Academic literature on the topic 'Distillation apparatus'
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Journal articles on the topic "Distillation apparatus"
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Hazra, N. K., and D. Mal. "Micropath Distillation Apparatus." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 5 (May 1996): A103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073pa103.
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Raper, D. "Azeotropic distillation apparatus." Journal of Applied Chemistry 1, no. 1 (April 19, 2007): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010010110.
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Galiga, Henley. "Development of an improvised convertible distillation apparatus for teaching and learning chemistry." Palawan Scientist 11 (July 2019): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.69721/tps.j.2019.11.1.06.
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Distillation is an important concept in chemistry as it involves separation techniques which are widely used in various industries. However, despite its significance, it is hardly understood and appreciated because it is rarely performed in laboratory experiments. Distillation requires expensive apparatus to conduct which most schools cannot afford. Hence, an improvised convertible distillation apparatus for simple, fractional and steam distillation was developed using common household and recyclable materials. Improvised measuring devices were also fabricated to determine the purity of the distillates. The performance of improvised apparatus was assessed and compared with the standard apparatus using real samples. The improvised apparatus, using fractional distillation set-up, produced 91.3% alcohol from alcoholic beverage while the simple/steam distillation setup, yielded distilled water from the salt-water sample and essential oil from pomelo (Citrus maxima) peel with percentage yield of 0.56%, respectively. The improvised apparatus for fractional distillation yielded a higher alcohol content (x̅=91.3%; 95%CI=91.0, 91.6) than the standard apparatus (x̅=85.7%; 95%CI=85.3, 86.1) while the efficiency of separation of the improvised apparatus for simple/steam distillation was comparable with standard apparatus. Thus, the improvised apparatus offers a cheaper alternative for conducting distillation process in chemistry experiments. The cost of performing distillation process is further reduced by using improvised measuring devices to measure the purity of the distillates in lieu of chemicals and reagents. Aside from being cost-effective, the improvised apparatus is easy to construct, durable, user-friendly and safe to use.
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Wesołowska, Aneta, Dorota Jadczak, and Karolina Zyburtowicz. "Influence of distillation time and distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. essential oil." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 25, no. 4 (December 1, 2023): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjct-2023-0036.
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Abstract In the study, the influence of distillation time as well as distillation apparatus on the chemical composition and quality of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) essential oil were investigated. Two different types of distillation apparatuses: Deryng (popular in Poland) and Clevenger-type (recommended by European Pharmacopoeia) were used for the isolation of the essential oil from dried lavender flowers (Lavandulae flos). Moreover, different distillation times (2, 3 and 4 hours) were also applied. The chemical composition of the isolated oils, determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), revealed the dominance of linalool (11.55–17.19%) and linalyl acetate (12.84–16.78%) in the all analyzed samples. Other important constituents were: caryophyllene oxide (5.66–7.35%), lavandulyl acetate (4.64–5.40%) and borneol (4.62–5.51%). On the basis of the obtained data it was proved that the distillation time and distillation apparatus affect the amounts of some constituents in the lavender oil.
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Sehwantoro, Wahyu, Fifin Hindarti, and Mawar Oktivina. "RANCANG BANGUN DAN UJI KINERJA DESTILATOR ELEKTRIK SEBAGAI ALAT DESTILASI PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN BIOETHANOL." SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 31, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v31i2.1125.
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Reserves of fuel oil, especially those from fossil fuels, are dwindling, while the people's need for fuel oil is increasing. Dependence on fossil fuels needs to be addressed immediately. So it is necessary to develop renewable energy sources as alternative energy to replace fuel oil. One of them is by utilizing bioethanol as an alternative. The process of making bioethanol involves a distillation process. In this study, the design and performance test of an electric distillation apparatus was carried out by utilizing molasses as a raw material for making bioethanol. The aim is to determine the quality of the alcohol content in bioethanol which is processed using an electric distillation apparatus. Electrical distillator testing includes functional tests and performance tests. Functional testing is done by testing the components used in the tool so that it can be seen whether the tool is functioning properly. Meanwhile, the performance test of the electric distillator is an automatic performance test of a tool to produce bioethanol. The performance test procedure of the electric distillator was carried out using a bimetallic thermostat of 76ºC and 85ºC, to measure the distillation time and determine the alcohol content in bioethanol. From the results of the study, it was found that for an electric distillator that uses a bimetallic thermostat of 76˚C, the processing time of 70.43 hours produces bioethanol with an alcohol content of 61.7% and an electric distillator that uses a bimetallic thermostat of 85˚C with a processing time of 0.56 hours to produce bioethanol. with an alcohol content of 35%.
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Ali, Imran. "A Compact Steam Distillation Apparatus." Journal of Chemical Education 73, no. 3 (March 1996): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed073p285.
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Milojevic, Svetomir, and Dejan Skala. "Refreshment topics II: Design of distillation columns." Chemical Industry 60, no. 3-4 (2006): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0604092m.
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For distillation column design it is necessary to define all the variable parameters such as component concentrations in different streams temperatures, pressures, mass and energy flow, which are used to represent the separation process of some specific system. They are related to each other according to specific laws, and if the number of such parameters exceeds the number of their relationships, in order to solve a problem some of them must be specified in advance or some constraints assumed for the mass balance, the balance of energy, phase equilibria or chemical equilibria. Knowledge of specific elements which are the constituents of a distillation unit must be known to define the number of design parameters as well as some additional apparati also necessary to realize the distilation. Each separate apparatus might be designed and constructed only if all the necessary and variable parameters for such a unit are defined. This is the right route to solve a distilation unit in many different cases. The construction of some distillation unit requires very good knowledge of mass, heat and momentum transfer phenomena. Moreover, the designer needs to know which kind of apparatus will be used in the distillation unit to realize a specific production process. The most complicated apparatus in a rectification unit is the distillation column. Depending on the complexity of the separation process one, two or more columns are often used. Additional equipment are heat exchangers (reboilers, condensers, cooling systems, heaters), separators, tanks for reflux distribution, tanks and pumps for feed transportation, etc. Such equipment is connected by pipes and valves, and for the normal operation of a distillation unit other instruments for measuring the flow rate, temperature and pressure are also required. Problems which might arise during the determination and selection of such apparati and their number requires knowledge of the specific systems which must be separated. The experience of the designer and his creativity for proposing a solution for an industrial unit which enables optimal process operation accompanied with minimal energy consumption, as well as a small number of apparati, and minimal total length of pipes and number of instruments is always a valuable additional effect for minimal investment costs and an optimal production process.
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WESOŁOWSKA, Aneta, Monika GRZESZCZUK, and Dorota Jadczak. "INFLUENCE OF DISTILLATION APPARATUS AND DISTILLATION TIME ON THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WINTER SAVORY ESSENTIAL OIL." Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura, Alimentaria, Piscaria et Zootechnica 338, no. 44 (December 30, 2017): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/aapz2017.44.4.23.
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Yorke, S. G. "An improved automatic mercury-distillation apparatus." Journal of Applied Chemistry 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2007): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5010020206.
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Arifianto, Deni, Ampar Jaya Suwondo, M. Hasan Abdullah, Chendrasari Wahyu Octavia, Astria Hindratmo, and Onny Purnamayudhia. "Perancangan Alat Destilasi Limbah Ampas Tahu Menjadi Bahan Bakar Bioethanol Melalui Metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD)." Journal of System Engineering and Technological Innovation (JISTI) 2, no. 01 (April 27, 2023): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.38156/jisti.v2i01.47.
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Fuel oil is experiencing an increase in demand in various sectors of life impacting the distribution process and meeting market needs. Bioethanol is a new and renewable energy with great potential to replace fuel oil. One alternative material for producing bioethanol is tofu dregs. Tofu dregs raw material processing can be done by distillation process. This study uses conventional distillation with the addition of components which are expected to produce bioethanol with good quality. The design of the distillation apparatus uses the QFD (Quality Function Development) approach. So the purpose of this study was to determine the technical characteristics of the bioethanol distillation system based on customer needs. The design of a bioethanol distillation apparatus made from Tofu Dregs using the QFD method resulted in several criteria for the device expected by the customer, including fast distillation time, amount of ethanol production, fermentation time, ergonomics, hydrolysis time, octane content and solution composition. The importance level of fast distillation time was 4.06, total ethanol production was 3.8, fermentation time was 3.67, ergonomic design was 3.63, hydrolysis time was 3.26, octane level was 3.21 and solution composition was 3.15. The resulting tool is capable of processing tofu dregs into bioethanol. The dimensions of the tool are 1264 mm in length, 1226 mm in width, and a total tool height of 1275 mm. The distillation apparatus is equipped with a set of vessels, condensers, coolers and heaters.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distillation apparatus"
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Nieuwoudt, Josias Jakobus (Jako). "Catalytic distillation : design and application of a catalytic distillation column." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2085.
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Thesis (MScEng (Process Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Catalytic Distillation (CD) is a hybrid technology that utilizes the dynamics of si- multaneous reaction and separation in a single process unit to achieve a more compact, economical, efficient and optimized process design when compared to the traditional multi-unit designs. The project goal (and key question) is (how) to design a cost-effective, simple and accurate laboratory-scale continuous CD system that will sufficiently and accurately supply useful data for model validation. The system to be investigated is the continuous hydrogenation of an a-olefin C6 (1-hexene) feed stream to the corresponding alkane (n-hexane) product with simultaneous reactant/product separation. Hypothetically, a system can be constructured to determine whether hydrogenation will benefit from the heat and mass transfer integration observed under CD conditions in terms of energy usage, temperature control and the catalyst's surface hydrogen concentration. System convergence with commercial distillation simulation packages ...
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García-Martínez, José Antonio. "Fundamental model for the prediction of distillation sieve tray efficiency : hydrocarbon and aqueous systems /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Wills, David Anthony. "Process system constraints in distillation columns." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1990. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26233.
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The Gas Recovery Unit (GRU) of the Number 1 Fluidised Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) at Caltex‘s Kurnell refinery consists of four distillation columns with intermediate pumps, heat exchangers and flash vessels. The aim of the three columns is to separate the light overhead product from the Fractionator into three product streams. At present, the inability of the GRU to handle the maximum design feed rates has resulted in the FCCU operating below its maximum capacity. In addition to this, the separation of the C2 and C3 hydrocarbons is poor.
The detailed tray drawings for the four columns, the Deethaniser, Primary
Absorber, Sponge Absorber and Stabiliser were used to calculate the plate and downcomer dimensions and the percent tray hole areas. To determine which of the four columns was causing the flow bottleneck, four standard condition test runs were performed on the unit. These data sets were used as a basis to develop a steady state model of the GRU using the PROCESS simulation package developed by SimSci. The individual trays for each column were checked for flooding, weeping and downcomer backup based on the liquid and vapour flow profiles generated by PROCESS.
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Xue, Ee. "Modelling fluid flow on rotating conical surface in spinning cone distillation columns." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1997. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27523.
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This thesis is concerned with the study of thin liquid film flow in spinning cone distillation columns (SCDC). Investigation of liquid film flow in SCDC is of practical importance in the understanding and design of such columns in terms of their flooding characteristics and separation efficiencies. The increasing number of applications of SCDC in food processing has necessitated the development of models to predict liquid film behaviours.
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Sykes, Stephen James. "Operating characteristics of the spinning cone column." Phd thesis, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/6434.
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Smith, Everhardus Johannes. "A numerical analysis of the hydrodynamic mixing characteristics of a rectangular versus a cylindrical mixing crystallizer tank for a membrane distillation apparatus." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2827.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.A membrane distillation crystallization (MDC) experimental setup was designed, constructed and commissioned with rectangular mixing crystallizer tanks. The advantages and disadvantages of a rectangular mixing tank are compared to the traditional cylindrical mixing tank with baffling by means of a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis in Ansys Fluent. The effect of tank configuration and geometry on the hydrodynamic and mixing characteristics for efficient momentum, solid suspension, heat and mass transfer were investigated. The hydrodynamic conditions in a crystallizer-mixing tank determine the quality of fluid mixing essential for optimal crystallization. Forty-five degree pitched blade turbines (PBT) were used to provide the agitation in the stainless steel rectangular jacketed tanks. Clear polycarbonate replicas of the rectangular tanks were manufactured to visually observe the mixing process in the tanks. Silica particles were used to represent the calcium carbonate crystals in the experiment. The data gathered from these experiments showed that the tanks should be operated between 600 to 750 rpm in the CFD simulations to simulate partial to complete suspension. In the numerical simulations a rectangular tank was compared to a cylindrical tank with baffling of the same volume. The partial differential equations solved in the numerical simulation were the conservation of mass (continuity), conservation of momentum and additional turbulence equations. In order to solve the turbulent fluid flow characteristics, the industry standard two-equation model, namely the K-epsilon model was used. This model was refined by the addition of the Wen-Yu drag model, the Simonin turbulent dissipation and the Simonin et al. turbulence interaction models. The RANS based RNG (k-ε), derived from the instantaneous Navier-Stokes equation was selected as the preferred model to analyse the hydrodynamic flow fields in the tanks. The 3D sliding mesh method was used to compute a time accurate solution. The Eulerian-granular multiphase model was used to predict the degree of solids suspension in the tanks. The efficiency of mixing within the tank was measured by the tank’s ability to keep the crystals in suspension and preventing any particle from settling at the bottom for more than 1-2 second(s). The mixing tanks were initially loaded with 5% v/v, which equates to a loaded height of approximately 10 mm. The simulations were done with the use of the volume fraction function to visually observe the cloud height and gauge the homogeneity and distribution of the particulates within the fluid flow fields. The results from the experimental setup were compared to the CFD simulations to qualify the use of CFD simulations for the comparison of the geometrically different tanks. Lastly, the findings from the CFD simulations were used to compare the tanks and determine if the rectangular tank built for the MDC experiment perform satisfactorily to replace a standard cylindrical tank with baffling for this application.
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Hartwig, Gerhard Rudolf. "Grey water reclamation utilising solar thermal energy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85631.
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Thesis (MScEng)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to obtain clean drinkable water from treated sewage effluent by using a solar-powered distillation cycle. Technologies and concepts were borrowed from the solar desalination industry to propose a unique circular distillation cell design. From the design, a specific mathematical correlation was developed to predict the distillate mass flow rate by using only evaporation and condensation temperature as inputs. This model was incorporated into a simulation model built using Transient System Simulation software. Long-term simulations were carried out to determine the operating capabilities of the design. A prototype was successfully constructed and operated. Experimental results indicated good agreement with the mass flow rate mathematical correlation. Water quality levels were tested against the South African National Standard 241 national drinking water quality standard. Four quality parameters are outside acceptable levels. Evidence suggested that acceptable quality levels could be reached. The circular distillation cell design is a major contribution made by this research. Another contribution is the simulation model capable of predicting an output for different locations. Finally, the proposed prototype is potentially a very valuable device contributing towards the reduction of consumer demand in terms of water and energy as well as the household load on the wastewater treatment system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie tesis is om te beskryf hoe behandelde rioolwater deur middel van ’n son aangedrewe distillasiesisteem gesuiwer kan word om drinkbare water as eindproduk te lewer. Die nodige tegnologieë en konsepte is oorgeneem uit kommersiële sonaangedrewe ontsoutingsisteme om met ’n unieke ontwerp voorendag te kom wat uit ’n sirkelvormige natuurlike konveksie distillasiesel bestaan. Met behulp van hierdie ontwerp is ’n wiskundige korrelasie ontwikkel om die gesuiwerde water se massavloei te bepaal. Slegs die verdampings- en kondensasietemperature word as insetwaardes gebruik om die massavloei te bereken. ’n Simulasiemodel is met behulp van die Transient System Simulation programmatuur gebou. Die wiskundige korrelasie is by die simulasiemodel geïnkorporeer om langtermynsimulasies te kan uitvoer. Voorts is ’n demonstrasiemodel suksesvol gebou en aangedryf. Eksperimentele resultate toon goeie ooreenstemming met die simulasieresultate. Die gesuiwerde water se gehalte is met die nationale SANS 241 drinkwaterstandaard as maatstaf getoets. Slegs vier gehalteparameters val buite die aanvaarbare vlakke, hoewel dit blyk dat hierdie elemente wel tot aanvaarbare vlakke verlaag kan word. Hierdie navorsing se grootstet bydrae is die ontwerp van die unieke sirkelvormige distillasiesel. ’n Bykomende bydra is die aanpasbaarheid van die simulasiemodel sodat dit produksievermoë op verskillende plekke kan voorspel. Die demonstrasiemodel is ’n potensieel waardevolle ontwerp wat kan bydra tot die verlaging in verbruikersaanvraag na water en energie. ’n Ontwerp van hierdie aard kan die las wat huishoudings op suiweringaanlegte vir rioolwater plaas, verlig.
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Zhao, Tianming. "Caractérisations chimiques et biologiques d’extraits de plantes aromatiques et médicinales oubliées ou sous-utilisées de Midi-Pyrénées (France) et de Chongqing (Chine)." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0039/document.
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Les régions de Midi-Pyrénées (France) et de Chongqing (Chine) sont riches en plantes aromatiques et médicinales dites oubliées (ou médiévales). Afin de valoriser pleinement les différentes bio-molécules extractibles de ces plantes, le concept de MAP-raffinerie a été créé et appliqué à une sélection de plantes issues de ces deux régions. Plusieurs technologies d’extraction utilisant l’eau comme solvant vert (hydrodistillation, distillation à la vapeur et extraction par eau sub-critique) ont ainsi été employées et leur impact tant sur la composition des huiles essentielles que sur la récupération des molécules anti-oxydantes a été évalué. Dans un premier temps, une liste de plantes aromatiques et médicinales oubliées, voire sous-utilisées dans les deux régions a été établie selon des règles de sélection prédéfinies. Six plantes modèles de la région de Midi-Pyrénées (Tussilago farfara L., Calendula arvensis L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Geranium robertianum L., Cytisus scoparius L. et Spartium junceum L.) et trois plantes de la région de Chongqing (Tussilago farfara L., Citrus aurantium L. et Saussurea costus) ont finalement été retenues. Puis, le concept de MAP-raffinerie a été appliqué à ces plantes afin d’étudier leur possible valorisation globale. L’étude des compositions chimiques des extraits volatils des racines de Tussilago farfara L. et de Calendula arvensis L., ainsi que des boutons de fleurs de Spartium junceum L. a été réalisée par GC et GC-MS pour la première fois. Les principaux composés chimiques dans l’extrait volatil de racines de Tussilago farfara L. étaient des hydrocarbures sesquiterpéniques et des composés aliphatiques tandis que les principaux composés chimiques dans l’extrait volatil de racines de Calendula arvensis L. étaient des sesquiterpènes oxygénés, des monoterpènes oxygénés et des diterpènes oxygénés. L’extrait volatil de boutons de fleurs de Spartium junceum L. était principalement composé de composés aliphatiques. Par ailleurs, les résultats de l’évaluation des capacités anti-oxydantes des extraits (par les tests DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, ORAC et Folin-Ciocalteu) ont montrés que plusieurs plantes comme Cytisus scoparius L., Tussilago farfara L., Citrus aurantium L. ou Robinia pseudoacacia L. pourraient être des sources potentielles d’anti-oxydants naturels. D’un point de vue technologique, les comparaisons de l’utilisation de l’hydrodistillation (HD), de la distillation à la vapeur (SD) et de l’extraction par eau sub-critique (SWE) ont montrées que si la HD et la SD ont des effets limités sur la composition des huiles essentielles, la HD semble être une méthode plus efficace pour la récupération des composés anti-oxydants à partir des résidus de distillation que la SD tandis que la SWE s’avère être une technologie prometteuse pour l’extraction directe de ces molécules à partir des plantes. Si la composition minérale de l’eau lors de l’hydrodistillation n’a que des effets très limités sur les rendements d’extraction, les teneurs en ions calcium et bicarbonate des eaux ont par contre des effets décroissants significatifs sur la capacité anti-oxydante et sur la teneur phénolique totale des extraits aqueux et méthanoliques. Au vue de ces résultats, un concept amélioré de MAP-raffinerie a été développé en intégrant une extraction à l’eau sub-critique pour l’extraction des composés anti-oxydants des résidus d’extraction primaire. Selon ce nouveau concept, cinq extraits peuvent être obtenus à partir des matières végétales: un extrait volatil, un extrait aqueux, un extrait méthanolique, un extrait à l’eau sub-critique et in fine un résidu solide. Les premiers résultats ont montrés que la "MAP-raffinerie améliorée" augmente de manière significative la récupération des antioxydants par rapport à la MAP-raffinerie originale et permet d’envisager une valorisation plus facile du résidu solide en agro-matériaux du fait de sa faible teneur en eau résiduelleIn both Midi-Pyrénées region (France) and Chongqing region (China), there are rich and underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). Aiming at fully exploiting different molecules in these plants, the concept of MAP-refinery was developed and applied to several underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants in these two regions. Several water-based green extraction technologies of natural products (e.g. hydrodistillation, steam distillation and subcritical water extraction) were also investigated to look at their effects on essential oil composition and antioxidants recovery from selected plants. Firstly, lists of forgotten or underutilized medicinal and aromatic plants in both regions were established according to the rules of selection. From the lists, six plants in the Midi-Pyrénées region (Tussilago farfara L., Calendula arvensis L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Geranium robertianum L., Cytisus scoparius L. and Spartium junceum L.) and three plants in the Chongqing region (Tussilago farfara L., Citrum aurantium L. and Saussurea costus) were finally selected for investigations. Then the MAP-refinery was applied to the selected plants in two regions in order to realise their global valorisation. Volatile extracts composition in the roots of Tussilago farfara L. and Calendula arvensis L., as well as flower buds of Spartium junceum L. were firstly investigated. The main chemical compounds in volatile extract from Tussilago farfara L. roots were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and aliphatic compounds while main chemical compounds in volatile extract from Calendula arvensis L. roots were oxygenated sesquiterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated diterpenes. The volatile extract from flower buds of Spartium junceum L. was mainly composed of aliphatic compounds. Antioxidant capacity evaluation results (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAC, ORAC and Folin-Ciocalteu tests) showed that several plant samples like Cytisus scoparius L., Tussilago farfara L., Citrum aurantium L. and Robinia pseudoacacia L. could be potential sources of natural antioxidants. Comparisons of hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) showed that HD and SD had limited effects on essential oil composition but HD, SD and SWE had significant impacts on the recovery of antioxidants. Hydrodistillation seemed to be a better method for recovery of antioxidant compounds from residues of distillation than steam distillation. However, SWE appeared to be a more efficient method for direct extraction of antioxidant molecules (or phenolic compounds) from plants. In the hydrodistillation process, mineral contents in water were found to have very limited effects on yields of extracts but calcium and bicarbonate ions, had significant decreasing effects on antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of both aqueous and methanolic extracts. Finally, an improved MAP-refinery was developed. Subcritical water was used for further extraction of antioxidant compounds from residues in original MAP-refinery. In this way, five parts could be obtained from plant materials: volatile extract, aqueous extract, methanolic extract, subcritical water extract and the final residue. The results showed that the improved MAP-refinery significantly increased the recovery of antioxidants compared with original MAP-refinery. This promising process will also allow a better valorisation of the final solid residue due to the lower content of residual water
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Peng, Jianjun. "Modeling and control of packed reactive distillation columns." 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3116136.
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Kaymak, Devrim B. "Quantitative comparison of a reactive distillation column with a conventional multi-unit process /." Diss., 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3167059.
Full textBooks on the topic "Distillation apparatus"
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L, Luyben William, ed. Practical distillation control. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992.
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Smith, Erika. Pervaporation, vapor permeation, and membrane distillation. Norwalk, CT: Business Communications Co., 1993.
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Buckley, Page S. Design of distillation column control systems. Research Triangle Park, NC: Instrument Society of America, 1985.
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Lockett, M. J. Distillationtray fundamentals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
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Luyben, William L. Reactive distillation design and control. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley, 2008.
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Alejski, Krzysztof. Modelowanie dynamiki półkowych kolumn reakcyjno-destylacyjnych. Poznań: Politechnika Poznańska, 1998.
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Ilme, Jarno. Estimating plate efficiencies in simulation of industrial scale distillation columns. Lappeenranta: Lappeenranta University of Technology, 1997.
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Max-Planck-Institut. Reactive distillation: Status and future directions. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Distillation apparatus"
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Merentsov, N. A., A. V. Persidskiy, and A. B. Golovanchikov. "Hydraulic Control Systems for Packing Blocks of Mass Exchange Apparatus. Part I. Systems of Smooth Adaptive Control for Absorption, Distillation, Wet Gas Emissions Cleaning." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 770–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85230-6_91.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Distillation apparatus"
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Sari, Mila, and Irvan S. Kartawiria. "Design of spray distillation apparatus for ethanol purification." In THE 11TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL ENGINEERING (RCChE 2018). Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5095048.
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Vakasari, Suchika Rahmadona, Ida Farida, and Ferli Septi Irwansyah. "Augmented Reality-Based Learning Media for Simple Distillation Practical Apparatus." In 2022 IEEE 8th International Conference on Computing, Engineering and Design (ICCED). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icced56140.2022.10010642.
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Ravichev, Leonid V., Alexander M. Trushin, and Victor E. Yashin. "Research trends in sieve trays and distillation and adsorbtion equipments." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-1-412-423.
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A review of publications on gas-liquid devices with a foam regime, published since 2000, generalizations of the main directions of interest to researchers and the results achieved. The main method for studying the foam layer has become computational fluid dynamics, however, the most common models are based on empirical equations for cross-flow trays with round holes. Apparatus with a movable nozzle and centrifugal foam apparatus - two areas of particular interest in the Russian Federation, but did not gain popularity in the world. The research uses new measuring methods: gamma scanning, Doppler interferometry and digital processing of high-speed photographs, spatial probes to determine the structure of the foam layer on industrial-scale trays.
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Diawati, Chansyanah, Liliasari, Agus Setiabudi, and Buchari. "Students’ construction of a simple steam distillation apparatus and development of creative thinking skills: A project-based learning." In MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE, AND COMPUTER SCIENCE EDUCATION (MSCEIS 2016): Proceedings of the 3rd International Seminar on Mathematics, Science, and Computer Science Education. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4983934.
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Balmus, Zinaida, and Ludmila Cotelea. "Parfum perfect soi timpuriu de Salvia sclarea L." In VIIth International Scientific Conference “Genetics, Physiology and Plant Breeding”. Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/gppb7.2021.48.
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The biological Salvia sclarea L. (sage) is a species with a special economic value, determined by the essential oil that has multiple uses in perfumery, cosmetics, aromatherapy, food, etc. The variety Par-fum Perfect is a triple hybrid with constant heterosis. The content of essential oil was determined three times per season through hydro distillation in Ginsberg apparatus and recalculated for dry matter. The production of essential oil in two years of harvesting constitutes 73,5kg/ha (8,7 kg/ha in first year and 64,8 in second year). The variety's efficiency is 3,2kg essential oil of per ton of inflorescences.
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Thyagarajan, Ashok, Vijay Dhir, and Debjyoti Banerjee. "Experimental Investigation of Solar-Thermal Desalination Platform Leveraging Dynamic Flash Evaporation and Swirl Flow Separator." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96099.
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Abstract Commercial thermal desalination plants usually leverage static flash evaporation and vapor separation processes that occur separately in large chambers. Depending on the level of purity — the product can be used for potable water (for human consumption), for agriculture or ranching, or as input for industrial processes (such as in injection wells in oil and gas production operations). Currently, static methods such as Multi Stage Flash (MSF) or Multi Effect Distillation (MED) are widely used (in addition to Reverse Osmosis) for desalination. These static methods occupy large land area (large footprint). This in turn drives up the capital and production costs of the resulting purified water obtained in these techniques. Desalination processes that leverage evaporation and vapor separation in the same chamber (dynamically) have smaller form factors which confers lower cost of desalination. Thus, the motivation of our study is to develop a novel apparatus to simultaneously generate vapor by flash evaporation and separate the produced vapor in the same apparatus. The novel apparatus is geared for desalination of sea water, remediation of produced water from process-industries and other sources of saline water (such as brackish water) that are deemed unfit for human consumption. The end goal of the project is to develop a solar-thermal desalination platform by leveraging hot saline water as input from solar ponds. In this experimental study, the thermal-hydraulic performance of a prototype (lab-scale) dynamic vapor generation and swirl flow phase separation apparatus is explored for determining the efficacy of this novel concept. Heated water from a constant temperature supply tank (that is comparable to a solar pond in real life) is passed through injection passages into the flow-separation apparatus. As the water flows through the injection passages, vapor bubbles are generated inside the flow passages due to local superheating of the liquid caused by frictional pressure drop. Conversion of liquid into vapor continues as the liquid-vapor mixture flows through the injector ports and eventually the mixture enters a larger separation tube tangentially. Due to the tangential injection of the two-phase mixture, a centrifugal force acts to separate the water and vapor inside the separation tube. The liquid is pushed to the periphery (i.e., the walls) of the separation tube while the vapor forms a stable core at the center. A vapor retrieval tube is then positioned at the center of the vapor core to extract vapor which is then condensed inside the condenser. The formation of the vapor core is demonstrated for different operating conditions (supply liquid flow rates) and maximum superheat (temperature difference between supply tank and condenser) ranging between 45–52°C. Based on this study, the optimal operating conditions for maximizing the thermal conversion upstream of the test section are presented.
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Spicka, Kevin, Andrew Harbert, Chris Longie, and Alex Koerner. "Identification of Alkalinity Transfer from Produced to Condensed Brine in Severe Bakken Brine Incompatibility." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213882-ms.
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Abstract It has been discovered that condensed brines from wet gas produced up the annulus of Bakken wells can contain up to 30,000 mg/L bicarbonate. When commingling with high calcium-containing produced brine on surface, the incompatibility has led to surface line plugging with calcium carbonate. Previous theories evaluated the possibility of corrosion contributing to the elevated bicarbonate concentrations. Subsequent work discovered that distillation of produced water was able to isolate distillate containing high concentrations of bicarbonate. This paper summarizes the laboratory work conducted to understand the ability of bicarbonate to transfer from distilled produced brine to the collected condensed water as well as field work to confirm suitable mitigative strategies. Produced brine from different production basins was heated to 250 °F in an oil bath under an inert atmosphere using a distillation apparatus. Alkalinity and pH of the starting produced brine and collected distillate were measured in the lab using phenolphthalein and methyl purple indicators, and a pH probe, respectively. Alkalinity concentrations were also measured via non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analysis to eliminate interference from other titratable species. Field work consisted of selecting 30 trial wells for batch applications consisting of diluted corrosion inhibitors in addition to only produced water. Wells were tracked for extension of mean time between failure to evaluate program effectiveness. The return on investment was calculated in terms of avoided deferred production. Surprisingly, it was discovered that simple distillation of produced brine could result in transfer of alkalinity to the collected distillate. NDIR analyses confirmed that minimal alkalinity remained in some samples while the bulk of alkalinity (as bicarbonate) was found in the collected distillate. This discovery has significant implications for the ultimate prevention of buildup of bicarbonate in the condensed brine on surface as well as strategies to mitigate the ensuing brine incompatibility. Produced brines from other production basins were also distilled to see if alkalinity transfer could be observed, or if this phenomenon appears unique to Bakken produced brines. It was found that this alkalinity transfer can be observed in distillation experiments using produced brines from other basins. The discovery of this alkalinity transfer has implication for the oilfield where condensed brine collects. While currently observed in the Bakken, it is of interest whether other basins could see a similar concentration of alkalinity in condensed brines, resulting in instances of calcium carbonate deposition of varying degree. The ability to identify alkalinity transfer into condensed brines may help identify root causes of incompatibility and subsequent suitable strategies for mitigation in other regions. This phenomenon of measured alkalinity transfer also represents a unique scenario as distilled water is assumed to contain minimal dissolved ions.
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Madhusoodanan, M. R., V. Sajith, and C. B. Sobhan. "Experimental Investigation of Phase Change Phenomena in Nanofluids." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32771.
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Thermophysical properties of water like the thermal conductivity, viscosity and the surface tension are observed to change by the addition of nanoparticles. The nature of the variation of these properties with the addition of nanoparticles is a topic of increasing research interest. Rate of evaporation at a liquid surface is affected by various factors, among which the surface tension is the most predominant, and inversely affects the rate of evaporation. The introduction of nano particles into a base fluid obviously makes changes in surface geometry, which in turns alters the surface tension and hence the rate of evaporation. The present experimental study deals with the evaporation of nanofluids, obtained by suspending metal oxide nanoparticles in water. The rate of evaporation was determined by precise measurement of the rate of loss of weight of the nanofluid upon heating, keeping other parameters constant. Experiments with pure water and suspension of aluminum oxide nanoparticles showed that the rate of evaporation of the nanofluid is less compared to that of water, though a definite trend in the variation of the rate of evaporation with respect to the dosing level of nanoparticles was not found to exist. The surface tension is measured using the capillary rise method, which was observed to increase with nanoparticle addition without showing any clear functional relation with the nanoparticle dosing level. Distillation of nanofluids using standard apparatus also indicated a decrease in the evaporation rate with the addition of nanoparticles to the base fluid.
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Terada, Atsuhiko, Jin Iwatsuki, Hirokaki Takegami, Shinji Kubo, Nariaki Sakaba, and Kaoru Onuki. "Research and Development on Hydrogen Production by Thermochemical Water-Splitting IS Process." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58088.
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A project using the High Temperature Engineering Test Reactor (HTTR) is being proceeded at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), which aims to develop technologies of nuclear production of hydrogen to meet its massive demand in future. The HTTR with thermal power of 30MW is the Japanese high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), built and operated at the site of the Oarai Research & Development Center of JAEA. Under the HTTR project, JAEA has been conducting research and development on thermochemical IS process aiming to reach its final goal of demonstrating the nuclear hydrogen production by an HTTR-IS system. The IS process is a chemical process composed of three reactions, i.e. hydrogen iodide decomposition, sulfuric acid decomposition, and production of hydrogen iodide and sulfuric acid. JAEA completed one-week continuous hydrogen production using a glass-made bench-scale test apparatus equipped with an automatic control system in 2004, where the hydrogen production rate was about 30 NL/hr. Based on the successful test, present activity focuses on the development of components to be used in the corrosive process environments and, also, of technologies to realize high thermal efficiency of hydrogen production. This paper describes present status of the activities such as conceptual design of a test plant driven by sensible heat of helium gas heated by an electric heater simulating the HTTR, and component tests for service in the corrosive environments of high temperature sulfuric acid. Also, R&D results are described on glass lining technologies and a reliability evaluation of components made of SiC ceramics, which are promising candidates for application to, e.g. the sulfuric acid decomposer and the hydriodic acid distillation column.
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Yuan, Lin, Mohammad Yousefi, and Hassan Dehghanpour. "The Effects of Asphaltene Precipitation on Bitumen Recovery during Non-Thermal Cyclic Solvent Injection in Cold Lake Oil Sands- An Experimental Study." In SPE Canadian Energy Technology Conference. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208919-ms.
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Abstract The non-thermal solvent-based processes for bitumen extraction consume less energy and water, and thus, have less impacts on the environment compared with the steam-based thermal processes. The objective of this paper is to investigate the mechanisms responsible for propane transport into and bitumen production from oil-sand core samples during the cyclic solvent injection (CSI). We use a state-of-the-art high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) visualization cell to investigate non-equilibrium propane-bitumen interactions during CSI. We inject propane into the cell containing a bitumen-saturated core plug representing in-situ reservoir conditions. Three sets of tests with different propane vapor (C3(v)) to liquid (C3(l)) ratio are conducted (set 1 with C3(l), set 2 with C3(l)-C3(v) mixture, and set 3 with C3(v)). After the CSI tests, the final bitumen recovery factor is calculated by the weight-balance method and the precipitated asphaltene content caused by propane-bitumen interactions is also measured using a distillation apparatus. When the core is fully immersed in C3(l), the cell pressure rapidly declines during the early soaking process, and then, it declines gradually. However, no obvious pressure decline can be observed when C3(v) is present in the system. This can be explained by the higher compressibility of C3(v) compared to C3(l), leading to a less significant pressure decline during the soaking period. A light hydrocarbon phase is produced from the core at the end of the depletion process, indicating the extraction of light components of oil by propane even at low-temperature conditions. The bitumen recovery factor is the lowest (11.93%) in set 1 when the core is soaked in C3(l), while that is the highest (14.73%) in set 3 when the core is soaked in C3(v). Also, the bitumen production stops quickly at the early soaking period in set 1. This is because asphaltene precipitation is more significant when the C3(l) is present in the system. The propane density in liquid state is higher than that in vapor state, leading to more bitumen-propane interactions and more asphaltene precipitation. The precipitated asphaltene blocks the pore network and inhibits bitumen production. Our results show that increasing C3(v) to C3(v) ratio decreases the amount of asphaltene precipitation, and in turn, increases bitumen recovery factor.