Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Distilled water'

A study investigating the effects of Ogallala groundwater on the hydraulic conductivity of bentonite borehole plugs has been conducted. Clay plugs constructed from bentonite tablets hydrated with unfiltered Ogallala groundwater exhibited reduced swelling and lower hydraulic conductivity than similar plugs constructed from tablets and distilled water. Results indicate hydraulic conductivities observed in the Ogallala groundwater plugs may be governed by factors including swelling characteristics and permeant colloidal matter clogging plug pore spaces. Constant pressure injection and transient pulse testing methods were used to determine hydraulic conductivity. In constant pressure injection tests, outflow volumes may require adjustment to account for consolidation processes.

Foodborne illnesses caused by Listeria monocytogenes have long been associated with ready-to-eat (RTE) meats contaminated after the primary thermal process has been applied. It is believed that brine solutions used to chill cooked RTE products may serve as a reservoir for L. monocytogenes becoming a potential point of post-processing contamination for RTE meats. Re-circulating ultraviolet light (UV) systems are being used to inactivate L. monocytogenes in chill brines; however very little has been reported on the dose response of healthy and stressed L. monocytogenes to UV in brine solutions. The objectives of this research were to determine 1) minimum dose of UV required to inactivate L. monocytogenes in distilled water, fresh brine, undiluted spent brine, and diluted spent brine, 2) if adaptation to food processing stresses affects the dose response, and 3) if the acquisition of antibiotic resistance mechanisms provides resistance to ultraviolet light 4) effect of stress adaptation on survival in brine solutions. After UV exposure, populations were reduced as follows from greatest to least: water > fresh brine > 5% spent brine > 35% spent brine > 55% spent brine > 100% spent brine (P â ¤ 0.05). There were no population differences between acid stressed and antibiotic resistant or healthy and heat shocked (P > 0.05). However, acid-stressed and sulfanilamide-resistant were more resistant to UV light than healthy and heat shocked L. monocytogenes (P â ¤ 0.05). Survival in brine solutions (no UV) followed the trend, from greatest to least (P â ¤ 0.05): sulfanilamide-resistant > acid-stressed > healthy > heat-shocked. Population estimates decreased from initial inoculation to final sampling for each cell type suspended in spent brine (P â ¤ 0.05), but only healthy and heat- shocked cells suspended in fresh brine were significantly reduced (P â ¤ 0.05). Knowledge of UV dosing required to control L. monocytogenes in brines used during RTE meat processing, and a greater understanding of the interactions that may influence dose will aid manufacturers in establishing appropriate food safety interventions for these products.
Ph. D.

Magistro darbe tiriama mikrobangų poveikis įvairių rūšių medžiams. Darbo objektas – Paprastosios pušies ( Pinus sylvestris L. ) sėklų gemalai, paprastosios eglės (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) gemalai ir augimo kūgeliai, paprastojo uosio ( Fraxinus excelsior L.) gemalai, karpotojo beržo (Betula pendula L.) žiedadulkės. Darbo tikslas – Įvertinti mikrobangų poveikį skirtingų medžių rūšių subrendusių gemalų ir žiedadulkių gyvybingumui. Darbo metodika – mikrobangomis paveikiami subrendę gemalai, augimo kūgeliai žiedadulkės ir distiliuotas vanduo. Įvertinama mikrobangų įtaka gemalų, augimo kūgelių, žiedadulkių gyvybingumui. Rezultatai – Mikrobangos 600 W rėžime neigiamai veikia eglės, pušies ir uosio subrendusių gemalų gyvybingumą. Iš tirtų 480 subrendusių gemalų gyvybingi liko 183 eksplantai ( 38,1 %). Paveikus mikrobangomis beržo žiedadulkes, bangos stabdė žiedadulkių vystymąsi. Paveiktas mikrobangomis distiliuotas vanduo teigiamai veikė karpotojo beržo žiedadulkes, skatindamas žiedadulkių dygimą. Paprastosios eglės augimo kūgeliai paveikti mikrobangomis žuvo visuose eksperimento variantuose, išskyrus nepaveikti mikrobangomis augimo kūgeliai.
In the postgraduate thesis studied effect of microwaves on different trees species. Study object. Mature germ of Common Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), mature germ and growth cones of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), pollen of Silver Birch (Betula pendula L.). Purpose of the study – to estimate the effect of microwaves on different trees species of mature germ and pollen viability. Study methods. Affected by microwaves mature germs, growth cones, pollen and distilled water. Rated microwave power of germs, growth cones and pollen viability. Results. Microwave 600 W mode affects spruce, pine and ash mature germs viability. Of investigated 480 mature germs remained viable explants 183 (38.1%). Birch pollen exposed of microwave, the waves slowed the development of pollen. Affected by microwave distilled water acted positively Silver birch pollen and stimulating germination. Growth cones of Norway spruce were killed of microwave affect all versions on the experiment, except do not affect the growth cone of microwaves.

Pretoria is a city that was founded upon the abundant availability of fresh water. The source of this water can be found in a valley just south of the city centre, today known as Fountains Valley. Here the water surfaces from the depths at two separate spring eyes, forming the origins of the Apies River. Ultimately the Fountains Valley can be viewed as the origin of the city itself – the reason that made it possible for it to exist by providing fresh water of exceptional quality as it still does to the present day. In addition to the natural features, the Valley contains several sites of great historical and cultural significance. Despite their importance they now only serve as markers in the landscape, unknown to many, and bears silent testimony to the events that help shape the city, its identity as a place and the identity of those who reside in it. This dissertation will explore the potential of architecture to act as an agent in reviving the forgotten identity of the Fountains Valley, by redefining those lost elements and in order to truly understand and appreciate the significance of place and place identity and its ability to shape the identity of the individual.
Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

Thesis (MScFoodSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Waste generated by the distillery industry is a major ecological concern and disposal thereof without a suitable treatment can have damaging effects on the environment. The characteristics of this type of wastewater are highly variable and dependent on the raw material used and production process followed. Grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is also rich in fats, oils and grease (FOG). Successful treatments of distillery wastewater and GDWW have been reported using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of lab-scale UASB reactor to treat FOG-reduced GDWW and the subsequent enhancement thereof following an unique feeding strategy approach. Firstly, a coagulation/flocculation-centrifugation step was developed to obtain FOG-reduced GDWW. Secondly, the efficiency of a lab-scale UASB reactor was investigated treating FOG-reduced GDWW at pre-determined operational parameters as well as the verification of biomass acclimatisation. Lastly, the effect of a unique feeding strategy of FOG-reduced GDWW to lab-scale UASB reactor granules was investigated in terms of COD, FOG-reduction and biomass acclimatisation. It was found that a coagulation/flocculation-centrifugation treatment removed sufficient amounts of FOG and TSS from GDWW. Different commercially available coagulation/flocculation products were evaluated whilst used in combination with a centrifugation step for improved sedimentation and separation. The FOG removal remained between 90 and 97% for the ferric chloride (FeCl3) and Ferrifloc 1820 treatments, respectively, whereas the TSS removal ranged between 56 and 93%, respectively. The use of a high molecular weight polymer (Ultrafloc 5000) and an aluminium chlorohydrate (Ultrafloc 3800) proved to be less effective in terms of FOG removal efficiency, ranging from 72 to 86%. It was decided to pre-treat GDWW with FeCl3 in combination with centrifugation to obtain FOG-reduced GDWW for subsequent UASB reactor treatment investigations. The FOG-reduced GDWW was fed into a laboratory-scale UASB reactor (2 L) over a period of 331 days. During the operational period different feeding parameters were attained to establish the ability of the UASB reactor to efficiently treat FOG-reduced GDWW. The COD removal increased from 60 to 85% at an organic loading rate (OLR) of ca. 5.5 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 (pH = 7.5) whilst FOG removal remained between 45 and 70%. COD removal increased to 90% with the attainment of an OLR of ca.10 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 (pH = 7.5) whereas FOG removal remained in the region of 55 and 65%. COD and FOG removal remained above 85% and 50%, respectively, when substrate pH was decreased to 6.50 (OLR ca. 10 kgCOD.m-3.d-1). A granule activity test was performed on seed and FOG-reduced GDWW fed granules to determine biomass acclimatisation. FOG-reduced GDWW fed granules showed higher activity in terms of methane production rate and cumulative methane production suggesting biomass acclimatisation. The FOG-reduced GDWW was fed to a laboratory-scale UASB reactor following a unique feeding approach. The feeding approach consisted of several feeding and starvation cycles. Improved average biogas production was observed during the feeding (0.26 to 11.3 L.d-1) and starvation (1.8 to 4.2 L.d-1) cycles as higher loading rates were obtained during each feeding cycle. After the completion of the strategic feeding the UASB reactor was continuously fed at an organic loading rate of ca. 5 kgCOD.m-3.d-1. The COD reduction efficiency improved from 70 to 80%, however, FOG removal remained in the region of 60%. Granule activity tests done on days 0, 215 and 279 showed improved UASB granule activity to FOG-reduced GDWW with operation time in terms of methane production rate and cumulative methane production. This study has proven that a coagulation/flocculation-centrifugation treatment of GDWW can remove sufficient amounts of FOG and TSS before the commencement of a UASB treatment, however, such a technique would require more refinement. It was also found that a UASB reactor can successfully treat FOG-reduced GDWW, however, it must be advised that close monitoring of the UASB reactor is required in order to maintain efficient COD reduction. A strategic feeding approach proved to be successful, but further improvement of the UASB efficiency to treat FOG-reduced GDWW in terms of stable COD and FOG reduction, stable effluent pH, improved biogas production and biomass activity must still be explored.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Afloop water wat gegenereer word deur die distillerings-industrie veroorsaak ‘n ekologiese kommer en wegdoening daarvan sonder geskikte behandeling, kan ernstige gevolge op die omgewing hê. Die eienskappe van hierdie tipe afvalwater kan varieer en is afhanklik van die rou materiale gebruik en die produksie proses wat gevolg is. Graan distillery afloop water (GDAW) deel dieselfde eienskappe met die van distillery afloop water, alhoewel dit ook hoog is in vette, olies en ghries (VOG). Suksesvolle behandeling van distillery afloop water en GDAW met n opvloei-anaërobiese slykkombers (OAS) reaktor is deur verskeie navorsers gerapporteer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die uitvoerbaarheid van laboratorium skaal OAS reaktor, wat VOG-verminderde GDAW behandel te ondersoek, asook die daaropvolgende verbetering deur n unieke voer strategie te volg. Eerstens, was ‘n koagulasie/flokkulasie-sentrifigasie tegniek ontwikkel om VOG-verminderde GDAW te kry. Tweendens, die effektiwiteit van ‘n lab-skaal OAS reaktor ondersoek, wat gevoer was met VOG-verminderde GDAW, by voorafbepaalde parameters. Laastens, die effek van ‘n unieke voer strategie van VOG-verminderde GDAW op lab-skaal OAS reaktor granules. Dit was vasgestel dat ‘n koagulasie/flokkulasie-sentrifigasie voor behandeling voldoende hoeveelhede VOG en TSS verwyder van GDAW. Verskillende kommersieel beskikbare koagulasie/flokkulasie produkte was in kombinasie met ‘n sentrifugasie stap geëvalueer om sedimentasie en skeiding te verbeter. Dit was nie ‘n plan om die stap te perfek nie, maar dat dit eerder sou dien as ‘n voorbehandeling stap vir opeenvolgende ondersoeke. Die VOG verwydering het tussen 90 en 97% gevariëer vir ferri chloride (FeCl3) en Ferrifloc 1820 (Chlorchem) en TSS verwydering het tussen 56 en 93% gewissel. Die gebruik van ‘n hoë molekulêre gewig polimeer (Ultrafloc 5000) en ‘n aluminium chlorohidraat (Ultrafloc 3800) was minder effektief met n VOG verwydering wat tussen 72 en 86% gewissel het. Die VOG-verminderde GDAW was in ‘n laboratorium-skaal OAS reaktor oor ‘n tydperk van 331 dae behandel. Verskillende voer doelwitte was geëvaluaeer om te bepaal of ‘n OAS reaktor GDAW suksesvol kan behandel. CSB afbraak het van 60 to 85% gestyg teen ‘n organiese lading van 5.5 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 (pH 7.50), met VOG verwydering wat tussen 45 en 70% gewissel het. Die CSB afbraak het na die bereiking van 10 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 (pH 7.50) gestyg na 90% met VOG afbraak tussen 55 en 60% gewissel het. Die CSB en VOG verwydering het bo 85% en 50% onderskeidelik gebly, met die verlaging van substraat pH na 6.50 (CSB ca. 10 kgCOD.m-3.d-1). ‘n Aktiwiteits toets is uitgevoer met saad granules en VOG-verminderde GDAW gevoerde granules. Granules (VOG-verminderde GDAW gevoer) het ‘n hoer aktiwiteit getoon teenoor saad granules in terme van metaan produksie tempo en kumulatiewe metaan produksie. Die VOG-verminderde GDAW was gevoer in ‘n OAS reaktor deur gebruik te maak van ‘n strategiese voertegniek. Die strategie het uit verskeie voer en hongersnood fases bestaan. Verbeterde biogas produksie was tydens voer (0.26 tot 11.3 L.d-1) en hongersnood (1.8 tot 4.2 L.d-1) -fases opgelet soos ‘n hoër lading bereik was. Na die voltooing van die strategiese voer fase was die OAS reaktor op ‘n deurlopende basis teen ‘n lading van 5 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 gevoer. Die CSB verwydering het van 70 na 80% verhoog terwyl VOG afbraak in die omgewing van 60% gewissel het. Biomassa aktiwiteits toetse was uitgevoer is op dag 0, 215 en 279 het verhoogde aktiwiteit vertoon, met ‘n strategiese fase en deurlopende fase teenoor die aanvanklike (ongeaklamatiseerde) granules. Hierdie studie het bewys dat ‘n flokkulasie/koagulasie-sentrifugasie behandeling van GDAW kan dien as ‘n voorbehandelings stap vir opeenvolgende OAS reaktor studies. Dit was gevind dat ‘n OAS reaktor die VOG-verminderde GDAW kan behandel, maar dit word aanbeveel dat die OAS reaktor so sorgvuldig as moontlik gemonitor word om effektiewe CSB verwydering te handhaaf. Ten slotte, ‘n strategiese voer strategie was suksesvol, maar verdere verbetering van die OAS reaktor ten opsigte van die behandeling van VOG-verminderde GDAW moet verder ondersoek word.

Arabinoxylans (AX’s) are the predominant non-starch polysaccharides found in the structural matrix of cell walls in wheat grains, being present in large quantities in wheat bran, accounting for up to 25% of its composition. Their physicochemical properties define their functionality which can be beneficial in cereal-based products such as bread, where their addition could enhance the gluten matrix responsible for the aerated structure and quality of bread. Bioethanol production has grown rapidly, however, to be economically viable, cereal-derived first generation biorefineries need to adopt the process integration approaches employed in petrochemical refineries, and exploit the interaction opportunities arising from multiple product streams. A potential source of AX is its extraction from the wheat bran based low value animal feed produced as an end product of the bioethanol distillation process. The benefits of extraction are twofold, to enhance feed nutritional value by reducing fibre content and produce a high value product for use as a functional ingredient in the breadmaking industry. Extraction of AX involves precipitation with ethanol, giving opportunity for integration and economic extraction in the context of a bioethanol plant. Currently no commercial supply of AX is available in sufficient quantities to conduct functionality trials; therefore the objective of the current work was to study the feasibility of extracting AX from animal feed and, by developing a scaled-up extraction process based on that of Hollmann and Lindhauer (2005) and Du et al. (2009), to produce sufficient quantities to conduct functionality trials into its effects on the breadmaking process. Two animal feeds, representative of contrasting biorefinery operations, were used for AX extraction, Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and C*Traffordgold®, with water and alkaline AX being extracted from each. Monosaccharide analysis of the feedstocks confirmed the presence of arabinoxylans, with DDGS containing 12.5% AX and TG 13% AX, with A/X ratios of 0.55 and 0.61, respectively. The purity of AX extracted at both lab scale and on scale up was consistent, with 29.5% and 23% extracted at lab scale and 30% and 25% extracted in the scaled up process for WEAX from DDGS and TG, respectively. The purity of AEAX was lower, with 18% and 14% at lab scale and 15% and 14% for scale up for DDGS and TG, respectively. The results indicate that the same purity of crude extract can be achieved at both lab and larger scale extraction, however lower yields and absolute yields were observed at scale up and anticipated to be due to the crude nature of the process, which needs further optimisation. Addition of crude AX extracts to bread dough gave insights into its effects and potential benefits and issues. The type and origin of AX was found to affect bread dough characteristics in different ways. WEAX from both DDGS and TG exhibited effects on all stages of the breadmaking process, by improving stability and reducing softening at mixing, and slowing proving allowing the dough to retain a better aerated structure, leading to an open aerated finished loaf structure. AEAX from both types of animal feed generally caused destabilization of gas cells and coalescence, resulting in loaves with a tighter crumb structure. The AX dosage appeared to have a non-linear effect, with some positive changes at 1% addition turning to negative changes when added at 2%. This work has provided insights into the functionality of AX in bread dough, and a process has been developed to allow greater than lab scale production of arabinoxylan. The effects of AX need to be understood more clearly to retain beneficial effects, whilst supressing detrimental ones, preferably while avoiding the need for extensive purification. The work supports the possibility for AX extracts to be produced commercially as bread ingredients that could enhance bread structure and nutritional quality, and provides an elegant solution for synergy between two wheat-based industries serving both the food and non-food needs of society.

碩士
正修科技大學
電機工程研究所
99
This thesis designed and implemented the control system of an intelligent distilled water dispenser. This system adopts a microcontroller PIC16F887 (Microchip) as the control kernel of intelligent distilled water dispenser. The system configuration includes the water inlet, water making, water storage, and water outlet systems. In addition to the automatic operation of water inlet and water making, the function of periodic sterilization is also available in the water storage. Furthermore, the water outlet system can also provide the iced water, warm water and hot water. Meanwhile, the unlock function of hot water for safety and the continuous water outlet for convenience are also included in this design. Compared with the water dispensers of reverse osmosis and electrolysis, the intelligent distilled water dispenser can have some advantages, such as environmental protection because none of filter materials are needed, water-saving, completely sterilization, and removing the pollution of heavy metal, etc.. In short, this is a product design with environmental protection, safety, and hygiene.

碩士
國立中山大學
機械與機電工程學系研究所
93
Water and R-134a sprays as they impinge on the flat endplate of a circle are studied experimentally. In order to optimize water and R-134a sprays cooling efficiency, a detailed characterization and understanding of the spray formation is essentially needed. The effects of the jet exit velocity and Weber number on spray segregation are investigated. An optical image system was used to quantify the droplet size and distribution. LDV measurements were used to characterize the local velocity and velocity fluctuation distribution from a commercial available nozzle in both axial and radial directions. It is found in the water spray that local mean droplet diameter (SMD) decreases as jet exit velocity increases and as jet proceeds further downstream as well. Furthermore, the SMD and radial velocity are found to be the largest at the outer edges of the water spray. In contrast, the radial velocity is found to be the smallest at the outer edges of the R-134a spray. The SMD and radial velocity continuously decrease across both the water spray and R-134a spray toward the jet axis; while the corresponding axial velocity is the maximum there. Moreover, the R-134a spray jet heat transfer in non-boiling regime was shown to be dependent on the velocity of the impinging jets in terms of Weber number and other related parameters which are in good agreement with those of previous studies.

A comparative study of effects on characteristic properties of FRP composites when exposed to Distilled water, NaCl- water solution and sea water separately was done.Composite of E- glass fiber reinforced in epoxy resin (araldite LY556) in 40:60 weight ratios was used. Samples were immersed for 2, 4, and 8 days in the three mediums separately at 60°C and 95% humidity in a humid chamber. ILSS values were calculated using INSTRON 1195. It was found that all solutions marginally degraded the mechanical property this was mainly the result of polymer hydrolysis. The diffusivity was found to be maximum in case of 3.2% NaCl solution and minimum in sea water. The immersion in sea water had least affect on mechanical properties. As evidenced by SEM micrographs, the worst case of damage involved large amount of debonding and fiber pullout in case of 3.2% NaCl solution, while sea water least affecting the matrix.

博士
國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系
87
The life process of a human body is a series of complicated physical and chemical process of body cell, water and others. In such a system, the proton in water has been found to accompany a series of important reactions, such as the catalytic reaction of acid-base equilibrium and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which can supply the energy to complete the metabolism. Thus, the proton in human body plays a very important role in the life science. In addition to the body cell and water, the human body has the most important bioenergy (Qi energy) which has attracted some research attention for some time. From the viewpoint of the Chinese medicine, the bioenergy distributes as a Qi field in human body and plays a very important role to affect our health. Due to the fact that 70% of our body is water, one can expect that the Qi in our body has to be mostly stored in the water of our body, i.e. water can absorb Qi. This ideal is consistent with the general knowledge that water can absorb Qi and this kind of water is known as Qi-gong water or Qi water. Thus, it stimulates our interests to study the mechanism inside the Qi water how can improve our health. The object of this paper is to study experimentally the properties of the pure water with presence of the Qi (subtle bioenergy) field. The pure water used is a distilled and deionized water which has an electrical conductivity close to 1 or 5 μS. The Qi water is made by concentrating one''s mind to release one''s Qi (8 or 10 minutes) from the palms or three fingers of right or left hand into the pure water which is sealed either in bottle or in quartz tube. The palms or fingers releasing Qi at room temperature is at a distance of 1~2 cm from the water samples. Three different properties of Qi water are selected to be measured, i.e. the conductivity, the 17O NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) half widths (1/πT2*), and IR absorption spectra of Qi water. In accompanying with measurement of conductivity, the temperature of Qi water is also measured when Qi is just released into the insulated water and after. The conductivity gives a macroscopic view on the changes of water property due to absorption of Qi, while the 17O NMR half width and IR absorption spectra give a microscopic view. The three different properties mentioned above for pure water are measured for the comparison with one another. During the entire period of experiment which may last for a month, the water samples with or without presence of Qi are maintained at constant temperature in either a constant temperature bath (at 25+0.2oC or 40+0.2oC) or an air condition room (at 27+2oC). From the results of the electrical conductivity measurement of water the human body with his consciousness can radiate his Qi into the desired target. It appears that Qi is some kind of subtle energy, which can have a long-term effect on the water properties. This is also confirmed in the experiment of NMR and IR spectrum measurements. Depends on the releasing of Qi, it can either increase or decrease the conductivity of water. In the experiment of NMR measurement, the absorption of Qi into water can increase the half width, which means that Qi can affect the proton transfer in pure water and make the pH value of water approaching to 7. Pure water samples under different treatments (e.g. pinged with N2 or O2 gas etc) have been tested on the NMR half width measurements to show that these impurities in water will not cause a similar effect like what Qi has caused. In the experiments of IR absorption measurement, it further demonstrates that Qi is some kind of energy, which can change the molecular structure and motion of water. For example, it can decrease the number of large size clusters but increase the number of smaller size (5 molecules) clusters. It can also transform the restricted rotation about the symmetry C2 axis into the one about the B2 plane. The phenomena of rotation change mean that Qi can rearrange the electric potential and the dipole moment of water molecules, which results in the change of conductivity of water. In accompanying with above experiments, the practice of quiet sitting nearby the pure water samples shows that the human body without his consciousness can also radiate Qi, or form a Qi field into the water samples. It can affect the water properties just like concentrating one’s mind to release Qi into water sample. Based on these experimental results one can conclude that biochemical reaction process which contains water and bioenergy as the major elements be drastically different from the biochemical reaction process without the bioenergy. The mechanism of Qi inside water is that it can break the large size clusters of water and make them smaller and then easier for further biochemical reactions. In addition, Qi can regulate the pH value and the conductivity of water in our body. So, Qi can significantly improve our health. It appears that Qi plays a very important role in our body. And this study of the Qi water has opened a new area of research in medical science. As for other effects need more work on these subjects.

碩士
國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
98
This paper describes a novel method to achieve direct growth of highly-oriented Li-Al LDH film on substrates such as glass, Si wafer and carbon cloth in an alkaline Al3+- and Li+-containing aqueous solution. The substrate samples were each hanged, and then immersed in the solution for LDH film formation in ambient atmosphere. The Li-Al LDH film composed of extra high density of Li-Al LDH platelets, each almost perpendicularly standing on substrate surface. The LDH film thickness increased with increasing immersion time and/or with increasing solution temperature. Consequently, the thickness would reach a plateau region during the LDH formation. The time to reach the plateau region depends on the solution temperature. UV-visible transmittance spectra of the Li-Al LDH films on glasses were reported. The LDH film that was fabricated at 5 oC (~1.45 μm in thickness) exhibits good UV shielding ability (only 9.7% UV transparency) and a maxium of 56% transparency in the visible. A similar method can also be employed to develop a Li-Al LDH film covering on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic carbon cloth surface. The fibers of the treated carbon clothes had extra high density of LDH platelets on surface, which leads to the fibers have remarkably large surface area. In spite of the surface modification on the carbon fibers, the treated carbon clothes still retain their original surface properties (e.g., hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity). The study believed that CO2 in the atmosphere dissolved in the alkaline Al3+- and Li+-containing solution to provide CO32- ions for Li-Al LDH formation. Nucleation and growth of each LDH platelets on substrate surface finally resulted in a LDH film.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Homoeopathy)-Dept. of Homoeopathy, Durban Institute of Technology, 2004 xviii, 97 leaves ; 30 cm
The purpose of this study was to determine the antimicrobial effect of Baptisia tinctoria extract (1:10) in 62% ethanol and Baptisia tinctoria extract (1:10) in distilled water on the in vitro growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis respectively as compared to ethanol and distilled water control.

У магістерській роботі виконано розроблення проекту ремонтної дільниці, представлені технологія Проект дільниці ремонтного цеху для радіатора автобуса “Ікарус – 255”.
In the master's work the development of the repair station project was performed, the technology of the repair shop section for the Ikarus - 255 bus radiator was presented.
Вступ 1 Загально-технічний розділ 2 Технологічний розділ 3. Конструкторський розділ 4 Спеціальний розділ 5 Науково-дослідний розділ 6 Проектний розділ 7 Обгрунтування економічної ефективності 8 Охорона праці та безпека в надзвичайних ситуаціях 9 Екологія Загальні висновки щодо магістерської роботи Бібліографія Додатки

碩士
國立中興大學
材料科學與工程學系所
100
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanostructure film with highly oriented have been fabricated on inert substrate such as AEBE glass and InGaN-based light-emitting diodes by one-step, room-temperature process, in which the chemical formula of the oriented ultrathin film is Li2Al4(CO3)(OH)12．mH2O confirmed by GAXRD. This study simply immersed the tablet-shaped specimen lying flat in a aqueous alkaline Al3+- and Li+ -containing solution. The solution was prepared by dissolving AlLi intermetallic compound (IMC) in distilled water. This method is simple, rapid, and may be readily extended to some other inert substrate. As an example, Li-Al-CO3 LDH thin film was coated on AEBA glass in only 40 minutes, the treated specimen demonstrates almost 100 % transparency to visible light and exhibits UV shielding ability in UV-B to UV-C region (minimum about 85 % UV transparency). In another case, nano-scale Li-Al LDH-covered InGaN-based LEDs has been realized in only 30 minutes, that the light output power of the LDH (thin)-LED had a 31.2 % enhancement at 20-mA operating current, compared to standard InGaN-based LEDs (ST-LEDs). After calcinating the as-grown Li-Al LDH film (via hanging method) at high temperature (600 ℃) for 12 hours, a LiAlO2/γ-Al2O3 porous micro-sheet film was obtained on porous 316L stainless steel tube, in which the porous oxide film offers a application possibilities to be a intermetallic diffusion barrier.

The deep geological repository concept is based on “engineered barriers systems (EBS)” that are constructed in the repository and “natural barriers” provided by the surrounding geological environment. The EBS comprises of variety of sub-systems or components, such as the waste form, canister, buffer, backfill, seals, and plugs. Geological disposal is based on the concept of multiple barriers that work together to provide containment. The buffer is made up of densely compacted bentonite or bentonite-sand mix. Bentonite has both mechanical and physico-chemical functions, to fulfill as a barrier material in DGR. The bentonite buffer should hold the containers in place and prevent collapse of the excavation. A plastic deformability of the bentonite is desired to redistribute the stresses that can result from creep in the rock, and prevent transfer of excessive stresses to the canisters. The bentonite buffer must create an impermeable zone around the containers to ensure that the radionuclide released from the vitrified waste is limited by diffusive transport rather than advective transport in groundwater. Another important property of the highly compacted bentonite is its swelling potential. Its swelling potential should be as high as possible, to guarantee the sealing of any cracks occurring in the buffer material or in the storage gallery and thus ensure good imperviousness. Besides its mechanical function, bentonite buffer must sorb escaping radionuclides and thus retard their migration to the geo-environment. The bentonite buffer must retain its mechanical and physico-chemical functions over a span of several hundred thousand years to fulfill its role as a containment barrier in DGR. The bentonite buffer should maintain its physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical integrity on exposure to groundwater. Nuclear power agencies of several countries have identified suitable bentonites for use as buffer in DGR through laboratory experiments and large scale underground testing facilities. Japan has identified Kunigel VI bentonite, South Korea-Kyungju bentonite, China-GMZ bentonite, Belgium-FoCa clay, Sweden-MX-80 bentonite, Spain-FEBEX bentonite and Canada-Avonseal bentonite as candidate bentonite buffer for deep geological repository program. Bentonite from Barmer (Rajasthan State) was identified as suitable buffer for use in Indian deep geological repositories. The influence of moisture and dissolved salt migration on the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of Barmer bentonite has not been examined. The study is important to understand the clay’s behaviour under deep geological repository conditions, where, the bentonite buffer would come in contact with groundwater. Infiltration of groundwater with variable chemical composition could alter the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of the clay. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: Examine the influence of permeation of distilled water (DW) and synthetic ground water (SGW) solutions under constant volume condition on suction, physico-chemical and moisture content/dry density characteristics of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens as function of permeation period (maximum permeation period– 30 days). Examine the influence of variation in dry density and gravimetric water content as consequence of DW and SGW solution permeation on swell pressure and unconfined compression strength of Barmer bentonite specimens. Compare experimental swell pressures of re-constituted bentonite specimens with swell pressures predicted by diffuse double layer models. Examine the influence of total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of permeating solution on the unsaturated permeability of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens. Organization of thesis: After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature is performed in Chapter 2 to review the physicochemical, mineralogical and hydro-mechanical properties of bentonites identified as buffer materials for deep geological repositories of various countries. Based on current understanding and need to perform similar studies with Barmer clay, the chapter develops the scope and objectives of the study. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental program of the study. Chapter 4 examines the influence of permeation of distilled water (DW) and synthetic groundwater (SGW) solutions (under constant volume conditions) on the total suction of compacted bentonite specimens at two locations in the clay. The influence of variation in dry density on the moisture migration-suction inter-relations of compacted bentonite specimens is also examined. The associated changes of DW and SGW solution migration under constant volume conditions on the physico-chemical properties, water content and dry density of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens are also examined. The experimental results brought out that matric suction mainly contributed (75 to 92 %) to total suction of the permeated specimens; the permeated specimens experienced reduction in matric suction with increase in gravimetric water content from increase in degree of saturation. Osmotic suction contributed to 10 to 25 % of the total suction of the permeated specimens and was observed to increase with gravimetric water content due to solubilization of salts contained in the voids of the compacted bentonite specimens. The total suction of compacted Barmer bentonite specimen was responsive to the total dissolved solids concentration of the permeating solutions as the specimen permeated with more saline solution (higher TDS value) exhibited lesser total suction. Upon permeation with DW and SGW solutions, the CEC of bentonite was unaltered, while, pH and TDS values were affected. Softening of the bentonite clay occurred from increase in water content and existence of compression zones (material used to seal 1mm gap in relative humidity probe aperture) that in turn facilitated dissipation of swelling stress leading to reduction in dry density values. Chapter 5 examines influence of reduction in dry density and increase in water content on the swell pressure and compression strength characteristics of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens upon DW and SGW solution migration as the results could provide insight into possible deviations from the design properties upon wetting of bentonite buffer by groundwater under deep geological repository conditions. The experimental swelling pressures are also compared with those predicted by Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory. The dry density of 1.6 Mg/m specimens permeated with DW and SGW solutions reduced to 1.59 to 1.36 Mg/m and water contents increased to 18.9 to 27 % on permeation with distilled water and SGW solutions for 30 days. The reductions in dry density and increase in water content caused 30 to 70 % reductions in swell pressures and 31 to 74 % decrease in unconfined compression strength values. Specimens initially compacted to dry density of 1.8 Mg/m, experienced reduction in dry density ranging from 1.79 to 1.52 Mg/m and increase in water content from 18.6 to 24.2 % on permeation of DW and SGW solutions for 30 days. These reductions in dry density and increase in water caused the swell pressures to reduce from 4 to 55 % and unconfined compressive strengths to reduce by 31 to 67 %. Comparison of swell pressures gave -8 to 127 % variations between theoretical (from DDL theory) and experimental values due to errors associated with estimation of surface area and dissolved salt concentrations in pore water. Chapter 6 examines the influence of salinity of permeating solution on the unsaturated permeability of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens. The salinity of permeants was varied by permeating distilled water (DW) and synthetic ground water solutions under constant volume conditions over maximum period of 30 days. Experimental results showed that the saturated permeability coefficients (ksat) of specimens compacted to 1.6 Mg/m, responded to variations in TDS of the permeant. Comparatively, the ksat values of specimens compacted to 1.8 Mg/mwere unaffected by variation in TDS of the permeant. Permeation of DW and SGW solutions decreased the ksat values with time from cation hydration and growth of diffuse ion layers for both, 1.6 and 1.8 Mg/mseries specimens. Increase in gravimetric water content from DW and SGW permeation increased the kunsat values of 1.6 Mg/m specimens from reduction in total suction. Re-orientation of soil structure mobilized larger kunsat values for specimens permeated with SGW solutions than DW at similar total suction. Permeation of DW and SGW solutions had lesser impact on kunsat values of the 1.8 Mg/m specimens in comparison to the 1.6 Mg/m series specimens. Further at both densities, the influence of permeation was more evident at location closer to hydration surface. Chapter 7 summarizes the main findings of this study.

The deep geological repository concept is based on “engineered barriers systems (EBS)” that are constructed in the repository and “natural barriers” provided by the surrounding geological environment. The EBS comprises of variety of sub-systems or components, such as the waste form, canister, buffer, backfill, seals, and plugs. Geological disposal is based on the concept of multiple barriers that work together to provide containment. The buffer is made up of densely compacted bentonite or bentonite-sand mix. Bentonite has both mechanical and physico-chemical functions, to fulfill as a barrier material in DGR. The bentonite buffer should hold the containers in place and prevent collapse of the excavation. A plastic deformability of the bentonite is desired to redistribute the stresses that can result from creep in the rock, and prevent transfer of excessive stresses to the canisters. The bentonite buffer must create an impermeable zone around the containers to ensure that the radionuclide released from the vitrified waste is limited by diffusive transport rather than advective transport in groundwater. Another important property of the highly compacted bentonite is its swelling potential. Its swelling potential should be as high as possible, to guarantee the sealing of any cracks occurring in the buffer material or in the storage gallery and thus ensure good imperviousness. Besides its mechanical function, bentonite buffer must sorb escaping radionuclides and thus retard their migration to the geo-environment. The bentonite buffer must retain its mechanical and physico-chemical functions over a span of several hundred thousand years to fulfill its role as a containment barrier in DGR. The bentonite buffer should maintain its physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical integrity on exposure to groundwater. Nuclear power agencies of several countries have identified suitable bentonites for use as buffer in DGR through laboratory experiments and large scale underground testing facilities. Japan has identified Kunigel VI bentonite, South Korea-Kyungju bentonite, China-GMZ bentonite, Belgium-FoCa clay, Sweden-MX-80 bentonite, Spain-FEBEX bentonite and Canada-Avonseal bentonite as candidate bentonite buffer for deep geological repository program. Bentonite from Barmer (Rajasthan State) was identified as suitable buffer for use in Indian deep geological repositories. The influence of moisture and dissolved salt migration on the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of Barmer bentonite has not been examined. The study is important to understand the clay’s behaviour under deep geological repository conditions, where, the bentonite buffer would come in contact with groundwater. Infiltration of groundwater with variable chemical composition could alter the physico-chemical and hydro-mechanical properties of the clay. The objectives of the thesis are as follows: Examine the influence of permeation of distilled water (DW) and synthetic ground water (SGW) solutions under constant volume condition on suction, physico-chemical and moisture content/dry density characteristics of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens as function of permeation period (maximum permeation period– 30 days). Examine the influence of variation in dry density and gravimetric water content as consequence of DW and SGW solution permeation on swell pressure and unconfined compression strength of Barmer bentonite specimens. Compare experimental swell pressures of re-constituted bentonite specimens with swell pressures predicted by diffuse double layer models. Examine the influence of total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration of permeating solution on the unsaturated permeability of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens. Organization of thesis: After the first introductory chapter, a detailed review of literature is performed in Chapter 2 to review the physicochemical, mineralogical and hydro-mechanical properties of bentonites identified as buffer materials for deep geological repositories of various countries. Based on current understanding and need to perform similar studies with Barmer clay, the chapter develops the scope and objectives of the study. Chapter 3 presents a detailed experimental program of the study. Chapter 4 examines the influence of permeation of distilled water (DW) and synthetic groundwater (SGW) solutions (under constant volume conditions) on the total suction of compacted bentonite specimens at two locations in the clay. The influence of variation in dry density on the moisture migration-suction inter-relations of compacted bentonite specimens is also examined. The associated changes of DW and SGW solution migration under constant volume conditions on the physico-chemical properties, water content and dry density of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens are also examined. The experimental results brought out that matric suction mainly contributed (75 to 92 %) to total suction of the permeated specimens; the permeated specimens experienced reduction in matric suction with increase in gravimetric water content from increase in degree of saturation. Osmotic suction contributed to 10 to 25 % of the total suction of the permeated specimens and was observed to increase with gravimetric water content due to solubilization of salts contained in the voids of the compacted bentonite specimens. The total suction of compacted Barmer bentonite specimen was responsive to the total dissolved solids concentration of the permeating solutions as the specimen permeated with more saline solution (higher TDS value) exhibited lesser total suction. Upon permeation with DW and SGW solutions, the CEC of bentonite was unaltered, while, pH and TDS values were affected. Softening of the bentonite clay occurred from increase in water content and existence of compression zones (material used to seal 1mm gap in relative humidity probe aperture) that in turn facilitated dissipation of swelling stress leading to reduction in dry density values. Chapter 5 examines influence of reduction in dry density and increase in water content on the swell pressure and compression strength characteristics of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens upon DW and SGW solution migration as the results could provide insight into possible deviations from the design properties upon wetting of bentonite buffer by groundwater under deep geological repository conditions. The experimental swelling pressures are also compared with those predicted by Gouy-Chapman diffuse double layer theory. The dry density of 1.6 Mg/m specimens permeated with DW and SGW solutions reduced to 1.59 to 1.36 Mg/m and water contents increased to 18.9 to 27 % on permeation with distilled water and SGW solutions for 30 days. The reductions in dry density and increase in water content caused 30 to 70 % reductions in swell pressures and 31 to 74 % decrease in unconfined compression strength values. Specimens initially compacted to dry density of 1.8 Mg/m, experienced reduction in dry density ranging from 1.79 to 1.52 Mg/m and increase in water content from 18.6 to 24.2 % on permeation of DW and SGW solutions for 30 days. These reductions in dry density and increase in water caused the swell pressures to reduce from 4 to 55 % and unconfined compressive strengths to reduce by 31 to 67 %. Comparison of swell pressures gave -8 to 127 % variations between theoretical (from DDL theory) and experimental values due to errors associated with estimation of surface area and dissolved salt concentrations in pore water. Chapter 6 examines the influence of salinity of permeating solution on the unsaturated permeability of compacted Barmer bentonite specimens. The salinity of permeants was varied by permeating distilled water (DW) and synthetic ground water solutions under constant volume conditions over maximum period of 30 days. Experimental results showed that the saturated permeability coefficients (ksat) of specimens compacted to 1.6 Mg/m, responded to variations in TDS of the permeant. Comparatively, the ksat values of specimens compacted to 1.8 Mg/mwere unaffected by variation in TDS of the permeant. Permeation of DW and SGW solutions decreased the ksat values with time from cation hydration and growth of diffuse ion layers for both, 1.6 and 1.8 Mg/mseries specimens. Increase in gravimetric water content from DW and SGW permeation increased the kunsat values of 1.6 Mg/m specimens from reduction in total suction. Re-orientation of soil structure mobilized larger kunsat values for specimens permeated with SGW solutions than DW at similar total suction. Permeation of DW and SGW solutions had lesser impact on kunsat values of the 1.8 Mg/m specimens in comparison to the 1.6 Mg/m series specimens. Further at both densities, the influence of permeation was more evident at location closer to hydration surface. Chapter 7 summarizes the main findings of this study.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系
98
This research presents a comparison between the high-efficiency solar water distiller and the traditional solar water distiller. In this paper, a high efficiency solar water distiller is proposed. The proposed solar water distiller gets high efficiency by tracking sun light and with different parts for heating and cooling. To compare with the electric energy water distiller, the pollution-free proposed water distiller can make a sustainable use and conform to conserve energy and reduce carbon emission trend in a world.

Bibliography: leaves 183-191. This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components.

M.Tech.Chemical Engineering.
The distillery wastewaters released from industries that use molasses as a major source of carbon in their fermentation processes pose serious threats to the water quality in several regions around the globe. Melanoidin is an antioxidant that results from the Malliard reaction found in fermentation and distillation processes. This study explores the removal of melanoidin from aqueous solution using natural clinoptilolite modified using cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. The absorbent media was characterized using analyatical techniques such as BET, FTIR, SEM-EDS and XRD analysis. Given the relatively low cost of natural zeolite, it is possible to apply the sorbent in polishing distillery wastewater after a biological process. Since both natural zeolites and distillery waste streams are used in agriculture, a prudent way to dispose the spent media is to use it as fertilizer in farming.

Bibliography: leaves 183-191.
xxi, 191 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
This thesis establishes a model for the treatment of organic materials in wastewaters produced by the wine industry, by irrigation of soils. Winery and distillery wastewaters were analysed to determine the origins and concentrations of the major organic and inorganic components.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Soil Science, 1996?

碩士
國立臺灣大學
園藝暨景觀學系
103
Sorghum bicolor, Poaceae Family, Sorghum species, occupies the fifth most cultivated area of cereal crops of the world. The several major cultivated regions include the North of America, Africa and South of Asia. In China, Sorghum is used to produce liquor by fermenting and distilling. After liquor processing, tremendous amount of sorghum distillery residues are remained, and applications of making great value of these byproducts have been an important issue. In this study, to confirm the skin whitening ability of sorghum distillery residues, several basic bioactive assays of sorghum distillery residue water extracts (SWE) were conducted. Total phenolic acid content was 21.50 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) /g; Total Flavonoids content was 26.60 mg Querectin equivalent (QE) /g; DPPH scavenging ability concentration of IC50 was 0.4421 mg/ml; Vitro Tyrosinase inhibition concentration of IC50 was 1.790 mg/ml. Malignant melanoma cells are originated from melanocytes, pigmented cells, which are health-threaten cancer of skin. In this research, B16F10 melanoma cell from Mus musculus were treated with different concentration of SWE from 0.3125 to 10 mg/ml. Afterwards, MTS assay and melanin contents were performed, and Annexin-V/PI staining apoptosis and PI staining cell cycle were both carried out by using FC500 Flow Cytometry. The results indicates at 8 mg/ml SWE treatment, cell viability reach 76.65%, and SWE inhibit melanin synthesis by 37.54% at 10 mg/ml. As for apoptosis and cell cycle analysis, SWE treatment has highest early apoptosis rate 25.57%, late apoptosis rate 63.91% at 10 mg/ml, and numbers of cell in Sub-G1 phase (cell arrest) increase from 3.0 % (vehicle control) to 7.9% (10 mg/ml SWE). Assay of live-cell protease, dead-cell protease & caspase-3/7 by Fluorescence & luminescence. The results indicated that after treated with SWE 48hrs had highest caspase activity, and after treated with 24hrs had highest dead-cell protease activity.