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1
Christiansen, E. A., and E. Karl Sauer. "Stratigraphy and structure of Pleistocene collapse in the Regina Low, Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 39, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 1411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e02-038.
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The Regina Low is a collapse structure, formed as a result of dissolution of salt from the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In this study, collapse has affected the Upper Cretaceous Pierre Shale and the Ardkenneth and Snakebite members of the Bearpaw Formation of the Montana Group; the Mennon, Dundurn, and Warman formations of the Sutherland Group; and the Floral and Battleford formations of the Saskatoon Group. A structural closure of 125175 m approximates the thickness of the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In the Early Pleistocene, about 54 m of collapse took place in eastern Regina accounting for the preservation of Snakebite Member. Major collapses of about 58 and 86 m took place in northern Regina during deposition of Middle Pleistocene, pre-Illinoian Dundurn Formation. The final major collapse of about 127 m took place in northeastern Regina between deposition of the lower and upper tills of the Floral Formation. Eighty-seven metres of this collapse took place during deposition of the Late Pleistocene, interglacial, Sangamon Pasqua Member of the Floral Formation. The Pleistocene fill in the Regina Low collapse structure suggests that collapse took place when dissolution of salt from the Prairie Evaporite Formation was accelerated by high hydraulic gradients created by the surcharge pressures of the glaciers.
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Broughton, Paul L. "Syndepositional architecture of the northern Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit, northeastern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 1 (January 2015): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0021.
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Salt dissolution collapse-subsidence is proposed as the dominant tectono-stratigraphic control on the deposition of major sand trends across the northern Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit. Salt removal along linear dissolution trends 200 m below in the Prairie Evaporite (Middle Devonian) halite beds resulted in the collapse of the overlying Upper Devonian strata. The collapse-induced differential subsidence of the fault blocks formed the floor underlying the McMurray deposits in the 50 km long V-shaped Bitumount Trough extending across the northern area of the Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit. The lower and middle-upper McMurray sand trends filled the accommodation created by collapses of a linear chain of Upper Devonian fault blocks along the northern margin of the western Trough. A pair of tens-of-metres thick and 20–30 km long sand trends developed parallel in overlying accumulations of the lower and middle-upper McMurray Formation (Aptian). This half-graben tilted northward as the dissolution trend in the underlying Prairie Evaporite salt scarp widened, and the scarp margin was deeply embayed. Salt dissolution-induced structures were the principal control that located the large sand complexes exploited by bitumen mining projects. Earlier models of McMurray architecture interpreted the underlying karst collapse to have been largely pre-Cretaceous. This new architectural model reinterprets the spatio-temporal balance between erosion at the pre-Cretaceous surface and within the buried salt beds. Extensive salt removal resulted in collapse of the underlying hypogene karst during the late Aptian age. This resulted in the over-thickened multi-kilometres long McMurray sand trends. The underlying karst collapse resulted in unstable deposition surfaces along the sub-Cretaceous trough floors. This tectono-stratigraphic architecture, called the syndepositional model in this study, is proposed as an alternative to two other models, one of which proposes that deeply incised channel valleys and fills resulted from multiple significant sea-level fluctuations, while the other proposes that stacked parasequences accumulated along overlying shallow channels that meandered across a stable fluvio-estuarine coast.
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Friedman, Gerald M. "Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates." Carbonates and Evaporites 12, no. 1 (March 1997): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175802.
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Mironov, Boris N. "Disintegration of the USSR in Historiography: Collapse or Dissolution." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 1 (2021): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.108.
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Over the period of 30 years various scientists representing different fields have been studying disintegration of the USSR with unflagging interest. As of August 1, 2020, more than 300 books, 3000 articles, and 20 dissertations have been written in Russia alone. Generalization and critical analysis of this literature requires a monograph. But this task is so complex that for the time being the case is limited to historiographical articles. The purpose of this article is to identify the most popular points of view expressed by well-known experts on the problem of the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The analysis enables to draw the following conclusions. The existing explanations can be divided into two large groups. The first one includes works whose authors consider disintegration as the product of a combination of random circumstances, external causes, and mistakes of party and Soviet leaders, and therefore focus first on the study of the role of subjective and external factors, and, second, on the short period of time, 1985–1991, immediately preceding the disintegration. The second group includes works whose authors consider disintegration as a natural result of long-developed processes, search for its historical background, study trends in the development of the Soviet Union and the Union republics, and look at the disintegration systemically and comprehensively. In other words, the former consider disintegration to be a random phenomenon generated mainly by the events of 1985–1991, while the latter consider it to be a natural phenomenon with deep historical, economic, political, cultural, and social prerequisites and causes.
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Rycroft, Chris H., and Martin Z. Bazant. "Asymmetric collapse by dissolution or melting in a uniform flow." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 472, no. 2185 (January 2016): 20150531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0531.
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An advection–diffusion-limited dissolution model of an object being eroded by a two-dimensional potential flow is presented. By taking advantage of the conformal invariance of the model, a numerical method is introduced that tracks the evolution of the object boundary in terms of a time-dependent Laurent series. Simulations of a variety of dissolving objects are shown, which shrink and collapse to a single point in finite time. The simulations reveal a surprising exact relationship, whereby the collapse point is the root of a non-analytic function given in terms of the flow velocity and the Laurent series coefficients describing the initial shape. This result is subsequently derived using residue calculus. The structure of the non-analytic function is examined for three different test cases, and a practical approach to determine the collapse point using a generalized Newton–Raphson root-finding algorithm is outlined. These examples also illustrate the possibility that the model breaks down in finite time prior to complete collapse, due to a topological singularity, as the dissolving boundary overlaps itself rather than breaking up into multiple domains (analogous to droplet pinch-off in fluid mechanics). The model raises fundamental mathematical questions about broken symmetries in finite-time singularities of both continuous and stochastic dynamical systems.
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Friedman, Gerald M. "Erratum to: Dissolution-collapse breccias and paleokarst resulting from dissolution of evaporite rocks, especially sulfates." Carbonates and Evaporites 12, no. 2 (September 1997): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175427.
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Edmonds, Clive N. "Chapter 15 Dissolution – carbonates." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.15.
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AbstractThe dissolution of limestone and chalk (soluble carbonates) through geological time can lead to the creation of naturally formed cavities in the rock. The cavities can be air, water, rock or soil infilled and can occur at shallow levels within the carbonate rock surface or at deeper levels below. Depending upon the geological sequence, as the cavities break down and become unstable they can cause overlying rock strata to settle and tilt and also collapse of non-cemented strata and superficial deposits as voids migrate upwards to the surface. Natural cavities can be present in a stable or potentially unstable condition. The latter may be disturbed and triggered to cause ground instability by the action of percolating water, loading or vibration. The outcrops of various limestones and chalk occur widely across the UK, posing a significant subsidence hazard to existing and new land development and people. In addition to subsidence they can also create a variety of other problems such as slope instability, generate pathways for pollutants and soil gas to travel along and impact all manner of engineering works. Knowledge of natural cavities is essential for planning, development control and the construction of safe development.
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PAQUETTE, GABRIEL. "THE DISSOLUTION OF THE SPANISH ATLANTIC MONARCHY." Historical Journal 52, no. 1 (February 27, 2009): 175–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0800736x.
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ABSTRACTThe Spanish empire's vertiginous collapse in the first decades of the nineteenth century has long been a source of historiographical disputes. Historians seeking to explain the demise of Spain's dominion in the Americas and the emergence of independent nation-states have identified certain factors as decisive. Among these are: the coalescence of an anti-colonial, national consciousness among creoles; peninsular misrule and economic mismanagement; and the seismic effects of geopolitical upheaval, particularly the Napoleonic occupation of Spain. This historiographical review recapitulates established explanations, introduces a new wave of scholarship on the subject, and identifies topics that may be crucial for future research.
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Frumkin, Amos, Michael Ezersky, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, Emad Akkawi, and Abdel-Rahman Abueladas. "The Dead Sea sinkhole hazard: Geophysical assessment of salt dissolution and collapse." Geomorphology 134, no. 1-2 (November 2011): 102–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.04.023.
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Li, Qing, Xue Lian You, Wen Xuan Hu, Jing Quan Zhu, and Zai Xing Jiang. "Major Controls on the Evolution of the Cambrian Dolomite Reservoirs in the Keping Area, Tarim Basin." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.377.
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The Cambrian dolomite reservoir is an important target in oil and gas exploration. The Penglaiba section in the Keping area is typically examined in studies dealing with the Cambrian dolomite reservoirs of northwestern Tarim Basin. Based on sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical data, lithofacies and fluids are identified as the major factors that control the dolomite reservoir in the study area. Lithoacies are fundamental to reservoir evolution because they provide suitable channels for dolomitization and dissolution of fluids that, in turn, facilitate the formation of high quality reservoirs. The lithofacies which could form high-quality reservoirs in the study area are: slope slip (collapse) facies, gypsum related facies, and algae dolomite facies. The sources of fluids include seawater, meteoric freshwater, diagenetic/hydrocarbon fluid, and hydrothermal fluid. These fluids lead to dolomitization, penecontemporaneous meteoric dissolution, hypergene dissolution, organic acid dissolution and hydrothermal dissolution that result in secondary porosity, and as such, they have a significant contribution to reservoir evolution.
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Russel-Houston, Jen, and Ken Gray. "Paleokarst in the Grosmont Formation and reservoir implications, Saleski, Alberta, Canada." Interpretation 2, no. 3 (August 1, 2014): SF29—SF50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2013-0187.1.
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We delineated a bitumen-rich paleokarsted carbonate reservoir of the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) Grosmont Formation with a high-resolution 3D seismic survey tied to core and petrophysical log data from 35 wells within a [Formula: see text] study area in northern Alberta, Canada. There were two laterally continuous karst facies: a solution-enhanced vuggy dolostone that resulted from the carbonate dissolution of body fossils and a stratiform breccia that resulted from the dissolution of interbedded evaporites. Three laterally discontinuous karst facies were identified: sinkhole fills, collapsed paleocaves, and solution valley fills. We measured 368 subcircular features (sinkholes and collapsed paleocaves) having a median circle-equivalent diameter of 69 m and representing 5.5% of the total study area. Sinkhole fills include Cretaceous-aged sandstone, mudstone, and coal. Collapsed paleocaves were filled with matrix-supported breccia that had clasts of disoriented blocks of dolomite and a matrix of disaggregated dolomite and Cretaceous-aged mudstone. The paleocaves and sinkholes formed in the solution-enhanced karst facies of the Grosmont C at the interface of an interpreted ancient vadose-phreatic mixing zone. The marine deepwater deposition of the Clearwater Formation during the Albian filled the depressions created by the mechanical collapse of the paleocaves and provided a seal for thermal operations. The fracture density inferred from seismic amplitude variation with angle and azimuth analysis and corroborated by well data showed that fractures are ubiquitous and were enhanced during meteoric karst. The high-vertical permeability resulting from solution-enhanced fractures, the laterally predictable flow units, and a competent seal make this an ideal reservoir for thermal bitumen recovery.
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Anderson, Neil L., R. James Brown, and Dale A. Cederwall. "Natural recession of the eastern margin of the Leofnard salt in western Canada." GEOPHYSICS 61, no. 1 (January 1996): 222–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443943.
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The Lloydminster area (T35-65, R15W3M-10W4M) of east‐central Alberta and west‐central Saskatchewan, Canada, is dissected by the north‐northwest trending updip active dissolution margin, of the Devonian Leofnard Member rock salt. West of this margin, up to 150 m of rock salt is preserved; updip and to the east, the salt has mostly been leached from the rock record. The margin is up to 40 km wide and characterized by extreme local variations in net salt thickness. The dissolution of the Leofnard rock salt in the Lloydminster area has resulted in the entrapment of significant hydrocarbon accumulation. Stratigraphic traps, for example, have formed where reservoir facies were either preferentially deposited or preserved in salt‐dissolution lows. Structural traps, in contrast, have formed where reservoir facies are draped across residual salt or collapse features. It has been estimated that three trillion barrels of oil (mostly of high viscosity and unrecoverable) are entrapped along the eastern dissolution margin of the Leofnard rock salt in western Canada. A record of the westward progression of the dissolutional edge of the Leofnard salt is locked in the stratigraphic column. This progression is recorded as localized interval thickening in areas where dissolution and deposition were contemporaneous. The horizontal positioning of these interval thicks as a function of their geologic age provides a time record for the positioning of the salt edge. To further explain the process of salt dissolution in the Lloydminster area, we present a suite of contour maps, geologic cross‐sections, and seismic profiles. These data depict the present‐day distribution of the Leofnard salt in the Lloydminster study area. They support the theses that: (1) the dissolution margin of the Leofnard rock salt originated along the Elk Point outcrop to the east of the study area during the pre‐Cretaceous; and (2) the margin receded into the northeastern part of the Lloydminster study area during earliest Cretaceous or pre‐Cretaceous time and migrated progressively thereafter into its current position. From the perspective of the explorationist, such information is important because it identifies prospective play areas with high potential for the formation of salt‐related stratigraphic traps and/or structural traps.
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Broughton, Paul L. "Alignment of fluvio-tidal point bars in the middle McMurray Formation: implications for structural architecture of the Lower Cretaceous Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit, northern Alberta." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 9 (September 2016): 896–930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0137.
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The northern Athabasca Oil Sands Deposit accumulated on sub-Cretaceous structure partially configured by multistage pre-Cretaceous salt dissolutions in Prairie Evaporite (Middle Devonian) substrate that continued concurrent with deposition of McMurray Formation (Aptian) strata. Dissolution fronts only 250 m below advanced along NW- and NE-oriented fracture–fault lineaments that coalesced into larger salt removal areas. This structural grain was transmitted to the overlying dissected Upper Devonian karst topography draped by lower McMurray braided rivers along a lattice-like channel network. The dominant NW structural grain continued during middle McMurray deposition, with fluvial-estuarine point bars aligned along subparallel tidal channels. Regional salt removal fronts concurrent with middle McMurray deposition migrated north of the Bitumount Trough, resulting in the 200 km2 central collapse. The northern Athabasca Deposit area was configured as a funnel-shaped lower estuary structure consisting of aligned Upper Devonian – lower McMurray fault block terraces that stepped down northward into the central collapse. Sinuous river channels of the upper estuary, constrained along stable substrate of the main paleovalley, flowed northward onto the unstable floor of this funnel-form lower estuary. The main paleovalley fairway branched into multiple tens of kilometres long subparallel fluvio-estuarine tidal channels aligned parallel to the NW structural grain. Sand transport fairways cascaded over the step-down terraces and permitted aggradations of overlying fluvio-tidal point bars to accumulate into giant commercially attractive sand complexes. The internal architecture of these tens of metres thick sand deposits included deposit-wide erosion surfaces resulting from cycles of collapse–subsidence, stabilized substrate and erosion, and renewed subsidence and aggradation.
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Meor, Yusoff M. S., E. M. Mahdi, Muslimin Masliana, and Paulus Wilfred. "Role of Alkaline Fusion in the Growth of Sodium Titanite Nanostructures from Rutile Mineral." Journal of Nano Research 21 (December 2012): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.21.77.
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The paper presents a study on the use of alkaline fusion to produce nanostructured sodium titanate from rutile mineral. The spherical structure of the micron-sized starting material changed and transformed to a two-dimensional nanostructure after the alkaline fusion process. After 7 hours dissolution with 30% NaOH, the growth of sodium titanate nanorod is observed, and after undergoing prolonged dissolution, nanowires, with an average diameter of 20-40 nm and a length of 1-4 µm are formed. The study also showed that using 0.1M HCl to wash the titanate complex results in a sodium titanate that is free from NaOH residue, although at higher molarities, the nanostructure will collapse, and spherical grains formed. The important role of alkaline fusion in this hydrothermal process is that it will reduce dissolution time, while NaOH concentration is required for the growth of nanostructured sodium titanate.
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Thorpe, Andy, Raymon van Anrooy, Bisheke N. Niyazov, Mairam K. Sarieva, John Valbo-Jørgensen, and Andres Mena Millar. "The collapse of the fisheries sector in Kyrgyzstan: An analysis of its roots and its prospects for revival." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 42, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 141–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2009.02.007.
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The disintegration of the Soviet Union had profound economic and social effects on many of the newly independent transition economies. Nowhere was this more so than in the fisheries sector — with one of the biggest production shortfalls occurring in Kyrgyzstan, following the collapse of lake capture and pond-culture production. In 2005, aggregate landings were just 48 tonnes — barely 3 per cent of the catch level recorded in 1989. This article has two objectives. First it analyses the extent to which the dissolution of the Soviet Union can explain the collapse of the fisheries sector in Kyrgyzstan. Second, in the light of these findings, it considers what practical steps, if any, might be taken to revitalize the sector.
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Guerrero, Jesús. "Dissolution collapse of a growing diapir from radial, concentric, and salt-withdrawal faults overprinting in the Salinas de Oro salt diapir, northern Spain." Quaternary Research 87, no. 2 (March 2017): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2016.17.
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AbstractA geomorphic investigation of the Salinas de Oro salt diapir in the Pyrenees reveals that the ring fracture pattern related to the karstic collapse of the diapir crest may vary significantly depending on the rates of dissolution and salt flow, and the rheology of the overburden. The salt diapir has well-developed concentric faults related to salt dissolution subsidence throughout the Quaternary. Roof strata accommodate subsidence by a combination of downward sagging and brittle collapse leading to the development of a ring monocline that is broken by 5 to 20 m throw conjugated normal faults and a 40 m throw, 9.5-km-long and 200-m-wide keystone graben. The salt diapir top has >100-m-long sinkholes that coalesce to form hollows >70 m deep. Up to 3-km-long radial grabens with a 70 to 90 m vertical throw overprint concentric-ring faulting and displace Quaternary deposits demonstrating active salt flow and diapir rise. Radial faults are linked with salt-withdrawal faults of the Andia Fault Zone (AFZ). Salt flow from the AFZ into the Salinas de Oro salt diapir causes brittle gravitational extension of limestone strata leading to a sequence of grabens and Quaternary faults >10 km long and several hundred meters deep.
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Nikolić, Oliver. "Dissolution of Federalism in Yugoslavia // Raspad federalizma u Jugoslaviji." Годишњак факултета правних наука - АПЕИРОН 7, no. 7 (July 27, 2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/gfp1707185n.
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The author gives an overview of the development of the federal system in Yugoslavia since the end of World War II until its complete collapse of the nineties. One of the reason for establishing the federalism in the former Yugoslavia, was the way to resolve the national question, considering Yugoslavia was a multi-ethnic state. But this desire is never, in fact, did not fulfill, at least not consistently. Determination of boundaries between the future federal units did not correspond to historical and national standards and about them was not enacted any legal act. Also, the creation of autonomous provinces only in a one federal unit led to gross violations of the constitutional status of Serbia, to its unequal position compared to the other republics, to breaking of its integrity, etc. All of this along with the fact that the country was not introduce a true democracy, eventually led to a sort of confederation, and ultimately the disintegration of Yugoslavia.
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Szmigielski, Jakub T., and M. Jim Hendry. "Secondary rock structures and the regional hydrogeology of claystone-rich cretaceous strata, Williston Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 8 (August 2017): 902–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0226.
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The geometry and spatial distribution of a polygonal fault system (PFS) and collapse features within Cretaceous strata (predominantly mudstones and claystones) were investigated using three high-resolution three-dimensional seismic datasets of the Williston Basin, Saskatchewan, Canada. Mapping of the planform geometry and fault throw distributions (throw–depth (T–z) profiling) shows that the PFS present in the Colorado Group and Pierre Fm has a vertical extent of 200–330 m. Variation in the lateral planform geometry is attributed to the relative rates of stress accumulation during early development of the planar faults and is constrained using sequence stratigraphic principles. The mean fault dip is 60° ± 12° (number of measurements, n = 225). The T–z profiles appear as partial C-type profiles, demonstrating that at least half of the total height of the PFS was removed during post-Cretaceous erosion. The presence of polygonal faults in equivalent strata of the Western Interior Sedimentary Basin (WISB) suggests the PFS described in the current study (1510 km2) may be present across the WISB. Collapse features, formed in response to dissolution cavities within underlying strata, crosscut the entire Cretaceous sequence and are subcircular in plan view with typical diameters of 350–450 m. These features are present in each of the datasets at a rate of 0.02–0.11 collapses/km2. The prevalence of collapses in areas where faults display modified throw distributions may suggest post-Cretaceous fault reactivation associated with Pleistocene glacial periods. Although these secondary rock structures likely affect groundwater and solute transport at the basin scale, the impact remains to be determined.
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Christiansen, E. A., and E. Karl Sauer. "Stratigraphy and structure of a Late Wisconsinan salt collapse in the Saskatoon Low, south of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: an update." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 1601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e01-038.
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The Saskatoon Low is a collapse structure that formed as a result of dissolution of salt from the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. In this study, the collapse has affected the Upper Cretaceous Lea Park, Judith River, and Bearpaw formations of the Montana Group; the Early and Middle Pleistocene Mennon, Dundurn, and Warman formations of the Sutherland Group; and the Late Pleistocene Floral, Battleford, and Haultain formations of the Saskatoon Group. Locally, the collapse is about 180 m, which is about equal to the thickness of the salt. The first phase of collapse took place after deposition of the Ardkenneth Member of the Bearpaw Formation and before glaciation or during a pre-Illinoian glaciation. The second phase of collapse occurred during the Battleford glaciation (Late Wisconsinan). Prior to deposition of the Battleford Formation, the Saskatoon Low was glacially eroded, removing the Sutherland Group and the Floral Formation. After the glacial erosion, up to 110 m of soft till of the Battleford Formation and up to 77 m of deltaic sand, silt, and clay of the Haultain Formation were deposited in the Saskatoon Low. Lastly, the South Saskatchewan River eroded up to about 40 m into the deltaic sediment and tills before up to about 15 m of Pike Lake Formation was deposited. The Haultain and Pike Lake formations are new stratigraphic units.
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Johnson, Kenneth S. "Development of the Wink Sink in west Texas, U.S.A., due to salt dissolution and collapse." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 14, no. 2 (September 1989): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01728499.
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Muhammed, Dilshad Ali, and Nawzad Ali Ahmed. "Kurdistan Writers' Union Its Foundation, Activities and Dissolution." Journal of University of Raparin 8, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 469–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(8).no(2).paper20.
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The ceasefire between the Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq and the Baathist government in 1974 came to an end, and fighting between the two sides resumed. The war lasted another eleven months. At the start of the war, a group of writers and artists reached out to areas controlled by the revolution and formed organizations. Many of them were members of the Kurdish Writers' Union and They were able to issue 12 of their magazine, but the writers' union was established in Baghdad, not in the revolution. After the collapse of 1975 and the resumption of the new revolution in the areas under Peshmerga control, especially in the early 1980s, for the first time in the battlefields of resistance and defense in Kurdistan, a special organization for writers and writers was established, called the Kurdistan Writers' Union..
The Kurdistan Writers' Union's establishment and activities were addressed in this study, and the reason for its cancellation was clarified. The first section of the study, which was split into two sections, focused on the efficiency and explanations for the organization's formation. The publication chosen by the Kurdistan Writers' Union through a series of criteria is the subject of the second part of the study.
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Zatlin, Jonathan R. "Unifying without Integrating: The East German Collapse and German Unity." Central European History 43, no. 3 (August 18, 2010): 484–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938910000385.
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The demise of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) came as a surprise to most western observers. For historians of modern Europe, its disappearance remains remarkable for at least two reasons. First, East Germany has ceased to exist in an era when new states are constantly being born. Since the French Revolution unleashed the power of national self-determination as an ordering principle more than 200 years ago, new sovereign states have continued to emerge across the globe, whether through the breakup of multiethnic and colonial empires or the dissolution of pan-Slavic states in eastern Europe. Illiberal governments have been swept aside, often with the result that new states have been cast out of imperial entities by the centrifugal force of cultural attachment. In the history of European political sovereignty during the twentieth century, the particular has triumphed over the universal. Except in the case of the GDR. Against the tide of European history, the GDR has gone from sovereign state (East Germany) to regional designation (eastern Germany). In this sense, the story of the GDR's absorption by a larger polity is a tale of modern state-building told in reverse.
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Katsube, T. J., and M. A. Williamson. "Effects of diagenesis on shale nano-pore structure and implications for sealing capacity." Clay Minerals 29, no. 4 (October 1994): 451–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1994.029.4.05.
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AbstractThe effect of diagenesis on shale petrophysical characteristics is being investigated as part of a study on shale sealing capacity because of its significance for modelling hydrocarbon charge histories of sedimentary basins. Results to date indicate that diagenesis (degree of cementation and dissolution) significantly affects porosity and inter-connectivity of the nano-pores (0.3–60 nm), the pores constituting the main pore-throats for tight shales. Diagenesis causes tight shale permeabilities to vary over a range exceeding an order of magnitude (10−21 − 6 × 10−20m2) and porosities to vary between 1 and 12%. In addition, diagenesis significantly influences shale nano-pore resistance to collapse during compaction and burial, mainly at depth > 2–3 km, affecting hydrocarbon trapping, overpressure and sealing capacities. Dissolution tends to delay the timing of excess pressure pulses, while cementation has a reverse effect. The significance of diagenesis is reduced at shallower depths.
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Yin, Shenghua, Xun Chen, Chi Ma, Leiming Wang, and Aixiang Wu. "A Coupled Model for Solution Flow and Bioleaching Reaction Based on the Evolution of Heap Pore Structure." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/342537.
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Based on the basic seepage law, equations have been derived to descript the solution flow within the copper ore heap which is treated as anisotropy porous media. The relationship between heap permeability and pore ratio has been revealed. Given the consideration of cover pressure and particle dissolution, pore evolution model has been set up. The pore evolution mechanism, due to the process of dissolution, precipitation, blockage, collapse, and caking, has been investigated. The comprehensive model for pore evolution and solution flow under the effect of solute transport and leaching reaction has been established. A trapezoidal heap was calculated, and the estimated results show that permeability decreases with the decreasing of pore ratio. Therefore, the permeability of the heap with small particles is relatively low because of its low pore ratio. Furthermore, permeability and height are found to be the two main factors influencing the solution flow.
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Papaioanou, Fonti Pomoni, and Zafiris Carotsieris. "Dolomitization patterns in Jurassic-Cretaceous dissolution-collapse breccias of Mainalon Mountain (Tripolis Unit, Central Peloponnesus-Greece)." Carbonates and Evaporites 8, no. 1 (March 1993): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03175159.
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Ackermann, Rolf V., Roy W. Schlische, and Paul E. Olsen. "Synsedimentary collapse of portions of the lower Blomidon Formation (Late Triassic), Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1965–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-150.
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A chaotic mudstone unit within the lower Blomidon Formation (Late Triassic) has been traced for 35 km in the Mesozoic Fundy rift basin of Nova Scotia. This unit is characterized by highly disrupted bedding that is commonly cut by small (<0.5 m) domino-style synsedimentary normal faults, downward movement of material, geopetal structures, variable thickness, and an irregular, partially faulted contact with the overlying unit. The chaotic unit is locally overlain by a fluvial sandstone, which is overlain conformably by mudstone. Although the thickness of the sandstone is highly variable, the overlying mudstone unit exhibits only gentle regional dip. The sandstone unit exhibits numerous soft-sediment deformation features, including dewatering structures, convoluted bedding, kink bands, and convergent fault fans. The frequency and intensity of these features increase dramatically above low points at the base of the sandstone unit. These stratigraphic relations suggest buried interstratal karst, the subsurface dissolution of evaporites bounded by insoluble sediments. We infer that the chaotic unit was formed by subsidence and collapse resulting from the dissolution of an evaporite bed or evaporite-rich unit by groundwater, producing dewatering and synsedimentary deformation structures in the overlying sandstone unit, which infilled surface depressions resulting from collapse. In coeval Moroccan rift basins, facies similar to the Blomidon Formation are associated with halite and gypsum beds. The regional extent of the chaotic unit indicates a marked period of desiccation of a playa lake of the appropriate water chemistry. The sedimentary features described here may be useful for inferring the former existence of evaporites or evaporite-rich units in predominantly clastic terrestrial environments.
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Puchenkov, Alexander S. "Ethnic Disintegration and the Dissolution of the USSR." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 3 (2020): 826–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.308.
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An immense role in the collapse of the USSR was played by a whole array of factors: the public being tired of the Communist project; the massive shortages of consumer goods, which made people hate the government; the growing opposition within the Communist party to Gorbachev’s reforms; the hesitation of the General Secretary who tried to rely in turn either on the right or on the left wing; the drastic fall in the living standards. The crucial role, however, was played by “the parade of sovereignties” and the Centre being too late in its attempts to address the national question. By the autumn of 1990, the President’s close associates started to sense that power was slipping from Gorbachev’s hands; with the fellow countrymen staying remarkably indifferent, the Soviet Union was heading towards dissolution as the ambitions of local party leaders in the constituent republics generated and cannily magnified nationalist and separatist trends. Gorbachev kept up his maneuver strategy, which put him on the verge of resignation in the spring of 1991 when his support was minimal. He seemed, though, to have managed to pull out of this dive thanks to the Soviet Union referendum held on March 17, in which the voters were asked if they considered the preservation of the USSR necessary. Eventually, however, the issue of preserving or not preserving a unified state depended directly on the position of Russia as the backbone of the Soviet Union. The study draws on the author’s personal archive of original testimonies and interviews of the political figures directly involved in the events in question.
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Anderson, N. L., and R. J. Brown. "A seismic analysis of Black Creek and Wabumun salt collapse features, western Canadian sedimentary basin." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 5 (May 1991): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443078.
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Two Devonian salts of western Canada, those of the Black Creek member (Upper Elk Point subgroup) in northwest Alberta and those of the Wabamun group in southeastern Alberta, were widely distributed and uniformly deposited within their respective basins. Both of these salts are interbedded within predominantly carbonate sequences and both have been extensively leached. They are now preserved as discontinuous remnants of variable thickness and areal extent. These salt remnants and their associated collapse features are often associated with structural or stratigraphic traps. Structural traps typically form where reservoir facies are closed across remnant salts, stratigraphic traps often develop where reservoir facies were either preferentially deposited and/or preserved in salt collapse lows. As a result of these relationships between dissolution and hydrocarbon entrapment, the distribution (areal extent and thickness) of these salt remnants is of significant interest to the explorationist. Both the Black Creek and Wabamun salts have relatively abrupt contacts with the encasing higher velocity, higher density carbonates. Where these salts are sufficiently thick, their top and base typically generate high amplitude reflections, and lateral variations in the salt isopach can be directly determined from the seismic data. Relative salt thicknesses can also be indirectly estimated through analyses of lateral variations in the thicknesses of the encompassing carbonates, time structural drape and velocity pullup. Such seismic information about the thickness and the extent of these salts should be used together with well log control to generate subsurface distribution maps. These maps will facilitate both the delineation of prospective structural and stratigraphic play fairways and the determination of the timing of salt dissolution. In addition, an appreciation of regional salt distribution will decrease the likelihood that remnant salts will be misinterpreted as either reefs and/or faulted structures.
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Grzymala-Busse, Anna. "Hoist on their own petards? The reinvention and collapse of authoritarian successor parties." Party Politics 25, no. 4 (November 8, 2017): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068817740336.
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What happens to authoritarian ruling parties when they accept democracy and reinvent their organizations, symbols, and programs to comply with the norms of free political competition? The consequences of such reinvention have been neglected empirically, yet they are critical for our understanding both of the costs and benefits of party transformation and for the health of democratic party competition. Using a novel data set comprising 81 countries over 1945–2015, and a structured comparison of two prominent cases of authoritarian reinvention, this article makes three contributions. First, it distinguishes among the different strategies available to authoritarian ruling parties after the collapse of their monopoly regimes, including exit, dissolution, and reinvention. Second, it finds that the cruel paradox is that the biggest boosters and builders of party democracy—the reinvented authoritarian successor parties—eventually suffer the most electorally. Third, this paradoxical fate follows from their initial decisions to reinvent and transform themselves.
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Tulin, Anabella. "Characteristics of Interlayer Materials in Non-Allophanic Volcanic Ash and Red Yellow Soils from Japan." Science and Humanities Journal 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2005): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.051.1.
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The characteristics and properties of interlayer materials from 10 non-allophanic (Melanudand) and red yellow soils (Alfisols and Ultisols) from three locations in Japan were studied by chemical extractions and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Allophane was dissolved from clay samples using 0.15 M acid oxalate solution while silicon and aluminum were dissolved using both 0.15 M acid oxalate and 0.3 M sodium citrate solutions. XRD analyses were done for the treated and untreated samples. For the chemically extracted samples, the clay samples were treated with bicarbonate citrate solution for the removal of iron oxides after the dissolution treatments then saturated with K and Mg ions for XRD analyses. Results of the XRD patternd of the untreated and treated samples indicated the interlayer materials as a hydroxy-interlayered form for vermiculite (HIV). Between the two dissolution treatments, the 0.3 M sodium citrate treatment was found to be more effective in removing the interlayer materials than the 0.15 M acid oxalate treatment by allowing interlayer expansion and collapse.
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Shi, Feifei, Allen Pei, David Thomas Boyle, Jin Xie, Xiaoyun Yu, Xiaokun Zhang, and Yi Cui. "Lithium metal stripping beneath the solid electrolyte interphase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 34 (August 6, 2018): 8529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806878115.
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Lithium stripping is a crucial process coupled with lithium deposition during the cycling of Li metal batteries. Lithium deposition has been widely studied, whereas stripping as a subsurface process has rarely been investigated. Here we reveal the fundamental mechanism of stripping on lithium by visualizing the interface between stripped lithium and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). We observed nanovoids formed between lithium and the SEI layer after stripping, which are attributed to the accumulation of lithium metal vacancies. High-rate dissolution of lithium causes vigorous growth and subsequent aggregation of voids, followed by the collapse of the SEI layer, i.e., pitting. We systematically measured the lithium polarization behavior during stripping and find that the lithium cation diffusion through the SEI layer is the rate-determining step. Nonuniform sites on typical lithium surfaces, such as grain boundaries and slip lines, greatly accelerated the local dissolution of lithium. The deeper understanding of this buried interface stripping process provides beneficial clues for future lithium anode and electrolyte design.
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Gendzwill, Don, and Mel Stauffer. "Shallow faults, Upper Cretaceous clinoforms, and the Colonsay Collapse, Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1859–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-071.
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Reflection seismic data in the vicinity of the Colonsay potash mine near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, reveal numerous shallow normal faults with vertical displacements of as much as 25 m. The faults cut the glacial deposits and Upper Cretaceous rocks to a maximum depth of about 400 m. Horizontal length ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand metres. Similar faults are also exposed in several widely separated open-pit coal mines of southern Saskatchewan and may be common elsewhere in the prairies. Such faulting is considered to be a result of Tertiary to Quaternary extensional tectonics and may have been aided in this region by the melting of gas hydrates. The study area includes the east flank of the Colonsay Collapse, a subsidence structure caused by dissolution and removal of salt in the 200 m thick Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation. Salt was removed in two stages prior to or during early glacial time and in late-glacial time. Subsidence was gradual, with no observable faulting. A complex of clinoform structures about 120 m thick and prograding east-northeast occurs in the Upper Cretaceous Lea Park Formation in the study area and may correlate to the Alderson Member of southern Saskatchewan. Strong seismic reflections within the complex could be due to gas-filled porosity. Where undermined by salt removal in the Colonsay Collapse, the clinoform structures now form drape antiforms.
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Bachant, Jeff, Shannon R. Jessen, Sarah E. Kavanaugh, and Candida S. Fielding. "The yeast S phase checkpoint enables replicating chromosomes to bi-orient and restrain spindle extension during S phase distress." Journal of Cell Biology 168, no. 7 (March 28, 2005): 999–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200412076.
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The budding yeast S phase checkpoint responds to hydroxyurea-induced nucleotide depletion by preventing replication fork collapse and the segregation of unreplicated chromosomes. Although the block to chromosome segregation has been thought to occur by inhibiting anaphase, we show checkpoint-defective rad53 mutants undergo cycles of spindle extension and collapse after hydroxyurea treatment that are distinct from anaphase cells. Furthermore, chromatid cohesion, whose dissolution triggers anaphase, is dispensable for S phase checkpoint arrest. Kinetochore–spindle attachments are required to prevent spindle extension during replication blocks, and chromosomes with two centromeres or an origin of replication juxtaposed to a centromere rescue the rad53 checkpoint defect. These observations suggest that checkpoint signaling is required to generate an inward force involved in maintaining preanaphase spindle integrity during DNA replication distress. We propose that by promoting replication fork integrity under these conditions Rad53 ensures centromere duplication. Replicating chromosomes can then bi-orient in a cohesin-independent manner to restrain untimely spindle extension.
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Park, Chan Geun, and Hong Seong Sohn. "CO2-Dissolved Water Cleans for 2xnm-Node Silicon Devices in a Single Wafer Megasonic System." Solid State Phenomena 195 (December 2012): 198–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.195.198.
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Megasonic cleans have been applied to remove defects such as particles and polymer/resist residues in silicon wafer fabrication of IC devices. However, with the shrink of device technology node, megasonic cleans are being challenged to maintain high cleaning efficiency promoted by streaming force of stable cavitation for the smaller particles without producing pattern collapse caused by violent implosions of transient cavities [. S. Kumari et al. reported that CO2-dissolved water (CO2 DIW) was potentially able to suppress wafer damage during megasonic exposure by minimizing unrestrained explosion of transient cavities. This is accomplished through the study on Sonoluninescence (SL), the phenomenon of release of light when liquid is irradiated by sound wafers of sufficient intensity, as a sensitive indicator of cavitation events [2, . This paper compares the effects of CO2 dissolution on particle removal efficiency (PRE) and pattern collapse in a range of megasonic power with >100nm-size Si3N4 particles and 2xnm node line/space-pattern, respectively to N2-gasified water (N2 DIW).
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Heuser, Beatrice. "The Development of NATO's Nuclear Strategy." Contemporary European History 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003258.
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With the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of the Soviet Union, we have come to a turning point, perhaps the most important turning point, in the short but complex history of nuclear strategy. The Cold War is now history, albeit the sort of history that we will be living with for a long time yet. It is therefore time to review the policies and strategies of the Cold War in a historical perspective. In this essay, it is NATO's nuclear strategy during the Cold War that will be the subject of such a review.2
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Sun, Qiliang, Joe Cartwright, Shiguo Wu, and Duanxin Chen. "3D seismic interpretation of dissolution pipes in the South China Sea: Genesis by subsurface, fluid induced collapse." Marine Geology 337 (March 2013): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2013.03.002.
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Shen, Yuyi, Robert L. Powell, and Marjorie L. Longo. "Influence of the Dissolution Rate on the Collapse and Shedding Behavior of Monostearin/Monopalmitin-rich Coated Microbubbles." Langmuir 24, no. 18 (September 16, 2008): 10035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la801668h.
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Pomfret, Richard. "Central Asia since the Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Economic Reforms and eir Impact on State-Society Relations." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 6, no. 1-3 (2007): 313–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914907x207775.
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AbstractIn late 1991, with the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union, the five Central Asian republics became independent countries. The completely unexpected challenges of nation-building were superimposed on the transition from a centrally planned economy. Within the common bounds of resource-based economies and autocratic regimes, the five countries gradually became more differentiated as their governments introduced diverse national strategies for transition to a market-based economy. This article describes the different economic polices adopted by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan and analyzes the outcomes.
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Cooper, Anthony H. "Chapter 16 Geohazards caused by gypsum and anhydrite in the UK: including dissolution, subsidence, sinkholes and heave." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 29, no. 1 (2020): 403–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/egsp29.16.
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AbstractGypsum and anhydrite are both soluble minerals that form rocks that can dissolve at the surface and underground, producing sulphate karst and causing geological hazards, especially subsidence and sinkholes. The dissolution rates of these minerals are rapid and cavities/caves can enlarge and collapse on a human time scale. In addition, the hydration and recrystallization of anhydrite to gypsum can cause considerable expansion and pressures capable of causing uplift and heave. Sulphate-rich water associated with the deposits can react with concrete and be problematic for construction. This paper reviews the occurrence of gypsum and anhydrite in the near surface of the UK and looks at methods for mitigating, avoiding and planning for the problems associated with these rocks.
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Gong, Jiakun, Sebastien Vincent-Bonnieu, Ridhwan Z. Kamarul Bahrim, Che A. N. B. Che Mamat, Raj D. Tewari, Mohammad I. Mahamad Amir, Jeroen Groenenboom, Rouhollah Farajzadeh, and William R. Rossen. "Injectivity of Multiple Slugs in Surfactant Alternating Gas Foam EOR: A CT Scan Study." SPE Journal 25, no. 02 (February 4, 2020): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199888-pa.
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Summary A surfactant alternating gas (SAG) process is often the injection method for foam, on the basis of its improved injectivity over direct foam injection. In a previous study, we reported coreflood experiments on liquid injectivity after foam flooding and liquid injectivity after injection of a gas slug following steady-state foam. Results showed that a period of gas injection is important for the subsequent liquid injectivity. However, the effects of multiple gas and liquid slugs were not explored. In this paper, we present a coreflood study of injectivities of multiple gas and liquid slugs in an SAG process in a field core. Nitrogen and surfactant solution are either coinjected or injected separately into the sandstone core sample. The experiments are conducted at an elevated temperature of 90°C with a backpressure of 40 bar. Differential pressures are measured to quantify gas and liquid injectivities. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is applied to relate water saturation to mobility. During the injection of a large gas slug following foam, a bank in which foam completely collapses or greatly weakens forms near the inlet and propagates slowly downstream. During the subsequent period of liquid injection, liquid flows through the collapsed-foam bank much more easily than further downstream. Beyond the collapsed-foam region, liquid first imbibes into the whole cross section. In this region, liquid flows mainly through a finger of high liquid saturation. Our CT results suggest a revision of our earlier interpretation; the process of gas dissolution does not merely follow fingering but is evidently directly involved in the fingering process. Our results suggest that, in radial flow, the small region of foam collapse very near the well greatly improves injectivity. The subsequent gas and liquid slugs behave near the wellbore, affecting injectivity, in a way similar to the first slugs. Thus, the behavior and modeling of the first gas slug and first subsequent liquid slug is representative of near-well behavior in an SAG process. The trends observed in our previous work are reproduced in a low-permeability field core.
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Klein-Pejšová, Rebekah. "Beyond the “Infamous Concentration Camps of the Old Monarchy”: Jewish Refugee Policy from Wartime Austria-Hungary to Interwar Czechoslovakia." Austrian History Yearbook 45 (April 2014): 150–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237813000659.
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The scholarship on twentieth-century refugee movement highlights the persecution of national, ethnic, and religious minorities arising from state and nation-building. The very structure and function of modern nation-states made specific populations within them vulnerable outsiders. The nation-state limited and defined in new ways those groups for whom the state would take responsibility. “In practically every way we can imagine,” writes Michael Marrus, “the First World War imposed on contemporaries the awesome power of the nation-state.” Refugee movement has also been tied to policies of wartime persecution and the chaos of imperial collapse. Populations in flux mark a regime no longer in control, a state in dissolution and decay.
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Ifandi, E., B. Tsikouras, and K. Hatzipanagiotou. "Contribution to the evolution of the Perama Cave (Ioannina, NW Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 47, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.10939.
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This study includes the description of thirty three speleothem types, which were found in the Perama cave, Ioannina, NW Greece, according to the international literature, along with the interpretation of their formation, for the first time in Greece. The detailed study of these speleothems coupled with observations of the way of their formation and their spatial distribution enabled us to suggest that the Perama cave evolved through a sequence of episodes that include dissolution of the host Senonian limestone, collapse of its roof formations, as well as alternating events of formation of stalactitic- and stalagmitic-type speleothems with excess water flow and/or flooding, which resulted in the development of stream formations
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Taylor, Brian D. "The Soviet Military and the Disintegration of the USSR." Journal of Cold War Studies 5, no. 1 (January 2003): 17–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039703320996713.
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This article uses competing theories of civil-military relations to explain why the Soviet military failed to act in a decisive manner to prevent the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The norms and beliefs held by Soviet military officers—that is, the military's organizational culture—were crucial in shaping officers' behavior. The article tests this explanation against other approaches to civil-military relations and finds that the organizational culture framework is by far the most convincing. The article gives particular attention to the behavior of the Soviet armed forces during the attempted coup d'état in August 1991 and the events leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet state at the end of 1991.
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Matton, Guillaume, Michel Jébrak, and James K. W. Lee. "Resolving the Richat enigma: Doming and hydrothermal karstification above an alkaline complex." Geology 33, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 665–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g21542ar.1.
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Abstract The Richat structure (Sahara, Mauritania) appears as a large dome at least 40 km in diameter within a Late Proterozoic to Ordovician sequence. Erosion has created circular cuestas represented by three nested rings dipping outward from the structure. The center of the structure consists of a limestone-dolomite shelf that encloses a kilometer-scale siliceous breccia and is intruded by basaltic ring dikes, kimberlitic intrusions, and alkaline volcanic rocks. Several hypotheses have been presented to explain the spectacular Richat structure and breccia, but their origin remains enigmatic. The breccia body is lenticular in shape and irregularly thins at its extremities to only a few meters. The breccia was created during karst dissolution and collapse. Internal sediments fill the centimeter- to meter-scale cavities. Alkaline enrichment and the presence of Cretaceous automorphous neoformed K-feldspar demonstrate the hydrothermal origin of these internal sediments and their contemporaneity with magmatism. A model is proposed in which doming and the production of hydrothermal fluids were instrumental in creating a favorable setting for dissolution. The circular Richat structure and its breccia core thus represent the superficial expression of a Cretaceous alkaline complex with an exceptionally well preserved hydrothermal karst infilling at its summit.
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POLLITT, BRIAN H. "The Rise and Fall of the Cuban Sugar Economy." Journal of Latin American Studies 36, no. 2 (May 2004): 319–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x04007448.
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The rise of Cuban sugar production from 1800 to world dominance in the 1920s is briefly portrayed, together with its collapse, recovery and subsequent stagnation between the 1930s and the Revolution of 1959. The renewed and further growth of the sugar economy from 1959–89 is considered in the context of the uniquely favourable terms of trade then developed with the USSR and COMECON. These provided expanding markets and financed the technical transformation of the cultivation, harvesting, transhipment and processing of the sugar cane. From 1993 to 2002, following the implosion of the USSR and the dissolution of COMECON, Cuba could produce little more than one half of the average annual sugar output of the 1980s. This collapse and the inability of the island's planners to reverse it are discussed with particularly emphasis on post-1997 efforts to stabilise production and lower costs to meet persistently unfavourable world market sugar prices. A critical appraisal of the drastic ‘restructuring’ programme announced in 2002 is illustrated by primary data collected in fieldwork in 1994, 1996 and 2002 and Cuba's dramatic post-1991 decline from dominance in the international sugar trade is stressed.
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Guerrero, Jesús, Ronald L. Bruhn, James P. McCalpin, Francisco Gutiérrez, Grant Willis, and Morteza Mozafari. "Salt-dissolution faults versus tectonic faults from the case study of salt collapse in Spanish Valley, SE Utah (USA)." Lithosphere 7, no. 1 (February 2015): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l385.1.
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Popescu, Sorin, Mirela-Ancuţa Radu, Stela Dinescu, and Iulian Vladuca. "Study of the possibilities of CO2 storage in the underground caverns of dissolution salt mines." MATEC Web of Conferences 342 (2021): 06006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134206006.
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Evaluating the possibility to store CO2 in salt mines is made complex because of the lack of necessary data and different mechanisms that act on different time scales. This analysis can be made using traditional methods of geographical survey, lab experiments and digital simulations. Storing of CO2 needs to be done in a stable geological area. The cavity must be thoroughly analysed for dimensions, depth, permeability and porosity. Based on studies made by the University of Petroşani some areas subject to collapse have been monitored using topography and sonic measurements with the aim to understand their possible evolution. Monitoring caverns and underground cavities is done using sonar. The sonar is a good instrument to manage a cavern, it increases its safety while it is being exploited and offers important data for the geomechanics model. CavInfo software package has been specially created to analyse and show individual caverns or systems of caverns. CavView II software allows for results of cavern sonar surveys to be displayed in a variety of ways, with the added possibility to compare surveys, analysis of caverns and export of data.
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Deane, George. "Dissolving the self." Philosophy and the Mind Sciences 1, no. I (March 24, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.i.39.
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Psychedelic drugs such as psilocybin, LSD and DMT are known to induce powerful alterations in phenomenology. Perhaps of most philosophical and scientific interest is their capacity to disrupt and even “dissolve” one of the most primary features of normal experience: that of being a self. Such “peak” or “mystical” experiences are of increasing interest for their potentially transformative therapeutic value. While empirical research is underway, a theoretical conception of the mechanisms underpinning these experiences remains elusive. In the following paper, psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution is accounted for within an active inference framework, as a collapse in the “temporal thickness” of an agent’s deep temporal model, as a result of lowered precision on high-level priors. The argument here is composed of three moves: first, a view of the self-model is proposed as arising within a temporally deep generative model of an embodied organism navigating an affordance landscape in the service of allostasis. Next, a view of the action of psychedelics as lowering the precision of high-level priors within the generative model is unpacked in terms of a high Bayesian learning rate. Finally, the relaxation of high-level priors is argued to cause a “collapse” in the temporal thickness of the generative model, resulting in a collapse in the self-model and a loss of the ordinary sense of being a self. This account has implications for our understanding of ordinary self-consciousness and disruptions in self-consciousness present in psychosis, autism, depression, and dissociative disorders. The philosophical, theoretical and therapeutic implications of this account are touched upon.
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Song, Xiao-Qing, Cheng Tao, Wei Li, Jie-Xin Wang, Yuan Le, and Jian-Jun Zhang. "Preparation of Reduction-Responsive Camptothecin Nanocapsules by Combining Nanoprecipitation and In Situ Polymerization for Anticancer Therapy." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (October 3, 2018): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040173.
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Stimuli-responsive systems for controlled drug release have been extensively explored in recent years. In this work, we developed a reduction-responsive camptothecin (CPT) nanocapsule (CPT-NC) by combining nanoprecipitation and in situ polymerization using a polymerized surface ligand and a disulfide bond-containing crosslinker. Dissolution rate studies proved that the CPT-NCs have robust drug-release profiles in the presence of glutathione (GSH) owing to the division of the disulfide bond crosslinker which triggers the collapse of the polymer layer. Furthermore, the in vitro investigations demonstrated that the CPT-NCs exhibited a high-cellular uptake efficiency and cytotoxicity for cancer cells of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC-15). Our approach thus presents an effective intracellular drug delivery strategy for anticancer therapy.
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Dragomir, Isabela Anda. "Expressions of Relational Power in Nato Discourse: Cooperation with Former Adversaries." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kbo-2018-0103.
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Abstract The dissolution of the Soviet Empire in 1991 has challenged the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to grapple with an issue that had been avoided and postponed during the Cold War - how to give specific and practical content to the Alliance’s long-standing vision of a peaceful political order in Europe. This paper examines the galvanizing role of language in forging a solid discourse aimed at initiating and consolidating cooperation between the Alliance and its former adversaries in the aftermath of the Soviet Union’s collapse. Drawing on discourse analysis as a method of qualitative investigation, the present linguistic exploration of military discourse focuses on a number of NATO official documents that reify the Alliance’s determination to contribute to the construction of a more secure transatlantic environment