Journal articles: 'Distinctiveness theory'

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Deshpandé, Rohit, and Douglas M. Stayman. "A Tale of Two Cities: Distinctiveness Theory and Advertising Effectiveness." Journal of Marketing Research 31, no. 1 (February 1994): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379403100105.

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The authors conducted an empirical study to test McGuire's (1984) distinctiveness theory within an advertising context. First, following the distinctiveness theory postulate, they found that members of minority groups were more likely than majority groups to have their ethnicity salient. Furthermore, in applying distinctiveness theory to persuasion, they found that members of minority (versus majority) groups find an ad spokesperson from their own ethnic group to be more trustworthy and that increased trustworthiness led to more positive attitudes toward the brand being advertised. The authors draw implications for both advertising to ethnic/minority groups as well as for further research applications of distinctiveness theory.

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Falomir-Pichastor, Juan Manuel, Gabriel Mugny, and Jacques Berent. "The side effect of egalitarian norms: Reactive group distinctiveness, biological essentialism, and sexual prejudice." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 4 (November 8, 2015): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215613843.

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In the context of sexual prejudice, in which group distinctiveness motivation is particularly strong for men, three studies tested the hypothesis that egalitarian norms can intensify reactive distinctiveness motives, and then paradoxically increase intergroup differentiation and prejudice. Depending on the studies, the egalitarian norm was experimentally manipulated or induced and kept constant. Group distinctiveness was manipulated through scientific support for the theory that a person’s sexual orientation is determined by biological factors in terms of the extant biological differences (high distinctiveness) versus biological similarities (low distinctiveness) between heterosexual and gay people. Egalitarian norms increased men’s (but not women’s) intergroup differentiation (Study 1) and prejudice (Study 2) when group distinctiveness was low (as compared to high). This pattern was specific to men with high gender self-esteem, and appeared when the biological theory was framed in terms of intergroup differences rather than the uncontrollability of sexual orientation (Study 3).

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Akatsuka, Kazunori. "Distinctiveness and Plurality of the Austrian Capital Theory:." History of Economic Thought 61, no. 1 (2019): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5362/jshet.61.1_21.

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Cunningham, George B., Janet S. Fink, and James J. Zhang. "The Distinctiveness of Sport Management Theory and Research." Kinesiology Review 10, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/kr.2021-0022.

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Four decades have passed since the publication of Perspectives on the Academic Discipline of Physical Education: A Tribute to G. Lawrence Rarick—an edited text that offered a comprehensive overview of the field at the time. Missing, however, was any discussion of sport management. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to overview sport management and the development of the field since the publication of Brooks’s edited text. The authors summarize events in the field, including those related to educational advances and professional societies. Next, they highlight theoretical advances and then review the research in the field over time. In doing so, they categorize the scholarship into three groups: Young Field, Enduring Questions, and Emerging Trends. The authors conclude by identifying advances in the field and how sport management has emerged as a distinctive, robust discipline.

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Caves, Eleanor M., Tanmay Dixit, John F. R. Colebrook-Robjent, Lazaro Hamusikili, Martin Stevens, Rose Thorogood, and Claire N. Spottiswoode. "Hosts elevate either within-clutch consistency or between-clutch distinctiveness of egg phenotypes in defence against brood parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 23, 2021): 20210326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0326.

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In host–parasite arms races, hosts can evolve signatures of identity to enhance the detection of parasite mimics. In theory, signatures are most effective when within-individual variation is low (‘consistency’), and between-individual variation is high (‘distinctiveness’). However, empirical support for positive covariation in signature consistency and distinctiveness across species is mixed. Here, we attempt to resolve this puzzle by partitioning distinctiveness according to how it is achieved: (i) greater variation within each trait, contributing to elevated ‘ absolute distinctiveness’ or (ii) combining phenotypic traits in unpredictable combinations (‘ combinatorial distinctiveness’). We tested how consistency covaries with each type of distinctiveness by measuring variation in egg colour and pattern in two African bird families (Cisticolidae and Ploceidae) that experience mimetic brood parasitism. Contrary to predictions, parasitized species, but not unparasitized species, exhibited a negative relationship between consistency and combinatorial distinctiveness. Moreover, regardless of parasitism status, consistency was negatively correlated with absolute distinctiveness across species. Together, these results suggest that (i) selection from parasites acts on how traits combine rather than absolute variation in traits, (ii) consistency and distinctiveness are alternative rather than complementary elements of signatures and (iii) mechanistic constraints may explain the negative relationship between consistency and absolute distinctiveness across species.

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Glenberg, Arthur M., and Naomi G. Swanson. "A temporal distinctiveness theory of recency and modality effects." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 12, no. 1 (1986): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.12.1.3.

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Hollenberg, Donna Krolik, Judith Kegan Gardiner, and Deborah Kelly Kloepfer. "Theorizing the Distinctiveness of Women's Writing." Contemporary Literature 32, no. 2 (1991): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1208367.

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Ensor, Tyler M., Tyler D. Bancroft, and William E. Hockley. "Listening to the Picture-Superiority Effect." Experimental Psychology 66, no. 2 (March 2019): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000437.

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Abstract. The picture-superiority effect (PSE) refers to the finding that, all else being equal, pictures are remembered better than words ( Paivio & Csapo, 1973 ). Dual-coding theory (DCT; Paivio, 1991 ) is often used to explain the PSE. According to DCT, pictures are more likely to be encoded imaginally and verbally than words. In contrast, distinctiveness accounts attribute the PSE to pictures’ greater distinctiveness compared to words. Some distinctiveness accounts emphasize physical distinctiveness ( Mintzer & Snodgrass, 1999 ) while others emphasize conceptual distinctiveness ( Hamilton & Geraci, 2006 ). We attempt to distinguish among these accounts by testing for an auditory analog of picture superiority. Although this phenomenon, termed the auditory PSE, occurs in free recall ( Crutcher & Beer, 2011 ), we were unable to extend it to recognition across four experiments. We propose a new framework for understanding the PSE, wherein dual coding underpins the free-recall PSE, but conceptual distinctiveness underpins the recognition PSE.

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Reysen, Stephen, Jamie S. Snider, and Nyla R. Branscombe. "Corporate Renaming of Stadiums, Team Identification, and Threat to Distinctiveness." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 4 (July 2012): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.4.350.

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We examined the effect of corporate renaming of a stadium on fans’ felt anger and perceived harm to the team’s distinctiveness by asking participants to imagine that their historic local sport venue was renamed (or not) after a large corporation or a wealthy individual. Participants reported more perceived harm to the team’s distinctiveness when a corporation (vs. individual) donated money to the team. Furthermore, participants who thought that the venue name had been changed (compared with no name change) expressed more anger and perceived the name change to be a threat to the team’s distinctiveness. A mediated moderation analysis showed that, compared with when the stadium name remained the same, highly identified fans believed the name change would harm the distinctiveness of the team, which resulted in greater felt anger. In line with social identity theory, the results show that anger is an emotional outcome of recently experienced distinctiveness threat.

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Padgett, Jaye, and Marzena Zygis. "evolution of sibilants in Polish and Russian." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 32 (January 1, 2003): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.190.

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In this paper we provide an account of the historical development of Polish and Russian sibilants. The arguments provided here are of theoretical interest because they show that (i) certain allophonic rules are driven by the need to keep contrasts perceptually distinct, (ii) (unconditioned) sound changes result from needs of perceptual distinctiveness, and (iii) perceptual distinctiveness can be extended to a class of consonants, i.e. the sibilants. The analysis is cast within Dispersion Theory by providing phonetic and typological data supporting the perceptual distinctiveness claims we make.

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Bruce, Vicki, Mike A. Burton, and Neal Dench. "What's Distinctive about a Distinctive Face?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, no. 1 (February 1994): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401146.

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In this study we examine the relationship between objective aspects of facial appearance and facial “distinctiveness”. Specifically, we examine whether the extent to which a face deviates from “average” correlates with rated distinctiveness and measures of memorability. We find that, provided the faces are rated with hair concealed, reasonable correlations can be achieved between their physical deviation and their rated distinctiveness. More modest correlations are obtained between physical deviation and the extent to which faces are remembered, either correctly or falsely, after previous study. Furthermore, memory ratings obtained to “target” faces when they have been previously seen (i.e. “hits”) do not show the expected negative correlation with the scores obtained to the same faces when acting as distractors (i.e. “false positives”), though each correlates with rated distinctiveness. This confirms the theory of Vokey and Read (1992) that the typicality/distinctiveness dimension can be broken down into two orthogonal components: “memorability” and “context-free familiarity”.

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Deshpande, Rohit, and Douglas M. Stayman. "A Tale of Two Cities: Distinctiveness Theory and Advertising Effectiveness." Journal of Marketing Research 31, no. 1 (February 1994): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151946.

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Kalbach, Madeline A., Kelly H. Hardwick, Renata D. Vintila, and Warren E. Kalbach. "Ethnic-connectedness and economic inequality: a persisting relationship." Canadian Studies in Population 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2002): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p60w33.

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This paper focuses on the relationship between the retention of ethnic or cultural distinctiveness and economic inequality for Ukrainians, Germans, Italians, Chinese, and south East Asians. It uses Canadian census data to test predictions arising from assimilation theory by examining the possible varying effects of religion on economic inequality for the five ethnic groups in order to determine whether assimilation theory and the multidimensional effect of ethnicity can predict within group variations. This analysis lends emphasis to the fact that retention of ethnic-connectedness and distinctiveness may create obstacles for the immigrant attempting to achieve economic success in Canada.

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Jones, Rebecca J., Uwe Napiersky, and Joanne Lyubovnikova. "Conceptualizing the distinctiveness of team coaching." Journal of Managerial Psychology 34, no. 2 (March 11, 2019): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-07-2018-0326.

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Purpose Team coaching (TC) is a popular new addition to the team learning and development toolkit. However, the conceptualization of TC and the distinction between TC, team training, team development and team building interventions remains unclear. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The authors address this significant gap by abductively exploring how TC is conceptualised in practice (n=410). The authors survey practitioners engaged in delivering TC to ask how they would define TC and distinguish it from other team interventions. Findings A thematic analysis of the data reveals eight themes, which can be used to define TC and illustrate areas of overlap and distinctiveness with other team interventions. Research limitations/implications The absence of a clearly defined construct is hindering the development of a rigorous theory of TC. The contribution of the paper is, therefore, a clear and comprehensive definition of TC, which can be used by researchers and practitioners alike when working within the domain of TC. Originality/value The paper provides the first systematic exploration of a definition of TC in relation to alternative team interventions. By utilising an abductive approach in the research, the authors are able to capitalise on practitioner experience in this practice-led field.

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Rawson, Katherine A., and James P. Van Overschelde. "How does knowledge promote memory? The distinctiveness theory of skilled memory☆." Journal of Memory and Language 58, no. 3 (April 2008): 646–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2007.08.004.

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Zhao, Eric Yanfei, Greg Fisher, Michael Lounsbury, and Danny Miller. "Optimal distinctiveness: Broadening the interface between institutional theory and strategic management." Strategic Management Journal 38, no. 1 (November 15, 2016): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.2589.

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Guion Peoples, Deirdre T. "Nothing Compares to You: Prince and the Theory of Optimal Distinctiveness." Journal of African American Studies 21, no. 3 (September 2017): 443–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12111-017-9369-1.

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Boari, Cristina, Raffaele Corrado, and Charles Kirschbaum. "Uncertainty, Status, and Networks: A Relational Approach to Optimal Distinctiveness Theory." Academy of Management Proceedings 2021, no. 1 (August 2021): 13421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2021.13421abstract.

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Abrams, Dominic. "Social Identity on a National Scale: Optimal Distinctiveness and Young People's Self-Expression Through Musical Preference." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 12, no. 3 (April 17, 2009): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430209102841.

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Optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT) and self-categorization theory hold that association with moderately distinctive, rather than general or unique, social categories should be more central to self-conception. Study 1 analyzes objective and self-report behavioural indicators from a representative sample of 2,624 18—21 year olds. Consistent with ODT, respondents preferring styles of music with intermediate levels, rather than unique or general levels, of objective popularity reported investing more resources in, and stronger behavioural commitment to, their music identity. Study 2, using 49 students from the same age cohort, confirmed that perceived popularity was related to objective popularity independent of familiarity with each style. In line with ODT, the distinctiveness of young people's musical affiliations appears to contribute to their social identity.

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Randel, Amy, Christopher D. Zatzick, and Jone L. Pearce. "Optimal Distinctiveness Theory and Work Group Identification: The Role of Identity Strength." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 12272. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.12272abstract.

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Lim, Myung Sub, Choo Yeon Kim, and Jae Wook Yoo. "How Strategic Conformity Interacts with Innovation: An Empirical Study on Korean Manufacturing Firms from the Perspective of Optimal Distinctiveness." Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity 6, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040121.

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Whether to have a similar or different strategy than firms in same industry is the fundamental question for firms that want to build a competitive advantage. Recent literature, such as the new institutional theory and the perspective of optimal distinctiveness, has emphasized the configuration of competing forces that make firms simultaneously similar by conforming to industry norms and different by implementing innovation, leading to high performance. The primary rationale is that firms can exploit their high status of conformity as a stock of capital to differentiate themselves when required. Upon this rationale, we conducted research to test the hypotheses for optimal distinctiveness in the strategies of manufacturing firms in Korea. The results show that Korean firms have higher performance when they are mutually involved in higher conformity and innovation. It also suggests that firms in the industry with high volatility have difficulties in managing optimal distinctiveness of strategic conformity with innovation.

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Thomas, William E., Rupert Brown, Matthew J. Easterbrook, Vivian L. Vignoles, Claudia Manzi, Chiara D’Angelo, and Jeremy J. Holt. "Social Identification in Sports Teams." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2017): 508–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216689051.

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Based on motivated identity construction theory (MICT; Vignoles, 2011), we offer an integrative approach examining the combined roles of six identity motives (self-esteem, distinctiveness, belonging, meaning, continuity, and efficacy) instantiated at three different motivational levels (personal, social, and collective identity) as predictors of group identification. These identity processes were investigated among 369 members of 45 sports teams from England and Italy in a longitudinal study over 6 months with four time points. Multilevel change modeling and cross-lagged analyses showed that satisfaction of four personal identity motives (individuals’ personal feelings of self-esteem, distinctiveness, meaning, and efficacy derived from team membership), three social identity motives (individuals’ feelings that the team identity carries a sense of belonging, meaning, and continuity), and one collective identity motive (a shared belief in group distinctiveness) significantly predicted group identification. Motivational processes underlying group identification are complex, multilayered, and not reducible to personal needs.

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Sato, Koichi. "Recency Effects and Distinctiveness of Position/Order Information." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (August 1990): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.259.

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Temporal retrieval theory argues that both short-term and long-term recency effects reflect the distinctiveness of position/order information of recent items. The present study tested this proposal in both the standard immediate free-recall paradigm and the continuous-distractor paradigm. Serial-position curves of item information learned intentionally were compared to those of position/order information learned incidentally. In the immediate condition, similar recency effects were observed for item and position/order information; the correlation of item recency with position/order recency was significant. In the continuous-distractor condition, although significant recency effects were observed for item and position/order information, the correlation between them was low. These results suggest that the distinctiveness of position/order information contributes to short-term recency effects but not to long-term recency effects.

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Phoenix, Gregory M., Michael J. Kalsher, and Matthew V. Champagne. "Allocation of Responsibility for Injuries Sustained from the Use of Technologically-Mediated Consumer Products." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 400–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100188.

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Kelly's (1972) theory of causal attribution was used as a basis for assessing how participants allocated responsibility for injuries sustained in four fictitious product-use scenarios. Each scenario described an injury (mild or severe) that occurred during the use of a consumer product that was mediated by a computerized device. Different versions of each product-use scenario were created to account for manipulations of consensus, consistency, distinctiveness, and injury type. Results showed that participants' overall scores of attribution allocations were consistent with Kelly's attributional model and McArthur's (1972) findings. In situations of low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness, participants made internal causal attributions; and for situations of high consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness, participants made external attributions. The manipulation of accident severity (mild or severe) had no significant effect on attributional tendencies. The availability of a product-use warning was associated with a greater tendency to attribute responsibility for the injury to the consumer. Implications of these results are discussed and suggestions for further research are offered.

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Chiou, Wen-Bin. "Customers' Attributional Judgments towards Complaint Handling in Airline Service: A Confirmatory Study Based on Attribution Theory." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3_suppl (June 2007): 1141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.4.1141-1150.

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Besides flight safety, complaint handling plays a crucial role in airline service. Based upon Kelley's attribution theory, in the present study customers' attributions were examined under different conditions of complaint handling by the airlines. There were 531 passengers (216 women; ages 21 to 63 years, M = 41.5, SD = 11.1) with experiences of customer complaints who were recruited while awaiting boarding. Participants received one hypothetical scenario of three attributional conditions about complaint handling and then reported their attributional judgments. The findings indicated that the passengers were most likely to attribute the company's complaint handling to unconditional compliance when the airline company reacted to customer complaints under low distinctiveness, high consistency, and when consensus among the airlines was low. On the other hand, most passengers attributed the company's complaint handling to conditional compliance under the conditions in which distinctiveness, consistency, and consensus were all high. The results provide further insights into how different policies of complaint management affect customers' attributions. Future directions and managerial implications are also discussed.

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Ring, N. J. "Linking Regional and Global Spaces in Pursuit of Southern Distinctiveness." American Literature 78, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 712–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-78-4-712.

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Rast, David E., Michael A. Hogg, and Daan van Knippenberg. "Intergroup Leadership Across Distinct Subgroups and Identities." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 44, no. 7 (March 11, 2018): 1090–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167218757466.

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Resolving intergroup conflict is a significant and often arduous leadership challenge, yet existing theory and research rarely, if ever, discuss or examine this situation. Leaders confront a significant challenge when they provide leadership across deep divisions between distinct subgroups defined by self-contained identities—The challenge is to avoid provoking subgroup identity distinctiveness threat. Drawing on intergroup leadership theory, three studies were conducted to test the core hypothesis that, where identity threat exists, leaders promoting an intergroup relational identity will be better evaluated and are more effective than leaders promoting a collective identity; in the absence of threat, leaders promoting a collective identity will prevail. Studies 1 and 2 ( N = 170; N = 120) supported this general proposition. Study 3 ( N = 136) extended these findings, showing that leaders promoting an intergroup relational identity, but not a collective identity, improved intergroup attitudes when participants experienced an identity distinctiveness threat.

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Ball, Linden J., and Jeremy D. Quayle. "Phonological and visual distinctiveness effects in syllogistic reasoning: Implications for mental models theory." Memory & Cognition 37, no. 6 (September 2009): 759–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/mc.37.6.759.

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Andrijiw, Andre M., and Craig G. Hyatt. "Using Optimal Distinctiveness Theory to Understand Identification with a Nonlocal Professional Hockey Team." Journal of Sport Management 23, no. 2 (March 2009): 156–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.23.2.156.

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In an attempt to understand the lived experiences of those individuals who grew up within the fan region of one professional hockey team yet chose instead to identify with a nonlocal alternative, the authors interviewed 20 Ontario (Canada) based fans of distant National Hockey League teams. Utilizing Brewer’s (1991, 2003) theory of optimal distinctiveness to examine the stories of participants, it was found that these fans maintained their team allegiances over time because doing so allowed them to achieve feelings of both uniqueness and belongingness. Sport managers can help facilitate feelings of belongingness by utilizing various communication and marketing strategies to better recognize and include their distant fans. Such strategies should ultimately result in the strengthening of the fan-team bond.

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Liang, Yongyi, Haibo Wang, Ming Yan, and Jun Xie. "Add fuel to the fire: investigating the relationship between leader group prototypicality and intergroup conflict." International Journal of Conflict Management 32, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 537–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-11-2020-0187.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the relationship between leader group prototypicality and intergroup conflict, as well as its mechanisms and contextual factors using the social identity theory. Design/methodology/approach The research model was empirically tested using multi-phase, multi-source and multilevel survey data in China. The final sample consisted of 75 group leaders and 231 group members. Multilevel structural equation modelling and a Monte Carlo simulation were used for hypothesis testing. Findings The results showed that leader group prototypicality would engender intergroup conflict via intergroup distinctiveness. Further, leaders’ benchmarking behaviour moderated this indirect effect. In particular, leader group prototypicality resulted in higher intergroup distinctiveness and intergroup conflict, only when the leaders’ benchmarking behaviour was higher rather than lower. Originality/value First, this study addresses the question of whether leader group prototypicality would lead to intergroup conflict to provide theoretical and empirical insights to supplement extant literature. Second, the study advances the understanding of mechanisms (intergroup distinctiveness) and the consequences (intergroup conflict) of leader group prototypicality in an intergroup context. Third, the study shows that leaders’ benchmarking behaviour moderates the effect of leader group prototypicality on intergroup conflict through intergroup distinctiveness. As such, the findings are of value to future management practice by offering precise, practical interventions to manage the intergroup conflict caused by leader group prototypicality.

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Harrison, Jeffrey S., and Andrew C. Wicks. "Stakeholder Theory, Value, and Firm Performance." Business Ethics Quarterly 23, no. 1 (January 2013): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq20132314.

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ABSTRACT:This paper argues that the notion of value has been overly simplified and narrowed to focus on economic returns. Stakeholder theory provides an appropriate lens for considering a more complex perspective of the value that stakeholders seek as well as new ways to measure it. We develop a four-factor perspective for defining value that includes, but extends beyond, the economic value stakeholders seek. To highlight its distinctiveness, we compare this perspective to three other popular performance perspectives. Recommendations are made regarding performance measurement for both academic researchers and practitioners. The stakeholder perspective on value offered in this paper draws attention to those factors that are most closely associated with building more value for stakeholders, and in so doing, allows academics to better measure it and enhances managerial ability to create it.

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Wall, Steven. "THE PURE THEORY OF PUBLIC JUSTIFICATION." Social Philosophy and Policy 32, no. 2 (2016): 204–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052516000170.

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Abstract:The ideal of public justification holds, at a minimum, that the most fundamental political and legal institutions of a society must be publicly justified to each of its members. This essay proposes and defends a new account of this ideal. The account defended construes public justification as an ideal of rational justification, one that is grounded in the moral requirement to respect the rational agency of persons. The essay distinguishes two kinds of justifying reasons that bear on politics and shows how they inform the ideal of public justification. It also decouples public justification from contractualist political morality. The result is a novel account of public justification that departs markedly from how the ideal is commonly characterized, but shows how it retains its distinctiveness as an ideal of politics.

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Riemenschneider, Cynthia, and Deborah Armstrong. "The Development of the Perceived Distinctiveness Antecedent of Information Systems Professional Identity." MIS Quarterly 45, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 1149–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25300/misq/2021/14626.

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This study explored the professional identity of information systems (IS) workers and explicated the set of salient characteristics that comprise the perceived distinctiveness of the IS profession. We developed a more complete picture of IS workers’ perceived distinctiveness, including its composition and outcomes. The perceived distinctiveness of the IS profession, in turn, contributes to individuals’ professional identity. We employed a mixed methods design (qualitative and quantitative) to leverage the strengths of each method. In Study 1, we analyzed transcripts of focus group interviews, using a robust qualitative method—revealed causal mapping. Utilizing the midrange theory that emerged from Study 1, we further explicated and empirically tested it with a quantitative field survey in Study 2. The meta-inference from these relationships can be stated as follows: The occurrence of change within the profession, the facets of knowledge needed, and the continuous refinement and adaptation of the knowledge base within a mentally demanding work context are what make the IS profession distinctive from other professions. Specifically, our findings indicate that the extent of change; the need for continuous learning; the use of creativity and logic to solve problems; the breadth of knowledge, skills, and abilities required; and the level of technology and business integration, time pressure, and stress compose the perceived distinctiveness of the IS professional. Future research might use our findings to incorporate elements of the IS profession into IS-specific theories.

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Leszczensky, Lars, Andreas Flache, Tobias H. Stark, and Anke Munniksma. "The relation between ethnic classroom composition and adolescents’ ethnic pride." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 7 (March 9, 2017): 997–1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430217691363.

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This study investigated how students’ ethnic pride was related to variation in ethnic composition between classrooms as well as within the same classroom over time. Predictions derived from optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT) were tested among 13- to 14-year-old ethnic majority and minority students ( N = 1,123). Lending support to ODT, a curvilinear relation between the share of same-ethnicity classmates and students’ ethnic pride was found in a cross-sectional analysis, with ethnic pride peaking in classrooms with approximately 50% same-ethnicity classmates. In line with ODT, longitudinal analyses revealed ethnic pride decreased for students who moved away from a share of 50% same-ethnicity classmates. Contrary to ODT, however, ethnic pride also decreased for students who moved closer to this point of optimal distinctiveness.

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Sulistyawan, Aditya Yuli. "FEMINIST LEGAL THEORY DALAM TELAAH PARADIGMA: SUATU PEMETAAN FILSAFAT HUKUM." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 47, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.47.1.2018.56-62.

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Feminist Legal Theory (FLT) is a groundbreaking thought against the enactment of the law against women. As one of the schools of thought, the distinctiveness of FLT can not be freely explained. The explanation of this will only be done precisely by the 'umbrella philosophy' called the paradigm. Through the paradigm, FLT will be placed in one paradigm, according to its ontology, epistemology, and methodology. In summary, the purpose of this paper is to create a mapping of legal philosophy to FLT. Based on the discussion, FLT can eventually be mapped as one of the flows within the Critical Theory et. al. paradigm.

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Ji, Xiaowen. "C-E Interpreting of Political Neologisms in Light of Searle’s Network-background Theory." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1001.10.

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Searle believes that language meaning is determined by intentional states, and is hugely influenced by social rules and communicators’ mental capabilities, concluding his Network-Background Theory in his discussion of Intentionality. Contemporary Chinese political discourse has its own distinctiveness, and is especially featured by increasing political neologisms, posing difficulties for interpreters and for China’s international publicity. Interpreting of Chinese political neologisms, also for the purpose of conveying language meaning can gain guidance from Searle’s Network-Background Theory. This paper elaborates through exemplification on strategies for interpreting political neologisms in light of Searle’s theory.

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Legkauskas, Visvaldas. "TIKSLO SIEKIMO GRUPĖS PASIRINKIMUI TURINTYS ĮTAKOS VEIKSNIAI." Psichologija 26 (January 1, 2002): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2002..4400.

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Grupės bendradarbiavimas yra būtina bet kokios kolektyvinės veiklos produktyvumo sąlyga. Žmonės telkiasi į grupes siekdami bendrų tikslų, tačiau kartu su grupe jie gali patenkinti ir savo socialinius poreikius (dėmesio, pagarbos ir rūpinimosi). Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjama, kaip siekimas patenkinti socialinius poreikius veikia tikslo siekimo grupės pasirinkimą. Norėta eksperimentais įvertinti siekimo akivaizdžiai bei teigiamai išsiskirti ir būti naudingam santykinę svarbą žmogui renkantis tikslo siekimo grupę. Tyrime dalyvavo 36 studentai (20 merginų ir 16 vaikinų, amžiaus vidurkis 20 metų), kurie turėjo komandinių sporto šakų patirties. Tiriamiesiems buvo pateiktas situacijos, kurioje jie turėjo rinktis komandas priklausomai nuo jų akivaizdaus išskirtinumo, prestižo ir savo galimybės būti naudingam komandai, aprašymas. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad renkantis tikslo siekimo grupes buvo svarbūs visi trys veiksniai. Dalyvavusiems šiame tyrime svarbiausias veiksnys renkantis tikslo siekimo grupę buvo galimybė būti naudingam grupei, mažiau svarbus - grupės prestižas. Renkantis tikslo siekimo grupę narystės grupėje teikiama galimybė akivaizdžiai išsiskirti buvo mažiausiai svarbus veiksnys, tačiau jis irgi turėjo įtakos tiriamųjų pasirinkimui. FACTORS AFFECTING TASK GROUP SELECTIONVisvaldas Legkauskas SummarySocial Identity Theory and Optimal Distinctiveness Theory are two main theoretical models relevant for explanation of task group selection and identification with task groups. It is argued that while having some validity, both of those theories ignore importance of the need to be cared about manifested by striving to contribute, as a central motivational factor in identification with task groups. To test this proposition, a study was conducted in which the author assessed relative importance of optimal distinctiveness, self-esteem, and contribution motives for choice of task groups. Subjects were 35 university students (19 women and 16 men, mean age 20 years), who had had experience in team sports. Subjects were presented with a description of competitive team sports situation, in which they had to choose groups depending on their distinctiveness, prestige, and possibility to contribute to the group results. Results indicate, that all three factors had an independent motivating value. Of the three, possibility to contribute to the group results was the most important factor, followed by group prestige, which was in turn followed by group distinctiveness.

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Comello, Maria Leonora G. "Characterizing Drug Non-Users as Distinctive in Prevention Messages: Implications of Optimal Distinctiveness Theory." Health Communication 26, no. 4 (June 2011): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.550022.

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Levin, J. "The Uses of Variety: Modern Americanism and the Quest for National Distinctiveness." American Literature 75, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-75-1-218.

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Abd Hamid, Hamizah, Conor O’Kane, and André M. Everett. "Conforming to the host country versus being distinct to our home countries." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 25, no. 5 (August 13, 2019): 919–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-02-2018-0097.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how ethnic migrant entrepreneurs (EMEs) utilise identity work to build legitimacy in a host country. According to optimal distinctiveness theory (ODT), legitimacy is achieved by balancing conformance and distinctiveness. This paper draws on ODT in the context of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship to examine how EMEs both fit in (conformance) and maintain their uniqueness (distinctiveness) in cross-cultural settings.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a qualitative approach utilising semi-structured interviews to examine the identity work of EMEs from three distinct countries (Indonesia, Pakistan and South Korea (henceforth Korea)) in one host country (Malaysia).FindingsThe results show that EMEs’ identity work incorporates both the blurring and strengthening of host-home country boundaries. Building on this study’s results, the authors develop a model of identity work and three propositions regarding legitimacy building through identity in the context of ethnic migrant entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThrough the model and propositions, this research contributes to the identity, international entrepreneurship and ethnic migrant entrepreneurship discourse by identifying the mechanisms, focus and key features of identity work for entrepreneurs operating in cross-cultural settings. In so doing, this research also offers an alternative interpretation on the apparent divergent views around identity work in the fields of organisation (advocate isomorphism) and entrepreneurship (advocate uniqueness).

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Neugebauer, Sabina R., and Ken A. Fujimoto. "Distinct and Overlapping Dimensions of Reading Motivation in Commonly Used Measures in Schools." Assessment for Effective Intervention 46, no. 1 (December 26, 2018): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534508418819793.

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The current investigation addresses critiques about motivation terminology and instrumentation by examining together three commonly used reading motivation assessments in schools. This study explores the distinctiveness and redundancies of the constructs operationalized in these reading motivation assessments with 222 middle school students, using item response theory. Results support distinctions between constructs grounded in self-determination theory, social cognitive theory, and expectancy-value theory as well as conceptual overlap, among constructs associated with competence beliefs and social sources of motivation across different theoretical traditions. Educational benefits of multidimensional and unidimensional interpretations of reading motivation constructs covered in these instruments are discussed.

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Et. al., Abidova Rokhatoy,. "Semantic And Idiomatic Features Of Interpreting Phraseological Units From English Into Uzbek." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 4 (April 11, 2021): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i4.477.

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The issue focused on the linguistic distinctiveness of Phraseological units, their grouping, the difficulties in the interpretation of phraseological units, techniques of their interpretation from one language into another.

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David, Prabu. "Role of Imagery in Recall of Deviant News." Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73, no. 4 (December 1996): 804–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300404.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine why a deviant news story such as “Man bites dog” is more memorable than “Dog bites man.” Distinctiveness and imagery present two competing theoretical positions to explain the advantage that deviant news events have over nondeviant events. While the distinctiveness hypothesis is based on schema incongruence, the imagery hypothesis is based on Paivio's dual coding theory. Findings from two experiments support the imagery hypothesis, which suggests that imagery-evoking potential of deviant news is a better predictor of recall than schema incongruity. The advantage in recall for deviant news almost disappeared for high deviance/low imagery news events. Further, path analysis from both experiments indicates that there is no direct path between deviance and recall, but only an indirect path through imagery. In sum, this paper highlights the importance of imagery in news language and its potential impact on memory and learning.

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Hiel, Alain van, and Ivan Mervielde. "Social Identification Among Political Party Voters and Members: An Empirical Test of Optimal Distinctiveness Theory." Journal of Social Psychology 142, no. 2 (April 2002): 202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224540209603895.

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Laden, Anthony Simon. "Outline of a Theory of Reasonable Deliberation." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 30, no. 4 (December 2000): 551–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2000.10717543.

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Theories of rational choice focus on the question of how to choose what to do. They are, that is, concerned with the selection of one among a set of possible actions. Furthermore, they tell us how to make such a choice rationally. They accomplish this aspect of their task by telling us how to choose ‘in order to achieve our aims as well as possible.’Theories of reasonable deliberation, as I describe them in this paper, analyze a different domain of reasoning in the service of action. First, their subject matter is the deliberation that leads to action, rather than the final selection of the action itself. Second, they ask about the intrinsic character of a deliberative path, rather than its likely outcome. That is, they are theories of the reasonableness of deliberation, rather than its rationality. To see the distinctiveness of this theoretical domain, it helps to approach it by backing away from the domain of rational choice theories one step at a time.

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Fowler, Chris. "Relational Typologies, Assemblage Theory and Early Bronze Age Burials." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774316000615.

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This article argues that artefact types and typologies are kinds of assemblages, presenting an explicitly relational interpretation of typology grounded in a more-than-representational assemblage theory. In the process it evaluates recent approaches to typology, and the interpretations these typologies have supported, and compares these with approaches which emphasize materiality and experience. It then illustrates the benefit of drawing these two angles of analysis closer together within an approach grounded in a more-than-representational assemblage theory. Throughout, the discussion revolves around British Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age burials and types of artefacts commonly found within them. The core argument is that, if used appropriately, typologies are not constraints to the appreciation of distinctiveness, difference and relationality in the past, but can rather form an important tool in detecting those relations and making sense of different past ways of becoming.

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Moon, Jang Ho, and Yongjun Sung. "Individuality Within the Group: Testing the Optimal Distinctiveness Principle Through Brand Consumption." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 1 (February 7, 2015): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.1.15.

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In optimal distinctiveness theory, it is suggested that individuals pursue an optimally distinctive identity at the personal level when their collective identity no longer sustains the balance between need for assimilation and differentiation. We tested this assumption via 2 online experimental studies in the context of brand consumption. In Study 1, with 86 participants, we found that individuals with a high need for uniqueness were less likely to purchase brands used by the majority of members of an in-group when the group was homogeneous and the product was identity relevant because of their need for arousal of differentiation under these conditions. In Study 2, we temporarily primed need states of 93 participants and results supported the relationships we had observed in Study 1. By using brands as an identity-signaling mechanism, we found that the need for internal balance would be activated at the collective or personal level to ensure an individual's optimal distinctiveness.

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Hornsey, Matthew J., and Jolanda Jetten. "The Individual Within the Group: Balancing the Need to Belong With the Need to Be Different." Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, no. 3 (August 2004): 248–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_2.

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Many theorists have wrestled with the notion of how people balance their need to be included in social groups with their need to be different and distinctive. This question is particularly salient to researchers from the social identity perspective, who have traditionally viewed individual differentiation within groups as being inimical to group identification. In this article we present a number of strategies that people can use to balance their need to belong and their need to be different, without violating social identity principles. First, drawing from optimal distinctiveness theory, we discuss 4 ways in which the need for belonging and the need to be different can be resolved by maximizing group distinctiveness. We then discuss 4 ways in which it is possible to achieve individual differentiation within a group at the same time demonstrating group identification. These strategies are discussed and integrated with reference to recent empirical research and to the social identity perspective.

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Gutmann, Timothy. "Distinguishing Companions: Mixed-Confession Education, Assimilation, and Islamic Thought." Sociology of Islam 7, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-00704003.

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In this paper, I consider controversies over the question of mixed-confession education in late-19th century Beirut and contrast the assumptions behind them with those that governed educational and mixed spaces in the premodern Muslim world. The paper has two parts. In part one, I examine how Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905), a scholar who wanted to inspire Muslims to engage a changing world with generous confidence, theorized mixed education. By contrast, Yūsuf al-Nabhānī (1849–1932), believed modernity and cross-confessional schooling threatened the distinctiveness of this community. In part two, I present a formative work on educational theory Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī’s (1058–1111) formative educational theory and a text by Taqī al-Dīn ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328) on that tells Muslims how to preserve their distinctiveness from non-Muslims. Ghazālī’s text describes how Muslims are to cultivate themselves and fellowship among Muslims, and Ibn Taymiyya’s instructs them how to preserve themselves and their community in a world of others. The premodern texts clearly delineate different kinds of spaces that are put together in modern education, in which the question of difference provokes considerable anxiety and instability. Throughout I draw on the work of Saba Mahmood, who troubles modern understandings of inclusion and exclusion, subjects and their worlds, and ethics and politics.

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Gfellner, Barbara M. "Age Salience in Older Adults' Spontaneous Self-Concept." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 3 (December 1986): 1196–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.3.1196.

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Distinctiveness theory predictions were examined by the salience of age in older adults' spontaneous self-concept with variation in age composition of residential setting. The hypothesis that elderly respondents in ordinary housing would mention age more often than those in senior housing apartments or nursing homes was not supported. The findings suggest that developmental contingencies exert a differential influence on trait salience in self-concept less during later adulthood than in earlier years.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Distinctiveness theory'

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