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Books on the topic 'Distinctiveness theory'
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1
Distinctiveness, coercion and sonority: A unified theory of weight. New York: Routledge, 2001.
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Moren, Bruce. Distinctiveness, Coercion and Sonority: A Unified Theory of Weight. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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3
Peari, Sagi. The Relation to Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622305.003.0007.
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While the previous chapters are concerned with elaboration and exposition of the Choice and Equality pillars, this chapter is more concerned with implementation. Thus, it delineates CEF’s distinctiveness from other choice-of-law accounts and traces its conceptual independence from such notions as the corrective justice theory of private law and the notion of international human rights. Taking the provisions of the American Second Restatement as an example, this chapter analyzes them from the standpoint of CEF. Ultimately, in its last section, the chapter makes some observations about CEF’s suitability to provide a normative framework to meet the challenges of the digital age and the Internet.
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Sujit, Choudhry. Part VI Constitutional Theory, F The Canadian Constitution in a Comparative Law Perspective, Ch.50 The Canadian Constitution and the World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190664817.003.0050.
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This chapter examines the influence of elements of Canada’s constitutional model abroad, in three areas: (1) the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as an innovative way to institutionalize the relationship among legislatures, executives, and courts with respect to the enforcement of a constitutional bill of rights, as justified by “dialogue theory”, that contrasts starkly with its leading alternatives, the American and German systems of judicial supremacy; (2) Canada’s plurinational federalism as a strategy to accommodate minority nationalism and dampen the demand for secession and independence within the context of a single state, by divorcing the equation of state and nation; and (3) the complex interplay between a constitutional bill of rights and minority nation-building, as reflected in the constitutional politics surrounding the recognition of Quebec’s distinctiveness, and the role of the Supreme Court of Canada in adjudicating constitutional conflicts over official language policy arising out of Quebec.
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Brooks, Thom. Hegel’s Philosophy of Law. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.21.
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Hegel was neither a lawyer nor primarily a legal theorist, but his writings make a significant influence to the understanding of legal philosophy. Nevertheless, there is disagreement about where Hegel’s importance lies. This chapter argues that Hegel’s philosophy of law is best understood as a natural law theory. But what is interesting about Hegel’s view is that it represents a distinctive alternative to how most natural law theories are traditionally conceived. Hegel’s philosophy is remarkable for providing an entirely new way of thinking about the relation between law and morality than had been considered before. It is the distinctiveness of his legal philosophy that has rendered so difficult a categorization into standard jurisprudential schools of thought. There is little that is standard in Hegel’s innovative understanding of law. This has importance for other areas of his thinking, such as his novel theory of punishment and understanding of the common law.
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Scott, Michael. Religious Assertion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806967.003.0012.
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According to a standard theory of religious language, it should be taken at face value. Opposition to this face-value approach has tended to offer radical alternatives, for instance, that indicative religious utterances are not assertions but express a different speech act, or that religious utterances do not communicate beliefs in what is said. This chapter brings together this debate with contemporary constitutive norm theories of assertion. The chapter defends a novel ‘moderate’ theory of religious affirmation that rejects both the face-value and opposition approaches. It argues that religious affirmations are normatively distinct from assertions, and it argues that a theory of religious affirmation should not undermine either the face-value representational content or belief-reporting role of indicative religious utterances. The moderate theory shows how it is possible to do justice to the distinctiveness of religious discourse while staying faithful to the evidence about how speakers use religious language.
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Weiner, Marli F., and Mazie Hough. Placed Bodies. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036996.003.0004.
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This chapter examines how physicians developed the concept of place to reconcile the complexities of race and sex when defining bodies and their health and sicknesses. In the increasingly contested political arena of the antebellum years, southern physicians knew that their work would most likely be received favorably if it reinforced the region's distinctiveness. Awareness that some places were inherently unhealthy and that some people were more likely to get sick in them was part of the anecdotal medical lore that informed physicians' thinking about bodies as placed. Doctors were well aware that southerners fell victim to different diseases and had to be treated differently from people elsewhere in the nation. Thus, doctors argued that a specifically southern medical theory and practice was necessary. This chapter explores how nineteenth-century physicians seeking to understand the consequences of placed bodies invoked the South's climate and the concept of acclimation to explain disease. It shows that laypeople shared physicians' convictions that medicine was specific to place and that bodies were shaped by their environment.
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Morgan, Glenn, and Mehdi Boussebaa. Internationalization of Professional Service Firms. Edited by Laura Empson, Daniel Muzio, Joseph Broschak, and Bob Hinings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199682393.013.5.
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This chapter examines the internationalization of Professional Service Firms (PSFs), outlining its drivers, varying forms, and organizational implications. It argues that conventional internationalization theory does not apply straightforwardly to PSFs. The authors identify three key sources of PSF distinctiveness—governance, clients, and knowledge—and show how these generate not only differences between PSFs and other types of organizations but also heterogeneity amongst PSFs themselves. Based on this, four different forms of PSF internationalization are identified—network, project, federal, and transnational—and the authors note that scholarly interest has mostly focused on the last two of these. The chapter highlights change towards the transnational model as an underlying theme in PSF research. It finds little convincing evidence that this model has been successfully implemented and it is argued that, in general, PSFs are better understood as federal structures controlled by a few powerful offices than as transnational enterprises.
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Gipps, Richard G. T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0072.
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) theorists propose that disturbances in cognition underlie and maintain much emotional disturbance. Accordingly the cognitive addition to behavioral therapy typically consists in collaboratively noticing, restructuring, de-fusing from, and challenging these cognitions by the therapist and the patient. With the right group of problems, patients, and therapists, the practice of CBT is well known to possess therapeutic efficacy. This chapter, however, primarily considers the theory rather than the therapy of CBT; in particular it looks at the central significance it gives tocognitionin healthy and disturbed emotional function. It suggests that if "cognition" is used to mean merely ourbelief and thought, then CBT theory provides an implausible model of much emotional distress. If, on the other hand, "cognition" refers to the processing ofmeaning, then CBT risks losing its distinctiveness from all therapies other than the most blandly behavioral. The chapter also suggests: (a) that the appearance, in CBT's causal models of psychopathology, of what seem to be distinct causal processes and multiple discrete intervention sites may owe more to the formalism of the theory than to the structure of the well or troubled mind; (b) that CBT theorists sometimes unhelpfully assimilate the having of thoughts to episodes of thinking; (c) that CBT models may sometimes overemphasize the significance of belief and thought in psychopathology because they have unhelpfully theorized meaning as belonging more properly to these, rather than to emotional, functions; (d) that CBT approaches can also misconstrue the nature and value of acknowledgement and self-knowledge-thereby underplaying the value of some of the CBT therapist's own interventions. The theoretical and clinical implications of these critiques is discussed-such as that there are reasons to doubt that CBT always works, when it does, in the manner it tends to describe for itself.
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Plevan, William. Holiness in Hermann Cohen, Franz Rosenzweig, and Martin Buber. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796497.003.0010.
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This chapter explores the conception of holiness in three influential modern Jewish thinkers, Hermann Cohen, Martin Buber, and Franz Rosenzweig, with particular attention to the problem of Jewish distinctiveness. Each thinker’s approach to holiness represents their attempt to define the meaning of Jewish distinctiveness in light of the social, political, and cultural challenges faced by the Jews of Germany in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and by modern Jews more broadly. Consideration of these three thinkers’ conceptions of holiness also offers us the opportunity to examine the strengths and limitations of contemporary approaches to Jewish distinctiveness within North American Jewish spiritual life over the last several decades.
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Bogg, Alan, Jennifer Collins, Mark Freedland, and Jonathan Herring, eds. Criminality at Work. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198836995.001.0001.
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There has been a growing interest in the disciplinary ‘autonomy’ of labour law. The chapters in this book examine the interface between criminal law and theory and the regulation of labour markets, given the importance of this interface in the twenty-first century. The four chapters in the first section of the book are concerned broadly with the normative questions concerning the legitimacy of criminalisation in the regulation of social activity. It is a fundamental feature of liberal theories of criminalisation that the legitimate use of the criminal sanction requires special justification. The criminal law is coercive, punitive, and stigmatic. Each chapter examines the normative issue of criminalisation from a different perspective. The second section examines the distinctiveness of the criminal law as a form of regulation, especially compared with civil enforcement. The third section is concerned with criminal law, vulnerability, and precarious work relations. Recent scholarship in labour law has been intensively concerned with the concepts of vulnerability and precariousness in labour market relations. There is now a significant literature on these concepts from legal, economic, and social-scientific perspectives. The chapters in this section provide a novel theoretical perspective on those concepts by examining the distinctive role of the criminal law in respect of vulnerability and precarious work relations. The fourth section is concerned with contexts of criminalisation. The chapters in this section explore the different labour market contexts in which criminalisation has occurred. The fifth section is concerned with criminalisation and enforcement, and it examines the variety of ways in which the criminal law is being used as an enforcement tool, either as an auxiliary support to civil enforcement or as a substitute for civil enforcement. Finally, the last section provides two comparative chapters by leading scholars in the US and Canada. These chapters provide a comparative perspective on the role of penal policy in labour law.
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Geismer, Lily. Grappling with Growth. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at how the issues of open space and environmental protection revealed the tension between the structural processes of growth that had produced Route 128 and its suburbs and the ideology of historical and liberal distinctiveness of many of the residents along its ring. The area was considered “unique and special”—an outlook which propelled a genuine concern about the environmental degradation advanced by postwar suburbanization. Yet the localist measures that residents took to protect their communities elevated both a sense of their own distinctiveness and a focus on their own individual standard of living and quality of life, further obscuring an acknowledgment of their role in perpetuating many of the problems of environmental and social inequality.
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Gould, Karen. The Canadian Distinctiveness into the XXIst Century - La distinction canadienne au tournant du XXIe siecle. Edited by Chad Gaffield. University of Ottawa Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.6595.
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In this collection of essays some of Canada's foremost writers and thinkers, including John Ralston Saul and Margaret Atwood, call for equilibrium among economics, culture, and technological change. While promoting the dynamism and change possible in Canadian society, they also call for a re-examination of Canada's past in order to chart its future.
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Shorter, Edward, and Max Fink. Kidnapped! Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190881191.003.0006.
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Catatonia remained a subtype of schizophrenia for the next hundred years because a “Praetorian guard” around Kraepelin relentlessly flacked their teacher’s diagnoses. There was, to be sure, some initial support for Kahlbaum’s diagnosis as a separate entity, yet Kraepelin’s “textbook,” in its various editions, carried the day. Psychosis became the hallmark of schizophrenia, and catatonic patients who became psychotic simply had their diagnoses changed. In a world dominated by “schizophrenia,” catatonia was only of nodding interest. By the end of the Second World War, the term “schizophrenia” had lost whatever specificity it might once have possessed, and catatonia in schizophrenia had shed its distinctiveness as a treatable motor syndrome.
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White, Robert E. Soils for Fine Wines. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195141023.001.0001.
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In recent years, viticulture has seen phenomenal growth, particularly in such countries as Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Chile, and South Africa. The surge in production of quality wines in these countries has been built largely on the practice of good enology and investment in high technology in the winery, enabling vintners to produce consistently good, even fine wines. Yet less attention has been paid to the influence of vineyard conditions on wines and their distinctiveness-an influence that is embodied in the French concept of terroir. An essential component of terroir is soil and the interaction between it, local climate, vineyard practices, and grape variety on the quality of grapes and distinctiveness of their flavor. This book considers that component, providing basic information on soil properties and behavior in the context of site selection for new vineyards and on the demands placed on soils for grape growth and production of wines. Soils for Fine Wines will be of interest to professors and upper-level students in enology, viticulture, soils and agronomy as well as wine enthusiasts and professionals in the wine industry.
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Lillehammer, Grete. The History of the Archaeology of Childhood. Edited by Sally Crawford, Dawn M. Hadley, and Gillian Shepherd. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199670697.013.2.
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The archaeology of childhood challenges the mindset of the student and researcher, both in terms of collected archaeological material, and when they go out into the field to make hypotheses about where the settlements have been in the past, and who the people were who once lived there. In this chapter, the intention is not to present scientific results based on childhood studies over the years. It is to encourage the curiosity of everyone interested in searching for the innermost core of humanity and what it meant to become human in past societies. Different stages of childhood are covered, as well as the changing views of the innocence of children, and distinctiveness from adults.
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Besson, Samantha. Sources of International Human Rights Law. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0040.
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This chapter discusses the sources of international human rights law (IHRL) in the light of general international law scholarship. It addresses the question of the autonomy of IHRL as a self-contained regime of international law and, accordingly, that of the ‘generality’ of general international law in respect of sources. It argues that there are at least three features of IHRL that account for their specificities in terms of sources and are reflected thereby. These are: their dual moral and legal nature as rights, and the corresponding objectivity that characterize some of their sources; their dual domestic and international legality as legal rights, and the corresponding transnationality of some of their sources; and their universality as moral and legal rights, and the corresponding generality of some of their sources. Finally, the chapter tackles the distinctiveness of the sources of IHRL and draws some implications for the sources of international law in general.
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Christensen, James. The Harms of Trade III. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198810353.003.0004.
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This chapter concludes our enquiry into the harms of trade. It addresses the ethical implications of the fact that trade can harm individuals by destroying jobs and undermining cultural distinctiveness. It argues that, under certain conditions, concerns about socio-economic losses and cultural degradation can justify trade restrictions. However, it also argues that developed countries may restrict trade only on the condition that the restrictions they impose do not reduce the development prospects of poor countries. Towards the end of the chapter, the right of developing countries to restrict trade with developed countries is defended.
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Bailkin, Jordanna. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814214.003.0001.
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The Introduction explores the origins of the term “refugee,” and shows how the various groups in this book—Belgians, Basques, Jews, Poles, Hungarians, Anglo-Egyptians, Ugandan Asians, and Vietnamese—adapted or rejected this term. International laws and conventions that defined “the refugee” did not always encompass the distinctiveness of Britain’s relationship to displaced peoples, all of whom had different relationships to the wartime and imperial pasts. Strikingly, many of the actors in this book denied that they were “refugees,” just as the state denied that the places they were housed were “camps.” This chapter also looks at the ways that British camps differed from camps in other parts of the world. Finally, it considers how Britons were also displaced over the course of the twentieth century, and how their own experiences of alienation, dislocation, and homelessness brought them into contact with refugees.
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Hedström, Peter. Studying Mechanisms To Strengthen Causal Inferences In Quantitative Research. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0013.
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This article emphasizes various ways by which the study of mechanisms can make quantitative research more useful for causal inference. It concentrates on three aspects of the role of mechanisms in causal and statistical inference: how an understanding of the mechanisms at work can improve statistical inference by guiding the specification of the statistical models to be estimated; how mechanisms can strengthen causal inferences by improving our understanding of why individuals do what they do; and how mechanism-based models can strengthen causal inferences by showing why, acting as they do, individuals bring about the social outcomes they do. There has been a surge of interest in mechanism-based explanations, in political science as well as in sociology. Most of this work has been vital and valuable in that it has sought to clarify the distinctiveness of the approach and to apply it empirically.
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Ramnarine, Tina K. Aspirations, Global Futures, and Lessons from Sámi Popular Music for the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Fabian Holt and Antti-Ville Kärjä. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190603908.013.15.
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This chapter presents case studies of three Sámi musicians, focusing on their aspirations for collective rights, cultural distinctiveness, and self-determination. Contrary to early twentieth-century fears that vocal genres like joik were disappearing, music has become one of the most important elements in stories of Sámi cultural survival in the twenty-first century. The chapter examines the role that music plays in valuing nature and imagining alternatives to dominant power regimes in the context of climate change. The author argues that in the face of threats to global survival, historians could give more priority to questions about how the past speaks to us and what it teaches us about survival.
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McGonigal, Andrew. Aesthetic Reasons. Edited by Daniel Star. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199657889.013.40.
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Aesthetic reasons are reasons to do and think various things. For example, it makes sense to wonder if a tree stump on the lawn was left there for environmental rather than aesthetic reasons, or for no reason at all. Aesthetic considerations of this kind are often contrasted with non-aesthetic reasons—such as moral or epistemic reasons. For example, they seem connected to pleasure-in-experience in a distinctive way that differs from paradigmatic moral reasons. Relatedly, the authority of aesthetic reasons has often been thought to involve less of an “external demand” upon us than in the other cases. In this chapter, I suggest that such distinctiveness and modesty coheres well with an anti-realist treatment that views them as non-objective in nature. I then go on to consider an alternative, more robustly realist conception of aesthetic reasons.
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Holland, David. On the Volatile Relationship of Secularization and New Religious Movements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798071.003.0006.
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This chapter considers the complex relationship between secularization and the emergence of new religious movements. Drawing from countervailing research, some of which insists that new religious movements abet secularizing processes and some of which sees these movements as disproving the secularization thesis, the chapter presents the relationship as inherently unstable. To the extent that new religious movements maintain a precarious balance of familiarity and foreignness—remaining familiar enough to stretch the definitional boundaries of religion—they contribute to secularization. However, new religious movements frequently lean to one side or other of that median, either promoting religious power in the public square by identifying with the interests of existing religious groups, or emphasizing their distinctiveness from these groups and thus provoking aggressive public action by the antagonized religious mainstream. This chapter centres on an illustrative case from Christian Science history.
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Loizzo, Joseph John. Buddhist Perspectives on Psychiatric Ethics. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.47.
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This chapter surveys an interface of growing interest to clinicians and patients, from four points of view. First, it explores the growing dialogue between Buddhism and modern psychology, tracing it to a surprising complementarity in ideas and methods. Second, it shines light on the distinctiveness between Buddhist and modern psychology, exploring the religious and ethical aspects of Buddhism neglected by many proponents of dialogue. Third, it reviews key areas of potential conflict, where clinicians may helpfully challenge Buddhist patients to reconsider their understanding and practice of Buddhism. Fourth, it surveys key areas of potential contribution, where mental health researchers, clinicians, and patients may benefit from studying Buddhist theories or applying Buddhist methods.
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Fearn, David. Materialities of Political Commitment? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805823.003.0004.
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Eschewing historicist certainties, this chapter reassesses the political salience of Alcaeus’ lyric poetry by investigating his literary contribution to sympotic culture. Placing Alcaeus’ politically engaged voices within recent theoretical perspectives on deixis, ecphrasis, and the distinctiveness of lyric as a literary mode, the chapter argues that Alcaeus makes a systematic issue of the question of the accessibility of the contexts gestured towards, and in so doing opens up as an alluring prospect the idea of political engagement through literature. The literary and cultural significance of proverbial statements in Alcaeus is also discussed. Alcaeus’ lyric claims are felt across time and space via their special foregrounding of both material culture and political engagement, through performance and reception.
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Roberts, Alexandra J. Athlete Trademarks. Edited by Michael A. McCann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190465957.013.29.
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This chapter examines the protectability and registration of athletes’ names, nicknames, and catchphrases as trademarks under federal law. More and more athletes are seeking to register their names, nicknames, catchphrases, and fan slogans as federal trademarks in an attempt to monetize their fame and cultural capital. However, their goals in filing those applications are not often in accord with the traditional goals of trademark law. After providing an overview on trademark use and registration, the chapter discusses some of the limitations for trademark protection, including those based on distinctiveness, false association, and confusion. It also explains how trademark doctrines affect athletes’ ability to protect certain words or phrases as trademarks. Finally, it considers how the general goals of trademark law correspond to an athlete’s desire to protect words and phrases associated with him or her and prevent others from appropriating them.
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Geismer, Lily. No Ordinary Suburbs. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691157238.003.0002.
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This chapter shows how structural processes, policies, and national trends intersected with the particular history, geography, and reputation of the Boston area to produce the set of juxtapositions—between history and progress, tradition and technology, open-mindedness and exclusivity, meritocracy and equality—that characterized the physical landscape and political culture of the Route 128 suburbs and the political ideology of many of their residents. It reveals that homeowners' view of themselves in rural Lincoln and cosmopolitan Newton fueled grassroots activism on a range of liberal issues. This sense of individual and collective distinctiveness simultaneously made many residents see themselves as separate from, and not responsible for, many of the consequences of suburban growth and the forms of inequality and segregation that suburban development fortified.
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Holmes, Andrew R. Union and Presbyterian Ulster Scots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736233.003.0008.
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This chapter explores the relationship between literature and union among Presbyterian writers in nineteenth-century Ulster. It examines the work of the poet William McComb and the journalist James McKnight, who together were responsible for the publication of The Repealer Repulsed (1841), a collection of reportage and literary fancy written in response to Daniel O’Connell’s campaign to repeal the 1800 Act of Union. Their various publications employed a shared Ulster–Scottish Presbyterian heritage to express opposition to the imposition of English Protestant forms and principles, and to highlight the importance and distinctiveness of Presbyterian Scots and Ulster-Scots within the United Kingdom. It demonstrates that Presbyterian writers saw Robert Burns as only one part of a broader literary culture that they shared with Britain and that was usually expressed in standard English, included prose as well as poetry, employed a number of literary genres, and sometimes drew upon a shared Gaelic heritage.
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Marshall, Colin. Being in Touch. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809685.003.0004.
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This chapter argues for the existence of a specific irreplaceable epistemic good: being in touch. Being in touch is more or less the good of perceiving or experiencing things as they are in themselves. The distinctiveness of this good is argued for by considering a real case of human echolocation and by considering three fictional cases. In these cases, differences in being in touch are contrasted with differences in propositional knowledge and imaginative ability. The fictional cases make the intuitive value of being in touch clear, and help detail the conditions for it: for a subject to be in touch with some property of an object, the object must really have that property and the subject must have a phenomenologically given experience of the object that reveals that property to her.
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Martin, Jeffrey J. Personality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638054.003.0025.
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Personality is typically thought to be stable and possess consistency over time and across situations. Personality is also referred to as individual differences or distinctiveness. The study of personality has a long history in psychology, and after a lull in sport psychology research on personality, it has become more prevalent in research with able-bodied athletes and athletes with disabilities. This chapter discusses the history of personality research in sport psychology. The most common personality model, the Big Five factors, used in research today is explained and the five factors defined. Researchers have also examined personality-trait-like individual differences (PTLID) such as grit, hardiness, resilience, sensation seeking, and perfectionism. The chapter addresses how an acquired disability has the potential to change certain facets of personality while other personality factors can help athletes cope with an acquired disability and maintain their mental health.
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Holmes, Andrew R. Confession, Subscription, and Revival, c.1800–1914. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793618.003.0002.
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Chapter 1 considers how Presbyterians in Ireland responded to the challenge of liberal theology and how that changed over time. Though Irish Presbyterianism remained conservative, the meaning of conservatism fluctuated between creedal distinctiveness and general evangelical principles. The discussion begins with the expansion of evangelicalism in the early nineteenth century and how this prompted a return to the Westminster Standards. The second section explores the consolidation of confessional identity in both colleges of the church and how they harnessed the spiritual energy unleashed by the 1859 revival by using the resources of the Westminster Confession and Princeton Theology to meet the challenges posed by British threats to confessional principles and subscription. The chapter concludes with a discussion of whether the Irish church suffered what some contemporaries referred to as a theological ‘downgrade’ in the decades before the outbreak of the Great War.
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Corbett, Greville G., and Sebastian Fedden. New approaches to the typology of gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0002.
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Nominal classification remains a fascinating topic. To make further progress in this area we need greater clarity of definition and analysis. We use canonical gender as an ideal against which we can measure the great variety of the actual gender systems we find in the languages of the world. Starting from previous work on canonical morphosyntactic features, particularly on how they intersect with canonical parts of speech, we establish the distinctiveness of gender, reflected in the Canonical Gender Principle: In a canonical gender system, each noun has a single gender value. We develop three criteria associated with this principle, which together ensure that canonically a noun has exactly one gender value. We give examples of non-canonicity for each criterion, and this establishes a substantial typological space, which accommodates the various non-canonical gender systems in the languages featured in this volume.
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Bellamy, Alex J. Decline. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777939.003.0003.
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This chapter demonstrates the significant decline in the incidence of genocide and mass atrocities in East Asia. It shows how, and why, the region’s most significant atrocities were brought to an end and demonstrates that the East Asian experience was not simply a symptom of global trends in the incidence of violence. The first section provides a detailed account of the decline of mass atrocities in East Asia. The second section briefly examines how this account corresponds with the evidence from various other research programs that track patterns of violent conflict in East Asia. The third part explains how mass atrocities in East Asia were terminated, highlighting the individual decisions that produced the cumulative effect. The final part contrasts East Asia’s experience with global trends in order to demonstrate the region’s distinctiveness and show that the decline of mass atrocities there was not simply a manifestation of broader global trends.
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Ferguson, Lucinda. An Argument for Treating Children as a ‘Special Case’. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786429.003.0012.
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This chapter’s argument stems from the premise that legal language should speak for itself. The ‘paramountcy’ principle suggests the prioritisation of children’s interests, and ‘children’s rights’ suggests some aspect of distinctiveness to children’s interests. But there is academic consensus in respect of both that children’s interests cannot and should not be prioritised over those of others. This chapter examines the justification for the contrary perspective, and for treating children as a prioritised ‘special case’ in all legal decisions affecting them. Four key counter-arguments frame the discussion. First, the ‘social construct’ objection: as a social construct, childhood cannot sustain the prioritisation of children’s interests over those of others. Second, the ‘vulnerability’ objection: children’s vulnerability is either not unique or suggests dependency or interdependency, not prioritisation. Third, the ‘family autonomy’ objection: parents’ rights and the family unit justify deference of children’s interests. Fourth, the ‘equality’ objection: equal moral consideration makes prioritisation unjustifiable.
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McMahan, David L., and Erik Braun. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495794.003.0001.
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Meditation and mindfulness practices derived from Buddhism have become pervasive in secular settings outside Buddhist contexts. This rather sudden turn in the long history of Buddhist meditation has been undergirded by the scientific study of contemplative practices, which has given them greater currency outside of Buddhism and has popularized them across the globe. This chapter discusses some of the recent history of the transformations of meditation, in order to highlight how practice has changed over time and in different settings, thereby shedding light on the distinctiveness of its conceptualization in scientific terms. The authors note meditation’s formulation as an objective process of cognition, its secularization in the context of psychotherapy, the turn to neuroscientific studies, and the recent promotion of practice as a near-panacea for the stresses and strains of modern life. They also note the recent backlash against some claims about meditation’s benefits.
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Holt, Robin. Skepticism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199671458.003.0001.
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This chapter discusses Shakespeare’s The Tempest, specifically Prospero’s experience as a leader. Born into a Dukedom, he is at first naïve, too wedded to his books, losing command and control of Milan. Exiled to an island, but increasingly savvy, he regains pre-eminence and restores his fortunes. But at the very last he voluntarily relinquishes power. Why such a gesture? Using Prospero’s fall, rise and fall anew as a motif, Holt argues that strategic activity has typically been understood as a varying blend of three modes of relating to the world: knowledge, vision, and will. The puzzle of Prospero’s gesture is discussed more generally as a frustration with all three modes, notably in their tendency to remove exponents from the vulnerabilities of ordinary life. Judgment is proposed as an alternative: a skeptical relationship of critique and care in which the concern with ordering well-defined boundaries and asserting organizational distinctiveness give way to more circumspect, unhomely, and particular distributions and associations of resources and people.
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Cinotto, Simone. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037733.003.0007.
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This epilogue examines how the distinctiveness of Italian food has been shaped by continuous transformations and adaptations to a changing Italian America and American culture since World War II. From domestic kitchens to luxurious restaurants, Italian immigrants framed a food culture that created a nation and shaped their self-representation as a group. However, Italian American food culture underwent various changes. The meanings of Italian American food were reworked in the neoliberal landscape of deindustrialization, globalization, and a postmodern culture in which “the self” was created through consumption and where cultural difference became just another commodity. A new group of middle-class Italian immigrants to New York City started to reshape Italian food in America by detaching it from its immigrant origins and relocating it within the “authentic” traditions of Italian regional cuisine. Despite all these changes, and even as the ground for Italian American identity has shifted, Italian American food continues to convey a lifestyle, a taste, and a history.
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Butler, Melvin L. Island Gospel. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042904.001.0001.
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For Jamaican Pentecostal Christians, music is a form of worship that opens pathways to the Spirit and brings about deliverance from sin. It is also a way of drawing and transcending boundaries, as practitioners sing about what they believe and identify where they stand in relation to cultural and religious outsiders. This book explores these ritual functions as they are fulfilled within Jamaican church services and concerts. It highlights the ways in which Pentecostals cultivate feelings of collective distinctiveness by rendering gospel music with an island flavor and by patrolling stylistic boundaries between a holy “home” and a profane “world.” This dichotomy is destabilized through the transnational flow and appropriation of popular culture and “American” media. What emerges are the strategies of musical worship through which Pentecostals embody their religion and seek spiritual transcendence while navigating the crossroads of local and global practice. Pentecostals describe themselves as “in the world, but not of the world,” meaning that while they live and work in the broader society, they strive to be “sanctified” from it by upholding a distinct moral code. This narrative of worldly renunciation prompts believers to abandon prior habits of conduct while embracing newer, localized identities as children of God. This book uncovers how gospel music, as a dynamic cultural practice, complicates these theological affirmations and reveals the shifting foundations of Pentecostal identity in Jamaica and its diaspora.
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Callaghan, Madeleine. Shelley’s Living Artistry: Letters, Poems, Plays. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940247.001.0001.
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This study of the poetry and drama of Percy Bysshe Shelley reads the letters and their biographical contexts to shed light on the poetry, tracing the ambiguous and shifting relationship between the poet’s art and life. For Shelley, both life and art are transfigured by their relationship with one another, where the ‘poet participates in the eternal, the infinite, and the one’, but is equally bound up with and formed by the society in which he lives and the past that he inherits. Callaghan shows that the distinctiveness of Shelley’s work comes to rest on its wrong-footing of any neat division of life and art. The dazzling intensity of Shelley’s poetry and drama lies in its refusal to separate the twain as Shelley explores and finally explodes the boundaries between what is personal and what is poetic. Arguing that the critic, like the artist, cannot ignore the conditions of the poet’s life, Callaghan reveals how Shelley’s artistry reconfigures and redraws the actual in his poetry. The book shows how Shelley’s poetic daring lies in troubling the distinction between poetry as aesthetic work hermetically sealed against life, and poetry as a record of the emotional life of the poet.
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Lee, Catherine, and Robert Bideleux. East, West, and the Return of ‘Central’: Borders Drawn and Redrawn. Edited by Dan Stone. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199560981.013.0004.
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Western Europe has not only met but also married Eastern Europe, even if there are rumours that it was a marriage of convenience, consummated in ‘EU Europe’. Nevertheless, a significant outcome of the cohabitation has been the resurgence of debates about the status, location, and distinctiveness of ‘Central Europe’; the changing nature of borders and borderlands; and the emergence of ‘new’ East/West divides. Because World War II was predominantly fought on the Eastern Front, almost 95 per cent of Europe's fatalities of war and genocide were in Central and Eastern Europe (including Germany and Austria). These mass killings, combined with the paramount role of the Soviet Union in the defeat of the Third Reich, led to substantial reconfigurations of the borders and ethnic compositions of European states. This article examines the reconfigurations of European territories at the close of World War II, the drastic redrawing of European borders during 1945–1948 and again in the late 1980s and 1990s, the impact on European borders of the European Union and its ‘deepening’ and ‘widening’, and Europe's new East/West divide.
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Yongue, Julia. A distinctive nation: vaccine policy and production in Japan. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526110886.003.0009.
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Factors such as climate and geography were important determinants of the types vaccines selected for use and the prevalence of certain infectious diseases in Japan. However, as shown in this chapter, there is strong evidence that preventive vaccination policies that were strongly influenced by foreign health authorities, changing societal expectations, pressure from special interest groups, and new scientific discoveries played as an important, if not a more significant role in the formation of Japan’s approach to immunisation and vaccine production. By delineating the principal features and influences on the development of Japan’s vaccine policies and production using a wide range of illustrations, the writer argues that Japan’s approach differed markedly from the ones adopted by the health authorities in other nations. This distinctiveness stems from Japan’s unique history of disease, policies and institutions, whose centerpiece is the Preventative Vaccination Law (PVL) introduced in 1947 during the Allied occupation (1945-52). This chapter will trace these influences—both past and present—on Japan’s vaccination policies in order to shed light on its unique approach to immunisation and production.
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Woodard, Christopher. Taking Utilitarianism Seriously. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732624.001.0001.
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Utilitarianism is in the ascendancy in many parts of public culture, but its stock among moral and political philosophers is low. Many philosophers believe that it is a dead end, since they believe that the objections to it are overwhelming. This book seeks to contribute to a renewal of philosophical interest in utilitarianism by arguing that the objections usually thought to defeat it do not do so. It presents a novel form of utilitarianism based on a novel account of normative reasons for action. It argues that utilitarians can explain much of the complexity of our ethical and political thought. For example, they can account for moral rights, justice, the importance of equality, the significance of legitimacy and democracy, and the nature of virtue. Adopting a more complex form of utilitarianism enables plausible replies to the most common objections. Utilitarianism need not be too demanding, nor countenance abhorrent actions. It does not ignore the separateness of persons, nor the distinctiveness of political issues. It can also give a philosophically attractive account of the characteristics of virtuous agents. It is capable of doing justice to much more of our ethical and political thought than its critics realize.
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Wood, Amy Louise, and Natalie J. Ring, eds. Crime and Punishment in the Jim Crow South. University of Illinois Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252042409.001.0001.
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This collection of nine original essays explores the development of a modern criminal justice system in the Jim Crow South, from the 1890s through the 1950s. It covers key transformations surrounding the practices of policing, incarceration, and capital punishment, as municipal police departments became professionalized and as authority over criminal punishment shifted from local jurisdictions to the state. The collection’s essays address the history of segregated police forces, black-on-black crime, police brutality, organized crime and government corruption, restrictions on ex-felons’ rights, convict labor, prison reform, and the introduction of the electric chair. Together, they make a case for southern distinctiveness. Criminal justice in the Jim Crow South looked quite different than it did in the North due to white southern demands for racial control, as well as white southerners’ suspicions of centralized state power and modern bureaucracies. This collection examines these relationships between white supremacy, the modernizing state, and crime control. In doing so, it provides a more nuanced portrait of the dynamic between state power and white supremacy in the South beyond a story of top-down social control. The essays reveal stories of state institutions grappling with their expanding authority, stories of political leaders and reformers anxious to render that power modern and efficient, and stories of African Americans appealing to the regulatory state in order to push back against racial injustice.
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Loughlin, James. Fascism and Constitutional Conflict. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941770.001.0001.
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This work makes an original and important contribution, both to the field of British fascist/extreme Right studies and to the Ulster question. British fascist studies have to date largely ignored Northern Ireland, yet it engaged the attention of all the significant fascist movements, both pro-loyalist and pro-nationalist, from the British Fascists and Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists in the inter-war period to Mosley’s Union Movement, the National Front and British National Party thereafter. As a recurring site of political unrest Northern Ireland should have provided a promising arena for development, however this work demonstrates the great differences between Northern Ireland and Britain that made this problematic, especially the singularity of regional concerns and outlooks and the prominence of the constitutional issue, leaving little space for external parties to develop. Nor did framing the Ulster problem in a European context, such as Mosley’s post-war concept of Europe-a-Nation prove effective. for pro-loyalist extreme Right organisations during the Troubles a common allegiance to symbols of Britishness was offset not only the distinctiveness of regional interests but by the presence of Catholics among their leaders, while their failure to develop successfully as national movements in Britain meant they had little to offer Ulster loyalists. In focussing on Northern Ireland, this study provides insights, both into the strengths and weaknesses of British fascist organisations in the UK as a whole together with how difficult the region was for British organisations to cultivate; indeed, not just the extreme Right but mainstream parties as well.
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Ayyar, R. V. Vaidyanatha. History of Education Policymaking in India, 1947-2016. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474943.001.0001.
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This book chronicles the history of education policymaking in India. The focus of the book is on the period from 1964 when the landmark Kothari Commission was constituted; however, to put the policy developments in this period into perspective major developments since the Indian Education Commission (1882) have been touched upon. The distinctiveness of the book lies in the rare insights which come from the author’s experience of making policy at the state, national and international levels; it is also the first book on the making of Indian education policy which brings to bear on the narrative comparative and historical perspectives it, which pays attention to the process and politics of policymaking and the larger setting –the political and policy environment- in which policies were made at different points of time, which attempts to subject regulation of education to a systematic analyses the way regulation of utilities or business or environment had been, and integrates judicial policymaking with the making and implementation of education policies. In fact for the period subsequent to 1979, there have been articles- may be a book or two- on some aspects of these developments individually; however, there is no comprehensive narrative that covers developments as a whole and places them against the backdrop of national and global political, economic, and educational developments.
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Zukin, Sharon. Naked City. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382853.001.0001.
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As cities have gentrified, educated urbanites have come to prize what they regard as "authentic" urban life: aging buildings, art galleries, small boutiques, upscale food markets, neighborhood old-timers, funky ethnic restaurants, and old, family-owned shops. These signify a place's authenticity, in contrast to the bland standardization of the suburbs and exurbs. But as Sharon Zukin shows in Naked City, the rapid and pervasive demand for authenticity--evident in escalating real estate prices, expensive stores, and closely monitored urban streetscapes--has helped drive out the very people who first lent a neighborhood its authentic aura: immigrants, the working class, and artists. Zukin traces this economic and social evolution in six archetypal New York areas--Williamsburg, Harlem, the East Village, Union Square, Red Hook, and the city's community gardens--and travels to both the city's first IKEA store and the World Trade Center site. She shows that for followers of Jane Jacobs, this transformation is a perversion of what was supposed to happen. Indeed, Naked City is a sobering update of Jacobs' legendary 1961 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Like Jacobs, Zukin looks at what gives neighborhoods a sense of place, but argues that over time, the emphasis on neighborhood distinctiveness has become a tool of economic elites to drive up real estate values and effectively force out the neighborhood "characters" that Jacobs so evocatively idealized.
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Kenny, Neil. Born to Write. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852391.001.0001.
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Scratch the surface of literary production from the late fifteenth to the mid-seventeenth century in France, and a large number of the authors, translators, and editors turn out to be relatives of other authors, translators, and editors. Why was this? Why did some 200 families contain more than one literary producer and so exercise disproportionate influence over what people read in the period? The phenomenon ranged from poetry (the Marots, the Des Roches) to scholarship (the Scaligers), from history-writing (the Godefroys) to engineering (the Errards). It included not just fathers and sons but also mothers, daughters, siblings, uncles, cousins, grandchildren. One family, the Sainte-Marthes, took this so far that sixteen of its own became literary producers, rising to twenty-seven if one broadens the chronological parameters. The phenomenon was European rather than just French, as the Sidneys or the Tassos show. But it took distinctive forms in France, where it was often connected to royal office-holding, and where it eventually faltered only with the French Revolution. Literary production was for many families a way of representing, and so claiming, their own place in the world; a way, alongside others, of clutching at distinctiveness and social status; a way of generating sociocultural legacy within the family. Not that everything went to plan or that the plan was always precise. Family literature, as defined by this study, was orientated towards the future but was sometimes even rejected or parodied by descendants rather than imitated or venerated. Whether harmonious or disunited, families were central to the hierarchical social fabric out of which much literature and learning emerged. Restoring that centrality changes our understanding of the works produced.
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Григорьева, Регина Антоновна, Надежда Георгиевна Деметер, Светлана Станиславовна Крюкова, Татьяна Александровна Листова, Александр Викторович Гурко, Александра Владимировна Верещагина-Гурко, Любовь Васильевна Ракова, Ирина Васильевна Романенко, and Наталья Станиславовна Бункевич. Граница, идентичность, культура: этнография белорусско-российского пограничья: коллективная монография / отв. ред. Р.А. Григорьева, Н.Г. Деметер, А.В. Гурко / Ин-т этнологии и антропологии РАН; Центр исследований белорусской культуры, языка и литературы НАНБ. Институт этнологии и антропологии РАН, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/978-5-4211-0255-7/1-360.
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В монографии представлены результаты совместных исследований белорусских и российских этнологов, которые проводились по всему периметру белорусско-российского пограничья: в Гомельской, Могилевской, Витебской областях со стороны Республики Беларусь; Брянской, Смоленской, Псковской со стороны РФ. На основе многолетних полевых изысканий, с привлечением архивных материалов, данных социологических опросов, были выявлены единство и/или различия элементов культуры по разные стороны границы во всем их многообразии, и обозначены трансграничные этнокультурные ареалы. Одна из ключевых проблем исследования – особенности формирования этнической идентичности в разных государствах и в условиях слабой этнокультурной отличительности жителей на пограничном пространстве. Изучение трансграничных связей и контактов имеет практическое значение для формирования различного рода сотрудничества между соседними странами. Книга предназначена для специалистов в области этнологии и других гуманитарных наук, а также для широкого круга читателей. Border, identity, culture: ethnography of the Belarusian-Russian borderland. collective monograph / executive. ed. R.A. Grigorieva, N.G. Demeter, A.V. Gurko / Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology RAS; Center for Research of Belarusian Culture, Language and Literature of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. - M .: IEA RAN, 2020 .-- 360 p. This monograph represents the results of joint research of Belarusian and Russian ethnologists, which were carried out along the entire perimeter of the Belarusian-Russian border area: in the Gomel, Mogilev, Vitebsk regions from the Republic of Belarus; Bryansk, Smolensk, Pskov from the Russian Federation. On the basis of many years of field research, with the involvement of archival materials, data from sociological surveys, the unity and / or differences of cultural elements on different sides of the border in all their diversity were identified, and transboundary ethnocultural areas were identified. One of the key problems of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of ethnic identity in different states and in the conditions of weak ethnocultural distinctiveness of residents in the border area. The study of cross-border relations and contacts has a practical importance for the formation of various kinds of cooperation between neighboring countries. The book is dedicated for specialists in the field of ethnology and other humanities, as well as for a wide range of readers.