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Journal articles on the topic 'Dissociative identity disorder'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Bravo, J., I. Canelas da Silva, and F. Buta. "Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case of three Selfs." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S955—S956. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2027.

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IntroductionThe DSM-5 defines dissociation as “disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior”. The disorders in this group include depersonalization/derealization disorder, dissociative amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder, the last being a controversial entity.Dissociative disorders are associated with elevated levels of disability, impaired quality of life, high economic cost, and a significantly increased risk of suicide attempts.ObjectivesIn this work we present the case of a 21-year-old man that was assisted in the Emergency Room with dissociative symptoms. We intend to do a non-systematic review on the subject of dissociation symptoms, the psychiatric disorders in which they are present, identified risk factors, how to access the psychopathology features and the recommended treatment to best address them.MethodsFor a comprehensive approach of this subject we proceeded to a non-systematic review in PubMed using the following keywords “dissociation”, “dissociative identity disorder” and “dissociative disorders”.ResultsIn this work we present the case of a 21-year-old man assisted in the Emergency Room describing dissociative symptoms that were suggestive of Dissociative identity disorder. He referred out-of-body experiences and a sense that he was not controlling his actions while self-injuring himself and being aggressive towards his family. He described “three Selfs”: the “Normal Self”, the “Suicidal Self” and the “Bad Self”.Symptoms of dissociation are present in a variety of mental disorders namely depression, anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.Dissociative disorders appear to be linked to trauma, interpersonal stress, and strongly associated with a history of chronic child abuse. An association with alexithymia, depression and suicidality were also found. Some studies found structural and functional abnormalities, particularly a reduction in grey matter volume in limbic system structures, a dysregulation of prefrontal–limbic circuitry and dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal axis.Psychotherapy appears to be the cornerstone of treatment for dissociative disorders, namely Cognitive-Behavior therapy and Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing.ConclusionsSymptoms of dissociation are not only present in dissociative disorders, but they may be present in almost all mental disorders. The evaluation of possible dissociative symptoms should be a part of every psychopathological assessment. There is a need for further studies to better understand this diagnostic entity and improve the therapeutic intervention.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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2

Kaplan, Alexander M., and Colin M. Smith. "Schizotypal personality disorder disguised as dissociative identity disorder." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (July 2021): e243454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243454.

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A 20-year-old man was admitted to an inpatient psychiatric unit for self-professed dissociative identity disorder. His presentation of multiple personalities without amnesia, dissociation or depersonalisation led to further examination of personality and cultural factors that may contribute to this uncommon presentation. Careful clinical investigation supported a diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder with elements of fantastical thinking influenced by media presentations of dissociative identity disorder.
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3

Ross, Colin A. "Dissociative identity disorder." Current Psychosis and Therapeutics Reports 4, no. 3 (September 2006): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02629332.

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4

Boysen, Guy A. "Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 212, no. 3 (March 2024): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0000000000001764.

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Abstract Dissociative identity disorder (DID) has historically been one of the most controversial topics in the study of psychopathology. Building on a previous review of empirical research on DID from 2000 to 2010, the present review examined DID research from 2011 to 2021. The research output included 56 case studies and 104 empirical studies. Within the empirical studies, approximately 1354 new cases of DID emerged, which resulted in an average samples of approximately 20. Reanalysis of previous samples was standard in the literature with only 40% of reported cases being new. Studies emerged from dozens of countries across the world, but the majority of cases were from Western counties, especially the United States. Diagnosis primarily relied upon validated measures, but 74% of all new cases came from six research groups. Overall, research on DID is steady but methodologically limited in ways that make generalization, especially about etiology, difficult.
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5

Nijenhuis, Ellert R. S., Richard van Dyck, Philip Spinhoven, Onno van der Hart, Marlene Chatrou, Johan Vanderlinden, and Franny Moene. "Somatoform Dissociation Discriminates Among Diagnostic Categories Over and Above General Psychopathology." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 4 (August 1999): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00601.x.

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Objective: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that somatoform dissociation would differentiate among specific diagnostic categories after controlling for general psychopathology. Method: The Somatoform Dissocation Questionnaire (SDQ-20), the Dissociative Experiences Scale, and the Symptom Checklist-90-R were completed by patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of dissociative disorders (n = 44), somatoform disorders (n = 47), eating disorders (n = 50), bipolar mood disorder (n = 23), and a group of consecutive psychiatric outpatients with other psychiatric disorders (n = 45), mainly including anxiety disorders, depression, and adjustment disorder. Results: The SDQ-20 significantly differentiated among diagnostic groups in the hypothesised order of increasing somatoform dissociation, both before and after statistically controlling for general psychopathology. Somatoform dissociation was extreme in dissociative identity disorder, high in dissociative disorder, not otherwise specified, and increased in somatoform disorders, as well as in a subgroup of patients with eating disorders. In contrast with somatoform dissociation, psychological dissociation did not discriminate between bipolar mood disorder and somato form disorders. Conclusions: Somatoform dissociation is a unique construct that discriminates among diagnostic categories. It is highly characteristic of dissociative disorder patients, a core feature in many patients with somatoform disorders, and an important symptom cluster in a subgroup of patients with eating disorders., dissociation
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6

Patrichi, Bogdan Eduard, Cristina Ene, Cristina Rîndaşu, and Arina Cipriana Trifu. "Dissociative Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Educational Sciences & Psychology 11 (73), no. 1 (2021): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/jesp.2021.1.18.

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The current paper aims to describe and exemplify the pathology that is increasingly common in contemporary society, compared to the Freudian period in which repression was dominating. Dissociative disorders are usually associated with overwhelming stress, which can be generated by traumatic life events, accidents or disasters experienced directly or witnessed by the individual, or unbearable inner conflicts, which force the mind to separate incompatible or unacceptable pieces of information and feelings.
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7

DELL, PAUL F. "DISSOCIATIVE PHENOMENOLOGY OF DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190, no. 1 (January 2002): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200201000-00003.

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8

Liu, Peng. "Dissociative Identity Disorder: Understanding of DID, Symptoms and Causes." International Journal of Pharma Medicine and Biological Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 2022): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijpmbs.11.1.26-29.

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9

Ross, Colin A., and Joan Weathersbee Ellason. "Discriminating among Diagnostic Categories Using the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule." Psychological Reports 96, no. 2 (April 2005): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.2.445-453.

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The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule was administered to 1,308 subjects in eight diagnostic categories, including 296 with dissociative identity disorder. The study tested three hypotheses: (1) the Mahalanobis distance between dissociative identity disorder and each of seven other diagnostic categories would be large, (2) the closest diagnostic category to dissociative identity disorder would be dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, and (3) nondissociative diagnostic categories would be closer to each other than any one to dissociative identity disorder. All three hypotheses were confirmed by these data. The findings support the conclusion that dissociative identity disorder is a discrete category or taxon.
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10

Herrero Pellón, E., P. Albarracín Marcos, M. Huete Naval, R. Galerón Guzmán, F. Mayor Sanabria, and A. Montes Montero. "Reviewing the consistency of Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report." European Psychiatry 66, S1 (March 2023): S969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2061.

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IntroductionWe present the case of a 22-year-old patient who has been followed up in a daytime hospital for personality disorders since June 2022. Of note is the presence of multiple personalities (in total of more than 20 have been identified), each of which has distinct physical and psychological characteristics.ObjectivesThe objective is to present a clinical case of dissociative identity disorder and to review the existence of scientific evidence supporting this diagnosis.MethodsLiterature review of scientific papers over the last years and classic textbooks on the issue. We included references in English and Spanish languages.ResultsNumerous studies support that dissociative disorders are the result of psychological traumas that generally begin in childhood. This is a difficult category to diagnose, since they present symptoms that also appear in other disorders such as those of the schizophrenic spectrum.One or more dissociative parts of the subject’s personality avoid the traumatic memories while others become fixed to these traumatic experiences and manifest symptoms. In the case of our patient, there are dissociative episodes with subsequent amnesia and auditory, visual and olfactory hallucinations, as well as impulsive behaviors in the form of self-injury and a flattened affect, with significant emotional distancing.Conclusions-The prevalence of dissociative identity disorder is higher than traditionally thought.-Some theories develop how trauma essentially produces a degree of dissociation of the psychobiological systems that constitute the subject’s personality.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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11

Hoedemaker, E. M. "A patient with dissociative identity disorder." Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Tandheelkunde 129, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5177/ntvt.2022.11.22043.

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12

Middleton, Warwick, and Jeremy Butler. "Dissociative Identity Disorder: An Australian Series." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 6 (December 1998): 794–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809073868.

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Objective: Series of patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), otherwise known as multiple personality disorder, have particularly been reported on in North America and increasingly in other countries. The present study investigated the trauma and past treatment histories, symptom profiles and dissociative phenomenology of 62 patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for DID seen in Brisbane (Queensland, Australia). Method: From 1992, systematic assessments, including the Dissociative Experience Scale and the Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule, were performed with a personal series of 57 patients with DID seen by one of the authors (WM) and five patients seen by the second author (JB). Results: The histories of childhood trauma, the clinical profiles and dissociative indices of these patients closely approximate those described in series reported in other countries. Conclusions: Patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for DID are regularly seen in Australian inpatient and outpatient settings. The dissociative symptomatology of the patients examined in the present study represents a significant component of a complex syndrome associated with a history of severe ongoing developmental trauma dating from early childhood.
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Modesti, Martina Nicole, Ludovica Rapisarda, Gabriela Capriotti, and Antonio Del Casale. "Functional Neuroimaging in Dissociative Disorders: A Systematic Review." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2022): 1405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091405.

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Background: Dissociative disorders encompass loss of integration in essential functions such as memory, consciousness, perception, motor control, and identity. Nevertheless, neuroimaging studies, albeit scarce, have suggested the existence of particular brain activation patterns in patients belonging to this diagnostic category. The aim of this review is to identify the main functional neuroimaging correlates of dissociative disorders. Methods: we searched the PubMed database to identify functional neuroimaging studies conducted on subjects with a diagnosis of a dissociative disorder, following the PRISMA guidelines. In the end, we included 13 studies in this systematic review, conducted on 51 patients with dissociative identity disorder (DID), 28 subjects affected by depersonalization disorder, 24 with dissociative amnesia, and 6 with other or not specified dissociative disorders. Results: Prefrontal cortex dysfunction seems prominent. In addition, changes in the functional neural network of the caudate are related to alterations of identity state and maintenance of an altered mental status in DID. Another role in DID seems to be played by a dysfunction of the anterior cingulate gyrus. Other regions, including parietal, temporal, and insular cortices, and subcortical areas were reported to be dysfunctional in dissociative disorders. Conclusions: Prefrontal dysfunction is frequently reported in dissociative disorders. Functional changes in other cortical and subcortical areas can be correlated with these diagnoses. Further studies are needed to clarify the neurofunctional correlations of each dissociative disorder in affected patients, in order to identify better tailored treatments.
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Kristi, Jessika. "Comparing Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Portrayed in Sidney Sheldon’s Tell Me Your Dreams and Alice Jamieson’s Today I Am Alice Nine Personalities, One Tortured Mind." LingPoet: Journal of Linguistics and Literary Research 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/lingpoet.v1i1.4690.

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This article attempts to compare two literary works from two different nations with similar motifs, which is Dissociative Identity Disorder. Through a comparison, this study attempts to find out the portrayal of Dissociative Identity Disorder to the main characters and the similarities or differences regarding the issue of Dissociative Identity Disorder that the main characters are suffering from Mental Disorders (DSM-V). The results of the analysis show similarities and differences regarding Dissociative Identity Disorder that is experienced by the two main characters of both literary works, Ashley has 3 of the 6 symptoms of Dissociative Identity Disorder while Alice experiences all six
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15

Rădulescu, Ionuț Dragoș, Alexandru Bogdan Ciubara, Codrina Moraru, Stefan Lucian Burlea, and Anamaria Ciubară. "Evaluating the Impact of Dissociation in Psychiatric Disorders." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/132.

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Introduction: Dissociative symptoms are present in a various number of psychiatric disorders and are viewed as a major risk factor for suicidal and self-destructive behavior. Dissociation is defined in DSM-5 as a “disruption of and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior”. Assessing dissociation within different categories of mental disorders can be used to predict symptom severity and nonresponse to psychotherapeutic treatments. The most important tool in this process is the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). The purpose of the current study is to extend the understanding of dissociation in Psychiatric Disorders. Material and methods: The current study used PubMed and Cochrane databases to identify relevant articles that refer to the subject of dissociation in Psychiatric Disorders. Results and Discussions: Dissociation and dissociative disorders have been at the root of continuous controversy in psychiatric and psychology communities. The general confusion comes from the reduced conceptual distinction between dissociation as a symptom, process, deficit and psychological defense. At the high end of the DES score we find dissociative disorders, but closely followed by posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorder and conversion disorder with eating disorders, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders at midrange and the lowest scoring DES psychiatric disorder is found in bipolar disorders. Early intervention, based on these scores, show major improvement in maladaptive functionality, suicidal and self-destructive behavior, coupled with a reduction in total treatment cost. Conclusions: There is a significant benefit in careful assessment of dissociative symptoms for the entire spectrum of mental disorders. There is a major need to raise awareness in all mental health facilities, of the value that this has in the current clinical setting.
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MERSKEY, HAROLD, and AUGUST PIPER. "Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 10 (October 1998): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.10.1462.

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17

Maiese, Michelle. "Dissociative identity disorder and ambivalence." Philosophical Explorations 19, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13869795.2016.1199728.

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18

Merckelbach, Harald, Grant J. Devilly, and Eric Rassin. "Alters in dissociative identity disorder." Clinical Psychology Review 22, no. 4 (May 2002): 481–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(01)00115-5.

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19

Markowitz, John S., and Harry S. Gill. "Pharmacotherapy of dissociative identity disorder." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30, no. 12 (December 1996): 1498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809603001225.

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20

Solinski, Sylvia. "Developmental devastation: dissociative identity disorder." Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/att.v17n1.2023.100.

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Two detailed clinical vignettes of dissociative identity disorder are presented that illustrate the sequelae of abnormal development resulting from childhood abuse. They focus on the patients’ internal world, an elaborate landscape exhibiting extreme developmental deficits. Its significance is considered both as a means of understanding the patient and as an aid to therapy. I highlight aspects of my own therapeutic approach and give clinical examples that are illustrative.
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Schmidtová, Jana, Petr Štěpánek, and Ivo Čermák. "The impact of childhood trauma on the emergence and development of dissociative disorders." Ceskoslovenska psychologie 65, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.51561/cspsych.65.2.178.

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Dissociative experiences are common both in children and adults. Their frequency and severity range from normal dissociation to pathological fragmentation of identity. High rates of dissociation and Dissociative Disorders have been documented in both community and clinical samples. Trauma, especially chronic trauma, plays an essential role in the development and long-term presence of dissociative symptoms. During overwhelming and often traumatic experiences dissociation protects the individual by psychological detachment from the unbearable reality. Chronic dissociative experiences might cause severe disintegration of the individual’s mental experience. The Trauma Model suggests that dissociation is a psychobiological response which enables survival during and after the traumatic event. The Developmental Model is based on an assumption that disturbed attachment, especially early interpersonal trauma, might lead to the development of severe dissociation in children and adolescents, often lasting into adulthood. Diagnostic systems include three diagnoses that deal with the specific relationship between trauma and dissociation. Two of these diagnoses have been recognized recently - Complex PTSD (ICD-11) and the Dissociative Subtype of PTSD (DSM-5); one has already been established - the Dissociative Identity Disorder. Patients with Dissociative Disorders suffer from a range of symptoms. The most severe symptoms include chronic suicidal ideation and frequent suicide attempts. Therefore, researchers and clinicians should routinely assess dissociation in their everyday practice. In patients with Dissociative Disorders, the main treatment goal is the integration of their mental experience.
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Gleaves, David H., Elsa Hernandez, and Mark S. Warner. "Corroborating premorbid dissociative symptomatology in dissociative identity disorder." Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 30, no. 4 (1999): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.30.4.341.

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23

Martin, Samantha Ongchuan. "Dissociative Identity Disorder in an Inpatient Setting." CNS Spectrums 28, no. 2 (April 2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852923002055.

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AbstractDespite recognition in current and past versions of DSM, dissociative identity disorder (DID) remains a controversial psychiatric disorder which hampers its diagnosis and treatment. Factors that lead misdiagnosing of DID are the unfamiliarity with spectrum of dissociative disorders, the existence of feigned DID, the reluctance of individuals with DID to present their dissociative symptoms, and lack of knowledge and appreciation of its epidemiology which is shown to have 1.5% lifetime prevalence. An accurate diagnosis allows the appropriate interventions leading to fewer hospitalizations.KC is 28 y.o. female with a psychiatric history significant for polysubstance use, PTSD, and GAD, who presented to the ED due concern for DID per mother. Prior to presentation, she had thrashed her mother’s home of which she denies recollection. She has a history of early sexual trauma by her own family. She screened 44 on the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES). Throughout her hospitalization, she exhibited questionable lapses of disassociation, although there were no noted changes of posture, dress, speech, or acknowledgement of alters. She was discharged on Remeron 15 mg, Risperdal 2 mg, and Prazosin 2 mg with outpatient resources for trauma-based therapy.DID is characterized by two or more distinct identities or personality that coincide with fluctuating states of consciousness and changing access to autobiographical memory. The neurological similarities between personality states in DID and PTSD subtypes support a trauma-related etiology of DID. Although there are many interviewing tools, the DES has been the most widely used clinically. Although collateral information, detailed history, and DES were concerning for DID, observation did not show distinct dissociative episodes as discussed by collateral (alter described as destructive and cold towards her own infant) although the hospital environment may not have provided enough stress for patient to transition from one personality to another.The International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation proposes a phase-oriented treatment approach: 1) establishing safety, stabilization, and symptom reduction; 2) confronting, working through and integrating traumatic memories; 3) identity integration and rehabilitation. From inpatient standpoint, phase 1 and 2 may be promptly addressed. Besides initiation of Remeron and Risperdal (consistent with treatment of DID in two prior case reports), implement grounding techniques and coping mechanisms against triggers for dissociative episodes. Inpatient screening can facilitate earlier accurate diagnosis, faster and more targeted interventions, prevent unnecessary direct and indirect societal costs, and, most importantly, improve quality of life for those with the disorder.FundingNo Funding
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Zhu, Yuchun. "Literature Review: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 22 (November 26, 2023): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v22i.12419.

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It is critical to have a thorough grasp of the nature of Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) and how it affects various individuals in order to accurately diagnose patients, successfully treat it, and effectively help those who are in need. The present study is a review that provides a comprehensive summary of DID, containing information on the potential cause of the disorder, its effects on patients and treatments, as well as suggestions for further research. In the section under "Results and Discussion," the present study discusses the biological, psychological, and social variables that contribute to DID. This paper also discusses the effects that it has on people as well as some of the more popular treatment approaches that are available. The ultimate findings included recommendations for more research. Overall, after a thorough discussion, people can gain a better understanding of the causes as well as the treatment of these personality disorders.
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Rizon, Marcelo, and Maria Aparecida Fontana. "Dissociative Identity Disorder in a pregnant woman: a case report." Brazilian Journal of Case Reports 2, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52600/2763-583x.bjcr.2022.2.4.57-61.

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Dissociative Identity Disorder is a rare diagnosis, resulting from criteria present in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders five edition that characterize this disorder as a chronic and uncommon psychiatric condition, which cures with the disruption of the patient's identity, which may form two or more. Amnesias, headaches, divergent and dangerous behaviors are present and described over the years as severely affecting patients, in addition to other major psychiatric disorders. We report the case of a patient with dissociative identity disorder during her second pregnancy.
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Prasko, J., M. Raszka, and P. Pastucha. "Dissociative Disorders - Clinical Manifestation and Management." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70376-1.

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Dissociative disorders are heterogeneous group of mental disorders with dissociation as dominant symptoms. Dissociation is often defined as partial or total disconnection between memories of the past, awareness of identity and of immediate sensations, and control of bodily movements, often resulting from traumatic experiences, intolerable problems, or disturbed relationships. Etiopatogenezis of dissociative disorders have not exactly known yet. The process of dissociation is independently associated with several distressing conditions such as psychiatric diagnoses, somatization, current psychological distress, and past sexual and physical victimization. The disturbance may have a sudden or gradual onset and may be temporary or chronic in its course. Dissociation has a negative impact on treatment oucome. Additionaly, dissociative patients may have an insecure attachment pattern negatively affecting the therapeutic relationship. Conceptually, the course of treatment is to improve coping, maintain reality, and establish normal integrative functions. Goals:1.improve thought processes;2.maintain a sense of reality;3.improve coping skills;4.develop stress management abilities;5.increase identity integration.The treatment is possible with psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy or both. We will introduce the CBT approach. Participants will learn:•pharmacological possibilities in the treatment of dissociative disorders;•CBT model of dissociative disorders;•motivational interviewing with dissociative patient;•how to develope therapeutic relationship with dissociative patient;•conceptualization of dissociative disorder with the patient;•Socratic questioning;•working with cognitive, emotional and behavioral avoidance;•exposure technique with dissociative problems;•problem solving.Supported by the research project IGA NR 9323-3.
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Laddis, Andreas, and Paul F. Dell. "Dissociation and Psychosis in Dissociative Identity Disorder and Schizophrenia." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 13, no. 4 (July 2012): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2012.664967.

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Itzkowitz, Sheldon, Richard A. Chefetz, Margaret Hainer, Karen Hopenwasser, and Elizabeth F. Howell. "Exploring Dissociation and Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Roundtable Discussion." Psychoanalytic Perspectives 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2015): 39–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1551806x.2015.979467.

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Wirjayanti, Arni Eka Putri, and Ali Mustofa. "Dissociative Identity Disorder in Todd Philips' Joker." Humanitatis : Journal of Language and Literature 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30812/humanitatis.v8i1.1436.

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This study examines a dissociative disorder in the film Joker, which aired in 2019 and was directed by Todd Philip. This study aims to show how Arthur Fleck's character becomes someone who suffers from dissociative identity disorder and what factors cause Arthur Fleck who initially looks fine but turns out to have a different side of him. This study uses Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory, which will explain how the conditions of the Id, Ego, and superego in Arthur Fleck are actually the main influences of Arthur's disorder. The results of this study conclude that Arthur Fleck's character immediately changes because of events in his dark past. His past makes Arthur Fleck suffer from disorders such as DID due to the instability of his unstable personality structure.
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Le, Catherine, Joyce Smith, and Lewis Cohen. "Mirror Writing and a Dissociative Identity Disorder." Case Reports in Medicine 2009 (2009): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/814292.

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Individuals with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have been known to show varied skills and talents as they change from one dissociative state to another. For example, case reports have described people who have changed their handedness or have spoken foreign languages during their dissociative states. During an interview with a patient with DID, a surprising talent emerged when she wrote a sentence for the Folstein Mini-Mental State Exam—mirror writing. It is not known whether her mirror writing had a deeper level of meaning; however, it does emphasize the idiosyncratic nature of dissociative identity disorder.
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Labott, Susan M., and Heather R. Wallach. "Malingering Dissociative Identity Disorder: Objective and Projective Assessment." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 525–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.525.

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Verification of dissociative identity disorder presents challenges given the complex nature of the illness. This study addressed the concern that this disorder can be successfully malingered on objective and projective psychological tests. 50 undergraduate women were assigned to a Malingering or a Control condition, then completed the Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Dissociative Experiences Scale II. The Malingering group were asked to simulate dissociative identity disorder; controls received instructions to answer all materials honestly. Analysis indicated that malingerers were significantly more likely to endorse dissociative experiences on the Dissociative Experiences Scale II in the range common to patients with diagnosed dissociative identity disorder. However, on the Rorschach there were no significant differences between the two groups. Results suggest that the assessment of dissociative identity disorder requires a multifaceted approach with both objective and projective assessment tools. Research is needed to assess these issues in clinical populations.
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Aydın, E. F., and T. Koca Laçin. "A case of dissociative identity disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder comorbidity." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1196.

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Introduction Dissociative identity disorder(DID) is characterized by the existence of two or more distinct identities which involve changes in consciousness, emotion, memory, and behavior. It is associated with childhood traumatic experiences and other psychiatric disorders. Comorbidity in DID can lead to complex clinical presentations, poor treatment responses. Thus, it is crucial to identify patients with comorbidity and take them into the treatment plan. Objectives We aim to report a case of DID and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) comorbidity. Methods A case report is presented alongside a review of the relevant literature regarding “dissociative identity disorder” and “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder”. Results We describe the case of a 39-year-old woman with DID, onsetting at age 25, who had consistently responded poorly to long-term psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment. She presented with anxiety, distinct personality states, alterations in memory, consciousness and behavior problems in functioning, and high Dissociative Experiences Scale(DES) scores. Throughout the interviews, we noticed that she had limited attention, excess movements. After a detailed evaluation, diagnosis of ADHD is established, using the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD(DIVA) and ADHD Self-Reporting Scale(ASRS). Methylphenidate was prescribed in addition to previous medication. İmprovement in the severity of both ADHD and DID symptoms was presented with lower scores in DES and ASRS after the introduction of methylphenidate with progressive dose adjusting till 60mg/day. Conclusions Although previous studies demonstrated ADHD symptoms are related to dissociation, there is no well-established strategy for this. We believe that this case report provides a better approach to the comorbidity of ADHD and DID. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Priya, SivaShankar, and Nambi Siva. "Dissociative identity disorder: An uncommon psychiatric disorder reported." Indian Journal of Psychiatry 55, no. 4 (2013): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.120565.

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Prasetyo Utomo, Yudha, Muhammad Luthfi Adnan, and Eska Agustin Putri Susanti. "Understanding Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Literature Review." Archives of Psychiatry Research 59, no. 2 (June 15, 2023): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20471/dec.2023.59.02.14.

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Interest in dissociative identity disorder (DID) in psychiatry has increased rapidly although epidemiologically the cases of patients with DID are still rare, several studies exist trying to understand how DID might occur and the best therapeutic approach. Some of the symptoms of DID can also be found in non-clinical populations even though they are not directly related to the disorder. The findings of DID are often associated with other psychiatric disorders and can complicate the diagnosis. Various studies have tried to understand the case of DID either objectively or subjectively. Diagnosis of DID must be diagnosed by carefully experienced clinicians with clinical interviews with some proper tests that could help to identify various identities. Current DID therapy may be able to strengthen the identity of the patient’s control and prevent impaired social functioning of the patient. Many pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments have been developed to improve symptoms of the disorder, but none of them have been effective due to the quality of the studies conducted. Further research is still needed on DID as a whole to assist in the correct diagnosis and therapy for DID patients.
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Loewenstein, Richard J. "Psychopharmacologic Treatments for Dissociative Identity Disorder." Psychiatric Annals 35, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 666–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20050801-08.

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SUDHA, THOOLOORI, KRISHNAPURAPU LOKESH, DR SHAIK FIROZ, DR J. SUMAVI SEKHAR, DR G. PITCHAIAH, and DR D. DACHINAMOORTHI. "A REVIEW ON DISSOCIATIVE IDENTITY DISORDER." Asian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 01, no. 01 (2020): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.38022/ajhp.2020.1108.

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37

Dale, Karl Yngvar, Atle Ødegård, Finn Tschudi, Rue L. Cromwell, Buddy Saunders, Åke Elden, and Arne Holte. "Cognitive Complexity and Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Constructivist Psychology 23, no. 2 (February 18, 2010): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10720530903563264.

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POWELL, RUSSELL A., and ANDREW J. HOWELL. "Treatment Outcome for Dissociative Identity Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 9 (September 1998): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.155.9.1304.

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Morton, John. "Interidentity amnesia in dissociative identity disorder." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 22, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 315–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2017.1327848.

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Gold, Steven N., Jon D. Elhai, Bayard D. Rea, Donna Weiss, Theodore Masino, Staci Leon Morris, and Jessica McIninch. "Contextual Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2001): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j229v02n04_02.

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41

Thomas, Ann. "Factitious and Malingered Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2, no. 4 (December 4, 2001): 59–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j229v02n04_04.

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42

Hopper, Annedore, Joseph Ciorciari, Gillian Johnson, John Spensley, Alex Sergejew, and Con Stough. "EEG Coherence and Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j229v03n01_06.

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43

van der Hart, Onno, Hilde Bolt, and Bessel A. van der Kolk. "Memory Fragmentation in Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 6, no. 1 (March 7, 2005): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j229v06n01_04.

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Eich, Eric, Dawn Macaulay, Richard J. Loewenstein, and Patrice H. Dihle. "Memory, Amnesia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder." Psychological Science 8, no. 6 (November 1997): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00454.x.

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Virtually all patients with dissociative identity (or multiple personality) disorder manifest interpersonality amnesia, whereby events experienced by a particular personality state or identity are retrievable by that same identity but not by a different one Though considered a hallmark of dissociative identity disorder (DID), interpersonality amnesia has to date attracted little empirical attention. Further, the few studies on the topic typically include just 1 DID patient and a single index of retention In contrast the current experiment involved 9 DID patients and several measures of either explicit or implicit memory Replicating and extending the single-case study of Nissen, Ross, Willingham, MacKenzie, and Schacter (1988), the present results revealed that implicit testing is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for demonstrating transfer of information from one identity to another Specifically, whereas priming in word-stem completion occurred only if the same personality state performed at both study and at test, priming in picture-fragment completion was as robust between different identities as it was within the same identity Discussion focuses on prospects for future research aimed at understanding the nature and scope of interpersonality amnesia
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McCauley, Elizabeth. "Dissociative Identity Disorder: The Ongoing Debate." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 41, no. 8 (August 1996): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/003070.

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Cuuner, Ty. "Dissociative Identity Disorder in Felonious Offenders." Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 26, no. 1-2 (December 1997): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j076v26n01_12.

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Foote, Brad. "Dissociative Identity Disorder and Pseudo-Hysteria." American Journal of Psychotherapy 53, no. 3 (July 1999): 320–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1999.53.3.320.

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Dorahy, Martin J., Bethany L. Brand, Vedat Şar, Christa Krüger, Pam Stavropoulos, Alfonso Martínez-Taboas, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, and Warwick Middleton. "Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 5 (May 2014): 402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414527523.

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Maiese, Michelle. "Dissociative Identity Disorder, Ambivalence, and Responsibility." European Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 764–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ejop.12171.

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Kluft, Richard P. "Current Issues in Dissociative Identity Disorder." Journal of Psychiatric Practice 5, no. 1 (January 1999): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00131746-199901000-00001.

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