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Journal articles on the topic 'Distinctiveness'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Bruyer, R., and P. Courvoisier. "Distinctiveness of Faces or Distinctiveness of Persons?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 3 (December 1990): 967–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.967.

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2

Aboh, Enoch O. "Creole distinctiveness." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 400–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.07abo.

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3

Evans, Sandra K. "Defining Distinctiveness." International Journal of Business Communication 52, no. 1 (December 14, 2014): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2329488414560280.

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4

Glenn, Charles L. "School Distinctiveness." Journal of Education 176, no. 2 (April 1994): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002205749417600209.

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5

Arend, Sylvie, and Celia Chandler. "Which Distinctiveness?" Women & Politics 16, no. 1 (March 14, 1996): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j014v16n01_01.

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6

Tritton, Guy. "Distinctiveness and acquired distinctiveness: the approach and territorial aspects." ERA Forum 13, no. 2 (June 19, 2012): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-012-0262-z.

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7

Dore, Ronald. "Distinctiveness of Japan." Journal of Economic Sociology 9, no. 1 (2008): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2008-1-65-78.

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8

van Leeuwen, Esther, and Fieke Harinck. "Increasing Intergroup Distinctiveness." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42, no. 10 (August 31, 2016): 1402–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167216662867.

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9

Bicego, Manuele, Enrico Grosso, Andrea Lagorio, Gavin Brelstaff, Linda Brodo, and Massimo Tistarelli. "Distinctiveness of faces." ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 5, no. 2 (May 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1279920.1279925.

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10

Miller, Norman, and William C. Pedersen. "Assessing Process Distinctiveness." Psychological Inquiry 10, no. 2 (April 1999): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pl100210.

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11

Kitchen, Philip J. "Diversity, Dimensionality, Distinctiveness." Journal of Marketing Communications 24, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2018.1409948.

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12

Xinzhe, Song. "A closer look at the elephant in the room: the distinctiveness of geographical indications." Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 11, no. 1 (February 18, 2021): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2021.01.02.

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The term ‘distinctiveness’ is used in trademark law to refer to the capacity of a trademark to distinguish the goods of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. The importance of this concept can be seen in Article 15 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement), which provides that any sign having distinctiveness shall be capable of constituting a trademark. Gradually, ‘distinctiveness’ has come to be used to describe the distinguishing capacity of other distinctive signs, including geographical indications (GIs). This article explores the distinctiveness of GIs. It begins with a discussion of the meaning of GI distinctiveness in the different GI protection contexts to reveal its particularity compared to the traditional concept of trademark distinctiveness. The second part of the discussion shows, however, that the concept of GI distinctiveness is not given sufficient importance in the protection of GIs, and is confused with the distinctiveness of collective or certification marks. This article therefore calls for an approach that recognizes the importance and the particularity of the distinctiveness of GIs in the design of GI protection mechanisms.

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13

Hayes, Andrew. "The Cultural-rootedness of Christian Distinctiveness: James K.A. Smith and Schleiermacher on Theologies of Culture." Ecclesiology 16, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455316-01601007.

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This article argues that all conceptions of Christian distinctiveness are culturally rooted in ways which necessarily determine conceptions of and approaches to formation and discipleship. No argument shall be made for a particular vision of Christian distinctiveness. Rather, the focus is on how distinctiveness itself is understood, constructed and determines accounts which seek to order Christian lives qua Christian. Recent presentations of Christian distinctiveness are summarized via engagement with James K.A. Smith. Schleiermacher’s understanding of Christian distinctiveness, rooted in nineteenth century cultural trends and assumptions, is employed as a juxtaposition demonstrating the culturally rootedness of both approaches to formation and discipleship presenting a clearer picture of the assumptions carried in many contemporary calls for Christian distinctiveness. The final section builds on Kathryn Tanner’s relational understanding of distinctiveness, arguing for an approach that determines Christian distinctiveness collaboratively in recognition of different and multi-layered cultural contexts.

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14

Caves, Eleanor M., Tanmay Dixit, John F. R. Colebrook-Robjent, Lazaro Hamusikili, Martin Stevens, Rose Thorogood, and Claire N. Spottiswoode. "Hosts elevate either within-clutch consistency or between-clutch distinctiveness of egg phenotypes in defence against brood parasites." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1953 (June 23, 2021): 20210326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0326.

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In host–parasite arms races, hosts can evolve signatures of identity to enhance the detection of parasite mimics. In theory, signatures are most effective when within-individual variation is low (‘consistency’), and between-individual variation is high (‘distinctiveness’). However, empirical support for positive covariation in signature consistency and distinctiveness across species is mixed. Here, we attempt to resolve this puzzle by partitioning distinctiveness according to how it is achieved: (i) greater variation within each trait, contributing to elevated ‘ absolute distinctiveness’ or (ii) combining phenotypic traits in unpredictable combinations (‘ combinatorial distinctiveness’). We tested how consistency covaries with each type of distinctiveness by measuring variation in egg colour and pattern in two African bird families (Cisticolidae and Ploceidae) that experience mimetic brood parasitism. Contrary to predictions, parasitized species, but not unparasitized species, exhibited a negative relationship between consistency and combinatorial distinctiveness. Moreover, regardless of parasitism status, consistency was negatively correlated with absolute distinctiveness across species. Together, these results suggest that (i) selection from parasites acts on how traits combine rather than absolute variation in traits, (ii) consistency and distinctiveness are alternative rather than complementary elements of signatures and (iii) mechanistic constraints may explain the negative relationship between consistency and absolute distinctiveness across species.

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15

Haans, Richard Franciscus Johannes. "How Optimal is Distinctiveness? Category Heterogeneity and the Distinctiveness-Performance Curve." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 11173. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.11173abstract.

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16

Guo, Hai, Yang Li, and Chao Wang. "The Effects of Behavioral Distinctiveness Versus Verbal Distinctiveness on Firm Performance." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 20033. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.20033abstract.

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17

Zhao, Eric Yanfei, and Mary Ann Glynn. "Optimal Distinctiveness: On Being the Same and Different." Organization Theory 3, no. 1 (January 2022): 263178772210793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26317877221079340.

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Optimal distinctiveness is a theory that emphasizes actors’ drive to be both “the same and different at the same time” (Brewer, 1991, p. 475). Originating as an approach to explain individuals’ self-construals, the theory has expanded over time to embrace the organizational level and beyond, becoming a major area of research where organization theorists and strategy scholars can converse. In this paper, we briefly review the historical and contemporaneous approaches to optimal distinctiveness and note an increasing trend of contextualizing optimal distinctiveness. While encouraging, this trend has fallen short of accounting for four important contingencies that significantly shape optimal distinctiveness and its underpinning mechanisms: organizational hybridity, societal culture, temporal contingencies, and benchmarks for gauging optimal distinctiveness. We discuss these four contingencies and propose corresponding conversation starters to guide future research. These conversation starters have the potential of further enhancing our understanding of optimal distinctiveness, broadening optimal distinctiveness scholarship into new domains, and helping inform and resolve challenges organizations face in pursuing optimal distinctiveness.

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18

Vignoles, Vivian L., Xenia Chryssochoou, and Glynis M. Breakwell. "The Distinctiveness Principle: Identity, Meaning, and the Bounds of Cultural Relativity." Personality and Social Psychology Review 4, no. 4 (November 2000): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0404_4.

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Extending theories of distinctiveness motivation in identity (Breakwell, 1987; Brewer, 1991; Snyder & Fromkin, 1980), we discuss the precise role of distinctiveness in identity processes and the cross-cultural generality of the distinctiveness principle. We argue that (a) within Western cultures, distinctiveness is necessaryfor the construction of meaning within identity, and (b) the distinctiveness principle is not incompatible with non-Western cultural systems. We propose a distinction among three sources of distinctiveness: position, difference, and separateness, with different implications for identity and behavior. These sources coexist within cultures, on both individual and group levels of selfrepresentation, but they may be emphasized differently according to culture and context.

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Durand, Rodolphe, and Richard F. J. Haans. "Optimally Distinct? Understanding the motivation and ability of organizations to pursue optimal distinctiveness (or not)." Organization Theory 3, no. 1 (January 2022): 263178772210793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/26317877221079341.

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The question of how distinctive organizations should strive to be, compared to peers, has seen a resurgence of attention. A central focus in this stream of work has been on identifying optimal distinctiveness—distinctiveness that yields superior performance relative to peers. The resulting recommendation has been that organizations should strive to pursue such optimal distinctiveness. In this paper, we argue that organizations are neither equally motivated nor equally able to pursue optimal distinctiveness and explore the implications of variation in such motivation and ability. We focus on two questions, centered on (1) better understanding the extent to which organizations pursue optimal distinctiveness, for which we offer possible arguments based on four combinations of motivation and ability, and (2) the conditions that shape organizations’ ability and motivation to optimize their distinctiveness. We then offer a number of methodological suggestions that would support further inquiries into these questions and close by delineating a renewed research agenda for optimal distinctiveness.

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20

Zheng, Yi. "Recognition of the Distinctiveness of Non-traditional Trademarks." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 66, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/66/20241233.

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Non-traditional trademarks have been developing rapidly since the 1990s, and have been accepted by many countries all over the world. But in the legislation and judicial practice, the recognition of the acquired distinctiveness of non-traditional trademarks is still rather confused. Through literature review and qualitative analysis, this paper analyzes the basic theory of the recognition of the distinctiveness of non-traditional trademarks from the definition of non-traditional trademarks, the standards for the recognition of the distinctiveness of trademarks, and the particularity of the recognition of the distinctiveness of non-traditional trademarks. This paper also summarizes the relevant provisions of the determination of non-traditional trademark distinctiveness, and puts forward suggestions for the improvement of the rules for the determination of non-traditional trademark distinctiveness, including increasing the forms of evidence recognized by the relevant public, attaching importance to the objective environmental evidence for the use of trademarks by relevant operators and Clarification of Limitations on Acquired Distinctiveness for Non-traditional Marks.

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21

Linn, Sabrina Nicolleta, Sabine Schmidt, and Marina Scheumann. "Individual distinctiveness across call types of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)." Journal of Mammalogy 102, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 440–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab007.

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Abstract Individual distinctiveness in the acoustic structure of vocalizations provides a basis for individual recognition in mammals and plays an important role in social behavior. Within a species, call types can differ in individual distinctiveness, which can be explained by three factors, namely differences in the social function, the distance of the caller to the receiver, and the acoustic structure of the call. We explored the variation in individual distinctiveness across three call types (Grunt, Hiss, Snort) of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) and investigated to what extent the abovementioned factors account for individual distinctiveness. Calls were recorded from 25 adult southern white rhinoceroses in six different zoos. We used three methods to compare the level of individual distinctiveness across call types, namely discriminant function analysis (DFA), potential for individual identity coding (PIC), and the information criterion (Hs). The three call types possessed an acoustic structure capable of showing individual variation to different extents. Individual distinctiveness was lowest for Snorts, intermediate for Hisses, and highest for Grunts. The level of individual distinctiveness of all three call types was lower than that previously reported for Pant calls of this species. Calls functioning to mediate intragroup social interactions had the highest individual distinctiveness. This highlights that a given communicative function and the need for individual discrimination during a social interaction have a major influence on the degree of individual distinctiveness.

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22

Waddill, Paula J., and Mark A. McDaniel. "Distinctiveness effects in recall:." Memory & Cognition 26, no. 1 (January 1998): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03211374.

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23

Baporikar, Neeta. "Distinctiveness of Techno-Entrepreneurship." International Journal of Strategic Information Technology and Applications 6, no. 1 (January 2015): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsita.2015010102.

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Techno-Entrepreneurship referred by many as ‘Technology Entrepreneurship' usually denotes a vehicle or means to facilitate prosperity in individuals, firms, regions, and nations. The study of techno-entrepreneurship therefore, serves an important function beyond satisfying intellectual curiosity. Techno-entrepreneurship lies at the heart of many important debates, including those around launching and growing firms, regional economic development, selecting the appropriate stakeholders to take ideas to markets, and educating managers, engineers, and scientists. Through in depth literature review, analysis of secondary data, and keen observation the purpose of this paper is to understand the genesis of techno-entrepreneurship, distinctiveness of techno-entrepreneurship, provide a holistic definition and attempt to identify aspects relative to economics, entrepreneurship, and management.

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24

Marks, Allison R., and Robert G. Crowder. "Temporal distinctiveness and modality." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 23, no. 1 (1997): 164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.23.1.164.

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25

POLLACK, J. D. "Metabolic distinctiveness of ureaplasmas." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S305–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00023.

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26

Brunning, Luke. "The Distinctiveness of Polyamory." Journal of Applied Philosophy 35, no. 3 (August 5, 2016): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/japp.12240.

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27

Bocchiola, Michele. "The Distinctiveness of Whistleblowing." Journal of Value Inquiry 54, no. 4 (February 4, 2020): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10790-020-09733-6.

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28

Koeniger, A. Cash. "Climate and Southern Distinctiveness." Journal of Southern History 54, no. 1 (February 1988): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2208519.

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29

Mochkabadi, Kazem, Simon Kleinert, Diemo Urbig, and Christine Volkmann. "From distinctiveness to optimal distinctiveness: External endorsements, innovativeness and new venture funding." Journal of Business Venturing 39, no. 1 (January 2024): 106340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2023.106340.

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30

Falomir-Pichastor, Juan Manuel, Gabriel Mugny, and Jacques Berent. "The side effect of egalitarian norms: Reactive group distinctiveness, biological essentialism, and sexual prejudice." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 20, no. 4 (November 8, 2015): 540–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430215613843.

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In the context of sexual prejudice, in which group distinctiveness motivation is particularly strong for men, three studies tested the hypothesis that egalitarian norms can intensify reactive distinctiveness motives, and then paradoxically increase intergroup differentiation and prejudice. Depending on the studies, the egalitarian norm was experimentally manipulated or induced and kept constant. Group distinctiveness was manipulated through scientific support for the theory that a person’s sexual orientation is determined by biological factors in terms of the extant biological differences (high distinctiveness) versus biological similarities (low distinctiveness) between heterosexual and gay people. Egalitarian norms increased men’s (but not women’s) intergroup differentiation (Study 1) and prejudice (Study 2) when group distinctiveness was low (as compared to high). This pattern was specific to men with high gender self-esteem, and appeared when the biological theory was framed in terms of intergroup differences rather than the uncontrollability of sexual orientation (Study 3).

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31

Ensor, Tyler M., Tyler D. Bancroft, and William E. Hockley. "Listening to the Picture-Superiority Effect." Experimental Psychology 66, no. 2 (March 2019): 134–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000437.

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Abstract. The picture-superiority effect (PSE) refers to the finding that, all else being equal, pictures are remembered better than words ( Paivio & Csapo, 1973 ). Dual-coding theory (DCT; Paivio, 1991 ) is often used to explain the PSE. According to DCT, pictures are more likely to be encoded imaginally and verbally than words. In contrast, distinctiveness accounts attribute the PSE to pictures’ greater distinctiveness compared to words. Some distinctiveness accounts emphasize physical distinctiveness ( Mintzer & Snodgrass, 1999 ) while others emphasize conceptual distinctiveness ( Hamilton & Geraci, 2006 ). We attempt to distinguish among these accounts by testing for an auditory analog of picture superiority. Although this phenomenon, termed the auditory PSE, occurs in free recall ( Crutcher & Beer, 2011 ), we were unable to extend it to recognition across four experiments. We propose a new framework for understanding the PSE, wherein dual coding underpins the free-recall PSE, but conceptual distinctiveness underpins the recognition PSE.

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32

Kirchhoff, Brenda A., Melissa L. Schapiro, and Randy L. Buckner. "Orthographic Distinctiveness and Semantic Elaboration Provide Separate Contributions to Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 12 (December 2005): 1841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892905775008670.

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Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration both enhance memory. The present behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies examined the relationship between the influences of orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration on memory, and explored whether they make independent contributions. As is typical for manipulations of processing levels, words studied during semantic encoding were better remembered than words studied during nonsemantic encoding. Notably, orthographically distinct words were better recalled and received more remember responses on recognition memory tests than orthographically common words regardless of encoding task, suggesting that orthographic distinctiveness has an additive effect to that of semantic elaboration on memory. In the fMRI study, ortho-graphic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration engaged separate networks of brain regions. Semantic elaboration modulated activity in left inferior prefrontal and lateral temporal regions. In contrast, orthographic distinctiveness modulated activity in distinct bilateral inferior prefrontal, extrastriate, and parietal regions. Orthographic distinctiveness and semantic elaboration appear to have separate behavioral and functional-anatomic contributions to memory.

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33

Gretz, Matthew R., and Mark J. Huff. "Multiple species of distinctiveness in memory? Comparing encoding versus statistical distinctiveness on recognition." Memory 28, no. 8 (September 7, 2020): 984–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2020.1803916.

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34

Zeng, Wei, Hua Wei, and Meiting Liu. "Need for Distinctiveness Leads to Pathological Internet Use? The Perspective of Cognitive Behavioral Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021609.

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Based on the cognitive behavioral model of pathological Internet use and the gender role theory, this present study investigated the association between the need for distinctiveness and pathological Internet use. Additionally, we explored a mediating role of maladaptive cognition in the association between the need for distinctiveness and pathological Internet use and tested whether the mediation model was moderated by gender. A sample of 745 Chinese university students (Mage = 19.92, SDage = 1.42) was studied and participants completed anonymous questionnaires regarding the need for distinctiveness, maladaptive cognition, and pathological Internet use. Results revealed that the need for distinctiveness was positively associated with pathological Internet use, and the association between the need for distinctiveness and pathological Internet use was mediated by maladaptive cognition. In addition, gender moderated the association between maladaptive cognition and pathological Internet use; the effect was stronger for female participants than male participants. The findings expanded our understanding of the dark side of seeking distinctiveness. Practically, the results suggest that policymakers and psychological practitioners consider gender in preventing and intervening in pathological Internet use.

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35

Kelley, Matthew C., and Benjamin V. Tucker. "Using acoustic distance and acoustic absement to quantify lexical competition." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 2 (February 2022): 1367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009584.

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Using phonological neighborhood density has been a common method to quantify lexical competition. It is useful and convenient but has shortcomings that are worth reconsidering. The present study quantifies the effects of lexical competition during spoken word recognition using acoustic distance and acoustic absement rather than phonological neighborhood density. The indication of a word's lexical competition is given by what is termed to be its acoustic distinctiveness, which is taken as its average acoustic absement to all words in the lexicon. A variety of acoustic representations for items in the lexicon are analyzed. Statistical modeling shows that acoustic distinctiveness has a similar effect trend as that of phonological neighborhood density. Additionally, acoustic distinctiveness consistently increases model fitness more than phonological neighborhood density regardless of which kind of acoustic representation is used. However, acoustic distinctiveness does not seem to explain all of the same things as phonological neighborhood density. The different areas that these two predictors explain are discussed in addition to the potential theoretical implications of the usefulness of acoustic distinctiveness in the models. The present paper concludes with some reasons why a researcher may want to use acoustic distinctiveness over phonological neighborhood density in future experiments.

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36

Hall, S. J. G. "Conserving animal genetic resources: making priority lists of British and Irish livestock breeds." BSAP Occasional Publication 30 (2004): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042105.

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AbstractPrioritisation of livestock breeds for conservation is agreed to depend upon the genetic distinctiveness of breeds, on census data and degree of endangerment, and on other factors relating to the present, future, or past function of the breeds in the livestock industry. How these factors can be combined to yield a prioritised list needs to be considered. An objective framework for prioritisation can be deduced if breeds are compared with each other by plotting genetic distinctiveness against distinctiveness of function. In this paper, the native British and Irish cattle breeds (n = 31 commercial, minority and rare breeds) have been prioritised in this way. Those with highest conservation priority are Chillingham, Gloucester, Guernsey, Jersey, Shetland and Irish Moiled. The 25 native British sheep breeds that are not on the Rare Breeds Survival Trust (RBST) Watchlist were also considered. The structure of the British sheep industry means that functional distinctiveness of breeds is not easily deduced. The only fully comparable characterisation data relate to wool fibre fineness class, so genetic distinctiveness was plotted against distinctiveness of this attribute. The non-rare breeds with highest conservation priority by this measure were Herdwick, Hampshire Down and Clun Forest.

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37

Schmidt, Stephen R. "Evaluating the Role of Distinctiveness in the Generation Effect." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 44, no. 2 (February 1992): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724989243000028.

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According to the distinctiveness interpretation, generating words from word fragments leads to more distinctive memory traces than reading intact words. As a test of this hypothesis, the generation effect was experimentally compared to three phenomena previously attributed to distinctiveness. Experiments 1 and 2 proved that the generation effect was unlike conceptual and encoding task distinctiveness. In Experiment 3 the generation effect and the effects of orthographic distinctiveness were compared. These two manipulations had similar effects on memory, but the effects were additive—challenging the hypothesis that the generation effect is a result of the unusual appearance of to-be-generated items. Thus, the generation effect is inconsistent with current theories of distinctiveness. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that generated items receive more encoding resources than read items, and that increased attention to generated items may be at the expense of attention to intact items in the list.

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38

Reysen, Stephen, Jamie S. Snider, and Nyla R. Branscombe. "Corporate Renaming of Stadiums, Team Identification, and Threat to Distinctiveness." Journal of Sport Management 26, no. 4 (July 2012): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.4.350.

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We examined the effect of corporate renaming of a stadium on fans’ felt anger and perceived harm to the team’s distinctiveness by asking participants to imagine that their historic local sport venue was renamed (or not) after a large corporation or a wealthy individual. Participants reported more perceived harm to the team’s distinctiveness when a corporation (vs. individual) donated money to the team. Furthermore, participants who thought that the venue name had been changed (compared with no name change) expressed more anger and perceived the name change to be a threat to the team’s distinctiveness. A mediated moderation analysis showed that, compared with when the stadium name remained the same, highly identified fans believed the name change would harm the distinctiveness of the team, which resulted in greater felt anger. In line with social identity theory, the results show that anger is an emotional outcome of recently experienced distinctiveness threat.

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39

Pickford, M., B. Senut, D. Gommery, and E. Musiime. "Distinctiveness of Ugandapithecus from Proconsul." Estudios Geológicos 65, no. 2 (December 17, 2009): 183–241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/egeol.39926.071.

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40

Deshpandé, Rohit, and Douglas M. Stayman. "A Tale of Two Cities: Distinctiveness Theory and Advertising Effectiveness." Journal of Marketing Research 31, no. 1 (February 1994): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224379403100105.

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The authors conducted an empirical study to test McGuire's (1984) distinctiveness theory within an advertising context. First, following the distinctiveness theory postulate, they found that members of minority groups were more likely than majority groups to have their ethnicity salient. Furthermore, in applying distinctiveness theory to persuasion, they found that members of minority (versus majority) groups find an ad spokesperson from their own ethnic group to be more trustworthy and that increased trustworthiness led to more positive attitudes toward the brand being advertised. The authors draw implications for both advertising to ethnic/minority groups as well as for further research applications of distinctiveness theory.

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41

Weigl, Michael, Hong Hanh Pham, Axel Mecklinger, and Timm Rosburg. "The effect of shared distinctiveness on source memory: An event-related potential study." Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (August 24, 2020): 1027–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13415-020-00817-1.

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Abstract An illusory correlation (IC) is the erroneous perception that two actually uncorrelated categories are correlated. The Shared Distinctiveness Approach (SDA) explains ICs with heightened accessibility of distinctive category combinations in episodic memory. However, empirical evidence for this approach is heterogeneous. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study, we exploited the fact that more distinctive items elicit larger P300 responses than less distinctive items, which potentially predict subsequent memory performance differences for such items. Distinctiveness at encoding was created by presenting words that differed from frequently presented, positive words in valence, font color, or both. We hypothesized that shared distinctiveness (deviation in both color and valence) would lead to an enhanced P300 subsequent memory effect (SME), better source memory performance, and an overestimation of the frequency of shared distinctive items. Behavioral results indicated the presence of shared distinctiveness effects on source memory and frequency estimation. Unexpectedly, memory also was enhanced for positive items in the frequent color. This pattern also was reflected in the P300 for highly positive and negative items. However, shared distinctiveness did not modulate the P300 SME, indicating that the processing of distinctive features might only indirectly contribute to better encoding. This study shows that shared distinctiveness indeed is associated with better source memory and ICs. Because effects were observed for the most frequent and the least frequent category combination, our results imply that the processing of distinctiveness might involve attention allocation to diametrical category combinations, thereby accentuating the differences between the categories.

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Oeberst, Aileen, and Susanne Haberstroh. "Do We Relatively or Absolutely Overestimate Rare Events?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 73, no. 4 (January 2014): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000138.

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How good are we at estimating the frequency of rare events? Previous evidence has been mixed: While some studies report well-calibrated frequency judgments, others found rare events to be overestimated. We examined whether the distinctiveness of a rare event fosters overestimation. Distinctiveness may result from exceptional valence, statistical infrequency, or the joint occurrence of two distinct features. Such paired distinctiveness has been found to be particularly salient. We conducted two experiments to investigate the impact of paired distinctiveness and valence on frequency estimations of rare events by combining two paradigms from the decision-making literature and the social psychology literature on stereotypes. The results indicate that rarity alone does not necessarily result in overestimation; rather, the combination of statistical infrequency and small sample sizes (i.e., paired distinctiveness) led participants to overestimate the frequency of a rare event. We were able to rule out alternative explanations such as regression to the mean, but the exact role of outcome valence needs further investigation.

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Bruce, Vicki, Mike A. Burton, and Neal Dench. "What's Distinctive about a Distinctive Face?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 47, no. 1 (February 1994): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749408401146.

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In this study we examine the relationship between objective aspects of facial appearance and facial “distinctiveness”. Specifically, we examine whether the extent to which a face deviates from “average” correlates with rated distinctiveness and measures of memorability. We find that, provided the faces are rated with hair concealed, reasonable correlations can be achieved between their physical deviation and their rated distinctiveness. More modest correlations are obtained between physical deviation and the extent to which faces are remembered, either correctly or falsely, after previous study. Furthermore, memory ratings obtained to “target” faces when they have been previously seen (i.e. “hits”) do not show the expected negative correlation with the scores obtained to the same faces when acting as distractors (i.e. “false positives”), though each correlates with rated distinctiveness. This confirms the theory of Vokey and Read (1992) that the typicality/distinctiveness dimension can be broken down into two orthogonal components: “memorability” and “context-free familiarity”.

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Balakshina, Y. V. "Averintsev’s Hermeneutics: Origins, Principles, Distinctiveness." Quarterly Journal of St. Philaret's Institute, no. 32 (2019): 110–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.25803/sfi.2019.32.53367.

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Camacho-Ordóñez, Rafael. "Quality television: distinctiveness and audience." Comunicar 13, no. 25 (October 1, 2005): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/c25-2005-004.

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In the endless debate about quality television, we should first deal with the definition of quality, with its investigation and evaluation and with the exigible conditions to achieve it. From this point, we think that the key lies in the idea of audiences as a whole of citizens, not just as mere consumers or users. This simple affirmation gives place to very important consequences for the triple classical function of PSBs (Public Service Broadcasters), which is to inform, educate and entertain. Quality is assured always that PSB does its duty as a public service, to which it has been encomended. Thus, it must provide diversity and reach a broad audience, with a guarantee of respect to the principles subject to law. Additionally, society needs to be taught to watch television and to understand this media. En el inagotable debate sobre la televisión de calidad, se trataría primero de precisar qué es la calidad, cómo se debe investigar y evaluar, y qué condiciones son exigibles para asegurarla. A partir de ahí, creemos que la clave reside en la consideración del público como conjunto de ciudadanos, no como consumidores o usuarios. De esta simple declaración derivan consecuencias muy importantes para la triple función clásica de la televisión pública: informar, formar y entretener. El mejor exponente de la calidad es el cumplimiento de la misión de servicio público que tiene encomendada la televisión pública. Y para ello debe asegurar la diversidad y llegar a amplias audiencias, garantizando el respeto a los principios fijados por la ley. Es fundamental educar, enseñar a ver la televisión y a entender el medio.

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O’Neill, William. "The Distinctiveness of Christian Morality." Philosophy and Theology 7, no. 4 (1993): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtheol1993747.

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Gow, David W., and Peter C. Gordon. "The distinctiveness of word onsets." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 93, no. 4 (April 1993): 2371–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.406141.

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Singh, Supriya. "The Cultural Distinctiveness of Money." Sociological Bulletin 45, no. 1 (March 1996): 55–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022919960104.

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Cubitt, S. "The distinctiveness of digital criticism." Screen 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/screen/41.1.86.

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Hauerwas, Stanley, and J. Alexander Sider. "The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics." International Journal of Systematic Theology 5, no. 2 (June 11, 2003): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1463-1652.00105.

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