Journal articles: 'Distance relay'

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Sriram, Cholleti, and Y. Kusumalatha. "Three zone detection and distance relay co-ordination of power system protection." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i2.pp919-928.

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To secure the transmission lines against power system faults, the distance relays are mostly used. Distance relay has its own Resistance (R)–Reactance (X) characteristics. Co-ordination of different distance relays is necessary for the fast operation of circuit breaker. Various distance relays which are being tripped with respect to circuit breakers which are attached at individual buses faraway from each other. These relays will be operated with respect to the distance between the occurred fault and relay location. In this paper, detection of three zones using relay characteristics, co-ordination of distance relays and circuit breakers are shown with the faults placed at different locations of an IEEE Nine bus system using MATLAB/Simulink GUI environment. A comparison also made between the relays performance and circuit breaker tripping operation with respect to severe faults at different locations on IEEE Nine bus system.

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Zulkarnaini, Zulkarnaini, and Muhammad Rizki. "Study of Coordination on Protection Relay in High Voltage Transmission 150 kV (Payakumbuh – Koto Padang, West Sumatra)." MATEC Web of Conferences 215 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821501021.

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The disturbance of the high voltage transmission can be caused by a short circuit, overload, lightning surge, and other natural disturbances. That disturbance can lead to disruption of the distribution of electricity and damage to the electric power system installation equipment. A reliable protection system that can identify the disturbance quickly and also can securing affected parts of the system from other parts that can still operate normally are needed. Protection system operation may fail due to various factors; therefore, in addition to primary protection required backup protection that can work as primary protection fails to work. Distance relays can be used as primary protection as well as remote backup protection on high-voltage transmission. While overcurrent relay (OCR) and ground fault relay (GFR) is used as a local backup if distance relay failed to work. This research conducted a study of protection relays coordination for primary protection or backup protection on the high-voltage transmission that connects to Payakumbuh substation and Koto Panjang substation. Coordination is done by calculating the distance relay settings that use as primary protection as well as remote backup protection relay settings and calculating the overcurrent and ground fault relay that used as local backup protection. From the calculation, we get setting time to coordinate distance relay, overcurrent relay, and ground fault relay. Setting time was conducted to the first zone of the distance relay within 0 sec, and the second zone within 0.4 sec and third zone within 1.2 sec. For overcurrent relay and ground fault relay use time delay 1 second where the value is above the value that used in the second zone of distance relay. Distance relay can be coordinated with the auto-reclose relay to close the circuit breaker automatically sometime after a temporary disturbance. Setting that use to auto reclose relay is dead time 1 second and reclaim time 40 second. The coordination between the distance relay with auto-reclose relay can improve the quality of distribution of electrical energy.

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Omorogiuwa, Eseosa, and Wonodi Ikonwa. "Distance Relay Protection Improvement of Alaoji-Afam 330kV Transmission Line." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.9.865.

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Fault resistance influences the operation of distance relays, thus causing it to give inaccurate impedance measurement, thus resulting to under-reach condition. .Trip report of fault occurrence in Alaoji-Afam 330kV line showed the effect of fault resistance on the relay operation. This paper seek to improve distance relay performance in terms of reliability, speed and selectivity on Alaoji-Afam 330kV transmission line, when fault resistance is present through adjustment of protected zone reach using NEPLAN software to model and simulate distance relay used for this study. Several simulations were run and the results showed good improvement of distance relay operation in handling fault conditions. Adjustment of the protected zone reach was done to compensate for the effect of high fault resistance on distance relay operation.

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Omorogiuwa, Eseosa, and Wonodi Ikonwa. "Distance Relay Protection Improvement of Alaoji-Afam 330kV Transmission Line." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.9.865.

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Fault resistance influences the operation of distance relays, thus causing it to give inaccurate impedance measurement, thus resulting to under-reach condition. .Trip report of fault occurrence in Alaoji-Afam 330kV line showed the effect of fault resistance on the relay operation. This paper seek to improve distance relay performance in terms of reliability, speed and selectivity on Alaoji-Afam 330kV transmission line, when fault resistance is present through adjustment of protected zone reach using NEPLAN software to model and simulate distance relay used for this study. Several simulations were run and the results showed good improvement of distance relay operation in handling fault conditions. Adjustment of the protected zone reach was done to compensate for the effect of high fault resistance on distance relay operation.

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Stošić, Andrea, Ante Marušić, and Juraj Havelka. "Transmission lines protection using SIPROTEC numerical relays." Journal of Energy - Energija 66, no. 1-4 (June 23, 2022): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2017661-4103.

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This paper analyses the fundamental principles of distance protection relays while highlighting the importance of correct relay parameterising through a set of relay tests. Numerical distance relays can have up to 6 distance zones, and nowadays most of them have a quadrilateral (polygonal) characteristic. The specific objective of this study was to apply those principles on a SIPROTEC distance protection 7SA611 relay with the help of Omicron CMC 56 testing device, as well as to describe the testing process. As a part of the testing, DIGSI and Test Universe Software were used. Experimental results confirm the theoretical principles of distance protection and show the advantages of numerical relays. This paper concludes that optimal choice of reach settings and time delays between the zones, as well as zone directions, can significantly impact the selectivity of the protection system, and therefore the scope and time of the outage.

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Al-Kaoaz, Hiba Nadhim A., and Ahmed Nasser B. Alsammak. "Performance enhancement of distance relay in presence of unified power flow controller." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v14.i3.pp1577-1588.

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The characteristics of the distance relay are devised based on online and fault impedance. The relay uses fault information to react to the expected state; however, integrating the grid with a unified power flow controller (UPFC) might stop the relay from fault-triggered operations, requiring altered relay characteristics. Building relay tripping parameters are among the critical challenges that must be addressed for transmission line distance relays because current transmission networks face higher stress regarding power system operation. Furthermore, the use of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) instruments at the transmission level adversely affects distance relay performance due to impedance differences. The UPFC is among the essential FACTS instruments; it comprises shunt and series converters to alter the apparent relay impedance; hence, it was considered for this study, where a test system during fault was assessed to demonstrate the output of the distance relay before and after using the UPFC. MATLAB was used to build scenarios demonstrating the effect of a UPFC located in the transmission line's midsection or end or not using the UPFC. This research offers an analytical technique to determine the probable effects of UPFC on distance relay characteristics. The outcomes provide new relay characteristics for several fault resistances and locations for fault-specific impedance trajectory reactions.

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Al Kazzaz, Sa’ad Ahmed S., Ibrahim Ismaeel, and Karam Khairullah Mohammed. "Fault detection and location of power transmission lines using intelligent distance relay." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp726-734.

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The aim of this paper is to design a three-phase distance relay using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system algorithm (ANFIS). The proposed relay is used to protect the power transmission lines where they are subjected to faults continuously. These faults may produce a high electric current which leads to high damage in power system equipment. The relay is used to detect the transmission line faults by measuring the voltage and current values for each phase. The line impedance is then calculated to detect the faults and issue instantaneous trip signal to circuit breaker, to separate the fault zone of the transmission line without affecting the work of other relays. To isolate the faulty line without affecting the other lines within the network the relays were trained using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The obtained results through this work show that the designated distance relay with (ANFIS) algorithm has the ability to detect the faults occurrence, recognize it from the cases of the disturbance and to isolate only the fault zone without affecting the work of other relays in system.

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Muljono, Agung Budi. "DISTANCE RELAY PROTECTION COORDINATION ANALYSIS OF HIGH VOLTAGE TRANSMISSION LINE 150 KV LOMBOK POWER SYSTEM." DIELEKTRIKA 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dielektrika.v7i1.230.

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Lombok electrical system has been operating a 150kV high voltage transmission line and has been developing continuously. High voltage transmission line construction is an effort to improve electrical system quality and reliability. Thus, good protection is needed to maintain the distribution reliability of electrical power. One of the relays used in the Lombok electrical protection system is a distance relay. Distance relay works as the main protection in the transmission system by measuring fault impedance value based on current and voltage detected by the relay. This study illustrates how to calculate distance relay setting impedance in Z1pri, Z2pri and Z3pri then held a short-circuit simulation in software ETAP 7.5 to examine it. Setting calculation result of distance relay in Ampenan for Ampenan – Jeranjang line protection, with 3,25 Ω (7.543 km)line impedance, is Z1pri = 2.6057 Ω (6.0345 km), t1 = 0 second, Z2pri = 13.7056 Ω (31.7406 km), t2 = 0.4 second, Z3pri = 24.7209 Ω (57.2508 km), t3 = 1.2 second. Relay’s setting impedance is larger than fault impedance detected by the relay, so that distance relay has been able to protect the system. This study may also show graphic of setting impedance and time coordination from distance relay for every protection area section.

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Taher, Menna, Mohamed Abaza, Mostafa Fedawy, and Moustafa Aly. "Relay Selection Schemes for FSO Communications over Turbulent Channels." Applied Sciences 9, no. 7 (March 27, 2019): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9071281.

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Free Space Optics (FSO) Communication has attracted the attention of the researchers in the last decade due to its high data rate, security, and low cost. Relay-assisted techniques are used to divide the distance to shorter hops in order to mitigate the effects of turbulence, weather attenuation, pointing error, and geometric loss. Choosing an active relay per time slot has been proven to enhance the performance of the system and decrease the loading effect on the system when compared to all active relays. This paper investigates the best relay that can be selected according to the source to relay (S-R) channel coefficient, relay to destination (R-D) channel coefficient, and source to destination (S-D) channel coefficient. A comprehensive comparison is applied to the three following cases: (a) Broadcast phase from source to relay to select the best (Proactive-Relay); (b) Broadcast phase from relay to destination after broadcasting to all relays then select (Reactive-relays); and, (c) Direct link from source-to-best relay-to-destination to conclude which method is better for different scenarios, such as turbulence regime, number of relays, different pointing error effect, and severity of S-R as compared to R-D and vice versa. The selection methods regard to four aspects: (1) Number of relays (two or three relays); (2) Distance between Source-Relay and Relay-Destination (D = 400–600 m, 500–500 m, and 600–400 m); (3) The different turbulence of Log-normal channel and Gamma-Gamma channel (with a refractive index coefficient( C n 2 = 0.5 × 10−14, 2 × 10−14 and 5 × 10−14)); and finally, (4) Beam waist ω z (pointing error).

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Henna, Mohamed Younes E., and Sayed A. Nagy. "Prevention of Cascaded Events of Distance Relay Zone Three Using Logic Controls." Conference Papers in Engineering 2013 (June 2, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/198021.

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This paper presents a new method to prevent cascaded events caused by zone 3 elements of distance relays due to transmission line overload by using logic controls. A proposed adaptive distance relay algorithm provides a new concept to distinguish between actual faults and flow transfers and secures time to perform remedial controls by a defense system during cascaded events. Maloperation of distance relay is a very critical situation, leading to more operation of other distance relays and finally partial or total blackout. Logic controls are used to insure the operating decision through observing the system parameters and compare it with a setting already being input to the system. When distance relay is activated and the logic controls find that the system is healthy (unfaulted) and that the activation resulted from transmission line overload not real fault, the operation signal will be blocked to protect the system from maloperation.

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Khoa, N. M., and D. D. Tung. "Modeling for Development of Simulation Tool: Impact of TCSC on Apparent Impedance Seen by Distance Relay." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, no. 5 (October 13, 2018): 3332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2199.

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The impact of thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) on distance protection relays in transmission lines is analyzed in this paper. Voltage and current data are measured and collected at the relay locations to calculate the apparent impedance seen by distance protection relays in the different operating modes of the TCSC connected to the line. Short-circuit faults which occur at different locations on the power transmission line are considered in order to locate the fault for the purpose of evaluating the impact of TCSC on the distance protection relay. Matlab/Simulink simulation software is used to model the power transmission line with two sources at the two ends. Voltage source, transmission line, TCSC, voltage and current measurement, and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) blocks are integrated into the model. Simulation results show the impact of TCSC on the distance protection relay and determine the apparent impedance and fault location in the line.

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Al-Badrany, Ahmad A. "Modeling and Simulation of Out of Step Blocking Relay for Power Swing using Concentric Polygons Scheme." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 17, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.17.1.08.

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This paper investigates a power swing effect on a distance protection relay performance installed on (HV/EHV) transmission line as well as power system stability. A conventional distance relay can’t properly operate under transient stability conditions; therefore, it cause mol-operation, and it will adversely impact on its trip signals. To overcome this problem, the Out Of Step (OOS) relay has modeled and simulated to joint with distance relay to supervise and control on its trip signals response. The setting characteristics technique of the OOS based on concentric polygons scheme method to detect power swing under transient stability situation. This study ia a modeling and simulating using (Maltab\ Simulink) software. A Two relays had been performed and tested with two equivalents network connected to ends. The results of this study showed an activity and reliability of this way to control the distance relay response under a transient stability conditions and it indicated the possibility to find out faults which may occur at period of power swing.

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Nasaruddin, Nasaruddin, Rony Kurnia, and Ramzi Adriman. "Efisiensi Daya Protokol Quantize and Forward Pada Sistem Komunikasi Kooperatif Multi-relay." Jurnal Rekayasa Elektrika 13, no. 1 (April 27, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17529/jre.v13i1.6568.

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One of effective diversity techniques to combat fading on wireless channel is a cooperative communication system in which a source sends information through several relays and then forward it to a destination. A cooperative communication system has shown increased the system performance and reduced the energy consumption. However, it depends on the used relay mechanism that is relay protocols such as quantize and forward (QF) and amplify and forward (AF). In the previous research, energy efficiency of AF relay has investigated for a single-relay cooperative system, but multi-relay is more practical. Therefore, this research focuses on power efficiency in multi-relay cooperative communication system using QF protocol. The research method used is mathematical analysis and computer simulation for outage probability and power efficiency in the multi-relay QF. Simulation result found that multi-relay QF system could provide a high power efficiency, but the efficiency is reduced when the distance ratio increases. Power efficiency can be increased by adding the number of relays in the system. A comparison of power efficiency for QF and AF protocols has simulated, in which power efficiency of multi-relay QF is higher than that of multi-relay AF at distance ratio and power transmit. Thus, multi-relay QF system can provide high performance and power efficiency in the cooperative communication system.

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MATI, Ayache, Baadji BOUSAADIA, and Hamid BENTARZI. "A New Model of Numerical MHO Distance Relay Associated with Power Swing Detector." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 1, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v1i2.26.

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In conventional transmission line protection, a distance relay is used to provide the primary as well as backup protection. The voltage and current phasors measurement needed by the distance relay for determining the impedance may be affected by the power disturbances such as power swing. Consequently, this power swing may cause mal-operation of Zone three distance relays which in turn may affect on the reliability of the whole protective scheme. Many power swing blocking functions (PSB) have been developed to mitigate these effects. In this paper, a new model of Mho distance relay with dual-quadrilateral power swing detection characteristic has been developed and implemented first in PC using LabVIEW, then tested using Power System Simulink Model under different faults and power swing conditions. Finally, the relay prototype has been realized using acquisition card NI USB-6009, which acquires real-time signals of the currents and the voltages, processes them digitally and outputs tripping or blocking signal to the circuit breaker. The obtained results show that the relay provides good discrimination between a fault and power swing condition.

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Goh, Hui Hwang, Sy yi Sim, Dahir Khere Diblawe, Mortar Mohamed Ali, Chin Wan Ling, Qing Shi Chua, and Kai Chen Goh. "Energy Power Plant in Electric Power Distribution Systems Equipping With Distance Protection." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 8, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v8.i1.pp192-198.

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<p>This paper suggests the theory of distance protection criteria in power distribution systems for power plant generation. Multi-developed countries have energy power plants that placed in remote areas which are far from the grid line. Hence, they should be coupled to the low power transportation systems necessarily. While higher-rating relays are adopted to preserve feeders at power substations, fuses are merely obtainable outside on feeder channel. The safe system process, space protection is dispatched to save feeders. In this review, feeders with distance relays are equipped, together with over-current protection relays and fuses. Energy power plant having distance protection system is designed the implemented system was a 6-MW unit of compressed power energy reproduction. The sample feeder was shortened to be equal four-bus experiment feeder for transmitting resolution. The fault currents have chances adopted to form protecting regions of distance relays. Protection of the power line through the designed power plants for distance relaying can decrease problem in relay location because of the impedance-based location of the distance relay. </p>

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Mehri, Amirreza, Kazem Mazlumi, Hamed HashemiDezaki, Mohammad Hasan Mansouri, and Ramin Mahyaei. "A Novel Approach for Elimination of Defects of Blocking and Unblocking in Distance Relays during Power Swing." Sustainability 15, no. 18 (September 7, 2023): 13435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151813435.

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In power systems, distance relays are commonly employed as the primary protection for transmission lines, and their operation is of utmost importance. Power swings are a type of phenomenon that can lead to improper functioning of conventional distance relays, posing a threat to the uninterrupted flow of electrical power. The occurrence of a power swing disrupts the impedance measured by the relay, causing it to deviate from the normal load condition and enter the relay tripping zones. This research paper introduces a novel method based on the Prony method for extracting current waveform components, enabling fault detection during power swings. Subsequently, the proposed method’s accuracy is assessed through simulations implemented on a nine-bus power system, involving three-phase current signal processing and the application of the proposed algorithm. Various fault scenarios encompassing varying fault distances from the relay position, fault resistances, and power angles within the 9-bus system are simulated to encompass a wide range of fault environments. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting all types of faults, including symmetrical and asymmetrical faults, during power swings.

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Maulana Idham, Ganggas B., I. Gede Dyana Arjana, and I. Wayan Arta Wijaya. "PERENCANAAN SETTING DIRECTIONAL GROUND RELAY (DGR) UNTUK GANGGUAN SATU FASA KE TANAH DI SALURAN 150 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT GIS PESANGGARAN – GI NUSA DUA." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i04.p13.

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The single phase to ground fault on the 150 kV transmission line GIS Pesanggaran –Nusa Dua Substation has a high fault impedance so that the distance relay as anauxiliary safety device cannot detect the disturbance. Directional Ground Relay (DGR)was chosen as an auxiliary protection relay to secure the system from single phase toground faults. Installation of auxiliary protection relays requires planning and relaysetting steps to obtain Iset, TMS and trip time. The calculations that have been carriedout get the results of DGR setting with a pickup current range of 0.0522 – 0.0722 A.DGR will work after 2.297 seconds if the differential relay as the main protection relaydoes not work or fails and the distance relay as a backup protection does not succeed insecuring a single phase fault to ground as well.

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Abu-Aisheh, Razanne, Francesco Bronzino, Lou Salaün, and Thomas Watteyne. "CARA: Connectivity-Aware Relay Algorithm for Multi-Robot Expeditions." Sensors 22, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 9042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239042.

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The exploration of unknown environments is an essential application of multi-robot systems, particularly in critical missions, such as hazard detection and search and rescue. These missions share the need to reach full coverage of the explorable space in the shortest time possible. To minimize the completion time, robots in the fleet must be able to reliably exchange information about the environment with one another. One of the main methods to expand coverage is by placing relays. Existing relay-placement algorithms tend to either require prior knowledge of the environment, or they rely on maintaining specific distances between the relays and the rest of the robots. These approaches lack flexibility and adaptability to the environment. This paper introduces the “Connectivity-Aware Relay Algorithm” (CARA), a dynamic context-aware relay-placement algorithm that does not require any prior knowledge of the environment. We compare CARA against a state-of-the-art distance-based relay-placement algorithm. Our results demonstrate that CARA outperformed the state-of-the-art algorithm in terms of the time to completion by a factor of 10 as it placed, on average, half the number of relays.

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Shrestha Khwakhali, Ushik, Prapun Suksompong, and Steven Gordon. "Midpoint Relay Selection Using Social Trust and Battery Level to Enhance Throughput in Cooperative Device-to-Device Communications." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 6007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216007.

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Device-to-device communications in underlay mode has emerged as a promising way to enhance spectrum efficiency in cellular networks. Recently, relay selection in D2D communications underlaying cellular networks is gaining more research interest. In this paper, we propose two relay selection schemes for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks, Midpoint Relay Selection using Social Trust and Battery Level (MRS-ST-BL) and Midpoint Relay Selection using Social Distance and Battery Level (MRS-SD-BL). These proposed schemes utilize battery power level information of devices together with social trust information of users in the network for relay selection. For performance evaluation, initially we show that the throughput of state-of-the-art schemes Hybrid Relay Selection (HRS) and our previously proposed schemes Midpoint Relay Selection using Social Trust (MRS-ST) and Midpoint Relay Selection Using Social Distance (MRS-SD) decrease, when relays have varying battery power. Then, we compare the performance of our proposed schemes against existing schemes including HRS, MRS-ST and MRS-SD. The performance comparison is done at various social trust scenarios and device densities. We show that our proposed schemes can significantly improve the throughput of D2D communications, particularly when relays have different battery power levels in weak social trust scenarios. Finally, we show that the performance of our proposed scheme MRS-ST-BL varies with the change in battery power threshold.

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Javed, Muhammad Rameez, Umar Siddique Virk, Aashir Waleed, and Muhammad Yasir Jamal. "The performance comparison of artificial intelligence based distance relays for the protection of transmission lines." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3305.

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The safe and reliable generation and transmission of electricity is the desirable factor for utilities which arises the need of protection equipment such as relays in the power systems. According to recent studies, the conventional relays are not able to provide the required protection to the power systems, resulting in the emergence of various artificial intelligence (AI) techniques such as (i) artificial neural network (ANN); (ii) adaptive neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFIS); and (iii) fuzzy logic based relays for the protection. This work presents the protection scheme for transmission lines using various AI based distance relays along with performance comparison of these relays with a conventional numerical distance relay (NL). The comparison analysis has been performed by generating a test model in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and comparing “response time” against the same fault occurence for all relays. The comparison analysis found that AI based relays outperformed than conventional relay in terms of response time and accuracy level against the faults.

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Ali El-Sayed, Loai Mohamed, Doaa Khalil Ibrahim, Mahmoud Ibrahim Gilany, and Aboul’Fotouh El’Gharably. "An accurate technique for supervising distance relays during power swing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i3.pp1279-1290.

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Power swing is a power system transient phenomenon that arises due to several reasons including line switching, line outage, sudden increment or decrement in load, faults, etc. Unnecessary tripping during power swing and unnecessary blocking for faults occur during power swing result in distance relay maloperation. Several cascaded outages and major worldwide blackouts have occurred due to maloperation of distance relays. This paper proposes a technique for supervising distance relays during power swing. The proposed online technique discriminates real faults and power swing accurately. It relies on constructing a locus diagram for the current and voltage differences (∆I-∆V) between the two ends of the protected line. The locus is estimated at every power frequency cycle to continuously monitor the state of the line by utilizing the synchrophasor measurements at the sending and receiving ends of the line. The proposed technique is tested for two-area, four-machine power system under faults at different locations of zone-1 and zone-2 regions of distance relays, fault resistances, fault inception angles and slip frequencies using MATLAB software. The simulation results proved the superior improvement of distance relay performance for handling power swing blocking and unblocking actions.

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Schwartz, Alexander, Sarthak Tandon, and Jackson Knappen. "Verification of Long-Range MTF Testing Through Intermediary Optics." Electronic Imaging 2020, no. 9 (January 26, 2020): 346–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2020.9.iqsp-346.

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Measuring the MTF of an imaging system at its operational working distance is useful for understanding the system’s use case performance. However, it is often not practical to test imaging systems at long distances (several meters to infinity), particularly in a production environment. Intermediate optics (relay lenses) can be used to simulate longer test distances. The Imatest Collimator Fixture is a machine developed for testing imaging systems at specified simulated distances up to infinity through the use of a relay lens and a test chart. The relay lens’s optical properties dictate the required distance between the optic and the test chart, or Collimator Working Distance (WDC), to project the correct simulated distance (SD). This paper provides a method for validating the accuracy of simulated test distances. Successful validation is achieved when the distances at which peak MTF occurs in the real world match the simulated distances at which peak MTF occurs on the collimator fixture, or if both distances are within the depth of field (DoF) of the imaging system in use.

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Al-Kababjie, Maamoon Fadhel. "A Fuzzy Logic Distance Relay." American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems 3, no. 5 (2014): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.epes.20140305.12.

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Adrianti, Adrianti, Syndy Maiyunis Firdaus, and Muhammad Nasir. "The Effect of Wind Power Generation on Distance Relay Performance." Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology 2, no. 1 (June 16, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajeeet.v2i1.17.

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Wind Power Plants utilize induction generators to generate electrical power. This type of generator produces less short circuit current than synchronous generators; hence it may affect the operation of transmission line protection relays. This research aims to analyze the effect of a large-scale wind power plant connected to the transmission line on the performance of the distance relays. The study utilizes a simulation method using Digsilent Powerfactory on IEEE 5 bus test system. The performance of the distance relays is compared between the original system, and the system in one of its generators is replaced with a wind turbine generator. The simulations are carried out for 3-phase faults that consist of bolted short circuits, 1-ohm fault resistance and 10-ohm fault resistances. The results show that the relays performances in zone 1 are the same for all types of generations. For zones 2 and 3, depending on the relay's position, the reaches may increase or decrease when the generator is replaced by wind power. The increasing reach of the relays is due to the dropping of infeed effect felt by the relay after installation of wind power. While the decreasing reaches of some relays because they see less fault current from the wind generation. The other relays do not experience any changes. Fault resistances cause all relays to experience reduced reach.

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Azriyenni, Azriyenni, and Mohd Wazir Mustafa. "Application of ANFIS for Distance Relay Protection in Transmission Line." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i6.pp1311-1318.

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The techniques hybrid intelligent was introduced in transmission protection that usage in electric power systems. There was applied ANFIS for distance relay protection particularly for transmission line. If a fault occurs during the transmission line identification caused by unwanted fault thus the power delivery to the consumer becomes not going well. Therefore, it would need to provide an alternative solution to fix this problem. The objective of this paper uses impedance transmission line to determine how long the channel spacing will be protected by distance relay. It has been distance relays when fault occurs in transmission line with the application Sugeno ANFIS. The simulation shows it excellent testing results can be contributed to an alternate algorithm that it has good performance to protecting system in transmission line. This application used by using software Matlab.

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Hariri, Fahd, and Mariesa Crow. "New Infeed Correction Methods for Distance Protection in Distribution Systems." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 31, 2021): 4652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154652.

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The reliability and security of power systems may be jeopardized by the increase in the amounts of renewable generation and the uncertainties produced by these devices. In particular, the protection schemes of traditional power systems have been challenged by the integration of distributed generation (DG) resources. Distance relays (DRs), which have been mainly employed to protect transmission systems, are increasingly proposed as one of the solutions to protect distribution systems with a heavy penetration of DGs. However, conventional distance protection faces several drawbacks that might lead to maloperation. One of those challenges is the “infeed effect”, which causes the impedance seen by the distance relay to be larger than the actual positive-sequence line impedance between the fault and relay location. This paper proposes three new methods to estimate the distance to the fault in the presence of infeeds, whether in a radial distribution feeder or the transmission line. Unlike other solution methodologies in the literature that require communication links to estimate the distance to the fault, the proposed methods only need the local measurement (i.e., the voltage and current measurements at the location of the distance relay) to do the same. The performance of the method is demonstrated with a radial distribution system model in PSCAD™/EMTDC™.

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Hidayatullah, Kholid, Rukmi Sari Hartati, and I. W. Sukerayasa. "ANALISIS PENENTUAN SETTING DISTANCE RELAY PENGHANTAR SUTT 150 KV GIS PESANGGARAN – GI PEMECUTAN KELOD." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 6, no. 1 (May 10, 2019): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2019.v06.i01.p19.

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The addition of UGC cable (Under Ground Cable) and equipment rating’s change for the reconfiguration from Air Insulated Swichgear into Gas Insulated Switchgear at Pesanggaran substation. Therefore need to reset distance relay settings so that relays can work more selectively and reliably. Using manual and simulation calculations, the results obtained from distance relay reset GIS Pesanggaran - GI Pemecutan Kelod, with impedance value 1 = 2.055 ?, zone 2 = 5.73 ? and zone 3 = 11.01 ? with time delay at zone 1 = 0 seconds, zone 2 = 0.4 seconds and zone 3 = 1.6 seconds. This setting shows that the reload setting value can secure the line from the 3 phase short circuit fault obtained from the simulation results.

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Sidhu, T. S., D. S. Ghotra, and M. S. Sachdev. "An adaptive distance relay and its performance comparison with a fixed data window distance relay." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 17, no. 3 (July 2002): 691–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2002.1022788.

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Sidhu, T. S., D. S. Ghotra, and M. S. Sachdev. "An Adaptive Distance Relay and Its Performance Comparison with a Fixed Data Window Distance Relay." IEEE Power Engineering Review 22, no. 5 (May 2002): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2002.4312219.

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KMEC, Miroslav, Ľubomír BEŇA, and Lukáš LISOŇ. "INFLUENCE OF PARALLEL LINE MUTUAL COUPLING ON DISTANCE RELAY OPERATION." Acta Electrotechnica et Informatica 14, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15546/aeei-2014-0039.

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Hoq, Md Tanbhir, and Nathaniel Taylor. "Distance Protection of Series Capacitor Compensated Lines: Practical Considerations, Industrial Status and Development." Electricity 2, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 168–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electricity2020011.

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The introduction of series capacitors in transmission lines causes problems in terms of reliability and the security of distance protection relays. As distance protection is widely used in the transmission network, the challenge of applying it to series compensated lines has been taken up by utilities and relay manufacturers in various ways. In the field of power system protection, developments are largely driven by relay manufacturers, and are often not published in the academic literature; the status and trend of the relay manufacturer’s development are better found in their product manuals and patent activity. Further insight into specific implementations by transmission utilities can be found from publications in industry-led forums and some academic journals. This article surveys the status and development of distance protection for series compensated lines, with a focus on industrial implementation and practical considerations. Factors that influence the protection of series compensated lines are presented. Implementation examples reported by utilities are summarized as examples of the different situations encountered and the methods used to deal with them. It is observed that many utilities use communication-aided protection in series compensated lines, and distance protection is used with reduced reach. Solutions described in relay manuals are presented to demonstrate the manufacturers’ approaches to problems associated with series capacitor protection. While there are methods to counter voltage inversion, current inversion seems to represent a more serious challenge. A patent overview indicates the trends in this domain to be moving towards time-domain-based faster protection methods.

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Yu, Shujuan, Xinyi Liu, Jian Cao, and Yun Zhang. "Low-Resolution ADCs for Two-Hop Massive MIMO Relay System under Rician Channels." Entropy 23, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23081074.

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This paper works on building an effective massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) relay system by increasing the achievable sum rate and energy efficiency. First, we design a two-hop massive MIMO relay system instead of a one-hop system to shorten the distance and create a Line-of-Sight (LOS) path between relays. Second, we apply Rician channels between relays in this system. Third, we apply low-resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) at both relays to quantize signals, and apply Amplify-and-Forward (AF) and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) to the processed signal at relay R1 and relay R2 correspondingly. Fourth, we use higher-order statistics to derive the closed-form expression of the achievable sum rate. Fifth, we derive the power scaling law and achieve the asymptotic expressions under different power scales. Last, we validate the correctness of theoretical analysis with numerical simulation results and show the superiority of the two-hop relay system over the one-hop relay system. From both closed-form expressions and simulation results, we discover that the two-hop system has a higher achievable sum rate than the one-hop system. Besides, the energy efficiency in the two-hop system is higher than the one-hop system. Moreover, in the two-hop system, when quantization bits q = 4, the achievable sum rate converges. Therefore, deploying low-resolution ADCs can improve the energy efficiency and achieve a fairly considerable achievable sum rate.

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Ishii, Haruki, Emma Desjardins, and Tracy Espiritu McKay. "Calf Pain Relay - Long Distance Runner." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 53, no. 8S (August 2021): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000764104.42947.a5.

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Alias, Qais M. "STATCOM Impact on Distance Relay Performance." Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24237/djes.2016.09305.

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Costa, C. A. B., N. S. D. Brito, and B. A. Souza. "A Methodology for Distance Relay Modeling." IEEE Latin America Transactions 16, no. 5 (May 2018): 1388–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2018.8408432.

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Li, K. K., L. L. Lai, and A. K. David. "Stand alone intelligent digital distance relay." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 15, no. 1 (2000): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/59.852112.

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Messadi, Oussama, Aduwati Sali, Vahid Khodamoradi, Asem A. Salah, Gaofeng Pan, Shaiful J. Hashim, and Nor K. Noordin. "Optimal Relay Selection Scheme with Multiantenna Power Beacon for Wireless-Powered Cooperation Communication Networks." Sensors 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010147.

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Unlike the fixed power grid cooperative networks, which are mainly based on the reception reliability parameter while choosing the best relay, the wireless-powered cooperative communication network (WPCCN) and in addition to the reception reliability the transmission requirement consideration is important for relay selection schemes. Hence, enabling efficient transmission techniques that address high attenuation of radio frequency (RF) signals according to the distance without increasing the total transmission power is an open issue worth studying. In this relation, a multiantennas power beacon (PB) that assists wireless-powered cooperative communication network (PB-WPCCN) is studied in this paper. The communication between source and destination is achieved with the aid of multiple relays, where both the source and the multiple relays need to harvest energy from the PB in the first place to enable their transmission functionalities. A novel relay selection scheme is proposed, named as two-round relay selection (2-RRS), where a group of relays that successfully decode the source information is selected in the first round selection. In the second round, the optimal relay is selected to forward the recorded information to the destination. The proposed 2-RRS scheme is compared with two existing relay selection schemes, i.e., partial relay selection (PRS) and opportunistic relay selection (ORS). The analytical closed-form expressions of outage probability and average system throughput are derived and validated by numerical simulation. The comparison results between different relay selection schemes show: (I) The superiority of the proposed 2-RRS scheme as it achieves around 17% better throughput compared to the conventional ORS scheme and 40% better than the PRS scheme, particularly when PB transmit power is 10 dB; (II) The proposed 2-RRS scheme guarantees the lowest outage probability, especially when the PB is equipped with multiantennas and performs beamforming technique; (III) The optimal localisation of the PB between the source and N relays depends on the adopted relay selection scheme; (IV) The exhaustive search of the maximum system throughput value shows that the proposed 2-RRS scheme required shorter energy harvesting time compared to other schemes. The increase in energy harvesting time and number of relays do not necessarily reflect positively on the system throughput performance; hence tradeoffs should be taken into consideration.

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Mohabati, Zeynab, and Maryam Khoddam. "Improving the Performance of Distance Relay Using Wavelet Transform." Tehnički glasnik 15, no. 4 (November 1, 2021): 483–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31803/tg-20210518000021.

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With proliferation of power grids, different types of faults are more likely to occur. The purpose of system protection relays is to detect abnormal signals that indicate faults in the transmission system and to separate the fault section from the rest of the system to prevent the fault from propagating to other parts of the system. Proliferation of electronic devices led to creation of digital relays made of microprocessors. Hence, analog measurements are converted into digital signals for processing by microprocessors. Air grids are more likely to cause faults than other components of the power system; thus, disturbances affecting the system must be detected quickly and accurately. Therefore, the problem of fault detection and classification is an important factor for economic exploitation of the power grid. Accurate fault handling results in faster repair operations, better system availability, lower operating costs and timesavings. The proposed design in this study was based on detecting the type of fault caused in transmission lines. In order to improve the condition of the relays in the transmission grid, analysis of the signals reached to the relay on both sides of the line was used to detect the fault and its type. The main purpose was to quickly detect the type of fault using wavelet transform. For this purpose, the signal was sampled after the fault occurs and the feature signal was extracted after analysis by wavelet transform. These features were included in the decision tree classifier and the type of the fault was decided.

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Akbar Fauzany, Rizal, I. Gede Dyana Arjana, and Cok Gede Indra Partha. "ANALISIS RESETTING RELE JARAK AKIBAT UPRATING KONDUKTOR GIS PESANGGARAN - GI SANUR." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2019.v06.i02.p03.

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Increased load current on the Pesanggaran – Sanur transmission line by 333,536 Ampere or 83,384 % of the current carrying capacity caused the uprating conductor from ACSR Partridge 135 ????????2 into ACCC Lisbon 310 ????????2. Upratingj cause changes in impendance value. This change affects the zone reach protection of GIS Pesanggaran – GI Sanur distance relay which overlaps with Zone protection of GI Sanur – GI Gianyar distance relay. Resetting is done by recalculation according the distance relay rules and the result are tested with short circuit at 86 % Pesangaran – Sanur transmission line. Resetting result shows the distance relay operate appropriately according with the IEEE Standard C37.113-2015.

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Khoa, Ngo Minh, Nguyen Huu Hieu, and Dinh Thanh Viet. "A Study of SVC’s Impact Simulation and Analysis for Distance Protection Relay on Transmission Lines." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 4 (August 1, 2017): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i4.pp1686-1695.

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<p>This paper focuses on analyzing and evaluating impact of a Static Var Compensator (SVC) on the measured impedance at distance protection relay location on power transmission lines. The measured impedance at the relay location when a fault occurs on the line is determined by using voltage and current signals from voltage and current transformers at the relay and the type of fault occurred on the line. The MHO characteristic is applied to analyze impact of SVC on the distance protection relay. Based on the theory, the authors in this paper develop a simulation program on Matlab/Simulink software to analyze impact of SVC on the distance protection relay. In the power system model, it is supposed that the SVC is located at mid-point of the transmission line to study impact of SVC on the distance relay. The simulation results show that SVC will impact on the measured impedance at the relay when the fault occurs after the location of the SVC on the power transmission line.</p>

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Pinheiro, Paulo Henrique Barbosa de Souza, Mayara Helena Moreira Nogueira Santos, Angelo Cesar Colombini, Bruno Wanderley França, and Marcio Zamboti Fortes. "Detailed modelling and analysis of digital mho distance relay with single-pole operation." Acta Polytechnica 61, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2021.61.0537.

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This paper introduces a methodology for modelling a digital admittance-type distance relay using PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed distance relay was tested in a simulation of the Brazilian power grid with predetermined fault scenarios. The goal of this paper is to make a detailed evaluation of the mho distance relay. The main aspects include the correct operation of the distance relay, fault resistance effects on the mho characteristics, and the fault detection time of this relay. A new approach to analyse the fault detection time is presented, considering several simulated fault scenarios. The results demonstrate that the fault resistance influences the fault detection time and severely affects the distance relay’s general performance. The fault detection time is not constant. It varies within a time interval, considering different fault types, fault locations, and fault resistances. The confidence interval calculation provides a detailed range of the fault detection time, considering its upper and lower limits.

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Gusti, Deoka, I. Gede Dyana Arjana, and Cokorde Gede Indra Partha. "STUDI KOORDINASI KERJA RELAI JARAK SEBAGAI PENGAMAN CADANGAN PADA SALURAN 150 KV GIS PESANGGARAN-GI NUSA DUA." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i02.p14.

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The development of Pesanggaran Conventional Substation into the Pesanggaran GasInsulated Switchgear (GIS) as a form of increasing the reliability of the electric power system inBali which led to changes in the protection system configuration on the transmission lineconnecting the GIS Pesanggaran and Nusa Dua Substation. The distance relay that waspreviously functioning as a primary protection was changed to backup protection due to the lackof selectivity of the distance relay in isolate the disruption and as the backup protection if themain protection experiencing a failure. Simulation testing using power system analysis softwareafter determining the value of the distance relay setting and tested with short circuit at 110%and 180% of the transmission line length shows the distance relay has worked according to theP3B JB regulation No. 211/151/P3B/2010 and distance relay can detect disruption in zone 2with a delay time of 0,815 seconds and detect disruption in zone 3 with a delay time of 1,615seconds.

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Emhemad Aker, Elhadi, Mohammad Lutfi Othman, Ishak Aris, Noor Izzri Abdul Wahab, Hashim Hizam, and Osaji Emmanuel. "Adverse Impact of STATCOM on the Performance of Distance Relay." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2017): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v6.i3.pp528-536.

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FACTS devices like the Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), are mostly used to enhance the maximum power transfer capability of the transmission Line (TL) system. A Matlab simulation model of Distance Relay protection of TL, with connected STATCOM at the mid-point for optimum power transfer is presented. The STATCOM’s impact on the operation of the relay is assessed with the effects on the relay misoperation in the third zone of protection coverage, during fault conditions, in four different locations.The wrong measured fault impedance by relay resulted to misoperation in zone 3 (under reach phenomena). The simulation result indicates a slight increase in the measured impedance of 1.33 Ω over the actually expected impedance setting (72.02 Ω) of the relay at 220 km protection coverage of zone 3 along the TL. This variation is about 4 km distance outside the expected distance protection coverage for fault in zone 3 as proven.

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Wang, Yifeng, Junwei Zou, and Kai Zhang. "Deep-Learning-Aided RF Fingerprinting for NFC RelayAttack Detection." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2023): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030559.

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Near field communication (NFC) has been a widely used radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology, credited to its convenience and security features. However, the transmitted signals can be easily eavesdropped or relayed in an open wireless channel. One of the challenges is relay attack, where an attacker simply relays the signal and bypasses encryption or other means in the application layer. Prior works on relay attack countermeasures have focused on distance-bounding protocols or ambient-based solutions. This paper focuses on ISO/IEC 14443-A and proposes an NFC relay detection method based on RF fingerprinting of transmitted wireless signals in the physical layer. To this end, we first designed and implemented two realizations of NFC relay attacks, wired and wireless relays, and built an SDR-based testbed. We collected the normal and relayed signals of four NFC tags, and the answer to request type A (ATQA) segments were selected for RF fingerprinting. The created dataset comprised 66,366 samples, with four tags’ normal and wired relayed signals and the wireless relayed signals. The dataset was then fed into a deep CNN for training. Finally, our experiment results showed that the method effectively distinguished normal and relayed signals with a high accuracy of 99%, confirming that RF fingerprinting can be a promising countermeasure to NFC relay attacks.

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Rajanna, B., P. Chandrashrkar, and K. KishanRao. "Multi-hope relay based high capacity energy efficient model for ultra wideband communication system." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.5 (December 31, 2017): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.5.9132.

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Demanding large bandwidth and signal robustness over a short distance, ultra wideband communication systems plays an important role. UWB systems exhibits very low spectral density, implies that the interference to narrowband systems is very small. The relay based communication has the advantages of coverage extension, range extension, increase data rates and green communication. The relay based communication with UWB frequency is used to increase the coverage area by using of relays and increasing the data rates by increasing SNR of the links using multi-hop communication. In this paper, capacity and bit error rate of relay based UWB system for indoor and outdoor channel models are analyzed. key Terms—UWB, green communication, multi-hop, capacity, bit error rate, spectral density.

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Sucipto, Hari, Gatot Joelianto, and Andri Bagus Wicaksono. "Studi Koordinasi Relay Proteksi Pada Subsistem 70 kV Ponorogo." ELPOSYS: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 6, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v6i2.116.

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Berdasarkan kejadian pada tanggal 20 Nopember 2016, terjadi gangguan hubung singkat satu fasa ke tanah pada saluran 70 kV Ponorogo-Dolopo. Karena relay proteksi yang terlalu lama memutuskan gangguan, berakibat pereluasan gangguan sampai ke Trenggalek dan Tulung Agung. Directional Ground Relay sebagai pengaman utama gangguan hubung singkat satu fasa ke tanah bekerja dengan tunda waktu 1 s. Hal ini tidak sesuai dengan aturan pemutusan gangguan di jaringan 70 kV Jawa Timur yaitu tidak lebih dari 0,15 s. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis arus hubung singkat, setting relay serta koordinasi Distance Relay, Over Current Relay (OCR) dan Directional Ground Relay (DGR) saat terjadi hubung singkat pada subsistem 70 kV Ponorogo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan matematis dengan variabel arus gangguan dan tegangan gangguan dengan pemodelan sistem yang diuji menggunakan software Digsilent. Pada asumsi 5 titik gangguan hubung singkat pada subsistem 70 kV Ponorogo, arus hubung singkat tertinggi pada titik F2 dengan arus hubung singkat 6,68 kA. Sedangkan untuk arus hubung singkat terendah pada titik F3 dengan arus hubung singkat 6,68 kA. Nilai setting antara perhitungan manual dan PLN terdapat perbedaan 0,6 - 0,94 A dan 0,07- 0,27 tms pada setting Over Currrent Relay (OCR). Lalu pada Directional Ground Relay (DGR) terdapat perbedaan setting arus 0,25 A dan waktu 0-1 s. Sedangkan untuk Distance Relay tidak terdapat perbedaan. Zona proteksi distance relay yang terpasang juga lebih kecil jika dibangingkan dengan perhitungan setting manual. Saat terjadi hubung singkat 3 fasa dan 2 fasa, Pengaman utama adalah Distance relay yang di back up dengan OCR. Sedangkan untuk gangguan hubung singkat 1 fasa ke tanah diamankan oleh DGR.

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Manocha, Puneet, and Gitanjali Chandwani. "Design Methodology of Passive In-Line Relays for Molecular Communication in Flow-Induced Microfluidic Channel." Biosensors 11, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11030065.

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Molecular communication is a bioinspired communication that enables macro-scale, micro-scale and nano-scale devices to communicate with each other. The molecular communication system is prone to severe signal attenuation, dispersion and delay, which leads to performance degradation as the distance between two communicating devices increases. To mitigate these challenges, relays are used to establish reliable communication in microfluidic channels. Relay assisted molecular communication systems can also enable interconnection among various entities of the lab-on-chip for sharing information. Various relaying schemes have been proposed for reliable molecular communication systems, most of which lack practical feasibility. Thus, it is essential to design and develop relays that can be practically incorporated into the microfluidic channel. This paper presents a novel design of passive in-line relay for molecular communication system that can be easily embedded in the microfluidic channel and operate without external energy. Results show that geometric modification in the microfluidic channel can act as a relay and restore the degraded signal up-to 28%.

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Bhardwaj, Rahul Kumar. "Adaptive Differential Protection System for Microgrid." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VII (July 25, 2021): 2364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36880.

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Microgrids are the small version of power system which grants us the integration of distributed generation resources to insure the facilities to the remotely located electric loads as well as have so many advantages over traditional power system like reduced transmission loss, green energy solution and proper use of renewable energy resources. However the resilience offered by microgrid is inconvenient if it is not be able to protect properly in case of any disturbance occurs which is very common in microgrid due to load dynamics. Protective devices used in traditional power grid cannot actually protect microgrid due to variable loads and different fault levels at grid connected modes and islanded modes. The available research about this concern has not been very successful, therefore options like distance, directional over current and differential relay remains effective protection scheme from present standard. Even though these relays are very useful in power system but their effectiveness for microgrid is yet to be analyzed. This paper is presenting the MATLAB simulation based analysis for differential relay type adaptive protection system by taking a complex microgrid model and generating various fault and generation capacities and analyzing it. In this paper different scenarios has been discussed where differential relay seems to be better than distance and directional over current relay protection scheme.

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Qiao, Gang, Muhammad Muzzammil, Niaz Ahmed, and Irfan Ullah. "Experimental Investigation of Optimal Relay Position for Magneto-Inductive Wireless Sensor Networks." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 10, 2020): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092720.

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Magneto-inductive (MI) waveguide technology is often proposed to increase the MI communication distance without adding significant cost and power consumption to the wireless sensor network. The idea is to add intermediate relaying nodes between transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) to relay the information from Tx to Rx. Our study of MI wave-guides has realized that adding a relay node improves the communication distance, however, the performance is greatly dependent on the position of the relaying node in the network. We therefore, in this work have investigated the effect of placement of a relay node and have determined the optimal relay position. We have performed various sets of experiments to thoroughly understand the behavior and identified three main regions: (a) for region 1, when the distance between Tx and Rx is equal or less than the diameter of the coils ( d ≤ 2 r ), the optimal relay position is close to Tx, (b) for region 2, when the distance between Tx and Rx is greater than diameter of the coils but less than twice the diameter ( 2 r < d < 4 r ), the optimal relay position lies in the center of Tx and Rx, and (c) for region 3, when the distance between the Tx and Rx is equal or greater than twice the diameter of the coils ( d ≥ 4 r ), the optimal relay position is close to Rx.

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Basha, A. M. "Self-Diagnostic Digital Underfrequency Relay Coupled with a 3–Zone Distance Algorithm." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 30, no. 2 (April 1993): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002072099303000212.

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Self-diagnostic digital underfrequency relay coupled with a 3–zone distance algorithm The paper reports a digital underfrequency relay for shedding and restoration of loads in an electric power system coupled with a 3-zone distance algorithm for the protection of feeder lines. The relay incorporates self-diagnosing techniques for detecting failures. The prototype developed has been satisfactorily tested for its performance.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Distance relay'

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