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Rosen, Tatjana. "The Endangered Species Act and the distinct population segment policy." Ursus 18, no. 1 (April 2007): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[109:tesaat]2.0.co;2.
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Kitunen, Anna, Julia Carins, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "Motivating Military Trainee Healthy Eating: Insight from Two Sites." Foods 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2020): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081053.
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This paper investigates eating behaviours and motivations of early career military trainees from two pathways (officer cadets and army recruits) to understand whether, and to what extent, healthful eating behaviours were present, and what motivates eating in general and healthful habits specifically. The study also sought to understand whether groups need strategies that are pathway specific or are transferrable across different trainee populations. Participants were recruited via email to complete an online survey and through in-person invitations to ensure a diverse cross section of trainees (n = 195) and recruits (n = 297). Two-step cluster analysis revealed three distinct segments with education, opportunity and motivation being the most important variables within a wider multivariate segment formation and stepwise linear regression was performed to identify the most optimal model with the least number of predictors for each segment. The ideal model for the uninterested segment contained nine predictors, seven predictors for the Breakfast skippers segment and eight predictors for the Weight conscious segment. This study found that there is room for improvement in the eating habits of military trainees across military training pathways. Eating motivations, and their associations with healthful eating habits, indicate a need for strategies that are broader than instilling or reinforcing health motivations. Strategies that can be implemented to support healthful eating for military trainees include provision of food preparation and cooking skills training, coupled with provision of social support and environments that facilitate healthful eating. Furthermore, three distinct segments were discovered within the trainee population, indicating that strategies for positively changing trainees’ eating behaviours may not need to be pathway specific, rather it may be possible to introduce the same group of segmented strategies across both pathways. Future research directions and limitations are outlined.
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Oyler-McCance, Sara J., Michael L. Casazza, Jennifer A. Fike, and Peter S. Coates. "Hierarchical spatial genetic structure in a distinct population segment of greater sage-grouse." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 6 (June 7, 2014): 1299–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0618-8.
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Zhuang, Yan, James E. Futse, Wendy C. Brown, Kelly A. Brayton, and Guy H. Palmer. "Maintenance of Antibody to Pathogen Epitopes Generated by Segmental Gene Conversion Is Highly Dynamic during Long-Term Persistent Infection." Infection and Immunity 75, no. 11 (September 4, 2007): 5185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00913-07.
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ABSTRACT Multiple bacterial and protozoal pathogens utilize gene conversion to generate rapid intrahost antigenic variation. Both large- and small-genome pathogens expand the size of the variant pool via a combinatorial process in which oligonucleotide segments from distinct donor loci are recombined in various combinations into expression sites. Although the potential combinatorial diversity generated by this segmental gene conversion mechanism is quite large, the functional variant pool depends on whether immune responses against the recombined segments are generated and maintained, regardless of their specific combinatorial context. This question was addressed by tracking the Anaplasma marginale variant population and corresponding segment-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses during long-term infection. Antibody was induced early in A. marginale infection, predominately against the surface-exposed hypervariable region (HVR) rather than against the invariant conserved flanking domains, and these HVR oligopeptides were most immunogenic at the time of acute bacteremia, when the variant population is derived via recombination from a single donor locus. However antibody to HVR oligopeptides was not consistently maintained during persistent infection, despite reexpression of the same segment, although in a different combinatorial context. This dynamic antibody recognition over time was not attributable to the major histocompatibility complex haplotype of individual animals or use of specific msp2 donor alleles. In contrast, the position and context of an individual oligopeptide segment within the HVR were significant determinants of antibody recognition. The results unify the genetic potential of segmental gene conversion with escape from antibody recognition and identify immunological effects of variant mosaic structure.
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Hill, C. W., G. Feulner, M. S. Brody, S. Zhao, A. B. Sadosky, and C. H. Sandt. "Correlation of Rhs elements with Escherichia coli population structure." Genetics 141, no. 1 (September 1, 1995): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/141.1.15.
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Abstract The Rhs family of composite genetic elements was assessed for variation among independent Escherichia coli strains of the ECOR reference collection. The location and content of the RhsA-B-C-F subfamily correlates highly with the clonal structure of the ECOR collection. This correlation exists at several levels: the presence of Rhs core homology in the strain, the location of the Rhs elements present, and the identity of the Rhs core-extensions associated with each element. A provocative finding was that an identical 1518-bp segment, covering core-extension-b1 and its associated downstream open reading frame, is present in two distinct clonal groups, but in association with different Rhs elements. The sequence identity of this segment when contrasted with the divergence of other chromosomal segments suggests that shuffling of Rhs core extensions has been a relatively recent variation. Nevertheless the copies of core-extension-b1 were placed within the respective Rhs elements before the emergence of the clonal groups. In the course of this analysis, two new Rhs elements absent from E. coli K-12 were discovered: RhsF, a fourth member of the RhsA-B-C-F subfamily, and RhsG, the prototype of a third Rhs subfamily.
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Mora, Ethan A., Ryan D. Battleson, Steven T. Lindley, Michael J. Thomas, Russ Bellmer, Liam J. Zarri, and A. Peter Klimley. "Estimating the Annual Spawning Run Size and Population Size of the Southern Distinct Population Segment of Green Sturgeon." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 147, no. 1 (January 2018): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10009.
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Chambers, Brooke E., Eleanor G. Clark, Allison E. Gatz, and Rebecca A. Wingert. "Kctd15 regulates nephron segment development by repressing Tfap2a activity." Development 147, no. 23 (October 7, 2020): dev191973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.191973.
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ABSTRACTA functional vertebrate kidney relies on structural units called nephrons, which are epithelial tubules with a sequence of segments each expressing a distinct repertoire of solute transporters. The transcriptiona`l codes driving regional specification, solute transporter program activation and terminal differentiation of segment populations remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that the KCTD15 paralogs kctd15a and kctd15b function in concert to restrict distal early (DE)/thick ascending limb (TAL) segment lineage assignment in the developing zebrafish pronephros by repressing Tfap2a activity. During renal ontogeny, expression of these factors colocalized with tfap2a in distal tubule precursors. kctd15a/b loss primed nephron cells to adopt distal fates by driving slc12a1, kcnj1a.1 and stc1 expression. These phenotypes were the result of Tfap2a hyperactivity, where kctd15a/b-deficient embryos exhibited increased abundance of this transcription factor. Interestingly, tfap2a reciprocally promoted kctd15a and kctd15b transcription, unveiling a circuit of autoregulation operating in nephron progenitors. Concomitant kctd15b knockdown with tfap2a overexpression further expanded the DE population. Our study reveals that a transcription factor-repressor feedback module employs tight regulation of Tfap2a and Kctd15 kinetics to control nephron segment fate choice and differentiation during kidney development.
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Oyler-McCance, Sara J., Michael L. Casazza, Jennifer A. Fike, and Peter S. Coates. "Erratum to: Hierarchical spatial genetic structure in a distinct population segment of greater sage-grouse." Conservation Genetics 15, no. 6 (July 18, 2014): 1313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-014-0630-z.
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Ulaski, Marta E., and Michael C. Quist. "Filling Knowledge Gaps for a Threatened Species: Age and Growth of Green Sturgeon of the Southern Distinct Population Segment." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 12, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/jfwm-20-073.
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Abstract The Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris is an anadromous, long-lived species that is distributed along the Pacific coast of North America. Green Sturgeon is vulnerable to global change because of its sensitive life history (e.g., delayed maturation) and few spawning locations. The persistence of Green Sturgeon is threatened by habitat modification, altered flows, and rising river temperatures. In 2006, because of persistent stressors, the U.S. Endangered Species Act listed the southern distinct population segment as threatened. Despite increased research efforts on this species after the listing, substantial gaps in basic population information for Green Sturgeon remain. We present the only published information on age structure and growth of a threatened population of Green Sturgeon. By analyzing archived fin rays collected from 1984 to 2016, we revealed highly variable growth among individuals. We detected several age classes from 0 to 26 y and found similar growth rates of southern distinct population segment Green Sturgeon compared with northern population Green Sturgeon. Although limited, this analysis is an important first step to understanding Green Sturgeon population dynamics and highlights critical research needs.
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Moskowitz, Howard, and Bert Krieger. "Consumer Requirements for a Mid-Priced Business Hotel: Insights from Analysis of Current Messaging by Hotels." Tourism and Hospitality Research 4, no. 3 (March 2003): 268–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146735840300400307.
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This paper presents an analysis of current messages of mid-priced business hotels, using conjoint analysis. The study was run over the Internet in early 2001, with 126 elements derived from the actual language used by different hotel chains. Few elements emerged as distinct ‘losers’ (ie negative utilities) for the total respondent population of 376 individuals (all business travellers). A set of elements emerged as ‘winners’, but the elements dealt with a variety of topics. Segmentation revealed four groups, with homogeneous viewpoints within a group; interested but not responsive to communications; room as office; pamper me; room as vacation. Elements that one segment likes, another segment may dislike. The proper messaging to these four segments can dramatically enhance the impact of the communication.
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Wolff, S. L., and R. L. Jefferies. "Morphological and isozyme variation in Salicornia europaea (s.l.) (Chenopodiaceae) in northeastern North America." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-195.
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Morphological and electrophoretic variation has been documented within and among populations of Salicornia europaea L. (s.l.) in northeastern North America. Univariate and multivariate analyses (discriminant analyses) of measurements of floral and vegetative characters delimited three morphologically distinct groups of populations: Atlantic coast tetraploids (2n = 36), Hudson Bay diploids, and Atlantic coast and James Bay diploids (2n = 18). The two diploid groups were morphologically distinct from the midwestern diploid, S. rubra Nels., based on anther length, width of the scarious border of the fertile segment, and the overall width of the fertile segment. Electrophoretic evidence supported the delimitation of the three distinct morphological groups of populations of S. europaea with the exception of the population from James Bay, which had electrophoretic patterns identical with those of plants from Hudson Bay but resembled the Atlantic coast diploids morphologically. Most enzyme systems assayed were monomorphic. Only homozygous banding patterns were detected in diploid plants and electrophoretic variation was not observed within populations of S. europaea or S. rubra but was detected between groups of populations. Four multilocus phenotypes were evident; these corresponded to the major groups recognized on the basis of ploidy level and morphology. Reasons that may account for the paucity of isozymic variation are discussed.
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Abadía-Cardoso, Alicia, Annie Brodsky, Bradley Cavallo, Martha Arciniega, John Carlos Garza, John Hannon, and Devon E. Pearse. "Anadromy Redux? Genetic Analysis to Inform Development of an Indigenous American River Steelhead Broodstock." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/072018-jfwm-063.
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Abstract The construction of dams and water diversions has severely limited access to spawning habitat for anadromous fishes. To mitigate for these impacts, hatchery programs rear and release millions of juvenile salmonids, including steelhead, the anadromous ecotype of the species Oncorhynchus mykiss. These programs sometimes use nonindigenous broodstock sources that may have negative effects on wild populations. In California, however, only one anadromous fish hatchery program currently uses nonnative broodstock: the steelhead program at Nimbus Fish Hatchery on the American River, a tributary of the Sacramento River in the California Central Valley. The goal of this study was to determine if potentially appropriate sources to replace the broodstock for the Nimbus Hatchery steelhead program exist in the Upper American River, above Nimbus and Folsom dams. We show that all Upper American River O. mykiss sampled share ancestry with other populations in the Central Valley steelhead distinct population segment, with limited introgression from out-of-basin sources in some areas. Furthermore, some Upper American River populations retain adaptive genomic variation associated with a migratory life history, supporting the hypothesis that these populations display adfluvial migratory behavior. Together, these results provide insights into the evolution of trout populations above barrier dams. We conclude that some Upper American River O. mykiss populations represent genetically appropriate sources from which fisheries managers could potentially develop a new broodstock for the Nimbus Hatchery steelhead program to reestablish a native anadromous population in the Lower American River and contribute to recovery of the threatened Central Valley steelhead distinct population segment.
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Sillman, A. J., J. K. Carver, and E. R. Loew. "The photoreceptors and visual pigments in the retina of a boid snake, the ball python (Python regius)." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 14 (July 15, 1999): 1931–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.14.1931.
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The photoreceptors and visual pigments of Python regius were studied using microspectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. The retina contains rods and cones, with rods constituting at least 90 % of the photoreceptor population. The rods are of a single type with long, narrow outer segments and are tightly packed. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (λ max) of the visual pigment in the rods is in the region of 494 nm. Two distinct types of cone are present. The most common cone, with a stout but stubby outer segment, contains a visual pigment with λ max at approximately 551 nm. A relatively rare cone, with a long, slender outer segment, contains an ultraviolet-sensitive visual pigment with λ max at approximately 360 nm. All the visual pigments have chromophores based on vitamin A1. The results are discussed in relation to the behavior of P. regius.
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Walter, M. A., H. M. Dosch, and D. W. Cox. "A deletion map of the human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region." Journal of Experimental Medicine 174, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 335–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.174.2.335.
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Analysis of VH gene segments deleted in the process of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) variable region assembly in three series of monoclonal B cell lines has been used to determine the human VH region organization. A deletion map of the relative positions of 21 different VH gene segments has been determined. The characterization of B cell lines from three unrelated adults of two racial groups yielded the same relative VH gene segment order, suggesting that the overall order of VH genes in the normal population is constant. This VH gene segment order was consistent with what we had previously generated from physical mapping techniques. DH segments from the second DH cluster, distinct from the major DH locus 3' of the VH region, were not observed to be used in 32 different rearrangements. Approximately 77% of the VH-(D)JH rearrangements involved VH gene segments within 500 kb of the JH region, indicating that human B cell lines preferentially rearrange JH-proximal VH gene segments. The switch, observed in mice, from the fetal use of JH-proximal VH gene segments to an adult VH use dependent upon VH family size may therefore not occur in humans. This detailed map of the VH gene segments is a necessary prerequisite for understanding VH usage in development and disease.
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Raj Mehndiratta, Shomik, Michael A. Kemp, Jane E. Lappin, and Eric Nierenberg. "Likely Users of Advanced Traveler Information Systems: Evidence from the Seattle Region." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1739, no. 1 (January 2000): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1739-03.
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Findings about the claimed use of and interest in traveler information systems among segments of the general population in the Seattle metropolitan region are reported. The research is based on data collected from a 1997 intelligent transportation system supplement to the Puget Sound Regional Council’s transportation panel travel diary study. In general, interest in traffic information was found to be a function of complex travel behavior, demographics, and factors related to attitudinal and technology interest. It was also found that the potential market for advanced traveler information systems (ATIS) includes several market segments with different needs; each is drawn to ATIS for distinct and varying reasons. First, the so-called control seeker segment includes people who desire greater than average control over their environment. In a traffic information context, that translates to better knowledge of their travel times, especially in congested travel environments. The second segment of interest, dubbed webheads, includes individuals who are very comfortable with high technology, and it is possible that they would be drawn to ATIS at least partially through specific high-technology dissemination media. A third segment is made up of individuals who are less comfortable with (or less interested in) technology and are primarily interested in pretrip information, which they use to make departure time and route choice decisions.
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Moumtzoglou, Anastasius, and Abraham Pouliakis. "Population Health Management and the Science of Individuality." International Journal of Reliable and Quality E-Healthcare 7, no. 2 (April 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijrqeh.2018040101.
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This article espouses that population health management (PHM) has been a discipline which studies and facilitates care delivery across a group of individuals or the general population. In the context of population health management, the life science industry has had no motivation to design drugs or devices that are only effective for a distinct segment of the population. The major outgrowth of the science of individuality, as well as the rising ‘wiki medicine', fully recognizes the uniqueness of the individual. Cloud computing, Big Data and M-Health technologies offer the resources to deal with the shortcomings of the population health management approach, as they facilitate the propagation of the science of individuality.
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Zeng, Y., W. Ye, Z. Zhang, H. Sun, L. Yong, Y. Huang, K. Zhao, H. Liang, and J. Kerns. "Morphological and molecular characterization of Xiphinema species from Shenzhen, China." Helminthologia 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helmin-2015-0068.
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Summary During a nematode biodiversity survey from 2012 to 2014 in Shenzhen, China, ten nematode populations (SZX1301–SZX1310) of Xiphinema were recovered from rhizosphere of different plants, namely Acacia mangium (SZX1306), A. confuse (SZX1309), Blechnum orientale (SZX1301, SZX1302, SZX1307, SZX1308), Litchi chinensis (SZX1304, SZX1310) in Tianxinshan and Gleichenia linearis (SZX1303, SZX1305) in Yangmeikeng environmental monitoring sites. Morphological and molecular profiles of these populations were determined. Three species of Xiphinema, i.e., X. hunaniense Wang & Wu, 1992, X. brasiliense Lordello, 1951 and X. americanum Cobb, 1913 sensu lato were identified using morphological characters and molecular data of partial 18S and 28S D2–D3 rDNA expansion segments. Four populations (SZX1301–SZX1304) were X. hunaniense, one population (SZX1305) X. brasiliense, and five populations (SZX1306–SZX1310) X. americanum s.l.. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the 28S rDNA D2–D3 expansion segment revealed these three species are all distinct species and supported a close relationship with their corresponding species. This is the first report of X. hunaniense, X. brasiliense and X. americanum s.l. in their hosts except for L. chinensis.
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Tejedor, A., J. Noel, P. Vinay, Y. Boulanger, and A. Gougoux. "Characterization and metabolism of canine proximal tubules, thick ascending limbs, and collecting ducts in suspension." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 66, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 997–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y88-164.
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Preparations of distinct nephron segments were obtained from dog kidneys by collagenase treatment. Four morphologically different tissues were isolated: glomeruli, proximal tubules, thick ascending limbs, and papillary collecting ducts. Each segment possessed a characteristic assay of membrane-bound and cytoplasmic enzymes. Specific metabolic characteristics also were found: gluconeogenesis and ammoniagenesis in proximal tubules, glycolytic aerobic metabolism in thick ascending limbs, and glycolytic anaerobic metabolism in papillary collecting ducts. The assay of Na+–K+ ATPase, H+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ATPase activities in these nephron segments demonstrated a specific enrichment of Na+–K+ ATPase in thick ascending limbs, and of H+-ATPase in proximal tubules and papillary collecting ducts. Tubular respiration in the absence or presence of ouabain, 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or furosemide demonstrated that the respiration of each segment could be correlated to the activity of specific ion motive ATPases. Furthermore, a tight coupling between ion transport, ATP turnover, and substrate oxidation was demonstrated. These isolated tubular structures are thus viable and capable of transepithelial transport. Our preparation provides large amounts of defined population of tubules and are thus useful for the study of biochemical and functional heterogeneity along the nephron.
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Arli, Denni. "Investigating consumer ethics: a segmentation study." Journal of Consumer Marketing 34, no. 7 (November 13, 2017): 636–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcm-08-2016-1908.
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Purpose The plague of unethical practices in global businesses has sparked much research on the role of ethics in today’s business and society. One of the most effective tools to understand consumers’ motivation and behaviour is segmentation. Hence, the purpose of this study is segment ethical consumers based on consumer-ethics variables (i.e. actively benefiting, passively benefiting, questionable behaviour, no-harm, recycling and doing good). Design/methodology/approach Using a sample from the general population in Australia (N = 517), a TwoStep cluster analysis was conducted using baseline consumer ethics psychographic measures. The analysis resulted in three distinct segments: “The Good Samaritans”, “The Mainstream Ethical Consumers” and “The Unethical Consumers”. Findings The results clearly reveal that segments do exist among consumers in regards to their ethical beliefs. The study shows that a large percentage of consumers are ethical, there is also a segment consisting of unethical consumers. Research limitations/implications The study shows that only a small percentage of consumers are highly ethical (i.e. The Good Samaritans). This shows an opportunity for educators and public policy makers to push the “Mainstream Ethical Consumers” to become the “Good Samaritans”. The Good Samaritans are consumers who will go above and beyond to be ethical and more likely to do good toward the society. Practical implications Unethical consumers comprise a unique segment where researchers, educators and public policy makers need to focus on when addressing unethical consumer behaviour in the society. Originality/value This is one of the first few studies to segment consumers based on the consumer ethics scales. By understanding different segments within consumers, the results of this study will assist researchers, managers and public policy makers address unethical behaviour in society.
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Sakakima, Masanori, Yoshihide Fujigaki, Tatsuo Yamamoto, and Akira Hishida. "A Distinct Population of Tubular Cells in the Distal S3 Segment Contributes to S3 Segment Regeneration in Rats following Acute Renal Failure Induced by Uranyl Acetate." Nephron Experimental Nephrology 109, no. 2 (2008): e57-e70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000142100.
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Schutgens, Frans, Maarten B. Rookmaaker, Francis Blokzijl, Ruben van Boxtel, Robert Vries, Edwin Cuppen, Marianne C. Verhaar, and Hans Clevers. "Troy/TNFRSF19 marks epithelial progenitor cells during mouse kidney development that continue to contribute to turnover in adult kidney." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 52 (December 13, 2017): E11190—E11198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714145115.
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During kidney development, progressively committed progenitor cells give rise to the distinct segments of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney. Similar segment-committed progenitor cells are thought to be involved in the homeostasis of adult kidney. However, markers for most segment-committed progenitor cells remain to be identified. Here, we evaluate Troy/TNFRSF19 as a segment-committed nephron progenitor cell marker. Troy is expressed in the ureteric bud during embryonic development. During postnatal nephrogenesis, Troy+ cells are present in the cortex and papilla and display an immature tubular phenotype. Tracing of Troy+ cells during nephrogenesis demonstrates that Troy+ cells clonally give rise to tubular structures that persist for up to 2 y after induction. Troy+ cells have a 40-fold higher capacity than Troy− cells to form organoids, which is considered a stem cell property in vitro. In the adult kidney, Troy+ cells are present in the papilla and these cells continue to contribute to collecting duct formation during homeostasis. The number of Troy-derived cells increases after folic acid-induced injury. Our data show that Troy marks a renal stem/progenitor cell population in the developing kidney that in adult kidney contributes to homeostasis, predominantly of the collecting duct, and regeneration.
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Wippelhauser, Gail S., James Sulikowski, Gayle B. Zydlewski, Megan A. Altenritter, Micah Kieffer, and Michael T. Kinnison. "Movements of Atlantic Sturgeon of the Gulf of Maine Inside and Outside of the Geographically Defined Distinct Population Segment." Marine and Coastal Fisheries 9, no. 1 (January 2017): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19425120.2016.1271845.
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TRAUTH, JOY B., RONALD L. JOHNSON, and STANLEY E. TRAUTH. "Conservation implications of a morphometric comparison between the Illinois Chorus Frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis) and Strecker’s Chorus Frog (P. s. streckeri) (Anura: Hylidae) from Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas." Zootaxa 1589, no. 1 (September 19, 2007): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1589.1.2.
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Much uncertainty exists regarding the taxonomic status of the Illinois Chorus Frog (Pseudacris streckeri illinoensis Smith; ICF) relative to Strecker’s Chorus Frog (P. s. streckeri, Wright & Wright; SCF) of the southcentral United States (US). Molecular analyses have been inconsistent in providing taxonomic insight, and no formal morphological comparisons have been previously performed. Each taxon possesses a wide range of background colors. We undertook morphometric analyses to help clarify their taxonomic relationship. Tibia length and mass were compared for live Arkansas (AR) specimens and snout-vent, head and tibia lengths were measured from preserved vouchered specimens. Tibia length and mass were significantly greater for living ICFs versus SCFs in AR. Among preserved specimens, tibia, snoutvent and head lengths were significantly greatly for AR ICFs relative to most intraspecific groups, and Texas (TX) SCFs were significantly smaller than most other groups. Principal components analysis was largely consistent with univariate analyses, although Missouri (MO) ICFs also partitioned distinctly from other sample groups. These data provide morphological evidence of geographic (clinal) variation within a species, but do not provide support for the taxonomic elevation of the ICF to species status. Our data do provide evidence of distinct population segments of P. streckeri. As ICF habitat suitable for reproduction has dramatically declined in Arkansas as have population numbers, we recommend the listing of AR ICFs as a distinct population segment under the Endangered Species Act.
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Logan, John R., Chris Graziul, and Nathan Frey. "Neighborhood formation in St. Louis, 1930." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 6 (November 2018): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318801958.
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What are the social bases of neighborhood formation in urban areas, and at what spatial scale are they most distinct from other neighborhoods? We address these questions in the case of St. Louis, Missouri, in 1930, where we can take advantage of unique geocoded census microdata on the whole population of the city that identifies who, with what background characteristics, lived where. Our analyses show that homophily by race and ethnicity was by far the strongest factor linking characteristics of persons to the composition of their neighbors. Measures of social class also were quite important, while the person’s nativity and family status were statistically significant but minor predictors. Yet while this hierarchy of social factors held for the population as a whole, their relative importance varied greatly across racial/ethnic groups. Similarity in social class to neighbors was most important for native whites, nativity counted as much or more than class for recently arriving immigrant groups including Russians, Italians, and Poles, and race/ethnicity was by far the key predictor for these groups and blacks. We also found that these patterns of homophily were clearest at the scale of individual street segment and first-order combinations of segments. They were similar but less distinct at a larger spatial scale.
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Pannabecker, Thomas L., and William H. Dantzler. "Three-dimensional lateral and vertical relationships of inner medullary loops of Henle and collecting ducts." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 287, no. 4 (October 2004): F767—F774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00122.2004.
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Functional reconstruction of inner medullary thin limbs of Henle and collecting ducts (CDs) has enabled us to characterize distinctive three-dimensional vertical and lateral relationships between these segments. We previously reported that inner medullary descending thin limbs (DTLs) that form a bend at a distance greater than ∼1 mm below the inner medullary base express detectable aquaporin (AQP) 1 only along the initial 40% of the segment before the bend, whereas ClC-K1 is expressed continuously along all ascending thin limbs (ATLs), beginning with the prebend segment. We have now reconstructed individual CDs that are grouped together in single clusters at the base of the inner medulla; CDs belonging to each separate cluster coalesce into a single CD in the deep papilla. DTLs are positioned predominantly at the periphery of each individual CD cluster at all levels of the inner medulla and are absent from within the cluster. In contrast, ATLs are distributed near uniformly among the CDs and DTLs at all levels of the inner medulla. A second population of inner medullary DTLs averages ∼700 μm in length from base to bend and, as previously reported, expresses no detectable AQP1 and expresses ClC-K1 continuously beginning with the prebend segment. ATLs located within the interior of the CD clusters arise predominantly from these short AQP1-null inner medullary DTLs, suggesting there may be functional interdependence between IMCD1 segments and short-length inner medullary thin limbs exhibiting minimal water permeability along their descending segments. AQP1-expressing DTLs and CDs are apparently separated into two structurally distinct lateral compartments. A similar lateral compartmentation between the ATLs and CDs is not apparent. This architectural arrangement indicates that fluid and solutes may be preferentially transported transversely between multiple inner medullary compartments.
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Yan, Yun-Rong, Kui-Ching Hsu, Mu-Rong Yi, Bo Li, Wei-Kuang Wang, Bin Kang, and Hung-Du Lin. "Cryptic diversity of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus (Perciformes: Scatophagidae) in the South China Sea: pre- or post-production isolation." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 12 (2020): 1640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19337.
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The population genetic structure and historical demography of the spotted scat Scatophagus argus along the coast of the South China Sea were examined on the basis of a 1141-bp segment of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene to resolve difficulties in artificial breeding in Taiwan. In all, 213 samples were collected from 15 locations, and 75 haplotypes were obtained. The haplotypes were divided into two sympatric lineages. The genetic distance between these two lineages was 2.55%. The observed genetic structures are the result of complex interactions of historical events and oceanographic currents. During glaciations, sea level fluctuations played major roles in isolation, and changes in environmental factors affected diversification. The observed genetic patterns imply that these two lineages are not only genetically distinct, but also ecologically distinct populations. Such divergence may contribute to the development of reproductive isolation. These results suggest the existence of cryptic species within S. argus. We considered it possible that many populations from Taiwan Island were introduced from South-east Asia and that the populations in the Gulf of Tonkin originated from these introduced populations from Taiwan. This study offers important resources for the further study of conservation genetics, hybridisation and speciation.
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Hartung, John S., Cristina Paul, Diann Achor, and R. H. Brlansky. "Colonization of Dodder, Cuscuta indecora, by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’." Phytopathology® 100, no. 8 (August 2010): 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-8-0756.
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Huanglongbing, or citrus greening, threatens the global citrus industry. The presumptive pathogens, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ can be transferred from citrus to more easily studied experimental hosts by using holoparasitic dodder plants. However, the interaction between ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. and the dodder has not been studied. We combined quantitative polymerase chain reaction with electron microscopy to show that only 65% of tendrils of Cuscuta indecora grown on ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp.-infected host plants had detectable levels of the pathogen. Among tendrils that were colonized by Liberibacter in at least one 2 cm segment, most were not colonized in all segments. Furthermore, the estimated population levels of the pathogen present in serial 2 cm segments of dodder tendrils varied widely and without any consistent pattern. Thus, there was generally not a concentration gradient of the pathogen from the source plant towards the recipient and populations of the pathogen were sometimes found in the distal segments of the dodder plant but not in the proximal or middle segments. Populations of the pathogens ranged from 2 × 102 to 3.0 × 108 cells per 2 cm segment. On a fresh weight basis, populations as high as 1.4 × 1010 cells per g of tissue were observed demonstrating that ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. multiplies well in Cuscuta indecora. However, 55% of individual stem segments did not contain detectable levels of the pathogen, consistent with a pattern of nonuniform colonization similar to that observed in the much more anatomically complex citrus tree. Colonization of dodder by the pathogen is also nonuniform at the ultrastructural level, with adjacent phloem vessel elements being completely full of the pathogen or free of the pathogen. We also observed bacteria in the phloem vessels that belonged to two distinct size classes based on the diameters of cross sections of cells. In other sections from the same tendrils we observed single bacterial cells that were apparently in the process of differentiating between the large and round forms to the long and thin forms (or vice versa). The process controlling this morphological differentiation of the pathogen is not known. The highly reduced and simplified anatomy of the dodder plant as well as its rapid growth rate compared with citrus, and the ability of the plant to support multiplication of the pathogen to high levels, makes it an interesting host plant for further studies of host–pathogen interactions.
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O’Corry-Crowe, G., B. L. Taylor, T. Gelatt, T. R. Loughlin, J. Bickham, M. Basterretche, K. W. Pitcher, and D. P. DeMaster. "Demographic independence along ecosystem boundaries in Steller sea lions revealed by mtDNA analysis: implications for management of an endangered species." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 12 (December 2006): 1796–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-167.
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Previous genetic studies indicate Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) comprise three phylogeographically distinct populations. However, differences in population trends and ecology and the limited extent of recorded dispersal suggest structure may be present at smaller scales. We examined sequence variation within a longer segment (531 bp) of the mtDNA control region in greater numbers (n = 1654) of sea lions from across Alaska than earlier investigations to investigate fine-scale dispersal patterns in Steller sea lions. We detected high levels of haplotypic diversity (h = 0.934) and confirmed phylogeographic differentiation between southeastern and western Alaska (Φst = 0.23, P < 0.0001), but also found significant differentiation at regional and local scales. Rookeries in the Gulf of Alaska, eastern Bering Sea, and eastern Aleutians were distinct from rookeries in the central and western Aleutians (Fst = 0.021, P < 0.0001; Φst = 0.017, P < 0.0001). The location of this split coincides with an oceanographic divergence between continental shelf and ocean basin waters and with differences in sea lion foraging ecology and population trends. A number of rookeries were also significantly differentiated from nearby rookeries (Fst = 0.02–0.025, P < 0.05), signifying substantial female-mediated philopatry, in some cases, at local scales. These findings have important implications for understanding the ecology of Steller sea lions in relation to marine ecosystems and the causes of population declines, and they provide guidance for management, including the identification of management stocks.
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Baumsteiger, Jason, Matthew Young, and Peter B. Moyle. "Using the Distinct Population Segment (DPS) Concept to Protect Fishes with Low Levels of Genomic Differentiation: Conservation of an Endemic Minnow (Hitch)." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 148, no. 2 (February 20, 2019): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tafs.10144.
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Schreier, Andrea, Olaf P. Langness, Joshua A. Israel, and Erick Van Dyke. "Further investigation of green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) distinct population segment composition in non-natal estuaries and preliminary evidence of Columbia River spawning." Environmental Biology of Fishes 99, no. 12 (October 24, 2016): 1021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10641-016-0538-1.
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Andaç Baltacıoğlu, Nurten. "Latent class analysis for exploring distribution patterns of primary superficial venous insufficiency." Turkish Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 28, no. 3 (August 28, 2020): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5606/tgkdc.dergisi.2020.19144.
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Background: This study aims to identify specific segmental distribution patterns of lower extremity chronic venous disease based on latent class analysis of Doppler mapping results. Methods: A total of 1,871 lower extremities of 1,218 treatment-naïve patients (536 males, 682 females; mean age 45.4 years; range, 21 to 87 years) with chronic venous disease referred for Doppler examination between September 2009 and August 2018 were included. Refluxing superficial venous segments of the lower extremities were mapped and recorded in database in 10 distinct anatomic locations as follows: saphenofemoral junction and proximal greater saphenous vein, mid and distal thigh greater saphenous vein, anterior and posterior accessory saphenous veins, proximal and distal calf greater saphenous vein, saphenopopliteal junction and proximal lesser saphenous vein, distal lesser saphenous vein, and intersaphenous veins including Giacomini’s vein. Repeated examinations were excluded. The latent class analysis was applied to identify any possible anatomic distribution patterns of chronic venous disease. Results: Bayesian information criteria revealed three latent class models fit for refluxing segment distribution as follows: 58.2% (n=1,089) were above-the-knee greater saphenous vein segments including saphenofemoral junction (pattern 1); 29.3% (n=548) were below-the-knee greater saphenous vein segments (pattern 2); and 12.5% (n=234) were lesser saphenous vein segments and intersaphenous veins including Giacomini’s vein (pattern 3). There was no age- or sex-specific differences in the chronic venous disease distribution patterns. Conclusion: The latent class analysis, by identifying previously unseen subgroups within the sampled population, provides a new approach to classification of reflux patterns in chronic venous disease. Identification of latent classes may provide understanding of different pathophysiological bases of venous reflux and more optimal planning for interventions.
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Groth, J. V., and E. A. Ozmon. "Nonrandom Distribution of Virulences Within Two Field Collections of Uromyces appendiculatus." Phytopathology® 92, no. 7 (July 2002): 755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2002.92.7.755.
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Two collections of urediniospores of Uromyces appendiculatus, each from a different commercial bean field, were characterized for associations of virulence among individuals within each collection. Four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lines with distinct, race-specific resistance to which virulence in each population was polymorphic were used to obtain measures of all six possible pairwise virulence associations for each collection. We inoculated one of the lines and collected urediniospores only from the segment of the population that was virulent on that line. This segment, when compared with nonselected collections from susceptible Pinto 111, gave a direct measure of degree of association as the change in frequency of virulence observed. Plants of the second bean line were inoculated in separate sets with both selected and unselected collections. Frequencies of virulence were estimated from the numbers of susceptible-type and resistant-type infections. Reciprocals of each pairing also were made. For collection P21, all virulences were significantly associated, either positively or negatively, except one pair (in one direction of selection only); whereas, for collection M5, all virulences were significantly associated. Virulence association in P21 was shown to be the result of predominance of phenotypes with certain combinations of virulence by inoculation of the four bean lines with 10 randomly chosen single-uredinial individuals. In support of this, a large random-mated F1 population derived from each collection showed much less virulence association, with the majority of pairs of virulences showing nonsignificant changes in virulence frequency after passage through the first line. Random mating also significantly changed virulence frequency from that of the original population in all instances. Changes were in both directions, suggesting either that virulences were not all recessive, or that heterozygote frequency was sometimes above and sometimes below the Hardy-Weinberg expectation in the field populations.
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Anderson, Jesse T., Gregg Schumer, Paul J. Anders, Kyle Horvath, and Joseph E. Merz. "Confirmed Observation: A North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris Recorded in the Stanislaus River, California." Journal of Fish and Wildlife Management 9, no. 2 (September 10, 2018): 624–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/012018-jfwm-006.
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AbstractTwo sturgeon species are native to the San Francisco Estuary watershed in California: White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and North American Green Sturgeon Acipenser medirostris. The San Francisco Estuary has two main tributaries, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. Recent studies have shown that the San Joaquin River is used by Green and White Sturgeon and that at least a small number of White Sturgeon spawn there when environmental conditions allow. However, records of Green Sturgeon in the San Joaquin River and its tributaries are rare and limited to information from angler report cards. In 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service listed the southern distinct population segment of North American Green Sturgeon as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Federally designated critical habitat for the southern distinct population segment of Green Sturgeon does not extend upstream of the San Joaquin River's confluence with the Stanislaus River. We recently confirmed an adult Green Sturgeon holding in a deep pool near Knights Ferry, California in the Stanislaus River. We observed and recorded the fish using a GoPro® video camera and used environmental deoxyribonucleic acid sampling techniques to confirm species identification. This paper provides the first confirmed record of Green Sturgeon in any tributary of the San Joaquin River, which is beyond the designated critical habitat area. Future well-designed research focused on the San Joaquin River and its tributaries is expected to improve our understanding regarding the importance of these rivers for the various life stages of North American Green Sturgeon.
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Cartwright, R., A. Venema, V. Hernandez, C. Wyels, J. Cesere, and D. Cesere. "Fluctuating reproductive rates in Hawaii's humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae , reflect recent climate anomalies in the North Pacific." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 3 (March 2019): 181463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.181463.
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Alongside changing ocean temperatures and ocean chemistry, anthropogenic climate change is now impacting the fundamental processes that support marine systems. However, where natural climate aberrations mask or amplify the impacts of anthropogenic climate change, identifying key detrimental changes is challenging. In these situations, long-term, systematic field studies allow the consequences of anthropogenically driven climate change to be distinguished from the expected fluctuations in natural resources. In this study, we describe fluctuations in encounter rates for humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae , between 2008 and 2018. Encounter rates were assessed during transect surveys of the Au'Au Channel, Maui, Hawaii. Initially, rates increased, tracking projected growth rates for this population segment. Rates reached a peak in 2013, then declined through 2018. Specifically, between 2013 and 2018, mother–calf encounter rates dropped by 76.5%, suggesting a rapid reduction in the reproductive rate of the newly designated Hawaii Distinct Population Segment of humpback whales during this time. As this decline coincided with changes in the Pacific decadal oscillation, the development of the NE Pacific marine heat wave and the evolution of the 2016 El Niño, this may be another example of the impact of this potent trifecta of climatic events within the North Pacific.
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Luño, V., R. López-Úbeda, L. Lefièvre, and C. Matás. "244 PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION PATTERN OF SPERM BOUND TO THE PORCINE OVIDUCT DURING THE PERIOVULATION STAGE." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab244.
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The interaction of spermatozoa and oviductal epithelial cells (OEC) is a controlled process that regulates sperm capacitation and the acquisition of fertilizing ability until the time of ovulation. A crucial signalling event involved in capacitation is protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In previous studies, we have demonstrated changes in the pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in boar sperm after the co-culture with OEC. The aim of this study was to characterise the pattern of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in boar sperm bound or unbound to the oviduct of the sow during the periovulation stage. Eight crossbred multiparous sows were inseminated with 3 × 109 sperm. The animals were anesthetized and laparotomies were performed at 36 h after insemination. Ovaries and oviducts were exposed through a midventral incision for collection. Each oviduct was divided into four parts: the ampulla, ampullary-isthmic junction, isthmus, and utero-tubal junction. All segments of the oviduct were flushed to recover spermatozoa, which were subsequently fixed. Tissue obtained from each of the oviduct segments were fixed and embedded in a paraffin block. Sections were mounted on poly-l-lysine-coated slides and deparaffinized. Flushed sperm and oviductal sections were analysed by indirect immunofluorescence using monoclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibodies. Three different sperm subpopulations were determined according to the distribution of protein tyrosine phosphorylation observed: nonphosphorylated spermatozoa (pattern 1), subequatorial segment or subequatorial segment and flagellum phosphorylation (pattern 2), and subequatorial segment and head or flagellum phosphorylation, or both (pattern 3). Data were analysed with SPSS (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) using one-way ANOVA. After flushing, most sperm were recovered from the utero-tubal junction segment of the oviduct, and sperm exhibited a higher proportion of pattern 2 (81.62%). Unbound sperm showed a high level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the subequatorial segment, head and flagellum in the isthmus (32.34%), ampullary-isthmic junction (37.70%), or ampulla region (35.11%; P < 0.05). Very few sperm were attached to OEC, and sperm oviduct binding was mainly found in the isthmus region. The most common tyrosine phosphorylation distribution observed in sperm attached to OEC was pattern 1 (84.21%), although labelling to the subequatorial segment was also observed. Our results showed that only sperm that did not display tyrosine phosphorylation on the sperm acrosome region (head) were found bound to OEC. In conclusion, distinct protein tyrosine phosphorylation patterns were found on sperm bound to OEC. This interaction could be used as a tool for selecting a population of sperm containing low levels of tyrosine phosphorylation.
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Herzlinger, D., C. Koseki, T. Mikawa, and Q. al-Awqati. "Metanephric mesenchyme contains multipotent stem cells whose fate is restricted after induction." Development 114, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.3.565.
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At least fourteen epithelial cell types of the mammalian nephron develop from the metanephric mesenchyme. To distinguish whether this single embryological primordium contains a heterogenous population of committed renal cell lines or a multipotent stem cell, the lac-Z gene was introduced into individual renal progenitors by retroviral mediated gene transfer. The differentiated fate of lac-Z-tagged daughters derived from single metanephric mesenchymal cells was characterized after cytodifferentiation. We found that the metanephric mesenchyme contains multipotent stem cells that can generate at least three distinct cell types; glomerular, proximal and distal epithelia. After induction the fate of this multipotent cell becomes restricted to populate a single nephron segment.
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Kawasaki, Ryosuke, and Shin-ichi Tate. "Impact of the Hereditary P301L Mutation on the Correlated Conformational Dynamics of Human Tau Protein Revealed by the Paramagnetic Relaxation Enhancement NMR Experiments." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 3920. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113920.
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Tau forms intracellular insoluble aggregates as a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Tau is largely unstructured, which complicates the characterization of the tau aggregation process. Recent studies have demonstrated that tau samples two distinct conformational ensembles, each of which contains the soluble and aggregation-prone states of tau. A shift to populate the aggregation-prone ensemble may promote tau fibrillization. However, the mechanism of this ensemble transition remains elusive. In this study, we explored the conformational dynamics of a tau fragment by using paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) and interference (PRI) NMR experiments. The PRE correlation map showed that tau is composed of segments consisting of residues in correlated motions. Intriguingly, residues forming the β-structures in the heparin-induced tau filament coincide with residues in these segments, suggesting that each segment behaves as a structural unit in fibrillization. PRI data demonstrated that the P301L mutation exclusively alters the transiently formed tau structures by changing the short- and long-range correlated motions among residues. The transient conformations of P301L tau expose the amyloid motif PHF6 to promote tau self-aggregation. We propose the correlated motions among residues within tau determine the population sizes of the conformational ensembles, and perturbing the correlated motions populates the aggregation-prone form.
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Iwamoto, Eric M., Anna E. Elz, Francisco J. García-De León, Claudia A. Silva-Segundo, Michael J. Ford, Wayne A. Palsson, and Richard G. Gustafson. "Microsatellite DNA analysis of Pacific hake Merluccius productus population structure in the Salish Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 72, no. 9 (August 27, 2015): 2720–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv146.
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Abstract This study presents the first microsatellite DNA study of population structure of Pacific hake, Merluccius productus (also known as Pacific whiting) within the Salish Sea, which has been identified as a distinct population segment under the US Endangered Species Act and is currently listed as a federal Species of Concern. In contrast, a separate coastal stock component of Pacific hake represents the most abundant commercial groundfish species on the US West Coast. We surveyed variation at 10 microsatellite DNA loci in a total of 655 individuals from three Salish Sea locations (Port Susan (PTS) and Dabob Bay in Washington and south-central Strait of Georgia (SOG) in British Columbia), three coastal locations (two off southern California and one in the Gulf of Alaska), and the Northern Gulf of California (GOC), México. No significant differences were detected among temporal samples from both PTS and SOG locations. Multilocus measures of population subdivision between coastal and Salish Sea populations (all pairwise FST ≥ 0.03) and between PTS and SOG populations (FST ≥ 0.01) suggest a moderate degree of demographic isolation among these spawning populations. No significant genetic differences were found among the three coastal Pacific hake samples; however, Pacific hake from the GOC were significantly differentiated from both coastal (FST > 0.05) and Salish Sea (FST ≥ 0.03) Pacific hake. Correlations between genetic and geographic distance showed that Pacific hake display a very strong isolation by distance signal, both over the whole study area (∼4500 km; r2 = 0.94) and within the Salish Sea (∼280 km; r2 = 0.72). This study suggests that PTS and SOG populations are to some extent demographically isolated from each other.
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Galassi, Diana M. P., Frank Fiers, Marie-Josè Dole-Olivier, and Barbara Fiasca. "Discovery of a new species of the genus Stygepactophanes from a groundwater-fed spring in southern France (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae)." ZooKeys 812 (January 3, 2019): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.812.29764.
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A new species of the genusStygepactophanesMoeschler & Rouch, 1984 (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Canthocamptidae) is established to accommodate a small canthocamptid population collected from a spring system in the “Parc du Mercantour”, Var catchment, southern France. The population analysed in the present study is defined by a set of morphological characters of the female, namely a very large maxilliped, a rudimentary mandibular palp, P1 with 3-segmented exopod and 2-segmented endopod, a falcate terminal claw of the P1 endopod, dorsal seta of caudal rami inserted on the inner margin, and anal operculum not overreaching the insertion of the caudal rami, thus supporting its assignment into the genusStygepactophanes. The new speciesStygepactophanesoccitanusshows marked differences with the nominotypical species of the genus that was originally described by monotypy with the speciesStygepactophanesjurassicusMoeschler & Rouch, 1984. The main diagnostic traits ofS.jurassicusare the absence of the P5 and a falcate outer terminal claw of P1 endopod.Stygepactophanesjurassicusalso shows a reduced armature of the antennal exopod, bearing one seta, 1-segmented P2–P4 endopods, a reduced armature of P2–P4 exopodal segments 3 (3,4,4 armature elements, respectively), P6 bearing only one long seta, a rounded short and smooth anal operculum. Conversely the female ofS.occitanusGalassi & Fiers,sp. n.has a well-developed P5, with rudimentary intercoxal sclerite, together with a falcate outer terminal claw of P1 endopod, antennal exopod bearing two elements, P4 endopod 1-segmented versus 2-segmented in P2–P3, P2–P4 exopodal segment 3 with five armature elements, P6 with three setae of different lengths, rounded anal operculum, bearing 3–4 strong spinules.According to our present knowledge,S.occitanusGalassi & Fiers,sp. n.is assigned to the genusStygepactophanesas the most conservative solution, waiting for the male to be discovered. The genusStygepactophanesrepresents a distinct lineage within the harpacticoid family Canthocamptidae that colonised southern European groundwater, the genus being known only from the saturated karst in Switzerland and a fissured saturated aquifer in southern France. Both species of the genus are stygobites and narrow endemics, the nominotypical species being known from the type locality Source de la Doux in Délemont (Switzerland), andS.occitanusGalassi & Fiers,sp. n.described herein from a spring system of the Var catchment (France).
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Khemani, S., R. Govender, A. Arora, P. E. O'Flynn, and F. M. Vaz. "Use of botulinum toxin in voice restoration after laryngectomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 123, no. 12 (July 16, 2009): 1308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215109990430.
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AbstractBackground:Following laryngectomy, a distinct population of patients fails to achieve successful tracheoesophageal voice. These patients' voices range from strained and effortful to none at all. Such patients may present with severe hypertonicity or spasm of the pharyngoesophageal segment. Botulinum toxin has been used to chemically denervate the pharyngeal musculature, and is an alternative to invasive surgical procedures. The aim of this article is to review the evidence for using botulinum toxin to achieve an improvement in post-laryngectomy voice.Methods:A Medline literature review (1966 to January 2009) and a search of the Cochrane database were performed. Foreign language articles and those not pertaining to post-laryngectomy voice restoration were excluded.Results:Nine articles reporting a total of 134 patients were identified. Although there were differences in the outcome measures used, objective improvement in voice production occurred in between 70 and 100 per cent of cases.Conclusion:Botulinum toxin can be used as a safe and cost-effective treatment in patients with confirmed pharyngoesophageal segment hypertonicity and/or spasm following laryngectomy, to obtain an improvement in voice quality.
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Yu, Kaifan, Chunlong Mu, Yuxiang Yang, Yong Su, and Weiyun Zhu. "Segment-specific responses of intestinal epithelium transcriptome to in-feed antibiotics in pigs." Physiological Genomics 49, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00020.2017.
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Despite widespread use of antibiotics for treatment of human diseases and promotion of growth of agricultural animals, our understanding of their effects on the host is still very limited. We used a model in which pigs were fed with or without a cocktail of antibiotics and found, based on the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) patterns, that the fecal bacteria from the treatment and control animals were distinct. Furthermore, the total bacterial population in the feces tended to be decreased by the antibiotic treatment ( P = 0.07), and the counts of Lactobacillus and Clostridium XIVa were significantly reduced ( P < 0.05). To explore the effects of antibiotics on host intestinal epithelium, we assessed gene expression profiles of the jejunum and ileum and their response to antibiotic administration. The results indicate that in-feed antibiotics increased expression of genes involved in immune functions in both the jejunum and ileum, some of which were clustered in the coexpression network. Gene ontology terms of metabolic processes were altered predominantly in the jejunum but not in the ileum. Notably, antibiotics diminished intestinal segment-specific transcriptional changes, especially for genes associated with metabolic functions. This study reveals segment-specific responses of host intestinal epithelium to in-feed antibiotics, which can be a valuable resource for deciphering antibiotic-microbiota-host interactions.
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Blott, Sarah, Jong-Joo Kim, Sirja Moisio, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Anne Cornet, Paulette Berzi, Nadine Cambisano, et al. "Molecular Dissection of a Quantitative Trait Locus: A Phenylalanine-to-Tyrosine Substitution in the Transmembrane Domain of the Bovine Growth Hormone Receptor Is Associated With a Major Effect on Milk Yield and Composition." Genetics 163, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.1.253.
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Abstract We herein report on our efforts to improve the mapping resolution of a QTL with major effect on milk yield and composition that was previously mapped to bovine chromosome 20. By using a denser chromosome 20 marker map and by exploiting linkage disequilibrium using two distinct approaches, we provide strong evidence that a chromosome segment including the gene coding for the growth hormone receptor accounts for at least part of the chromosome 20 QTL effect. By sequencing individuals with known QTL genotype, we identify an F to Y substitution in the transmembrane domain of the growth hormone receptor gene that is associated with a strong effect on milk yield and composition in the general population.
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Wilson, Donna M., and Corrine D. Truman. "Research Note: Describing Canada's Residential Continuing Care Population through an Analysis of a National Mortality Dataset and a Provincial Hospital Dataset." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 22, no. 1 (2003): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800003780.
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ABSTRACTWhile there are 157,000 designated continuing care (CC) beds in Canada – beds that are only used by a rather distinct group of individuals – no comprehensive description of the CC resident population exists. An analysis of 1974–1997 Statistics Canada mortality data and 1992/93–1996/97 Alberta hospital utilization data was undertaken to provide a description of one segment of this population, those at the end of life. Statistics Canada data indicate that only a small (<3%) proportion of deaths take place each year in CC facilities, with these persons 84.5 years of age on average, and most often female (62.5%), widowed (61.9%), and Canadian born (61.8%). The primary cause of death/diagnosis varied considerably, as it did for CC residents in Alberta who were transferred to acute care hospitals before dying there. The average hospital stay for transferred persons was 14.0 days in length, with these hospitalizations normally characterized by few diagnostic tests or treatments (mean=0.9).
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Jayashree, B., S. Rajgopal, D. Hoisington, V. P. Prasanth, and S. Chandra. "WebStruct and VisualStruct: web interfaces and visualization for Structure software implemented in a cluster environment." Journal of Integrative Bioinformatics 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jib-2008-89.
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AbstractStructure, is a widely used software tool to investigate population genetic structure with multi-locus genotyping data. The software uses an iterative algorithm to group individuals into “K” clusters, representing possibly K genetically distinct subpopulations. The serial implementation of this programme is processor-intensive even with small datasets. We describe an implementation of the program within a parallel framework. Speedup was achieved by running different replicates and values of K on each node of the cluster. A web-based user-oriented GUI has been implemented in PHP, through which the user can specify input parameters for the programme. The number of processors to be used can be specified in the background command. A web-based visualization tool “Visualstruct”, written in PHP (HTML and Java script embedded), allows for the graphical display of population clusters output from Structure, where each individual may be visualized as a line segment with K colors defining its possible genomic composition with respect to the K genetic sub-populations. The advantage over available programs is in the increased number of individuals that can be visualized. The analyses of real datasets indicate a speedup of up to four, when comparing the speed of execution on clusters of eight processors with the speed of execution on one desktop. The software package is freely available to interested users upon request.
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Chan, Yung-Kuan, Der-Chen Huang, Kuo-Ching Liu, Rong-Tai Chen, and Xiaoyi Jiang. "An Automatic Indirect Immunofluorescence Cell Segmentation System." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/501206.
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Indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) with HEp-2 cells has been used for the detection of antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA) in systemic autoimmune diseases. The ANA testing allows us to scan a broad range of autoantibody entities and to describe them by distinct fluorescence patterns. Automatic inspection for fluorescence patterns in an IIF image can assist physicians, without relevant experience, in making correct diagnosis. How to segment the cells from an IIF image is essential in developing an automatic inspection system for ANA testing. This paper focuses on the cell detection and segmentation; an efficient method is proposed for automatically detecting the cells with fluorescence pattern in an IIF image. Cell culture is a process in which cells grow under control. Cell counting technology plays an important role in measuring the cell density in a culture tank. Moreover, assessing medium suitability, determining population doubling times, and monitoring cell growth in cultures all require a means of quantifying cell population. The proposed method also can be used to count the cells from an image taken under a fluorescence microscope.
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Francl, K. E., T. C. Glenn, S. B. Castleberry, and W. M. Ford. "Genetic relationships of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) populations in central Appalachian wetlands." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 5 (May 2008): 344–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z07-140.
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We sequenced and compared variation within a 375-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial DNA control region of 323 meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord, 1815)) among 14 populations to determine the influence of past and present landscape connectivity among isolated wetlands in the central Appalachian Mountains. To best explain observed differences among sites, we used genetic and landscape-level (GIS) data to test a null hypothesis (no genetic differences) and three alternate explanations of significant variation owing to founder effects, effective population size, or isolation by distance. Sequencing results revealed 16 distinct haplotypes (1–8 haplotypes/site), with two present in samples from most wetlands, and half of the remaining haplotypes concentrated in specific geographic clusters. Our findings best support the explanation that founder effects have influenced current genetic patterns among sites. These founder effects are likely due to historical land-use activities such as exploitative logging (ca. 1880–1920; creating early successional habitats for voles) and subsequent forest regeneration over the past half century; they were also likely influenced by postglacial colonization patterns. Therefore, current genetic diversity in these populations seems to largely reflect the number and source of voles that successfully colonized these isolated wetlands during the window of opportunity immediately following extensive logging.
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DeSimone, Kevin, and Keith A. Schneider. "Distinguishing Hemodynamics from Function in the Human LGN Using a Temporal Response Model." Vision 3, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vision3020027.
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We developed a temporal population receptive field model to differentiate the neural and hemodynamic response functions (HRF) in the human lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The HRF in the human LGN is dominated by the richly vascularized hilum, a structure that serves as a point of entry for blood vessels entering the LGN and supplying the substrates of central vision. The location of the hilum along the ventral surface of the LGN and the resulting gradient in the amplitude of the HRF across the extent of the LGN have made it difficult to segment the human LGN into its more interesting magnocellular and parvocellular regions that represent two distinct visual processing streams. Here, we show that an intrinsic clustering of the LGN responses to a variety of visual inputs reveals the hilum, and further, that this clustering is dominated by the amplitude of the HRF. We introduced a temporal population receptive field model that includes separate sustained and transient temporal impulse response functions that vary on a much short timescale than the HRF. When we account for the HRF amplitude, we demonstrate that this temporal response model is able to functionally segregate the residual responses according to their temporal properties.
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Aagerup, Ulf. "Accessible luxury fashion brand building via fat discrimination." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 22, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 2–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-12-2016-0116.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate if accessible luxury fashion brands discriminate overweight and obese consumers. Design/methodology/approach The physical sizes of garments are surveyed in-store and compared to the body sizes of the population. A gap analysis is carried out in order to determine whether the supply of clothes match the demand of each market segment. Findings The surveyed accessible luxury garments come in very small sizes compared to the individuals that make up the population. Research limitations/implications The survey is limited to London stores but the garment sizes are compared to the British population. It is therefore possible that the discrepancies between assortments and the population are in part attributable to geographic and demographic factors. The study’s results are, however, so strikingly clear that even if some of the effects were due to extraneous variables, it would be hard to disregard the poor match between overweight and obese women and the clothes offered to them. Practical implications For symbolic/expressive brands that are conspicuously consumed, that narrowly target distinct and homogenous groups of people in industries where elitist practices are acceptable, companies can build brands via customer rejection. Social implications The results highlight ongoing discrimination of overweight and obese fashion consumers. Originality/value The study is the first to provide quantitative evidence for brand building via customer rejection, and it delineates under which conditions this may occur. This extends the theory of typical user imagery.
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Khare, Arpita, and Geetika Varshneya. "Antecedents to organic cotton clothing purchase behaviour: study on Indian youth." Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 21, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfmm-03-2014-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine influence of past environment-friendly behaviour, peer influence and green apparel knowledge in the context of organic clothing purchase behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected by means of a survey carried out in three major metropolitan cities and a sample of total 889 respondents was collected who were college students in India. Findings Past environment-friendly behaviour influenced Indian youth’s organic clothing purchase behaviour. Green apparel knowledge and peer influence, interestingly, had no impact on organic clothing purchase behaviour. Research limitations/implications The sample was limited to students who had past experience with green products. This was deliberately done as the objective was to examine the influence of past environment-friendly behaviour and green apparel knowledge on organic clothing purchase behaviour. Youth with limited awareness about organic clothing were not contacted. This restricted the findings to a specific youth segment. Further, the study was limited to Indian youth and did not examine the purchase behaviour of other consumer segments. Demographic variables were not used for analysis as only purchase behaviour of young people as a consumer segment was studied. Practical implications The findings can be used by organic apparel manufacturers in marketing organic clothing brands to the Indian youth. Organic clothing can be positioned to emphasise green values and distinct lifestyle for environment-conscious youths. Initiatives like celebrity talk-shows, organic clothing exhibitions, and launch of organic clothing designer brands can be used to promote organic apparel. College students can be used as opinion leaders to communicate benefits of organic clothing and inculcate green values among larger population. Originality/value Organic products and brands are becoming popular among Indian consumers. There has been limited research on the subject of youths’ purchase behaviour of organic clothing to date. Companies trying to launch organic clothing brands in the country may find the results helpful in understanding green buying behaviour.
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Strom, Donella M., Nathan F. Bendik, Dee Ann Chamberlain, Jessica A. Watson, and Jesse M. Meik. "Phenotypic Variation in Endangered Texas Salamanders: Application of Model-Based Clustering for Identifying Species and Hybrids." Diversity 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12080297.
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The endangered Barton Springs and Austin blind salamanders (Eurycea sosorum and E. waterlooensis, respectively) are micro-endemics to the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer and its contributing zone in Central Texas. Although vertically segregated within the aquifer system, both species are known from the same spring outflows and occasionally hybridize. We used geometric morphometrics and model-based clustering applied to a large sample of standardized salamander photographs to evaluate the potential for objective phenotypic assignment to either species, as well as putative hybrids. In addition to characterizing variation in head shape, our analyses inferred sets of clusters corresponding to ontogenetic series in both species but did not infer any distinct hybrid clusters. Eurycea sosorum and E. waterlooensis have distinctive head size to trunk length allometries, which contributed to the effective clustering of species, even at small body sizes. We also observed subtle, but significant, microgeographic variation in E. sosorum, suggesting the possibility of population substructuring, phenotypic plasticity, or undetected hybridization.