder (dual personality), and then explore the influence and relationship of Dissociative Identity Disorder(dual personality) on the role of Jake and Hyde; further, from the clue analysis in the text The role of two personality and the relationship with other characters, analysis and comparison to make the role more explicit activation, match the role of the image, and finally classify the two personality roles in four stages, summarize Jie Can be developed with Hyde in the play. The fifth chapter is the theme of the interpretation report. Fourteen songs were selected, which analyzed the music, the lyrics and the subtexts, inner emotions, external actions... In the sixth chapter, after the author completes the first five chapters, I will make a general conclusion for this study.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA – Instituto Universitário para a obtenção do grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica
Kim Noble é uma artística britânica diagnosticada com a Perturbação Dissociativa de Identidade, que até a data tem conhecimento de 20 alter-egos. Embora esta perturbação tenha vindo a ser estudada, existem algumas lacunas no modo de compreender como se repara/reconstrói o Eu, e por sua vez o objeto interno através do objeto artístico. Como tal, este estudo pretende compreender como a arte ajudou, terapeuticamente, na reconstrução do Eu fragmentado de Kim Noble. De forma a estudar o funcionamento psíquico de Kim Noble, realizou-se um estudo de caso segundo uma perspetiva psicodinâmica, com a realização de três análises: entrevista, autobiografia e 17 quadros por ordem cronológica de 14 alter-egos da artista. Nas análises verificamos a reparação do objeto interno e a reconstrução do Eu. Porém esta reconstrução não se revelou total, coesa e constante, dado que surgem, ainda, algumas defesas primitivas como a negação da realidade e a dissociação, dificultando a aceitação de si mesma, incluindo os traumas sexuais experienciados. Posto isto, obteve um Eu em mosaico, com uma ligação do uno e do múltiplo, na qual a Kim (uno) apenas consegue adaptar-se e viver com o auxilio dos alter-egos (múltiplo). Esta ligação e reconstrução do Eu apenas se revelou possível pela manutenção e coesão do ego corporal de Kim Noble, dado que verificou-se que durante o processo de fragmentação do Eu, Kim conseguiu manter estável o ego corporal, base esta para simbolizar, subliminar e reparar o Eu com o objeto artístico.
Kim Noble is a British artist diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, who, to date, has been aware of 20 alter-egos. Although this disturbance has been studied, there are some gaps in the way of understanding how to repair/rebuild the Self, and in turn, the inner object through the artistic object. As such, this study intends to understand how art helped, therapeutically, in the reconstruction of Kim Noble's fragmented Self. In order to study the psychic functioning of Kim Noble, a case study was carried out according to a psychodynamic perspective, with three interviews: interview, written autobiography and 17 paintings in chronological order of 14 alter-egos by the artist. In the analysis we found the repair of the internal object and the reconstruction of the Self. However, this reconstruction did not prove to be total, cohesive and constant, given that some primitive defenses, such as the denial of reality and the dissociation, including the sexual traumas experienced. Having achieved this, she obtained a mosaic I with a connection of the one and the multiple, in which Kim (one) can only adapt and live with the help of the alter-egos (multiple). This connection and reconstruction of the Self was only possible through the maintenance and cohesion of Kim Noble's bodily ego, since it was found that during the process of fragmentation of the Self, Kim was able to keep the bodily ego stable, to symbolize, subliminal, and repair the self with the artistic object.

Robert Kegan says that sacred leadership is a particular order of consciousness that applies to people who have navigated their emotional stages of development to become individuals who go beyond the ego to become ‘sacred’ in their thinking and being. They are leaders who motivate and inspire others to follow them. In Aboriginal communities in Australia, Elders have always been considered leaders because of similar qualities to those espoused by Kegan and other western sacred and visionary leadership theorists. Indigenous researchers and writers in the field express the wisdom of our Elders as leaders in our language that espouses similar theories of sacredness. This thesis examines Elders as sacred leaders through the process of their development in Aboriginal culture, education and experiences and analyses that through the western and Indigenous leadership theoretical lens. The research was undertaken utilising Robert Kegan’s theories of western leadership, in particular, his work on higher levels of thinking in transformational leadership from an educational psychology perspective and Erik Erickson’s Stages of Human Development in addition examining the research of Indigenous leadership researchers and writers internationally and nationally. In addition, to explain the transformative processes of achieving higher levels of thinking when one’s development is arrested through colonisation, violence, abuse, dependency and acculturation, the thesis seeks to find what practices or events in cultural development supported an individuals’ movement through the levels of thinking to sacred leadership based in these theories. The thesis examines whether these western theories have any application, correlation or parallels in Aboriginal culture. Utilising an Indigenous research methodology, four Aboriginal storytellers on their Roads to Eldership describe their life’s journeys which are then analysed to ascertain their development stages, levels of thinking, and their values and motivations as leaders and Elders. The aim is to ascertain whether these storytellers have achieved higher levels of thinking on their road to Eldership, through navigating their stages of development, and overcoming any arrested development experiences, challenges, adversities and their transformational actions. Furthermore, the thesis shows how Tjukurpa Pulka - following the Law in action, and the inclusion of cultural and ceremonial life - contributes to healing arrested development and enables development to Eldership and the choice to move onto become visionary and sacred leaders. On the basis of my findings, the stories told, point to a contemporary practice of an ancient form of leadership development that mirrors the qualities and traits of higher levels of thinking. It shows how sacred leadership levels can be achieved through participation in cultural life, living in the Tjukurpa – the Law and spiritual business – and engaging in ceremonies, service to community, visioning and healing recovery processes. This study is important to show that Aboriginal culture has had a generational process of educating children and young adults with the vision of creating Elders as leaders who can serve their communities and it crosses clan groups because of the impacts of separation through colonisation. The research has a contribution to make to the maintenance of Aboriginal cultural knowledge specifically and to understanding the oral teachings and learnings of an ancient culture, as well as showing how this information can be applied to leadership development and theory in the present modern world.