Journal articles: 'Distributed high temperature sensing'

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Kuncha, Syam Prasad, Balaji Chakravarthy, Harishankar Ramachandran, and Balaji Srinivasan. "Distributed High Temperature Sensing Using Fiber Bragg Gratings." International Journal of Optomechatronics 2, no. 1 (April 11, 2008): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15599610801985483.

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Liu, Bo, Zhihao Yu, Cary Hill, Yujie Cheng, Daniel Homa, Gary Pickrell, and Anbo Wang. "Sapphire-fiber-based distributed high-temperature sensing system." Optics Letters 41, no. 18 (September 15, 2016): 4405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.004405.

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Buck, C. R., and S. E. Null. "Modeling insights from distributed temperature sensing data." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 9999–10034. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9999-2013.

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Abstract. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) technology can collect abundant high resolution river temperature data over space and time to improve development and performance of modeled river temperatures. These data can also identify and quantify thermal variability of micro-habitat that temperature modeling and standard temperature sampling do not capture. This allows researchers and practitioners to bracket uncertainty of daily maximum and minimum temperature that occurs in pools, side channels, or as a result of cool or warm inflows. This is demonstrated in a reach of the Shasta River in Northern California that receives irrigation runoff and inflow from small groundwater seeps. This approach highlights the influence of air temperature on stream temperatures, and indicates that physically-based numerical models may under-represent this important stream temperature driver. This work suggests DTS datasets improve efforts to simulate stream temperatures and demonstrates the utility of DTS to improve model performance and enhance detailed evaluation of hydrologic processes.

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de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 7, no. 6 (June 23, 2014): 6287–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-6287-2014.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. The results for a pair of black cables and a pair of white cables were very good. The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.99). A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature. The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables but the results are especially interesting for vertical atmospheric profiling.

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Dong, Yongkang. "High-Performance Distributed Brillouin Optical Fiber Sensing." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0616-7.

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AbstractThis paper reviews the recent advances on the high-performance distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, which include the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing based on backward stimulated Brillouin scattering and two other novel distributed sensing mechanisms based on Brillouin dynamic grating and forward stimulated Brillouin scattering, respectively. As for the conventional distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensing, the spatial resolution has been improved from meter to centimeter in the time-domain scheme and to millimeter in the correlation-domain scheme, respectively; the measurement time has been reduced from minute to millisecond and even to microsecond; the sensing range has reached more than 100 km. Brillouin dynamic grating can be used to measure the birefringence of a polarization-maintaining fiber, which has been explored to realize distributed measurement of temperature, strain, salinity, static pressure, and transverse pressure. More recently, forward stimulated Brillouin scattering has gained considerable interest because of its capacity to detect mechanical features of materials surrounding the optical fiber, and remarkable works using ingenious schemes have managed to realize distributed measurement, which opens a brand-new way to achieve position-resolved substance identification.

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Zhang, Zhongshu, Hao Wu, Can Zhao, and Ming Tang. "High-Performance Raman Distributed Temperature Sensing Powered by Deep Learning." Journal of Lightwave Technology 39, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2020.3032150.

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Höbel, M., J. Ricka, M. Wüthrich, and Th Binkert. "High-resolution distributed temperature sensing with the multiphoton-timing technique." Applied Optics 34, no. 16 (June 1, 1995): 2955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.002955.

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Chen, Tong, Qingqing Wang, Rongzhang Chen, Botao Zhang, Charles Jewart, Kevin P. Chen, Mokhtar Maklad, and Phillip R. Swinehart. "Distributed high-temperature pressure sensing using air-hole microstructural fibers." Optics Letters 37, no. 6 (March 12, 2012): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.37.001064.

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de Jong, S. A. P., J. D. Slingerland, and N. C. van de Giesen. "Fiber optic distributed temperature sensing for the determination of air temperature." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 335–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-335-2015.

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Abstract. This paper describes a method to correct for the effect of solar radiation in atmospheric distributed temperature sensing (DTS) applications. By using two cables with different diameters, one can determine what temperature a zero diameter cable would have. Such a virtual cable would not be affected by solar heating and would take on the temperature of the surrounding air. With two unshielded cable pairs, one black pair and one white pair, good results were obtained given the general consensus that shielding is needed to avoid radiation errors (WMO, 2010). The correlations between standard air temperature measurements and air temperatures derived from both cables of colors had a high correlation coefficient (r2=0.99) and a RMSE of 0.38 °C, compared to a RMSE of 2.40 °C for a 3.0 mm uncorrected black cable. A thin white cable measured temperatures that were close to air temperature measured with a nearby shielded thermometer (RMSE of 0.61 °C). The temperatures were measured along horizontal cables with an eye to temperature measurements in urban areas, but the same method can be applied to any atmospheric DTS measurements, and for profile measurements along towers or with balloons and quadcopters.

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Jderu, Alin, Marius Enachescu, and Dominik Ziegler. "Mass Flow Monitoring by Distributed Fiber Optical Temperature Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 4151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194151.

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We developed a novel method to monitor mass flow based on distributed fiber optical temperature sensing. Examination of the temporal and spatial temperature distribution along the entire length of a locally heated fluidic conduit reveals heat flow under forced convection. Our experimental results are in good agreement with two-dimensional finite element analysis that couples fluid dynamic and heat transfer equations. Through analysis of the temperature distribution bidirectional flow rates can be measured over three orders of magnitude. The technique is not flow intrusive, works in harsh conditions, including high-temperatures, high pressures, corrosive media, and strong electromagnetic environments. We demonstrate a first experimental implementation on a short fluidic system with a length of one meter. This range covers many applications such as low volume drug delivery, diagnostics, as well as process and automation technology. Yet, the technique can, without restrictions, be applied to long range installations. Existing fiber optics infrastructures, for instance on oil pipelines or down hole installations, would only require the addition of a heat source to enable reliable flow monitoring capability.

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Westhoff, M. C., H. H. G. Savenije, W. M. J. Luxemburg, G. S. Stelling, N. C. van de Giesen, J. S. Selker, L. Pfister, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 1469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1469-2007.

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Abstract. Distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for an energy based temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) system with a fiber optic cable of 1500 m was used to measure stream water temperature with 1 m resolution each 2 min. Four groundwater inflows were identified and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). The temperature model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature is compared with the observed temperature at all points along the stream. Knowledge of the lateral inflow appears to be crucial to simulate the temperature distribution and conversely, that stream temperature can be used successfully to identify sources of lateral inflow. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge.

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Westhoff, M. C., H. H. G. Savenije, W. M. J. Luxemburg, G. S. Stelling, N. C. van de Giesen, J. S. Selker, L. Pfister, and S. Uhlenbrook. "A distributed stream temperature model using high resolution temperature observations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2007): 125–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-4-125-2007.

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Abstract. Highly distributed temperature data are used as input and as calibration data for a temperature model of a first order stream in Luxembourg. A DTS (Distributed Temperature Sensing) fiber optic cable with a length of 1500 m is used to measure stream water temperature with a spatial resolution of 0.5 m and a temporal resolution of 2 min. With the observations four groundwater inflows are found and quantified (both temperature and relative discharge). They are used as input for the distributed temperature model presented here. The model calculates the total energy balance including solar radiation (with shading effects), longwave radiation, latent heat, sensible heat and river bed conduction. The simulated temperature along the whole stream is compared with the measured temperature at all points along the stream. It shows that proper knowledge of the lateral inflow is crucial to simulate the temperature distribution along the stream, and, the other way around stream temperature can be used successfully to identify runoff components. The DTS fiber optic is an excellent tool to provide this knowledge.

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Bulot, Patrick, Rémy Bernard, Monika Cieslikiewicz-Bouet, Guillaume Laffont, and Marc Douay. "Performance Study of a Zirconia-Doped Fiber for Distributed Temperature Sensing by OFDR at 800 °C." Sensors 21, no. 11 (May 30, 2021): 3788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113788.

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Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) is used to make temperature distributed sensing measurements along a fiber by exploiting Rayleigh backscattering. This technique presents high spatial and high temperature resolutions on temperature ranges of several hundred of degrees Celsius. With standard telecommunications fibers, measurement errors coming from the correlation between a high temperature Rayleigh trace and the one taken as a reference at room temperature could be present at extremely high temperatures. These correlation errors, due to low backscattering signal amplitude and unstable backscattering signal, induce temperature measurement errors. Thus, for high temperature measurement ranges and at extremely high temperatures (e.g., at 800 °C), a known solution is to use fibers with femtosecond laser inscribed nanograting. These fs-laser-insolated fibers have a high amplitude and thermally stable scattering signal, and they exhibit lower correlation errors. In this article, temperature sensing at 800 °C is reported by using an annealed zirconia-doped optical fiber with an initial 40.5-dB enhanced scattering signal. The zirconia-doped fiber presents initially OFDR losses of 2.8 dB/m and low OFDR signal drift at 800 °C. The ZrO2-doped fiber is an alternative to nanograting-inscribed fiber to make OFDR distributed fiber sensing on several meters with gauge lengths of 1 cm at high temperatures.

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Pelegrin, Jessé de, João Paulo Bazzo, Uilian José Dreyer, Cicero Martelli, Daniel Rodrigues Pipa, Erlon Vagner da Silva, and Jean Carlos Cardozo da Silva. "Raman distributed temperature sensing for end winding of high-power generator." IET Optoelectronics 14, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2020.0037.

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15

Shen, Jiahui, Ting Li, Hong Zhu, Caiqian Yang, and Kai Zhang. "Sensing Properties of Fused Silica Single-Mode Optical Fibers Based on PPP-BOTDA in High-Temperature Fields." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 18, 2019): 5021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19225021.

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The strain of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars at high temperatures is currently difficult to measure. To overcome this difficulty, a method of smart FRP bars embedded with optical fibers was proposed and studied, in which an ordinary single-mode optical fiber was applied as a distributed sensor. In this paper, both the distributed temperature and strain-sensing characteristics of optical fiber were studied based on pulse pre-pump Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA) under high temperature. The temperature and strain coefficients were investigated under a thermomechanical coupling environment with consideration of large strain levels. The experimental results show that the temperature and strain coefficients decreased as the temperature increased, because the properties of silica and coating materials changed with temperature. Then, the formulas for determining the temperature and strain coefficients at high temperatures were introduced and discussed. The excellent sensing performance of the optical fiber indicated that smart FRP bars have the potential for use at high temperatures.

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Suárez, F., J. E. Aravena, M. B. Hausner, A. E. Childress, and S. W. Tyler. "Assessment of a vertical high-resolution distributed-temperature-sensing system in a shallow thermohaline environment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 3 (March 30, 2011): 1081–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-15-1081-2011.

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Abstract. In shallow thermohaline-driven lakes it is important to measure temperature on fine spatial and temporal scales to detect stratification or different hydrodynamic regimes. Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is an approach available to provide high spatial and temporal temperature resolution. A vertical high-resolution DTS system was constructed to overcome the problems of typical methods used in the past, i.e., without disturbing the water column, and with resistance to corrosive environments. This paper describes a method to quantitatively assess accuracy, precision and other limitations of DTS systems to fully utilize the capacity of this technology, with a focus on vertical high-resolution to measure temperatures in shallow thermohaline environments. It also presents a new method to manually calibrate temperatures along the optical fiber achieving significant improved resolution. The vertical high-resolution DTS system is used to monitor the thermal behavior of a salt-gradient solar pond, which is an engineered shallow thermohaline system that allows collection and storage of solar energy for a long period of time. The vertical high-resolution DTS system monitors the temperature profile each 1.1 cm vertically and in time averages as small as 10 s. Temperature resolution as low as 0.035 °C is obtained when the data are collected at 5-min intervals.

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Dzara, Jessica R., Bethany T. Neilson, and Sarah E. Null. "Quantifying thermal refugia connectivity by combining temperature modeling, distributed temperature sensing, and thermal infrared imaging." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 7 (July 12, 2019): 2965–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-2965-2019.

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Abstract. Watershed-scale stream temperature models are often one-dimensional because they require fewer data and are more computationally efficient than two- or three-dimensional models. However, one-dimensional models assume completely mixed reaches and ignore small-scale spatial temperature variability, which may create temperature barriers or refugia for cold-water aquatic species. Fine spatial- and temporal-resolution stream temperature monitoring provides information to identify river features with increased thermal variability. We used distributed temperature sensing (DTS) to observe small-scale stream temperature variability, measured as a temperature range through space and time, within two 400 m reaches in summer 2015 in Nevada's East Walker and main stem Walker rivers. Thermal infrared (TIR) aerial imagery collected in summer 2012 quantified the spatial temperature variability throughout the Walker Basin. We coupled both types of high-resolution measured data with simulated stream temperatures to corroborate model results and estimate the spatial distribution of thermal refugia for Lahontan cutthroat trout and other cold-water species. Temperature model estimates were within the DTS-measured temperature ranges 21 % and 70 % of the time for the East Walker River and main stem Walker River, respectively, and within TIR-measured temperatures 17 %, 5 %, and 5 % of the time for the East Walker, West Walker, and main stem Walker rivers, respectively. DTS, TIR, and modeled stream temperatures in the main stem Walker River nearly always exceeded the 21 ∘C optimal temperature threshold for adult trout, usually exceeded the 24 ∘C stress threshold, and could exceed the 28 ∘C lethal threshold for Lahontan cutthroat trout. Measured stream temperature ranges bracketed ambient river temperatures by −10.1 to +2.3 ∘C in agricultural return flows, −1.2 to +4 ∘C at diversions, −5.1 to +2 ∘C in beaver dams, and −4.2 to 0 ∘C at seeps. To better understand the role of these river features on thermal refugia during warm time periods, the respective temperature ranges were added to simulated stream temperatures at each of the identified river features. Based on this analysis, the average distance between thermal refugia in this system was 2.8 km. While simulated stream temperatures are often too warm to support Lahontan cutthroat trout and other cold-water species, thermal refugia may exist to improve habitat connectivity and facilitate trout movement between spawning and summer habitats. Overall, high-resolution DTS and TIR measurements quantify temperature ranges of refugia and augment process-based modeling.

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Suárez, F., J. E. Aravena, M. B. Hausner, A. E. Childress, and S. W. Tyler. "Assessment of a vertical high-resolution distributed-temperature-sensing system in a shallow thermohaline environment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2011): 29–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-8-29-2011.

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Abstract. In shallow thermohaline-driven lakes it is important to measure temperature on fine spatial and temporal scales to detect stratification or different hydrodynamic regimes. Raman spectra distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is an approach available to provide high spatial and temporal temperature resolution. A vertical high-resolution DTS system was constructed to overcome the problems of typical methods used in the past, i.e., without disturbing the water column, and with resistance to corrosive environments. This system monitors the temperature profile each 1.1 cm vertically and in time averages as small as 10 s. Temperature resolution as low as 0.035 °C is obtained when the data are collected at 5-min intervals. The vertical high-resolution DTS system is used to monitor the thermal behavior of a salt-gradient solar pond, which is an engineered shallow thermohaline system that allows collection and storage of solar energy for a long period of time. This paper describes a method to quantitatively assess accuracy, precision and other limitations of DTS systems to fully utilize the capacity of this technology. It also presents, for the first time, a method to manually calibrate temperatures along the optical fiber.

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Sabatier, C., M. Aubry, L. Mescia, A. Morana, G. Melin, T. Robin, E. Marin, S. Girard, Y. Ouerdane, and A. Boukenter. "Distributed Temperature and Strain Fiber-Based Sensing in Radiation Environment." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 68, no. 8 (August 2021): 1675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2021.3070609.

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XIA Tao, 夏涛, 李小兵 LI Xiaobing, 郭江涛 GUO Jiangtao, 张睿 ZHANG Rui, and 茅昕 MAO Xin. "High Precision Temperature Calculation Method of Fiberoptic Distributed Temperature Sensing System Based on Iteration Technique." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 41, no. 7 (2012): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20124107.0831.

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XIA Tao, 夏涛, 李小兵 LI Xiaobing, 郭江涛 GUO Jiangtao, 张睿 ZHANG Rui, and 茅昕 MAO Xin. "High Precision Temperature Calculation Method of Fiberoptic Distributed Temperature Sensing System Based on Iteration Technique." ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 41, no. 7 (2012): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20124107.831.

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Li, Jian, Qian Zhang, Yang Xu, Mingjiang Zhang, Jianzhong Zhang, Lijun Qiao, Mehjabin Mohiuddin Promi, and Tao Wang. "High-accuracy distributed temperature measurement using difference sensitive-temperature compensation for Raman-based optical fiber sensing." Optics Express 27, no. 25 (November 25, 2019): 36183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.036183.

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Schilperoort, Bart, Miriam Coenders-Gerrits, Willem Luxemburg, César Jiménez Rodríguez, César Cisneros Vaca, and Hubert Savenije. "Technical note: Using distributed temperature sensing for Bowen ratio evaporation measurements." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 819–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-819-2018.

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Abstract. Rapid improvements in the precision and spatial resolution of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology now allow its use in hydrological and atmospheric sciences. Introduced by ) is the use of DTS for measuring the Bowen ratio (BR-DTS), to estimate the sensible and latent heat flux. The Bowen ratio is derived from DTS-measured vertical profiles of the air temperature and wet-bulb temperature. However, in previous research the measured temperatures were not validated, and the cables were not shielded from solar radiation. Additionally, the BR-DTS method has not been tested above a forest before, where temperature gradients are small and energy storage in the air column becomes important. In this paper the accuracy of the wet-bulb and air temperature measurements of the DTS are verified, and the resulting Bowen ratio and heat fluxes are compared to eddy covariance data. The performance of BR-DTS was tested on a 46 m high tower in a mixed forest in the centre of the Netherlands in August 2016. The average tree height is 26 to 30 m, and the temperatures are measured below, in, and above the canopy. Using the vertical temperature profiles the storage of latent and sensible heat in the air column was calculated. We found a significant effect of solar radiation on the temperature measurements, leading to a deviation of up to 3 K. By installing screens, the error caused by sunlight is reduced to under 1 K. Wind speed seems to have a minimal effect on the measured wet-bulb temperature, both below and above the canopy. After a simple quality control, the Bowen ratio measured by DTS correlates well with eddy covariance (EC) estimates (r2 = 0.59). The average energy balance closure between BR-DTS and EC is good, with a mean underestimation of 3.4 W m−2 by the BR-DTS method. However, during daytime the BR-DTS method overestimates the available energy, and during night-time the BR-DTS method estimates the available energy to be more negative. This difference could be related to the biomass heat storage, which is neglected in this study. The BR-DTS method overestimates the latent heat flux on average by 18.7 W m−2, with RMSE = 90 W m−2. The sensible heat flux is underestimated on average by 10.6 W m−2, with RMSE = 76 W m−2. Estimates of the BR-DTS can be improved once the uncertainties in the energy balance are reduced. However, applying, for example, Monin–Obukhov similarity theory could provide independent estimates for the sensible heat flux. This would make the determination of the highly uncertain and difficult to determine net available energy redundant.

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DeMerchant, Michael, Anthony Brown, Jeff Smith, Xiaoyi Bao, and Theodore Bremner. "Distributed strain sensing for structural monitoring applications." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 5 (October 1, 2000): 873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l00-006.

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Strain sensors are a valuable tool for assessing the health of structures. The University of New Brunswick, in conjunction with ISIS Canada, is developing a distributed fibre optic strain sensor based on Brillouin scattering. This sensor can provide a virtually unlimited number of measurement points using a single optical fibre. A description of the operating principles of the system is given, along with a summary of laboratory test results. Strain measurement accuracy as high as approximately ±11 µε has been demonstrated at 1 m spatial resolution. Spatial resolutions as short as 100 mm can be used, although with decreased strain measurement accuracy. Future development of the technology will include an enhancement allowing both strain and temperature to be measured simultaneously.Key words: strain sensor, fibre optics, distributed sensing, structural monitoring, Brillouin scattering.

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Riches, S. T., K. Doyle, N. Tebbit, Y. Jia, and A. Seshia. "Assessment of MEMS Vibration Energy Harvesting for High Temperature Sensing Applications." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, HiTEN (January 1, 2015): 000261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hiten-session7-paper7_5.

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Distributed electronics for improving the accuracy of sensing in harsh high temperature environments, such as aero-engine and down-well is a growing field, where reduced power input requirements in cabling and batteries is viewed a key enabler for accelerating the adoption of high temperature electronics. Although batteries are available that can operate up to 200°C, they offer limited life at high temperatures and are bulky, increasing the costs of deployment and maintenance. Cabling also adds weight and takes up space in limited access applications. Energy harvesting in-situ offers the opportunity to make a step change in the design of high temperature electronics modules and in expanding their possible range of applications; for example, in sensor systems for combustor and turbine monitoring in aero-engines. This paper covers an assessment of MEMS vibration energy harvesting technology for high temperature sensing applications. MEMS devices based on the principle of parametric resonance, using AlN on Silicon have been designed and fabricated, along with sourcing of high temperature components for rectification, impedance matching and energy storage. The MEMS devices have been packaged into ceramic chip carriers and measured for energy output from a random vibration profile representative of an aerospace application. The measured output from the MEMS vibration energy harvester is capable of providing sufficient power to be of interest for autonomous sensing applications. This paper reports on the performance of the MEMS vibration energy harvesting devices and their associated circuitry at room temperature and at temperatures of up to 150°C. The challenges remaining to develop robust energy harvesting devices that could be applied in aero-engine, down-well and other high temperature applications are described. This work has been carried out under the Innovate UK supported project HI-VIBE, in a collaboration between GE Aviation Systems – Newmarket and the University of Cambridge.

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Grobnic, Dan, Cyril Hnatovsky, Sergey Dedyulin, Robert B. Walker, Huimin Ding, and Stephen J. Mihailov. "Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Drift in Long-Term High Temperature Annealing." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041454.

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High-temperature-resistant fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are the main competitors to thermocouples as sensors in applications for high temperature environments defined as being in the 600–1200 °C temperature range. Due to their small size, capacity to be multiplexed into high density distributed sensor arrays and survivability in extreme ambient temperatures, they could provide the essential sensing support that is needed in high temperature processes. While capable of providing reliable sensing information in the short term, their long-term functionality is affected by the drift of the characteristic Bragg wavelength or resonance that is used to derive the temperature. A number of physical processes have been proposed as the cause of the high temperature wavelength drift but there is yet no credible description of this process. In this paper we review the literature related to the long-term wavelength drift of FBGs at high temperature and provide our recent results of more than 4000 h of high temperature testing in the 900–1000 °C range. We identify the major components of the high temperature wavelength drift and we propose mechanisms that could be causing them.

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Li, Chengli, Jianguan Tang, Cheng Cheng, Longbao Cai, and Minghong Yang. "FBG Arrays for Quasi-Distributed Sensing: A Review." Photonic Sensors 11, no. 1 (January 22, 2021): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-021-0615-8.

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AbstractFiber Bragg grating (FBG) array is a powerful technique for quasi-distributed sensing along the entire length of sensing fiber with fast response and high precision. It has been widely used for temperature, strain, and vibration monitoring. In this review work, an overview on the recent advances of FBG arrays is conducted. Firstly, the fabrication methods of FBG array are reviewed, which include femtosecond laser system and online writing technique. Then, the demodulation techniques for FBG arrays are presented and discussed. Distributed static sensing can be performed by demodulating wavelength shift of each FBG, while phase demodulation techniques with low noise are employed for dynamic vibration sensing. Simultaneous distributed dynamic and static sensing system based on FBG array is also outlined. Finally, possible future directions are discussed and concluded. It is believed that the FBG array has great development potential and application prospect.

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Xia, Hua, Doug Byrd, Sachin Dekate, and Boon Lee. "High-Density Fiber Optical Sensor and Instrumentation for Gas Turbine Operation Condition Monitoring." Journal of Sensors 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/206738.

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Gas turbine operation control is normally based on thermocouple-measured exhaust temperatures. Due to radiation shielding and bulky package, it is difficult to provide high spatial resolution for measuring can-to-can combustion temperature profile at the exhaust duct. This paper has demonstrated that wavelength-division-multiplexing-based fiber Bragg grating sensors could provide high spatial resolution steady and dynamic temperature measurements. A robust sensor package can be designed with either circumferential sensing cable or radial sensing rake for quasi-distributing multiple fiber sensors in the gas turbine environment. The field validations have demonstrated that quasi-distributed fiber sensors have not only demonstrated its temperature measurement accuracy compared to existing thermocouple sensors but also shown its unique dynamic response amplitude and power spectra that could be utilized for gas turbine transient operation condition monitoring and diagnostics.

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Zhang, Can, and ZhongXie Jin. "RDTS-Based Two-Dimensional Temperature Monitoring with High Positioning Accuracy Using Grid Distribution." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 4993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224993.

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A novel two-dimensional (2D) positioning method based on Raman distributed temperature sensing (RDTS) has been reported to dramatically improve positioning accuracy. Using a well-designed 2D distribution of optical fiber and corresponding algorithms, the heat source can be accurately located without crosstalk; however, there is a tradeoff between sensing distance and positioning accuracy. In our experiments, an RDTS system with a spatial resolution of 0.8 m along a 3 km multimode fiber (MMF) is used with specific 2D routing rules and corresponding algorithms. A positioning accuracy of about 0.1 m is obtained without hardware modification, which could be improved through the dense arrangement of fiber; however, this would sacrifice the sensing length. This solution can be used for both flat surfaces and curved surfaces such as pipes or tank surfaces. This scheme can also be extended to three-dimensional positioning using a delicate routing design of sensing fiber.

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Xu, Pengbai, Yongkang Dong, Dengwang Zhou, Cheng Fu, Juwang Zhang, Hongying Zhang, Zhiwei Lu, Liang Chen, and Xiaoyi Bao. "1200°C high-temperature distributed optical fiber sensing using Brillouin optical time domain analysis." Applied Optics 55, no. 21 (July 12, 2016): 5471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.005471.

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Sebok, E., C. Duque, J. Kazmierczak, P. Engesgaard, B. Nilsson, S. Karan, and M. Frandsen. "High-resolution distributed temperature sensing to detect seasonal groundwater discharge into Lake Vaeng, Denmark." Water Resources Research 49, no. 9 (September 2013): 5355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20436.

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Drake, Daniel, Rani Sullivan, and J. Wilson. "Distributed Strain Sensing from Different Optical Fiber Configurations." Inventions 3, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions3040067.

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Strain distributions were obtained from optical fibers arranged in three different configurations on transversely-loaded cantilevered beams. Traditional strain measurement sensors, such as strain gauges, are limited to measuring strain at discrete points on a structural member. However, distributed optical fibers can measure high spatial (<1 mm spacing) strain or temperature distributions. In this study, optical fibers in spiral, grid, and rosette configurations were bonded to aluminum cantilevered beams subjected to tip loads. Strain distributions from optical fiber sensors were measured using a swept wavelength coherent interferometric technique. The optical fiber strain measurements show good agreement with strain gauge measurements. The attributes of each sensor configuration are discussed.

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Kurth, A. M., N. Dawes, J. Selker, and M. Schirmer. "Autonomous distributed temperature sensing for long-term heated applications in remote areas." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 2, no. 2 (October 22, 2012): 855–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-2-855-2012.

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Abstract. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) is a fiber-optical method enabling simultaneous temperature measurements over long distances. Electrical resistance heating of the metallic components of the fiber-optic cable provides information on the thermal characteristics of the cable's environment, providing valuable insight into processes occurring in the surrounding medium, such as groundwater-surface water interactions, dam stability or soil moisture. Until now, heated applications required direct handling of the DTS instrument by a researcher, rendering long-term investigations in remote areas impractical due to the often difficult and time-consuming access to the field site. Remote-control and automation of the DTS instrument and heating processes, however, resolve the issue with difficult access. The data can also be remotely accessed and stored on a central database. The power supply can be grid-independent, although significant infrastructure investment is required here due to high power consumption during heated applications. Solar energy must be sufficient even in worst case scenarios, e.g. during long periods of intense cloud cover, to prevent system failure due to energy shortage. In combination with storage batteries and a low heating frequency, e.g. once per day or once per week (depending on the season and the solar radiation on site), issues of high power consumption may be resolved. Safety regulations dictate adequate shielding and ground-fault protection, to safeguard animals and humans from electricity and laser sources. In this paper the autonomous DTS system is presented to allow research with heated applications of DTS in remote areas for long-term investigations of temperature distributions in the environment.

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Kurth, A. M., N. Dawes, J. Selker, and M. Schirmer. "Autonomous distributed temperature sensing for long-term heated applications in remote areas." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2013): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-2-71-2013.

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Abstract. Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is a fiber-optical method enabling simultaneous temperature measurements over long distances. Electrical resistance heating of the metallic components of the fiber-optic cable provides information on the thermal characteristics of the cable's environment, providing valuable insight into processes occurring in the surrounding medium, such as groundwater–surface water interactions, dam stability or soil moisture. Until now, heated applications required direct handling of the DTS instrument by a researcher, rendering long-term investigations in remote areas impractical due to the often difficult and time-consuming access to the field site. Remote control and automation of the DTS instrument and heating processes, however, resolve the issue with difficult access. The data can also be remotely accessed and stored on a central database. The power supply can be grid independent, although significant infrastructure investment is required here due to high power consumption during heated applications. Solar energy must be sufficient even in worst case scenarios, e.g. during long periods of intense cloud cover, to prevent system failure due to energy shortage. In combination with storage batteries and a low heating frequency, e.g. once per day or once per week (depending on the season and the solar radiation on site), issues of high power consumption may be resolved. Safety regulations dictate adequate shielding and ground-fault protection, to safeguard animals and humans from electricity and laser sources. In this paper the autonomous DTS system is presented to allow research with heated applications of DTS in remote areas for long-term investigations of temperature distributions in the environment.

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Han, Kyung-Soo, Alain A. Viau, and François Anctil. "High-resolution forest fire weather index computations using satellite remote sensing." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 1134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-014.

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Wildfires are important in regions dominated by forest, such as found in large parts of Canada. The principal objective of this study was to provide homogeneously distributed indices for the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System. The FWI was calculated using four sets of input variables: meteorological station measurements (OBS); weather forecast model output (SIM); meteorological station measurements and remote sensing estimations combined (SAT1); and weather forecast model output and remote sensing estimations combined (SAT2). Remote sensing parameterization of air temperature and relative humidity was performed. The air temperature and relative humidity reproduced showed good agreement with ground-based measurements (R2 = 0.77 and SE = 1.48°C; R2 = 0.73 and SE = 5%, respectively). For the FWI regionalized using this requirement, category SAT1 showed the best fit. Category SAT2 produced more precise results (0.09 to 2.19% of the normalized root mean square error) versus SIM.

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Liu, Bo, Michael P. Buric, Benjamin T. Chorpening, Zhihao Yu, Daniel S. Homa, Gary R. Pickrell, and Anbo Wang. "Design and Implementation of Distributed Ultra-High Temperature Sensing System With a Single Crystal Fiber." Journal of Lightwave Technology 36, no. 23 (December 1, 2018): 5511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2018.2874395.

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Feced, R., M. Farhadiroushan, V. A. Handerek, and A. J. Rogers. "Advances in high resolution distributed temperature sensing using the time-correlated single photon counting technique." IEE Proceedings - Optoelectronics 144, no. 3 (1997): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-opt:19971183.

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Dreyer, Uilian Jose, Felipe Mezzadri, Guilherme Dutra, Thiago da Silva, Carlos Alberto Bavastri, Erlon Vagner da Silva, Cicero Martelli, and Jean Carlos Cardozo da Silva. "Quasi-Distributed Optical Fiber Transducer for Simultaneous Temperature and Vibration Sensing in High-Power Generators." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 4 (February 15, 2018): 1547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2017.2787681.

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Zhang, Hongying, Dengwang Zhou, Benzhang Wang, Chao Pang, Pengbai Xu, Taofei Jiang, Dexin Ba, Hui Li, and Yongkang Dong. "Recent Progress in Fast Distributed Brillouin Optical Fiber Sensing." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 1820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101820.

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Brillouin-based optical fiber sensing has been regarded as a good distributed measurement tool for the modern large geometrical structure and the industrial facilities because it can demodulate the distributed environment information (e.g., temperature and strain) along the sensing fiber. Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA), which is an excellent and attractive scheme, has been widely developed thanks to its high performance in a signal-to-noise ratio, a spatial resolution, and sensing distance. However, the sampling rate of the classical BOTDA is severely limited by several factors (especially the serially frequency-sweeping process) so that it cannot be suitable for the quickly distributed measurement. In this work, we summarize some promising breakthroughs about the fast BOTDA, which can be named as an optical frequency comb technique, an optical frequency-agile technique, a slope-assisted technique, and an optical chirp chain technique.

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Majerus, Steve, Daniel Howe, Steven Garverick, David Hiscock, and Walter Merrill. "High-Temperature, Bulk-CMOS Integrated Circuits for a Distributed FADEC System." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2010, HITEC (January 1, 2010): 000047–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/hitec-dhowe-ta22.

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The greatest roadblock to distributed engine control development is the lack of high-temperature, high-reliability electronic components. Four integrated circuits (ICs) have been developed to provide sensing, actuation, and power conversion capabilities in a high-temperature (over 150°C) environment. Patented high-temperature techniques facilitate designs in a conventional, low-cost, 0.5-micron bulk CMOS foundry process. The HHT104 eight-channel instrumentation IC measures LVDTs, RTDs, thermocouples, and other sensors with up to 12-bit resolution. Dual sigma-delta converters and independent, programmable gain allow simultaneous conversion of two differential-output sensors. A stimulus driver may be used to drive bridge sensors with AC excitation and a temperature-stabilized oscillator provides 1.5- and 24-MHz system clocks for microprocessor use. The HHT212 current driver IC may be used to control two motors in full-bridge configuration or four independent half-bridge loads. Each channel is capable of driving up to 300 mA with 12-bit resolution. An internally-generated, temperature-stabilized current reference minimizes external components. The output current is programmed using a SPI serial interface, and the chip has built-in over-current and over-temperature protection. The HHT250 is a quad load driver featuring an integrated PWM controller, push-pull outputs and flexible drive capability. The HHT300 quad-output switched-mode power supply IC implements a compact power solution for multi-voltage microprocessors, sensors, and actuators. The external part count is minimized using integrated output FETs and a novel voltage feedback topology. Synchronous rectification reduces power dissipation and improves current capacity. Each channel has a pin-programmable output voltage and may be independently enabled for power supply sequencing.

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Kechavarzi, Cedric, Philip Keenan, Xiaomin Xu, and Yi Rui. "Monitoring the Hydraulic Performance of Sewers Using Fibre Optic Distributed Temperature Sensing." Water 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092451.

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The hydraulic performance of sewers is a major public concern in industrialised countries. In this study, fibre optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is used to monitor the discharge of wastewater for three months to assess the performance of a long underground foul sewer in a village in the UK. DTS cables were installed in the invert of sewer pipes to obtain distributed temperature change data along the sewer network. DTS generates a series of two-dimensional data sets (temperature against distance) that can be visualised in waterfall plots to help identify anomalies. The spatial and temperature resolutions are 2 m and 0.2–0.3 °C, respectively. The monitoring data clearly identify high-temperature plumes, which represent the flow of household wastewater in the sewer. Based on the analysis of the waterfall plots, it is found that the flow velocity is about 0.14 m/s under normal conditions. When continuous moderate rain or heavy rain occurs, water backs up from the water treatment plant to upstream distances of up to 400 m and the water flow velocity in the sewer decreases sharply to about 0.03 m/s, which demonstrates the ability of the DTS to localise anomalies in the sewer network.

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Beisenova, Aidana, Aizhan Issatayeva, Zhannat Ashikbayeva, Madina Jelbuldina, Arman Aitkulov, Vassilis Inglezakis, Wilfried Blanc, Paola Saccomandi, Carlo Molardi, and Daniele Tosi. "Distributed Sensing Network Enabled by High-Scattering MgO-Doped Optical Fibers for 3D Temperature Monitoring of Thermal Ablation in Liver Phantom." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030828.

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Thermal ablation is achieved by delivering heat directly to tissue through a minimally invasive applicator. The therapy requires a temperature control between 50–100 °C since the mortality of the tumor is directly connected with the thermal dosimetry. Existing temperature monitoring techniques have limitations such as single-point monitoring, require costly equipment, and expose patients to X-ray radiation. Therefore, it is important to explore an alternative sensing solution, which can accurately monitor temperature over the whole ablated region. The work aims to propose a distributed fiber optic sensor as a potential candidate for this application due to the small size, high resolution, bio-compatibility, and temperature sensitivity of the optical fibers. The working principle is based on spatial multiplexing of optical fibers to achieve 3D temperature monitoring. The multiplexing is achieved by high-scattering, nanoparticle-doped fibers as sensing fibers, which are spatially separated by lower-scattering level of single-mode fibers. The setup, consisting of twelve sensing fibers, monitors tissue of 16 mm × 16 mm × 25 mm in size exposed to a gold nanoparticle-mediated microwave ablation. The results provide real-time 3D thermal maps of the whole ablated region with a high resolution. The setup allows for identification of the asymmetry in the temperature distribution over the tissue and adjustment of the applicator to follow the allowed temperature limits.

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Koeppel, Max, Stefan Werzinger, Thomas Ringel, Peter Bechtold, Torsten Thiel, Rainer Engelbrecht, Thomas Bosselmann, and Bernhard Schmauss. "Combined distributed Raman and Bragg fiber temperature sensing using incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 7, no. 1 (February 21, 2018): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-7-91-2018.

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Abstract. Optical temperature sensors offer unique features which make them indispensable for key industries such as the energy sector. However, commercially available systems are usually designed to perform either distributed or distinct hot spot temperature measurements since they are restricted to one measurement principle. We have combined two concepts, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) temperature sensors and Raman-based distributed temperature sensing (DTS), to overcome these limitations. Using a technique called incoherent optical frequency domain reflectometry (IOFDR), it is possible to cascade several FBGs with the same Bragg wavelength in one fiber and simultaneously perform truly distributed Raman temperature measurements. In our lab we have achieved a standard deviation of 2.5 K or better at a spatial resolution in the order of 1 m with the Raman DTS. We have also carried out a field test in a high-voltage environment with strong magnetic fields where we performed simultaneous Raman and FBG temperature measurements using a single sensor fiber only.

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Raab, T., T. Reinsch, S. R. Aldaz Cifuentes, and J. Henninges. "Real-Time Well-Integrity Monitoring Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing." SPE Journal 24, no. 05 (May 30, 2019): 1997–2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/195678-pa.

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Summary Proper cemented casing strings are a key requirement for maintaining well integrity, guaranteeing optimal operation and safe provision of hydrocarbon and geothermal resources from the pay zone to surface facilities. Throughout the life cycle of a well, high–temperature/high–pressure changes in addition to shut–in cyclic periods can lead to strong variations in thermal and mechanical load on the well architecture. The current procedures to evaluate cement quality and to measure downhole temperature are mainly dependent on wireline–logging campaigns. In this paper, we investigate the application of the fiber–optic distributed–acoustic–sensing (DAS) technology to acquire dynamic axial–strain changes caused by propagating elastic waves along the wellbore structure. The signals are recorded by a permanently installed fiber–optic cable and are studied for the possibility of real–time well–integrity monitoring. The fiber–optic cable was installed along the 18⅝–in. anchor casing and the 21–in.–hole section of a geothermal well in Iceland. During cementing operations, temperature was continuously measured using distributed–temperature–sensing (DTS) technology to monitor the cement placement. DAS data were acquired continuously for 9 days during drilling and injection testing of the reservoir interval in the 12¼–in. openhole section. The DAS data were used to calculate average–axial–strain–rate profiles during different operations on the drillsite. Signals recorded along the optical fiber result from elastic deformation caused by mechanical energy applied from inside (e.g., pressure fluctuations, drilling activities) or outside (e.g., seismic signals) of the well. The results indicate that the average–axial–strain rate of a fiber–optic cable installed behind a casing string generates trends similar to those of a conventional cement–bond log (CBL). The obtained trends along well depth therefore indicate that DAS data acquired during different drilling and testing operations can be used to monitor the mechanical coupling between cemented casing strings and the surrounding formations, hence the cement integrity. The potential use of DTS and DAS technology in downhole evaluations would extend the portfolio to monitor and evaluate qualitatively in real time cement–integrity changes without the necessity of executing costly well–intervention programs throughout the well's life cycle.

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Wang, Chun Yi, Ho Cheng Lee, Yung Chen Wu, and Che Hsin Lin. "High Performance CO Sensors Utilizing Sprayed Distributed Toluene-Based Gold Nanoparticles." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 702–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.702.

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This study presents a simple and low-cost spray coating process for producing high performance CO (carbon monoxide) sensors utilizing toluene-based gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Thanks to the success synthesis of Au-NPs in toluene, this low surface tension organic solvent prevents Au-NPs from colligation. And therefore Au-NPs can be well dispersed on the surface of the electrodes as the sensing layer during spraying. To compare with the typical metal oxide based CO sensors that have to work at a higher working temperature of about 150~350°C, the produced sensor can work at room temperature and have a better detection limit for CO gas (5 ppm). Experimental results indicate good linear sensitivity under repeated measurements for concentration range from 5 250 ppm (R2=0.996). The repeatability is also confirmed by measuring 100 ppm CO gas, the calculated variation is less than 2.8% for six repeating measurements. The process developed in this study can be used to produce not only high performance CO gas sensors but other related gas sensors.

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Song, Jia, Wenhai Li, Ping Lu, Yanping Xu, Liang Chen, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Long-Range High Spatial Resolution Distributed Temperature and Strain Sensing Based on Optical Frequency-Domain Reflectometry." IEEE Photonics Journal 6, no. 3 (June 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2014.2320742.

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Sheng, Liwen, Jisong Yan, Ligong Li, Ming Yuan, Shuai Zhou, Rui Xu, Jiaqing Liu, Fushun Nian, Long Li, and Zhiming Liu. "Distributed Temperature Sensing System Based on Brillouin Scattering Effect Using a Single-Photon Detector." International Journal of Optics 2021 (April 22, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6623987.

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Utilizing a single-photon detector, a novel direct-detection optical-fiber sensor for distributed measurement of temperature based on spontaneous Brillouin scattering is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. In our scheme, the ratio of the backscattered Rayleigh signal and the backscattered Brillouin anti-Stokes is adopted to retrieve the monitored temperature information along the optical fiber. Taking advantage of the high sensitivity of the single-photon detector, our proposed system achieves a dynamic range of 20 dB without any optical amplification. The obtainable dynamic range corresponds to a sensing distance of 120 km with a measured temperature error of 0.96°C. Furthermore, the proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates 1.2 m spatial resolution over 4.2 km sensing link with 1.24°C temperature error. Considering the performance we achieved now, and the increasing improvement of the fabrication technology of sing-photon detector, the photon-counting distributed Brillouin sensor is opening a door in the field of optical-fiber sensors.

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Liu, Yunpeng, Xinye Li, Huan Li, Jiaxue Wang, and Xiaozhou Fan. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Internal Temperature of an Oil-Immersed Power Transformer with DOFS." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 5718. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165718.

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To accurately detect and monitor the internal temperature of an operating power transformer, the distributed optical fiber sensor (DOFS) was creatively applied inside an oil-immersed 35 kV transformer through high integration with the winding wire. On the former basis, the power transformer prototype with a completely global internal temperature sensing capability was successfully developed and it was also qualified for power grid operation through the ex-factory type tests. The internal spatially continuous temperature distribution of the operating transformer was then revealed through a heat-run test and the numerical simulation was also applied for further analysis. Hotspots of windings were continuously located and monitored (emerging at about 89%/90% height of low/high voltage winding), which were furtherly compared with the IEC calculation results. This new nondestructive internal sensing method shows a broad application prospect in the electrical equipment field. Also, the revelation of transformer internal distributed temperature can offer a solid reference for both researchers and field operation staff.

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Roman, Muhammad, Damilola Balogun, Yiyang Zhuang, Rex E. Gerald, Laura Bartlett, Ronald J. O’Malley, and Jie Huang. "A Spatially Distributed Fiber-Optic Temperature Sensor for Applications in the Steel Industry." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 3900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143900.

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This paper presents a spatially distributed fiber-optic sensor system designed for demanding applications, like temperature measurements in the steel industry. The sensor system employed optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) to interrogate Rayleigh backscattering signals in single-mode optical fibers. Temperature measurements employing the OFDR system were compared with conventional thermocouple measurements, accentuating the spatially distributed sensing capability of the fiber-optic system. Experiments were designed and conducted to test the spatial thermal mapping capability of the fiber-optic temperature measurement system. Experimental simulations provided evidence that the optical fiber system could resolve closely spaced temperature features, due to the high spatial resolution and fast measurement rates of the OFDR system. The ability of the fiber-optic system to perform temperature measurements in a metal casting was tested by monitoring aluminum solidification in a sand mold. The optical fiber, encased in a stainless steel tube, survived both mechanically and optically at temperatures exceeding 700 °C. The ability to distinguish between closely spaced temperature features that generate information-rich thermal maps opens up many applications in the steel industry.

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Léger, Emmanuel, Baptiste Dafflon, Yves Robert, Craig Ulrich, John E. Peterson, Sébastien C. Biraud, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, and Susan S. Hubbard. "A distributed temperature profiling method for assessing spatial variability in ground temperatures in a discontinuous permafrost region of Alaska." Cryosphere 13, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 2853–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2853-2019.

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Abstract. Soil temperature has been recognized as a property that strongly influences a myriad of hydro-biogeochemical processes and reflects how various properties modulate the soil thermal flux. In spite of its importance, our ability to acquire soil temperature data with high spatial and temporal resolution and coverage is limited because of the high cost of equipment, the difficulties of deployment, and the complexities of data management. Here we propose a new strategy that we call distributed temperature profiling (DTP) for improving the characterization and monitoring near-surface thermal properties through the use of an unprecedented number of laterally and vertically distributed temperature measurements. We developed a prototype DTP system, which consists of inexpensive, low-impact, low-power, and vertically resolved temperature probes that independently and autonomously record soil temperature. The DTP system concept was tested by moving sequentially the system across the landscape to identify near-surface permafrost distribution in a discontinuous permafrost environment near Nome, Alaska, during the summertime. Results show that the DTP system enabled successful acquisition of vertically resolved profiles of summer soil temperature over the top 0.8 m at numerous locations. DTP also enabled high-resolution identification and lateral delineation of near-surface permafrost locations from surrounding zones with no permafrost or deep permafrost table locations overlain by a perennially thawed layer. The DTP strategy overcomes some of the limitations associated with – and complements the strengths of – borehole-based soil temperature sensing as well as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (FO-DTS) approaches. Combining DTP data with co-located topographic and vegetation maps obtained using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data allowed us to identify correspondences between surface and subsurface property distribution and in particular between topography, vegetation, shallow soil properties, and near-surface permafrost. Finally, the results highlight the considerable value of the newly developed DTP strategy for investigating the significant variability in and complexity of subsurface thermal and hydrological regimes in discontinuous permafrost regions.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Distributed high temperature sensing'

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