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Journal articles on the topic 'Distant speech'

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1

Sorokin, V. N. "Distant Speech Detection." Acoustical Physics 69, no. 4 (2023): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063771023600250.

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2

Ashwini, Jaya Kumar, and Ramaswamy Kumaraswamy. "Single-Channel Speech Enhancement Techniques for Distant Speech Recognition." Journal of Intelligent Systems 22, no. 2 (2013): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jisys-2012-0051.

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AbstractThis article presents an overview of the single-channel dereverberation methods suitable for distant speech recognition (DSR) application. The dereverberation methods are mainly classified based on the domain of enhancement of speech signal captured by a distant microphone. Many single-channel speech enhancement methods focus on either denoising or dereverberating the distorted speech signal. There are very few methods that consider both noise and reverberation effects. Such methods are discussed under a multistage approach in this article. The article concludes with a hypothesis that
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3

Guerrero Flores, Cristina, Georgina Tryfou, and Maurizio Omologo. "Cepstral distance based channel selection for distant speech recognition." Computer Speech & Language 47 (January 2018): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2017.08.003.

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Nematollahi, Mohammad Ali, and S. A. R. Al-Haddad. "Distant Speaker Recognition: An Overview." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 13, no. 02 (2016): 1550032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843615500322.

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Distant speaker recognition (DSR) system assumes the microphones are far away from the speaker’s mouth. Also, the position of microphones can vary. Furthermore, various challenges and limitation in terms of coloration, ambient noise and reverberation can bring some difficulties for recognition of the speaker. Although, applying speech enhancement techniques can attenuate speech distortion components, it may remove speaker-specific information and increase the processing time in real-time application. Currently, many efforts have been investigated to develop DSR for commercial viable systems. I
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5

Swietojanski, Pawel, Arnab Ghoshal, and Steve Renals. "Convolutional Neural Networks for Distant Speech Recognition." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 21, no. 9 (2014): 1120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2014.2325781.

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6

Polański, Jan. "Free Speech is Incomplete? Big Tech in a Distant Mirror." Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies 17, no. 30 (2024): 41–73. https://doi.org/10.7172/1689-9024.yars.2024.17.30.2.

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In 1961, Alexander Meiklejohn claimed that the First Amendment, the US provision guaranteeing free speech, is an absolute. Echoing this in the context of the rise of fake news, Tim Wu has recently asked whether the First Amendment might have become obsolete. Yet, with the growing power of Big Tech, concerns are also voiced that their impact on free speech may go too far. However, there is tension here: on the one hand, the unprecedented role of Big Tech provides incentives for regulation; on the other, free speech is such a sensitive subject that there are reasons for limiting government inter
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Pardede, Hilman F., Asri R. Yuliani, and Rika Sustika. "Convolutional Neural Network and Feature Transformation for Distant Speech Recognition." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (2018): 5381. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5381-5388.

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In many applications, speech recognition must operate in conditions where there are some distances between speakers and the microphones. This is called distant speech recognition (DSR). In this condition, speech recognition must deal with reverberation. Nowadays, deep learning technologies are becoming the the main technologies for speech recognition. Deep Neural Network (DNN) in hybrid with Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is the commonly used architecture. However, this system is still not robust against reverberation. Previous studies use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), which is a variation o
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NAKANO, Alberto Yoshihiro, Seiichi NAKAGAWA, and Kazumasa YAMAMOTO. "Distant Speech Recognition Using a Microphone Array Network." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E93-D, no. 9 (2010): 2451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transinf.e93.d.2451.

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Ravanelli, Mirco, and Maurizio Omologo. "Automatic context window composition for distant speech recognition." Speech Communication 101 (July 2018): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2018.05.001.

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10

Matassoni, Marco, Maurizio Omologo, Diego Giuliani, and Piergiorgio Svaizer. "Hidden Markov model training with contaminated speech material for distant-talking speech recognition." Computer Speech & Language 16, no. 2 (2002): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/csla.2002.0191.

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11

Mustafaev, M. Sh, V. A. Vissarionov, E. M. Tarchokova, and S. A. Dyshekova. "Basics of complex rehabilitation of patients with speech disorders after uranoplasty." Medical alphabet, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2020-3-40-42.

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Result of the study a theoretical overview technologies for eliminating cleft of the palate and their distant results for the formation of correct speech. The process of speech formation and the influence of technical features of first and reconstructive uranoplastics using pharyngeal flap on this process was analyzed.
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12

Rodomagoulakis, Isidoros, and Petros Maragos. "Improved Frequency Modulation Features for Multichannel Distant Speech Recognition." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing 13, no. 4 (2019): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstsp.2019.2923372.

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13

Вотінцева, М., Т. Клименко, and І. Суїма. "DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH COMPETENCES IN TERMS OF DISTANT LEARNING." Journal “Ukrainian sense”, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/462222.

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Background. Features of formation of students’ abilities and skills concerning such speech competence, as speaking in the conditions of online learning.
 The purpose. Traditional education has many means to correct various issues that arise in the learning process. The conditions of distance learning consist of two important areas: technological and methodological and didactic, which cannot be separated from each other. The purpose of this article is to analyze and describe the various elements of modern online learning, both in terms of technology and in terms of methodological and didac
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14

Van Vliet, Dennis. "Familiar lessons from a distant land." Hearing Journal 63, no. 8 (2010): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000387932.90475.ec.

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15

Cornell, Samuele, Maurizio Omologo, Stefano Squartini, and Emmanuel Vincent. "Overlapped Speech Detection and speaker counting using distant microphone arrays." Computer Speech & Language 72 (March 2022): 101306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2021.101306.

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16

Bryant, Gregory A., Pierre Liénard, and H. Clark Barrett. "Recognizing infant-directed speech across distant cultures: Evidence from Africa." Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 2 (2012): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jep.10.2012.2.1.

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17

Khoubrouy, Soudeh A., and John H. L. Hansen. "Microphone Array Processing Strategies for Distant-Based Automatic Speech Recognition." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 23, no. 10 (2016): 1344–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2016.2592683.

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18

Himawan, Ivan, Petr Motlicek, David Imseng, and Sridha Sridharan. "Feature mapping using far-field microphones for distant speech recognition." Speech Communication 83 (October 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2016.07.003.

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19

Takiguchi, T., S. Nakamura, and K. Shikano. "HMM-separation-based speech recognition for a distant moving speaker." IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing 9, no. 2 (2001): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/89.902279.

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20

Oo, Zeyan, Longbiao Wang, Khomdet Phapatanaburi, Masahiro Iwahashi, Seiichi Nakagawa, and Jianwu Dang. "Phase and reverberation aware DNN for distant-talking speech enhancement." Multimedia Tools and Applications 77, no. 14 (2018): 18865–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5686-1.

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21

Ely, Richard, and Allyssa McCabe. "Remembered voices." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 3 (1993): 671–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008539.

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ABSTRACTThe speech children spontaneously quote was examined in two studies. In Study 1, a corpus of personal narratives from 96 children aged 4;0 to 9;0 was analysed; Study 2 investigated reported speech in 25 younger children aged 1;2 to 5;2 interacting with their parents. In both studies, the frequency of reported speech increased with age. Direct quotation was more common than indirect or summarized quotation at all ages. In Study 1, children quoted themselves more frequently than any other speaker, and their mothers more frequently than their fathers. Directives were the most commonly rep
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22

BASYSTIUK, Oleh, and Nataliia MELNYKOVA. "MULTIMODAL SPEECH RECOGNITION BASED ON AUDIO AND TEXT DATA." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 313, no. 5 (2022): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-313-5-22-25.

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Systems of machine translation of texts from one language to another simulate the work of a human translator. Their performance depends on the ability to understand the grammar rules of the language. In translation, the basic units are not individual words, but word combinations or phraseological units that express different concepts. Only by using them, more complex ideas can be expressed through the translated text. The main feature of machine translation is different length for input and output. The ability to work with different lengths of input and output provides us with the approach of
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23

Chernyak, Bronya R., Ann R. Bradlow, Joseph Keshet, and Matthew Goldrick. "A perceptual similarity space for speech based on self-supervised speech representations." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 6 (2024): 3915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0026358.

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Speech recognition by both humans and machines frequently fails in non-optimal yet common situations. For example, word recognition error rates for second-language (L2) speech can be high, especially under conditions involving background noise. At the same time, both human and machine speech recognition sometimes shows remarkable robustness against signal- and noise-related degradation. Which acoustic features of speech explain this substantial variation in intelligibility? Current approaches align speech to text to extract a small set of pre-defined spectro-temporal properties from specific s
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24

Roeber, A. G., and Larry D. Eldridge. "A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America." American Historical Review 100, no. 2 (1995): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169143.

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25

Anderson, David A., and Larry D. Eldridge. "A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America." Journal of American History 81, no. 4 (1995): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081666.

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26

Greiner, Jim, and Larry D. Eldridge. "A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America." Michigan Law Review 92, no. 6 (1994): 1693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289602.

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27

Sterling, David L. "A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America." History: Reviews of New Books 23, no. 1 (1994): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1994.9950880.

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28

Kakino, Naoto, Takahiro Hukumori, Masanori Morise, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Distant-talking speech enhancement based on spectrum restoring with phoneme labels." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 131, no. 4 (2012): 3446. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4708984.

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29

Pertilä, Pasi, and Joonas Nikunen. "Distant speech separation using predicted time–frequency masks from spatial features." Speech Communication 68 (April 2015): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2015.01.006.

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30

Smith, Jeffery A., and Larry D. Eldridge. "A Distant Heritage: The Growth of Free Speech in Early America." William and Mary Quarterly 51, no. 3 (1994): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2947448.

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31

Wesarg, Thomas, Susan Arndt, Konstantin Wiebe, et al. "Speech Recognition in Noise in Single-Sided Deaf Cochlear Implant Recipients Using Digital Remote Wireless Microphone Technology." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 30, no. 07 (2019): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.17131.

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AbstractPrevious research in cochlear implant (CI) recipients with bilateral severe-to-profound sensorineural hearing loss showed improvements in speech recognition in noise using remote wireless microphone systems. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies have addressed the benefit of these systems in CI recipients with single-sided deafness.The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential improvement in speech recognition in noise for distant speakers in single-sided deaf (SSD) CI recipients obtained using the digital remote wireless microphone system, Roger. In addition, we e
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32

Calandruccio, Lauren, Susanne Brouwer, Kristin J. Van Engen, Sumitrajit Dhar, and Ann R. Bradlow. "Masking Release Due to Linguistic and Phonetic Dissimilarity Between the Target and Masker Speech." American Journal of Audiology 22, no. 1 (2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0072).

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Purpose To investigate masking release for speech maskers for linguistically and phonetically close (English and Dutch) and distant (English and Mandarin) language pairs. Method Thirty-two monolingual speakers of English with normal audiometric thresholds participated in the study. Data are reported for an English sentence recognition task in English and for Dutch and Mandarin competing speech maskers (Experiment 1) and noise maskers (Experiment 2) that were matched either to the long-term average speech spectra or to the temporal modulations of the speech maskers from Experiment 1. Results Li
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33

Rhody, Lisa Marie. "Beyond Darwinian Distance: Situating Distant Reading in a Feminist Ut Pictura Poesis Tradition." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 3 (2017): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.3.659.

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The challenge facing “distant reading” has less to do with Franco Moretti's assertion that we must learn “how not to read” than with his implication that looking should take the place of reading. Not reading is the dirty open secret of all literary critics-there will always be that book (or those books) that you should have read, have not read, and probably won't read. Moretti is not endorsing a disinterest in reading either, like that reported in the 2004 National Endowment for the Arts' Reading at Risk, which notes that less than half the adult public in the United States read a work of lite
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Zwisler, Joshua James, and César Alejandro Cuellar Cedano. "Sociolinguistic proximity in animal-directed speech." Lenguaje 48, no. 2 (2020): 354–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lenguaje.v48i2.7484.

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This article explores how sociolinguistic proximity i.e. different varieties of socially close relationships enacted through speech interaction, is formed with animals in Ibagué, Colombia. It is common to hear that people speak with pets using ‘baby-talk’ or as friends. However, there are a range of registers/stances available to construct different social relationships through speech. Data regarding talk with pets and non-pet domestic animals from a self-report survey with a sample of 500 in the regional Colombian city of Ibagué was analysed using an experimental scale of sociolinguistic prox
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Čopa, Miljana, and Sofija Miloradović. "Perception of dialect origin in media language: Is the standard language in use a supradialectal idiom?" Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 54, no. 2 (2024): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp54-48867.

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Based on the assumption that the standard language in use, including prosodic features, is a distinct supradialectal idiom that lacks regionally distinctive features and can be acquired by speakers originating from dialect regions that are structurally distant from the dialects that serve as the basis for the standard language, we aim to investigate whether speakers from different dialect regions can be identified in TV speech by their dialectal origin. The study involved 45 participants, including 30 high school students and 15 linguists, who were asked to identify the dialect origins of spea
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Haristiani, Nuria, and Asti Sopiyanti. "Analisis Kontrastif Tindak Tutur Meminta Maaf Dalam Bahasa Jepang Dan Bahasa Sunda." Jurnal Lingua Idea 10, no. 2 (2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jli.2019.10.2.2159.

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In everyday life when someone did a wrong doing, that someone usually performs apologyspeech act to show his/her responsibilityor remorse. However,apology speech act may be conducted using different strategies influenced by several factors, such as cultural background, social values, social statutes, gender, or even the depth of the remorse felt by the wrong doer. This study aims to determine the level of awareness of apology by Japanese Native Speakers (JNS) and Sundanese Native Speakers (SNS) in an apology situation. Apology speech act strategies used in the same situation to five interlocut
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Szczygielski, Krzysztof. "Some remarks on Benito Mussolini’s speech Roma antica sul mare." Gdańskie Studia Prawnicze, no. 3(43)/2019 (November 4, 2019): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/gsp.2019.3.14.

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 The purpose of this article is to analyse Benito mussolini’s speech titled Roma antica sul mare given on 5 october 1926 in Perugia. The fascist leader referred on many occasions to issues associated with the sea. making Italy the main power on the mediterranean Sea was a very important element of the Italian leader’s policy. his recollection of glorious events from distant past was an excellent way to create a vision of the restoration of the roman empire.
 
 
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Bloom, Sara. "New technology can link hearing care providers with distant patients." Hearing Journal 52, no. 7 (1999): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00025572-199907000-00003.

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39

Кириллова, Наталья Николаевна. "STUDING THE ORAL GENRES OF I.ANDRONIKOV AS A METHOD OF RHETORICAL EDUCATION IN DISTANT LEARNING." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Филология, no. 3(70) (September 21, 2021): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtfilol/2021.3.205.

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В статье затрагивается вопрос эффективности образовательных механизмов в условиях дистанционного обучения. Для преодоления коммуникативных барьеров предлагается использовать метод изучения эталонов ораторской речи на примере исследования студентами устного выступления И. Андроникова «Первый раз на эстраде». Статья доказывает эффективность приема в освоении риторических умений. The article touches upon the issue of the effectiveness of educational mechanisms in the context of distant learning. To overcome the communication barriers, it is proposed to use the method of studying the standards of
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40

Lolja, Saimir A. "The Preservation of Albanian Tongue (Shqip) Since the Beginning." Advances in Language and Literary Studies 10, no. 6 (2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.10n.6p.152.

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In the beginning, humans had a tongue (gjuhën, Shqip). Then, they could or couldn’t let go of the tongue (len…gjuhën, Shqip). Albanian natural tongue (Shqip) implies the use of the tongue in the mouth for articulating (shqiptoj, Shqip) words. The eternity of Shqip (Speech) is in its words that are wordy clauses, phrases, parts of or short sentences. The Speech (Shqip) and other lan…guages (len…gjuhët, Shqip) carry these kinds of wordy clauses to prove the permanency of Shqip.The Speech (Shqip) had local and schooled forms in distant antiquity. Therefore, various types of writing appear now. Si
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Zou, Yuexian, Zhaoyi Liu, and Christian Ritz. "Enhancing Target Speech Based on Nonlinear Soft Masking Using a Single Acoustic Vector Sensor." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (2018): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091436.

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Enhancing speech captured by distant microphones is a challenging task. In this study, we investigate the multichannel signal properties of the single acoustic vector sensor (AVS) to obtain the inter-sensor data ratio (ISDR) model in the time-frequency (TF) domain. Then, the monotone functions describing the relationship between the ISDRs and the direction of arrival (DOA) of the target speaker are derived. For the target speech enhancement (SE) task, the DOA of the target speaker is given, and the ISDRs are calculated. Hence, the TF components dominated by the target speech are extracted with
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Tailor, Ritu, and Surbhi Sharma. "RECOGNIZING SPEECH SYSTEM: AN INDEPTH EXAMINATION OF IDEAS ALONG WITH WORKINGS." International Journal of Technical Research & Science 9, Spl (2024): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30780/specialissue-iset-2024/035.

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Nowadays, speech recognition systems make use of a wide range of multidisciplinary technologies, including unifying statistical frameworks, signal processing, natural language processing, and pattern recognition. Applications for these systems are numerous and include signal processing issues among many other things. The aim of this study is to introduce the fundamentals of speech recognition systems, including their development and recent improvements that have been applied to improve their accuracy and robustness. This paper provides a thorough analysis of the mechanism, obstacles, and strat
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Pyne, Yvette, Yik Ming Wong, Haishuo Fang, and Edwin Simpson. "Analysis of ‘One in a Million’ primary care consultation conversations using natural language processing." BMJ Health & Care Informatics Online 30, no. 1 (2023): e100659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2022-100659.

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BackgroundModern patient electronic health records form a core part of primary care; they contain both clinical codes and free text entered by the clinician. Natural language processing (NLP) could be employed to generate these records through ‘listening’ to a consultation conversation.ObjectivesThis study develops and assesses several text classifiers for identifying clinical codes for primary care consultations based on the doctor–patient conversation. We evaluate the possibility of training classifiers using medical code descriptions, and the benefits of processing transcribed speech from p
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Ren, Bo, Longbiao Wang, Liang Lu, Yuma Ueda, and Atsuhiko Kai. "Combination of bottleneck feature extraction and dereverberation for distant-talking speech recognition." Multimedia Tools and Applications 75, no. 9 (2015): 5093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2849-1.

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Ferreira, Alberto E. A., and Diogo Alarcão. "Real-time blind source separation system with applications to distant speech recognition." Applied Acoustics 113 (December 2016): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.06.024.

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Araki, Shoko, Masakiyo Fujimoto, Takuya Yoshioka, Marc Delcroix, Miquel Espi, and Tomohiro Nakatani. "Deep Learning Based Distant-talking Speech Processing in Real-world Sound Environments." NTT Technical Review 13, no. 11 (2015): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53829/ntr201511fa4.

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47

Denbaum-Restrepo, Nofiya, and Falcon Restrepo-Ramos. "A Sociolinguistic Examination of the Dual Usted in Medellín, Colombia: Evidence from Semi-spontaneous Speech and Implicit Language Attitudes." Hispania 107, no. 1 (2024): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2024.a921463.

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Abstract: The system of second person singular forms of address (2PS) in Medellín, Colombia is tripartite consisting of tú, vos , and usted , while also including the existence of a dual usted . The current study compares usage of the intimate usted versus the distant usted with data from an oral discourse completion task (DCT) while also investigating listeners' implicit language attitudes toward the usage of usted utilizing the matched guise technique. A sample of speakers from Medellín (N=72) stratified by age, sex, and education level completed an oral DCT, and a subset (N=38) also complet
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48

Namazie, Ali, Sassan Alavi, Thomas C. Calcaterra, Elliot Abemayor, and Keith E. Blackwell. "Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Base of the Tongue." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 110, no. 3 (2001): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940111000308.

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A retrospective review of 14 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tongue treated between 1955 and 1997 was performed. Treatment consisted of surgery (n = 2), radiotherapy (n = 2), chemotherapy (n = 1), or combination therapy (n = 9). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year absolute survival rates were 92%, 79%, and 63%, respectively. Seventy-five percent of the patients who died of cancer succumbed to distant metastases. However, long-term survival was common despite a high incidence of local and distant recurrence. The presence of positive surgical margins, the incidence of regional metastases, the
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Cai, Chengkai, Kenta Iwai, and Takanobu Nishiura. "Speech Enhancement Based on Two-Stage Processing with Deep Neural Network for Laser Doppler Vibrometer." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031958.

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The development of distant-talk measurement systems has been attracting attention since they can be applied to many situations such as security and disaster relief. One such system that uses a device called a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) to acquire sound by measuring an object’s vibration caused by the sound source has been proposed. Different from traditional microphones, an LDV can pick up the target sound from a distance even in a noisy environment. However, the acquired sounds are greatly distorted due to the object’s shape and frequency response. Due to the particularity of the degradat
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Holt, Yolanda F., and Tessa Bent. "Socio-ethnic expectations of race in speech perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010777.

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Abstract:
The social construct of race, as a group of individuals to be visually or auditorily discriminated between, or from, or against is a human construction much like speech itself. This talk will share the analyses of a speech production and a speech perception experiment designed to evaluate how familiar and unfamiliar listeners parse the auditory spectral information contained in words to assign the speech token to a racial category. Familiar North Carolina listeners (n = 28) and unfamiliar Indiana listeners (n = 44) heard ten hVd words produced by three male and three female, Black and White ta
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