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Carlson, Kristen W. "Safe Artificial General Intelligence via Distributed Ledger Technology." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 3, no. 3 (July 8, 2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc3030040.
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Artificial general intelligence (AGI) progression metrics indicate AGI will occur within decades. No proof exists that AGI will benefit humans and not harm or eliminate humans. A set of logically distinct conceptual components is proposed that are necessary and sufficient to (1) ensure various AGI scenarios will not harm humanity, and (2) robustly align AGI and human values and goals. By systematically addressing pathways to malevolent AI we can induce the methods/axioms required to redress them. Distributed ledger technology (DLT, “blockchain”) is integral to this proposal, e.g., “smart contracts” are necessary to address the evolution of AI that will be too fast for human monitoring and intervention. The proposed axioms: (1) Access to technology by market license. (2) Transparent ethics embodied in DLT. (3) Morality encrypted via DLT. (4) Behavior control structure with values at roots. (5) Individual bar-code identification of critical components. (6) Configuration Item (from business continuity/disaster recovery planning). (7) Identity verification secured via DLT. (8) “Smart” automated contracts based on DLT. (9) Decentralized applications—AI software modules encrypted via DLT. (10) Audit trail of component usage stored via DLT. (11) Social ostracism (denial of resources) augmented by DLT petitions. (12) Game theory and mechanism design.
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Veerpalu, Anne. "Shareholder Ledger Using Distributed Ledger Technology: The Estonian Perspective." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 13, no. 2 (September 30, 2019): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2019-2-6.
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The article focuses on whether it is possible to use new technologies such as distributed ledger technology (DLT) in shareholder ledger maintenance systems. The article uses Estonia as an example to describe the shortcomings of shareholder ledger maintenance regulation and possible suggestions for reform and applies the principle of technology-neutrality to the subject matter to assess whether the regulation allows the adoption of new technologies, such as DLT, in ledger maintenance. The aim of the principle of technology-neutrality is to secure that the regulator does not create regulation that prefers any particular technology and discriminates against other technologies. Any regulation that is built around a pre-existing technology could suffer from preferring the use of that particular technology and consequently hinder innovation. In the article it is examined whether the ledger maintenance models used in Estonia are benefitting or suffering from the non-existence of technology-neutral technical standards for ledger maintenance and whether the differentiation of treatment of shareholder ledger administrators is justified on the basis of the principle of technology-neutrality.
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Gorbunova, Maria, Aleksandr Ometov, Mikhail Komarov, and Sergey Bezzateev. "Survey of distributed ledger technology integration challenges." Information and Control Systems, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2020-2-10-19.
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Introduction: Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is one of the most significant fields covering various aspects of modern ICT systems. Centralized systems of today can no longer guarantee the required level of availability and reliability, while broadly available distributed ones are still in the infancy. Purpose: Analysis of the applicability of DLT to various industries such as economics, energy, finance, logistics, and the Internet of Things. Results: The article outlines the main challenges of the DLT technology integration, such as the lack of a unified system for data storage, the need to ensure an appropriate level of data confidentiality, integration into the existing competency systems, the issues of а distributed system interaction with resource-constrained IoT devices, the lack of proper management tools for distributed systems, and network scalability. The main contribution of this paper is a systematic overview of the integration challenges followed by potential solutions and future perspectives.
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Gorbunova, Maria, Pavel Masek, Mikhail Komarov, and Aleksandr Ometov. "Distributed ledger technology: State-of-the-art and current challenges." Computer Science and Information Systems, no. 00 (2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis210215037g.
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Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is making the first steps toward becoming a solution for the growing number of various decentralized systems worldwide. Unlike pure Blockchain, DLT finds many uses across different industries, including eHealth, finance, supply chain monitoring, and the Internet of Things (IoT). One of the vital DLT features is the ability to provide an immutable and commonly verifiable ledger for larger-scale and highly complex systems. Today?s centralized systems can no longer guarantee the required level of availability and reliability due to the growing number of the involved nodes, complicated heterogeneous architectures, and task load, while the publicly available distributed systems are still in their infancy. This paper aims to provide an exhaustive topical review of the state-of-theart of Distributed Ledger Technology applicability in various sectors. It outlines the importance of the practical integration of technology-related challenges, as well as potential solutions.
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Del Río, César A. "Use of distributed ledger technology by central banks: A review." Enfoque UTE 8, no. 5 (December 18, 2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.v8n5.175.
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This paper reviews what stage the central banks of the world’s leading economies are at in their study and adoption of distributed ledger technology (DLT) to reengineer their various systems and functions. A brief description of DLT will be given, followed by an analysis of central banks’ publications and pronouncements to determine what each central bank is doing on their journey to DLT adoption. It was found that of the central banks for which information was available, all of them have expressed interest in DLT and have evaluated it to some extent. Nevertheless, no central bank has an operational DLT-based system at this point. This is because some issues remain regarding the speed, cost of processing, security, transparency and privacy, legal settlement finality, scalability and network effects of the technology. As DLT matures, the expectation is that these issues will begin to be resolved.
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Antal, Claudia, Tudor Cioara, Ionut Anghel, Marcel Antal, and Ioan Salomie. "Distributed Ledger Technology Review and Decentralized Applications Development Guidelines." Future Internet 13, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13030062.
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The Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) provides an infrastructure for developing decentralized applications with no central authority for registering, sharing, and synchronizing transactions on digital assets. In the last years, it has drawn high interest from the academic community, technology developers, and startups mostly by the advent of its most popular type, blockchain technology. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of DLT analyzing the challenges, provided solutions or alternatives, and their usage for developing decentralized applications. We define a three-tier based architecture for DLT applications to systematically classify the technology solutions described in over 100 papers and startup initiatives. Protocol and Network Tier contains solutions for digital assets registration, transactions, data structure, and privacy and business rules implementation and the creation of peer-to-peer networks, ledger replication, and consensus-based state validation. Scalability and Interoperability Tier solutions address the scalability and interoperability issues with a focus on blockchain technology, where they manifest most often, slowing down its large-scale adoption. The paper closes with a discussion on challenges and opportunities for developing decentralized applications by providing a multi-step guideline for decentralizing the design and implementation of traditional systems.
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Franks, Patricia C. "Implications of blockchain distributed ledger technology for records management and information governance programs." Records Management Journal 30, no. 3 (February 18, 2020): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rmj-08-2019-0047.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assist records managers and information governance professionals to understand the challenges presented by their organization’s use of blockchain distributed ledger technology (DLT). Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review was conducted, which revealed a multitude of articles based on research into blockchain DLT, most written from the technology perspective. This paper differs in that it applies a records management lens to an analysis of the records created, registered or stored on a blockchain. A six-stage blockchain records consideration model is provided to illustrate examples of the records management challenges presented by the implementation of blockchain DLT. Questions are posed and recommendations are made to aid the reader in developing a blockchain DLT records management and information governance strategy. Findings Because there is no one universal configuration for a blockchain DLT solution, each implementation must be analyzed to understand the resultant records management and information governance challenges. A series of questions that should be asked and answered can not only help records management and information governance professionals adapt their policies and practices to the technology but also provide a basis for discussion with those designing the blockchain DLT solutions so they can include records management features in their designs. Originality/value This paper contributes an original analysis of the implications of the adoption of Blockchain DLT for records management and information governance programs through the lens of a six-stage Blockchain Records Consideration Model.
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Thiel, Christoph, and Christian Thiel. "Distributed Ledger Technologie (DLT) im Kontext europäischer Vertrauensdienste." Datenschutz und Datensicherheit - DuD 44, no. 4 (March 16, 2020): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11623-020-1261-9.
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Park, Seongjoon, and Hwangnam Kim. "DAG-Based Distributed Ledger for Low-Latency Smart Grid Network." Energies 12, no. 18 (September 18, 2019): 3570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12183570.
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In this paper, we propose a scheme that implements a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) based on Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) to generate, validate, and confirm the electricity transaction in Smart Grid. The convergence of the Smart Grid and distributed ledger concept has recently been introduced. Since Smart Grids require a distributed network architecture for power distribution and trading, the Distributed Ledger-based Smart Grid design is a spotlighted research domain. However, only the Blockchain-based methods, which are a type of the distributed ledger scheme, are currently either being considered or adopted in the Smart Grid. Due to computation-intensive consensus schemes such as Proof-of-Work and discrete block generation, Blockchain-based distributed ledger systems suffer from efficiency and latency issues. We propose a DAG-based distributed ledger for Smart Grids, called PowerGraph, to resolve this problem. Since a DAG-based distributed ledger does not need to generate blocks for confirmation, each transaction of the PowerGraph undergoes the validation and confirmation process individually. In addition, transactions in PowerGraph are used to keep track of the energy trade and include various types of transactions so that they can fully encompass the events in the Smart Grid network. Finally, to ensure that PowerGraph maintains a high performance, we modeled the PowerGraph performance and proposed a novel consensus algorithm that would result in the rapid confirmation of transactions. We use numerical evaluations to show that PowerGraph can accelerate the transaction processing speed by over 5 times compared to existing DAG-based DLT system.
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Ballamudi, Koteswara Rao. "Blockchain as a Type of Distributed Ledger Technology." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2016): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v3i2.528.
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Distributed ledger technology (DLT) that stores data (usually immutable and sequenced transaction records) in a decentralized way through cryptography and consensus algorithms. The first widely recognized implementation of the blockchain took place in 2009 on the Bitcoin public blockchain. Since then, other types of blockchain have been developed for a wide range of applications and features built on common principles such as decentralization, encryption, consensus, and immutability. In particular, blockchain technology is most widely used in transaction settlement and digital currency banks and the financial sector, as well as in supply chain applications that help participants solve problems quickly and efficiently. Other use cases continue to be developed. As a form of information management, blockchain and related DLTs offer advantages over traditional databases and may help develop certain new technologies such as the Internet of Things. Blockchain regulation is currently restricted at the international and federal levels, but state-level legislation provides support and awareness of aspects of blockchain technology. Most of the current regulations are in the form of self-regulation by blockchain developers and related communities, but many challenges and risks such as data privacy and security need to be addressed in the near future.
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Wyciślik, Łukasz, and Elżbieta Marcinkowska. "Tracking of Clinical Documentation Based on the Blockchain Technology—A Polish Case Study." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 9517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229517.
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The article presents the concept of application DLT (distributed ledger technologies) for building the electronic clinical documentation tracking system. After a short introduction to block chain issues, and discussion about the attempts of its application on various fields of everyday human life, including healthcare, basic requirements for tracking of clinical documentation system are presented, followed by the proposition of its architecture leveraging the distributed ledger technologies. The paper is concluded with a discussion about the possibilities of running such a system, regarding constraints coming from local legal regulations and general data protection regulation (GDPR), but also economic and social conditions, including ecological ones, which are part of the sustainable development trend.
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Mandaroux, Rahel, Chuanwen Dong, and Guodong Li. "A European Emissions Trading System Powered by Distributed Ledger Technology: An Evaluation Framework." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 2106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042106.
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The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a major pillar of the European energy policy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the reportedly pervasive frauds in this market are constraining the beneficial role of the EU ETS. In this conceptual paper, we propose to digitalize the EU ETS by distributed ledger technology (DLT), enabling the verification of authenticity and provenance, proof of ownership, and lifecycle traceability of carbon certificates and assets. Our platform allows verifiable credentials to validate emission allowances, real-time tracking of trading participants’ emissions, and the audit trail reporting of the decentralized trading records. Furthermore, we complement the DLT application concept with a structured interdisciplinary evaluation framework. Our framework and analysis aim to stimulate further interdisciplinary research in this area to support regulators, such as the European Commission, in designing effective digital emissions trading systems.
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Kachan, D. A., and U. A. Vishniakou. "Approach and models for using distributed ledger technology to authenticate educational documents." Doklady BGUIR 18, no. 7 (November 25, 2020): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.35596/1729-7648-2020-18-7-14-22.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze methods, approaches, and tools of distributed ledger technology (DLT) for working with documents in education. The objectives of the article are to analyze problems with the authentication of educational documents, develop new structural solutions using block chain technology, consider two models, and evaluate their use for educational documents.Authentication of educational documents is carried out using state registers, which is a complex and resource-intensive process. There is an increase in the number of forged documents in the world, which calls into question the effectiveness of modern mechanisms. Distributed ledger technology (block chain) is a sustainable technological trend that affects the development and quality of the digital economy. The existence of a mechanism for verifying the authenticity of educational documents that is resistant to malicious manipulation is an urgent task that goes beyond the sphere of education, possible solutions to which are proposed to be considered in this paper.The article provides a brief description of DLT and considers the approach of using the technology to authenticate educational documents. It consists of two main stages: the issue of a digital educational document and its verification. The role of a trusted third party in the issue and validation process is considered. The paper presents the models for issuing and validating digital documents based on distributed ledger technology, which allows one to eliminate the limitations and shortcomings of existing approaches. The effectiveness of the approach based on the proposed models is revealed. The formulated approaches can be applied in various socio-economic areas and public administration to work with similar documents.
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Merz, Markus. "Contemporaneous financial intermediation." Digital Finance 3, no. 1 (March 2021): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42521-021-00029-3.
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AbstractDigital innovations in banking and payments recently have garnered a great deal of attention. Specifically, distributed ledger technology (DLT) has the potential to fundamentally change the roles and responsibilities of stakeholders in the financial sector. DLT is a novel and fast-evolving approach to record and share data, e.g., payment transactions, among members of a decentralized network. Using transaction cost theory, the paper examines how DLT will change the cross-border payment infrastructure. DLT can reduce the overall transaction costs potentially resulting in the disappearance of correspondent banks.
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Reshetniak, A. V., and V. I. Dravitsa. "Comprehensive use of identification technologies and distributed ledger technology for the development of electronic services provided through multi-purpose smart documents." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 65, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2020-65-1-110-116.
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The article covers the possibilities of comprehensive use of identification technologies and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for increasing the efficiency of electronic services provided through multi-purpose student cards. The main advantages and disadvantages of the existing intellectual document emission systems in the Belarusian education system are assessed, including: centralized (the “Student Card” project) and decentralized (the electronic student card) ones. The proposal to use the DLT-model for issuing multi-purpose electronic student cards combined with bank payment cards has been grounded. Such model makes it possible to implement new functional capabilities when providing electronic services and has a number of advantages over the existing systems of electronic student documents issuance. The article describes how Public Blockchain and Private Blockchain can be used to issue and control intellectual documents, to accelerate the development of the electronic services provided through Smart Contract, and how the Smart Contract technology can be used to promote fair competition among electronic services providers. The methodology of evaluating the electronic services provider rating basing on the weighting factor of “usefulness” or “being in demand” is proposed. The article provides information on the expected effects of the proposed DLT-model implementation, obtained through the comprehensive use of identification technologies and distributed ledger technology.
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Henninger, Annegret, and Atefeh Mashatan. "Distributed Interoperable Records: The Key to Better Supply Chain Management." Computers 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers10070089.
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The global supply chain is a network of interconnected processes that create, use, and exchange records, but which were not designed to interact with one another. As such, the key to unlocking the full potential of supply chain management (SCM) technologies is achieving interoperability across participating records systems and networks. We review existing research and solutions using distributed ledger technology (DLT) and provide a survey of its current state of practice. We additionally propose a holistic solution: a DLT-based interoperable future state that could enable the interoperable, efficient, reliable, and secure exchange of records with integrity. Finally, we provide a gap analysis between our proposed future state and the current state, which also serves as a gap analysis for many fractional DLT-based SCM solutions and research.
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Rust, Kimberley. "Block-chain Reaction: Why Development of Blockchain is at the Heart of the Legal Technology of Tomorrow." Legal Information Management 19, no. 01 (March 2019): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669619000124.
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Blockchain, arguably the most discussed and promising of FinTech trends, has incredible potential to transform legal technology. Infamous as the technology behind cryptocurrencies, distributed ledger technology (DLT) has developed far beyond these origins and may prove far more valuable than the currency it supports. As a form of DLT, blockchain allows for secure decentralisation of peer-to-peer, irreversible exchanges, providing a transparent and irrevocable record as these occur. The technology is already used across the legal industry and a plethora of opportunities to extend its application bubble beneath the surface, under development, waiting to break into the current market.
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Ellul, Joshua, Jonathan Galea, Max Ganado, Stephen Mccarthy, and Gordon J. Pace. "Regulating Blockchain, DLT and Smart Contracts: a technology regulator’s perspective." ERA Forum 21, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 209–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00617-7.
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Abstract Blockchain, Smart Contracts and other forms of Distributed Ledger Technology provide means to ensure that processes are verifiable, transparent, and tamper-proof. Yet the very same enabling features that bring decentralisation also pose challenges to providing protection for the various users and stakeholders. Most jurisdictions which have implemented regulatory frameworks in this area have focused on regulating the financial aspects of cryptocurrency-based operations. However, they have not addressed technology assurance requirements. In this paper we present a world-first technology regulatory framework.
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Rahmani, Rahim, Ramin Firouzi, Sachiko Lim, and Mahbub Alam. "A Proximal Algorithm for Fork-Choice in Distributed Ledger Technology for Context-Based Clustering on Edge Computing." Engineering Proceedings 2, no. 1 (November 15, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-7-08261.
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The major challenges of operating data-intensive of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) are (1) to reach consensus on the main chain as a set of validators cast public votes to decide on which blocks to finalize and (2) scalability on how to increase the number of chains which will be running in parallel. In this paper, we introduce a new proximal algorithm that scales DLT in a large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) devices network. We discuss how the algorithm benefits the integrating DLT in IoT by using edge computing technology, taking the scalability and heterogeneous capability of IoT devices into consideration. IoT devices are clustered dynamically into groups based on proximity context information. A cluster head is used to bridge the IoT devices with the DLT network where a smart contract is deployed. In this way, the security of the IoT is improved and the scalability and latency are solved. We elaborate on our mechanism and discuss issues that should be considered and implemented when using the proposed algorithm, we even show how it behaves with varying parameters like latency or when clustering.
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Li, Jennifer, and Mohamad Kassem. "Applications of distributed ledger technology (DLT) and Blockchain-enabled smart contracts in construction." Automation in Construction 132 (December 2021): 103955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103955.
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Singh, Nikita, and Manu Vardhan. "Distributed Ledger Technology based Property Transaction System with Support for IoT Devices." International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 9, no. 2 (April 2019): 60–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcac.2019040104.
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Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) is transforming the existing operational models of economy, financial transactions and other government machineries so as to allow these to operate in a much more secure and decentralized manner. This research focuses on providing framework for decentralized and secure P2P infrastructure for handling e-stamp and property registration mechanism along with interface for verification of document originality. The proposed efficient consensus mechanism reduces the overhead of broadcasting a new block by more than 50% coupled with saving CPU computation power along with network bandwidth. To ensure that even people at remote locations with constrained resources are able to participate and harness these benefits, a cloud server architecture & web interface for verification of property registered deed is also proposed.
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Malešević, Saša, Michael Lustenberger, and Florian Spychiger. "Applying Distributed Ledger Concepts to a Swiss Regional Label Ecosystem." Logistics 4, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/logistics4040032.
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Improving current supply chains by using distributed ledger technology (DLT) has been a highly researched topic during the last years. Currently, there are numerous articles elaborating on how such technologies can theoretically improve supply chains. However, case studies of such concepts and their economic value are scarce. In order to bridge this gap, we collaborated with a regional label company to clarify how a distributed ledger technology would benefit their ecosystem. This work answers the question of how such a prototype would look and whether it adds value. By following design science research practices, we design two artifacts based on requirements gathered in 14 interviews and discuss the artifacts’ elements within an evaluation panel. Our findings show that a distributed ledger application for the regional label ecosystem should have an open and decentralized architecture giving all participants full access to the shared data while still providing security and privacy for sensitive data. Additionally, data capturing should be simple. However, such an application does not add sufficient economic value and is currently of no practical interest in the regional label ecosystem as the expenditure likely exceeds the benefit.
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Nurgazina, Jamilya, Udsanee Pakdeetrakulwong, Thomas Moser, and Gerald Reiner. "Distributed Ledger Technology Applications in Food Supply Chains: A Review of Challenges and Future Research Directions." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 4206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084206.
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The lack of transparency and traceability in food supply chains (FSCs) is raising concerns among consumers and stakeholders about food information credibility, food quality, and safety. Insufficient records, a lack of digitalization and standardization of processes, and information exchange are some of the most critical challenges, which can be tackled with disruptive technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs). Studies provide evidence that novel technological and sustainable practices in FSCs are necessary. This paper aims to describe current practical applications of DLTs and IoT in FSCs, investigating the challenges of implementation, and potentials for future research directions, thus contributing to achievement of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Within a systematic literature review, the content of 69 academic publications was analyzed, describing aspects of implementation and measures to address the challenges of scalability, security, and privacy of DLT, and IoT solutions. The challenges of high costs, standardization, regulation, interoperability, and energy consumption of DLT solutions were also classified as highly relevant, but were not widely addressed in literature. The application of DLTs in FSCs can potentially contribute to 6 strategic SDGs, providing synergies and possibilities for more sustainable, traceable, and transparent FSCs.
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Konashevych, Oleksii. "Constraints and benefits of the blockchain use for real estate and property rights." Journal of Property, Planning and Environmental Law 12, no. 2 (June 6, 2020): 109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jppel-12-2019-0061.
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Purpose Many recent social media posts and news may create a perception of big success in the use of blockchain for the real estate industry, land registration and protection of titles and property rights. A sobering outlook is crucial because misleading concepts may bury the whole idea of blockchain use. This paper aims to research the possibilities of blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies (DLT) and applicability of these technologies for different purposes in real estate, property rights and public registries. Design/methodology/approach This research is framed with policy studies and focuses on property rights, land registration regulatory framework and information and communication technologies innovations. The context of this paper is decentralization which has been developed in political science studies and the role of blockchain and DLT in it. Therefore, the provided analysis of blockchain and DLT is interdisciplinary research to interpret the facets of DLT technologies in the context of real estate and land title registration. Findings Permissioned and private DLT systems cannot be considered a significant evolutionary step in government systems. Blockchain, which is distinguished from permissioned systems as the technology of the immutable ledger that does not require authorities, is a new word in governance. However, this technology has some principal features that can restrain its implementation at the state level and thus require further research and development. The application of blockchain requires a proper architecture of overlaid technologies to support changes of outdated and mistaken data, address issues of digital identity and privacy, legal compliance and enforceability of smart contracts and scalability of the ledger. Originality/value This paper shows the constraints of the technology’s properties which were not explained before in the context of title rights and land registration even though technological limits are known in more specific technical sources. Along with the known benefits this meant to help to avoid misinterpretation of some DLT features by non-technical people. A multidisciplinary approach in analyzing the technology and laws helped to better understand what can and cannot be beneficial for public registries and the protection of property rights. The presented outcomes can be laid down as requirements for the technical protocols aimed at addressing the issues of DLT and public policies to put blockchain at the service of society.
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Bouras, Mohammed Amine, Qinghua Lu, Fan Zhang, Yueliang Wan, Tao Zhang, and Huansheng Ning. "Distributed Ledger Technology for eHealth Identity Privacy: State of The Art and Future Perspective." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020483.
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Electronic healthcare (eHealth) identity management (IdM) is a pivotal feature in the eHealth system. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is an emerging technology that can achieve agreements of transactional data states in a decentralized way. Building identity management systems using Blockchain can enable patients to fully control their own identity and provide increased confidence in data immutability and availability. This paper presents the state of the art of decentralized identity management using Blockchain and highlights the possible opportunities for adopting the decentralized identity management approaches for future health identity systems. First, we summarize eHealth identity management scenarios. Furthermore, we investigate the existing decentralized identity management solutions and present decentralized identity models. In addition, we discuss the current decentralized identity projects and identify new challenges based on the existing solutions and the limitations when applying it to healthcare as a particular use case.
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Park, Keundug, and Heung-Youl Youm. "Proposal for Customer Identification Service Model Based on Distributed Ledger Technology to Transfer Virtual Assets." Big Data and Cognitive Computing 5, no. 3 (July 13, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5030031.
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Recently, cross-border transfers using blockchain-based virtual assets (cryptocurrency) have been increasing. However, due to the anonymity of blockchain, there is a problem related to money laundering because the virtual asset service providers cannot identify the originators and the beneficiaries. In addition, the international anti-money-laundering organization (the Financial Action Task Force, FATF) has placed anti-money-laundering obligations on virtual asset service providers through anti-money-laundering guidance for virtual assets issued in June 2019. This paper proposes a customer identification service model based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) that enables virtual asset service providers to verify the identity of the originators and beneficiaries.
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Vujičić, Srdjan, Nermin Hasanspahić, Maro Car, and Leo Čampara. "Distributed Ledger Technology as a Tool for Environmental Sustainability in the Shipping Industry." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050366.
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In recent years, many industries have adopted technology and digital systems to automate, expedite and secure specific processes. Stakeholders in maritime transport continue to exchange physical documents in order to conduct business. The monitoring of supply chain goods, communication among employees, environmental sustainability and longevity control, along with time framing, all create challenges to many industries. Everyday onboard work, such as cargo operations, navigation and various types of inspections in shipping, still requires paper documents and logs that need to be signed (and stamped). The conversion of traditional paper contracts into smart contracts, which can be digitalized and read through automation, provides a new wave of collaboration between eco systems across the shipping industry. Various data collected and stored on board ships could be used for scientific purposes. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) could be used to collect all those data and improve shipping operations by process expediting. It could eliminate the need to fill in various documents and logs and make operations safer and more environmentally friendly. Information about various important procedures onboard ships could be shared among all interested stakeholders. This paper considers the possible application of distributed ledger technology as an aid for the control of overboard discharge of wastewater from commercial ships. The intended outcome is that it could help protect the environment by sending data to relevant stakeholders in real time, thus providing information regarding the best discharge areas. The use of a structured communal data transference would ensure a consistent and accurate way to transmit data to all interested parties, and would eliminate the need to fill in various paper forms and logs. Wastewater overboard discharges would be properly monitored, recorded and measured, as distributed ledger technology would prevent any possibility of illegal actions and falsification of documents, thus ensuring environmental sustainability.
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Mathews, Nikiforos, and Jonas Robison. "Smart contracts that violate the Commodity Exchange Act: which parties are liable?" Journal of Investment Compliance 20, no. 3 (October 14, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/joic-06-2019-0037.
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Purpose The US Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), to date, has not directly addressed how liability for Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) violations involving blockchain or distributed ledger technology should be allocated among the various parties involved in the distributed ledger network, such as the network itself, persons running consensus nodes, developers building applications on the platform, and businesses and end users using such applications. This article discusses recent statements by CFTC Commissioner Brian Quintenz regarding this issue and the approach that the CFTC may take going forward. Design/methodology/approach This article examines the allocation of liability in the context of smart contracts that may violate the CEA. The article discusses how the CFTC, despite its significant focus in recent years on virtual currency and blockchain, has not addressed the issue of liability allocation directly. Recent remarks by Commissioner Quintenz may shed light on the CFTC’s future approach. Findings This article finds that liability allocation questions may become increasingly pressing as smart contracts that potentially violate the CEA proliferate, possibly exposing a broad range of parties involved in a distributed ledger network to liability. To the extent that Commissioner Quintenz’s recent remarks are indicative, the CFTC ultimately may adopt a foreseeability standard in determining liability. Practical implications Applications of distributed ledger technology (DLT) are ever-expanding, continually posing novel CFTC regulatory issues. This is especially the case with respect to smart contracts that may be subject to CFTC jurisdiction. Parties involved in such applications should be mindful of potential liability. Originality/value Practical guidance from experienced finance and derivatives lawyers with strong CFTC expertise.
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Akhtar, Mohd Majid, Mohammad Zubair Khan, Mohd Abdul Ahad, Abdulfattah Noorwali, Danish Raza Rizvi, and Chinmay Chakraborty. "Distributed ledger technology based robust access control and real-time synchronization for consumer electronics." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (June 1, 2021): e566. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.566.
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Background Consumer electronics or daily use home appliances are the basic necessity of every household. With the adoption of IoT in consumer electronics, this industry is set to rise exponentially. In recent times, the demand for consumer electronics rises amidst the pandemic due to a paradigm shift from in-office culture to work from home. Despite intelligent IoT devices, smart home configuration, and appliances at our disposal, the rudimentary client-server architecture fails to provide facilities like full access control of data and devices, transparency, secured communication, and synchronization between multiple devices, etc. to the users. Methods To overcome these limitations, Blockchain technology has been adopted in recent years, however, it has its own set of limitations in its widespread implementation. Hence, we propose a methodology using the IOTA platform, a distributed ledger technology (DLT) for secured communication between consumer electronics devices and appliances. Results The implementation provides access control, interoperability, data storage, and management with an exploratory insight towards a decentralized micro-payment use-case between Electric cars and charging stations.
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Alruwaili, Fahad F. "Artificial intelligence and multi agent based distributed ledger system for better privacy and security of electronic healthcare records." PeerJ Computer Science 6 (November 30, 2020): e323. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.323.
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Background Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the use of agent-based systems in the healthcare system have attracted various researchers to improve the efficiency and utility in the Electronic Health Records (EHR). Nowadays, one of the most important and creative developments is the integration of AI and Blockchain that is, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to enable better and decentralized governance. Privacy and security is a critical piece in EHR implementation and/or adoption. Health records are updated every time a patient visits a doctor as they contain important information about the health and wellbeing of the patient and describes the history of care received during the past and to date. Therefore, such records are critical to research, hospitals, emergency rooms, healthcare laboratories, and even health insurance providers. Methods In this article, a platform employing the AI and the use of multi-agent based systems along with the DLT technology for privacy preservation is proposed. The emphasis of security and privacy is highlighted during the process of collecting, managing and distributing EHR data. Results This article aims to ensure privacy, integrity and security metrics of the electronic health records are met when such copies are not only immutable but also distributed. The findings of this work will help guide the development of further techniques using the combination of AI and multi-agent based systems backed by DLT technology for secure and effective handling EHR data. This proposed architecture uses various AI-based intelligent based agents and blockchain for providing privacy and security in EHR. Future enhancement in this work can be the addition of the biometric based systems for improved security.
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Akhtar, Mohd Majid, Danish Raza Rizvi, Mohd Abdul Ahad, Salil S. Kanhere, Mohammad Amjad, and Giuseppe Coviello. "Efficient Data Communication Using Distributed Ledger Technology and IOTA-Enabled Internet of Things for a Future Machine-to-Machine Economy." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 4354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134354.
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A potential rise in interest in the Internet of Things in the upcoming years is expected in the fields of healthcare, supply chain, logistics, industries, smart cities, smart homes, cyber physical systems, etc. This paper discloses the fusion of the Internet of Things (IoT) with the so-called “distributed ledger technology” (DLT). IoT sensors like temperature sensors, motion sensors, GPS or connected devices convey the activity of the environment. Sensor information acquired by such IoT devices are then stored in a blockchain. Data on a blockchain remains immutable however its scalability still remains a challenging issue and thus represents a hindrance for its mass adoption in the IoT. Here a communication system based on IOTA and DLT is discussed with a systematic architecture for IoT devices and a future machine-to-machine (M2M) economy. The data communication between IoT devices is analyzed using multiple use cases such as sending DHT-11 sensor data to the IOTA tangle. The value communication is analyzed using a novel “micro-payment enabled over the top” (MP-OTT) streaming platform that is based on the “pay-as-you-go” and “consumption based” models to showcase IOTA value transactions. In this paper, we propose an enhancement to the classical “masked authenticated message” (MAM) communication protocol and two architectures called dual signature masked authenticated message (DSMAM) and index-based address value transaction (IBAVT). Further, we provided an empirical analysis and discussion of the proposed techniques. The implemented solution provides better address management with secured sharing and communication of IoT data, complete access control over the ownership of data and high scalability in terms of number of transactions that can be handled.
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Huszár, Viktor. "Application Possibilities of Decentralization and Blockchain Technology Using Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence in Defense Management, Military and Police Organizations." Honvédségi Szemle 148, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 4–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35926/hdr.2020.1.1.
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Military science has faced new challenges at the end of the 20th century with the emergence of the Internet. Challenges and threats to traditional security got a new interpretation with a new concept of cybersecurity, which led to an organic transformation of military engineering and IT. As the Internet has fundamentally changed the way the world works, new technologies have emerged on the network that can revolutionize the multitude of industries. Such innovation is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Blockchain Technology supplemented with Artificial Intelligence and machine vision. The potential uses of the block chain represent a multitude of military technical scientific challenges. The technology makes it possible to co-operate freely with cryptographic procedures on distributed networks without state control, but it can also serve military and defense management purposes.
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Lamtzidis, Odysseas, Dennis Pettas, and John Gialelis. "A Novel Combination of Distributed Ledger Technologies on Internet of Things: Use Case on Precision Agriculture." Applied System Innovation 2, no. 3 (September 18, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi2030030.
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Internet-of-Things (IoT) is an enabling technology for numerous initiatives worldwide such as manufacturing, smart cities, precision agriculture, and eHealth. The massive field data aggregation of distributed administered IoT devices allows new insights and actionable information for dynamic intelligent decision-making. In such distributed environments, data integrity, referring to reliability and consistency, is deemed insufficient and requires immediate facilitation. In this article, we introduce a distributed ledger (DLT)-based system for ensuring IoT data integrity which securely processes the aggregated field data. Its uniqueness lies in the embedded use of IOTA’s ledger, called “The Tangle”, used to transmit and store the data. Our approach shifts from a cloud-centric IoT system, where the Super nodes simply aggregate and push data to the cloud, to a node-centric system, where each Super node owns the data pushed in a distributed and decentralized database (i.e., the Tangle). The backend serves as a consumer of data and a provider of additional resources, such as administration panel, analytics, data marketplace, etc. The proposed implementation is highly modularand constitutes a significant contribution to the Open Source communities, regarding blockchain and IoT.
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Lupascu, Cristian, Alexandru Lupascu, and Ion Bica. "DLT Based Authentication Framework for Industrial IoT Devices." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092621.
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The latest technological progress in the industrial sector has led to a paradigm shift in manufacturing efficiency and operational cost reduction. More often than not, this cost reduction comes at the price of dismissing information security, especially when multiple stakeholders are involved and the complexity increases. As a further matter, most of the legacy systems and smart factoring processes lack a security by design approach, making them highly vulnerable to cyber-attacks. Taking into consideration the aforementioned issues, we propose an architectural framework for Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) that provides authentication and guaranteed integrity. Our proposal properly addresses the security by design principle while combining some of the emerging technologies like Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) for grounded policy rules and Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for an immutable and transparent registry.
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Carvalho, Carlos Eduardo, Desirée Almeida Pires, Marcel Artioli, and Giuliano Contento de Oliveira. "Cryptocurrencies: technology, initiatives of banks and central banks, and regulatory challenges." Economia e Sociedade 30, no. 2 (July 2021): 467–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2021v30n2art08.
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Abstract This paper analyses the impacts of the innovation known as distributed ledger technology (DLT) on the monetary system and on financial activities. Private cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, are permissionless means of payment, based on blockchain, a form of DLT. Evaluations suggested that these private cryptocurrencies could compete with the banks payment systems and even supplant state currency. The development of these technologies has the potential to modify profoundly monetary and financial practices, but there are no indications that they may threaten the centrality of state money and the banking system in the contemporary monetary order. Major international banks have developed cryptocurrencies for settlement systems and for interbank transactions, including the so-called stablecoins, issued by highly technological companies with on par conversion into state money. Some central banks are studying the launch of state cryptocurrencies that could coexist with their fiduciary state currency and even replace their paper currency. The use of this technology results in new challenges for regulation, including the fact that cryptocurrencies can be used for money laundering and by organized crime.
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Glavanits, Judit. "Sustainable Public Spending Through Blockchain." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p317.
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Blockchain technology and its industrial use cases can be detected worldwide. It is time for the state to think about the blockchain as an opportunity to reduce costs and build trust in the public spending. The paper and the presentation give an overview on how the state can apply the distributed ledger technology (DLT) and blockchain technology in the public administration: there are several countries with best practices already, and even more are in the introduction phase of opening to Industry 4.0 in the public services as well.
On the field of FinTech area the state has great responsibility to regulate (or at least define) the phenomena of cryptocurrencies, that is already in use for more than 10 years now without any responsible governmental acts. Within this topic the Central Bank Digital Currency projects are also discussed in the paper, which are supported by IMF, and declared as the next natural step forward on financial markets.
Keywords: blockchain, DLT, SDG, public spending
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Du, Yao, Zehua Wang, and Victor C. M. Leung. "Blockchain-Enabled Edge Intelligence for IoT: Background, Emerging Trends and Open Issues." Future Internet 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi13020048.
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Blockchain, a distributed ledger technology (DLT), refers to a list of records with consecutive time stamps. This decentralization technology has become a powerful model to establish trust among trustless entities, in a verifiable manner. Motivated by the recent advancement of multi-access edge computing (MEC) and artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain-enabled edge intelligence has become an emerging technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). We review how blockchain-enabled edge intelligence works in the IoT domain, identify the emerging trends, and suggest open issues for further research. To be specific: (1) we first offer some basic knowledge of DLT, MEC, and AI; (2) a comprehensive review of current peer-reviewed literature is given to identify emerging trends in this research area; and (3) we discuss some open issues and research gaps for future investigations. We expect that blockchain-enabled edge intelligence will become an important enabler of future IoT, providing trust and intelligence to satisfy the sophisticated needs of industries and society.
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Linis, Bianca, and Sébastien Praicheux. "Digital and Blockchain-based Legal Regimes: An Eea Case Study Based on Innovative Legislations – Comparison of French and Liechtenstein Domestic Regulations." Financial Law Review, no. 22 (2) (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/22996834flr.21.009.13977.
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The financial crisis of 2007/08 had shattered the global financial system and led – besides a flood of regulations – to a wide range of new concepts and business models. One of these new concepts was “Bitcoin”, a private digital monetary system, which is characterized by decentralization, transparency and immutability. To date the underlying Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) has evolved and offers an extensive range of possibilities, particularly in the financial industry. So far, an EU-wide legal basis for Blockchain or DLT applications and services is missing. France and the Principality of Liechtenstein took a step forward and adopted national laws trying to offer legal certainty in this field. This article aims to provide a comparison of the two acts and underline the similarities and differences.
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Mathew, Sinsu Anna, and Abdul Quadir Md. "Evaluation of Blockchain in Capital Market Use-Cases." International Journal of Web Portals 10, no. 1 (January 2018): 54–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwp.2018010105.
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This article describes the “Blockchain” which is an upcoming technology in the current leading world and which serves as a capital market use-cases for many of the global Fintech industries across the world, is a distributed ledger of economic transactions which not only used for recording financial transactions but mostly everything of value in this world. In the current world, mostly all the transactions are done through online which mainly includes the bank as a “middle man,” which could be untrustworthy at times. Blockchain comes into the picture which eliminates the need of a middle man or third party between the users who are involved in the transactions. Represents a financial ledger entry of data structure which consists of record of transactions which is digitally signed and cannot be tampered as authenticity is ensured in which the ledger is considered to be of high integrity. One of the leading and highly valued platform of blockchain is “Hyperledger Fabric” which is meant for securing transactions and serves a powerful container technology for smart contract development in the global capital firms. The potential of Blockchain and DLT in capital markets in this upcoming world could remove many of the inefficiencies and costs inherent in the global capital markets across the world and could be considered as a viable technology which enable to settlement.
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AlSkaif, Tarek, Bart Holthuizen, Wouter Schram, Ioannis Lampropoulos, and Wilfried van Sark. "A Blockchain-Based Configuration for Balancing the Electricity Grid with Distributed Assets." World Electric Vehicle Journal 11, no. 4 (September 30, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj11040062.
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This paper explores a future perspective to foster the provision of balancing services to the electricity grid by distributed assets. One recent test case, initiated by the Dutch Transmission System Operator (TSO), was to operate an Electric Vehicle (EV) fleet on the automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) market, which entails fast and automated reserves. To achieve that in a decentralised, automated and transparent manner, the role of blockchain technology for this specific application is explored. We propose a novel configuration that can serve as a basis for deploying distributed assets for aFRR markets using blockchain or any alternative Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT). Automation can be achieved via the deployment of smart contracts, which also results in transparency in the system. The blockchain configurations are designed for three phases in the aFRR market, namely: (i) Operational planning and scheduling by a balancing service provider (i.e., formulation and submission of aFRR bid), (ii) Real-time operations (i.e., activation and measurements), and (iii) Verification and settlement (i.e., imbalance correction and financial settlement). The paper concludes that the scalability of distributed assets that can participate in the system, combined with the large transaction times and energy consumption of some consensus mechanisms, could put limitations on the proposed architecture. Future research should address benchmarking studies of other alternatives (e.g., DLTs, such as the ones based on directed acyclic graphs, and non-DLT solutions) with the proposed blockchain solution.
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Faccia, Alessio, and Pythagoras Petratos. "Blockchain, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Accounting Information Systems (AIS): Research on e-Procurement and System Integration." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 6792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156792.
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Accounting information systems (AISs), the core module of any enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, are usually designed as centralised systems. Nowadays, the continuous development and applications of blockchain, or more broadly—distributed ledger technology (DLT), can change the architecture, overcome and improve some limitations of centralised systems, most notably security and privacy. An increasing number of authors are suggesting the application of blockchain technologies in management, accounting and ERPs. This paper aims to examine the emerging literature on this field, and an immediate result is that blockchain applications can have significant benefits. The paper’s innovative contribution and considerable objective are to examine if blockchain can be successfully integrated with AIS and ERPs. We find that blockchain can facilitate integration at multiple levels and better serve various purposes as auditing compliance. To demonstrate that, we analyse e-procurement systems and operations using case study research methodology. The findings suggest that DLT, decentralised finance (DeFI), and financial technology (FinTech) applications can facilitate integrating AISs and ERP systems and yield significant benefits for efficiency, productivity and security.
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Hristova, Teodora, Dimitar Anastasov, and Zdravets Evtimov. "Defining the information flows for DLT of a transport company in the mining industry according to the criteria for sustainable development." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008003.
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The application of information technologies leads to the improvement of the companies’ production parameters in each sector according to the criteria for sustainable development. Naturally, in order to achieve efficiency, they must be tailored to the specifics of the industry, in this case the mining industry. The article proposes a methodology for the introduction of Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) for the transport information flow at a mining company. Based on the chosen organizational structure, the participating actors and the data they share, the information channels are determined. According to the necessary rights of the participants to modify the transactions and the number of channels of the transport information flow, a consensus mechanism Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant and the so-called smart contract have been chosen. Different DLT platforms are analyzed. Hyperledger Fabric was selected as an appropriate platform in order to ensure the continuity of the system, the asynchronous control of the various channels and the ability to include different actors.
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Hellani, Houssein, Layth Sliman, Abed Ellatif Samhat, and Ernesto Exposito. "Overview on the Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Systematics and Their Scalability Tools." Emerging Science Journal 4 (August 23, 2021): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2021-sp1-04.
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Modern IT technologies shaped the shift in economic models with many advantages on cost, optimization, and time to market. This economic shift has increased the need for transparency and traceability in supply chain platforms to achieve trust among partners. Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is proposed to enable supply chains systems with trust requirements. In this paper, we investigate the existing DLT-based supply chain projects to show their technical part and limitations and extract the tools and techniques used to avoid the DLT scalability issue. We then set the requirements for a typical DLT-based supply chain in this context. The analyses are based on the scalability metrics such as computing, data storage, and transaction fees that fit the typical supply chain system. This paper highlights the effects of Blockchain techniques on scalability and their incorporation in supply chains systems. It also presents other existing solutions that can be applied to the supply chain. The investigation shows the necessity of having such tools in supply chains and developing them to achieve an efficient and scalable system. The paper calls for further scalability enhancements throughout introducing new tools and/or reutilize the current ones. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-SP1-04 Full Text: PDF
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Lücking, Markus, Felix Kretzer, Niclas Kannengießer, Michael Beigl, Ali Sunyaev, and Wilhelm Stork. "When Data Fly: An Open Data Trading System in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks." Electronics 10, no. 6 (March 11, 2021): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10060654.
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Communication between vehicles and their environment (i.e., vehicle-to-everything or V2X communication) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) has become of particular importance for smart cities. However, economic challenges, such as the cost incurred by data sharing (e.g., due to power consumption), hinder the integration of data sharing in open systems into smart city applications, such as dynamic environmental zones. Moving from open data sharing to open data trading can address the economic challenges and incentivize vehicle drivers to share their data. In this context, integrating distributed ledger technology (DLT) into open systems for data trading is promising for reducing the transaction cost of payments in data trading, avoiding dependencies on third parties, and guaranteeing openness. However, because the integration of DLT conflicts with the short available communication time between fast moving objects in VANETs, it remains unclear how open data trading in VANETs using DLT should be designed to be viable. In this work, we present a system design for data trading in VANETs using DLT. We measure the required communication time for data trading between a vehicle and a roadside unit in a real scenario and estimate the associated cost. Our results show that the proposed system design is technically feasible and economically viable.
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Hurova, Anna, and Maria Kirpachova. "State regulation of space activity by using Blockchain." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-288-296.
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This research is aimed at detecting legal and organizational requirements for the Blockchain application in State regulation of space activity. The most precise attention is focused on considering the compliance with the space authorization requirements, ensuring the registration of space objects and the implementation of foreign trade agreements within the space sector of the economy. The research is based on results of the previous in-depth study conducted by the authors, which was dedicated to the legal nature of the DLT (distributed ledger technologies), and in particular its most popular example Blockchain, the basic elements and models of the technology, the main spheres of its application in the framework of space activity in order to guarantee realization of rights and compliance with obligations of public and private space actors in the process of conducting the outer space activities, as well as legislative innovations to regulate the utilization of the Blockchain in different countries, as well as international standards and practices and promising legal mechanisms. Thus, the authors created logical preconditions to cover in this publication the prospects of state regulation of space activities in Ukraine using the Blockchain technology. The authors consider usage of different types of Blockchain ledgers (public ledger with authorized access and with/without special validator) to implement different tasks in the process of regulating space activities, such as guaranteeing fulfillment of conditions of foreign economic agreements on the basis of smart contracts concluded between business entities and for maintaining the state register of space objects. The research proposes several scenarios that are acceptable both in terms of technical characteristics of Blochchain and legal requirements under which a number of central authorities can exercise their powers to regulate space activities using distributed ledger technologies. In addition, the study demonstrates an effective mechanism for ensuring the allocation of responsibility for the registration of space objects between the owners of the launch vehicle and payload to prevent situations when the spacecraft remains unregistered in orbit as a result of non-compliance with contractual obligations or non-inclusion of certain clauses in such agreements. The model agreements between Ukrainian and foreign space actors are proposed to be implemented by governmental institutions and used as a preventing instrument, according to which a conflict of laws can be solved and the state responsible for registering space objects in the Blockchain Network can be defined.
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Csikós, Sándor, György Czifra, and József Sárosi. "Using RFID to identify smart products on a blockchain enabled production network." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 1 (August 10, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.1.1-7.
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Industry 4.0 requires the cooperation of several technologies. The intersections of these technologies present us with new challenges. One of these challenges is identification, since we have to identify all the items that are on the network that do work and those that are worked upon. If we fail to identify one of these items the network is presented with an unidentified potentially malicious device or a misidentified product which can cause production to halt. Blockchains or otherwise known as Distributed Ledger Technology, DLT for short is a technology that builds upon the current bookkeeping paradigm and expands it in a decentralized direction. This however can be used in more than just banking since it is essentially a distributed database that has memory of past events not just the current state. By using a blockchain based distributed database to hold processing details and using RFID-s as keys to certain entries in the database it is possible to build a tamper proof production system that can handle the challenges of industry 4.0. It may also be possible to use blockchain technology as a form of digital paper trail that can be used to validate messages sent to the nodes of the system.
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Hellani, Houssein, Layth Sliman, Abed Ellatif Samhat, and Ernesto Exposito. "Computing Resource Allocation Scheme for DAG-Based IOTA Nodes." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 4703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144703.
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IOTA is a distributed ledger technology (DLT) platform proposed for the internet of things (IoT) systems in order to tackle the limitations of Blockchain in terms of latency, scalability, and transaction cost. The main concepts used in IOTA to reach this objective are a directed acyclic graph (DAG) based ledger, called Tangle, used instead of the chain of blocks, and a new validation mechanism that, instead of relying on the miners as it is the case in Blockchain, relies on participating nodes that cooperate to validate the new transactions. Due to the different IoT capabilities, IOTA classifies these devices into full and light nodes. The light nodes are nodes with low computing resources which seek full nodes’ help to validate and attach its transaction to the Tangle. The light nodes are manually connected to the full nodes by using the full node IP address or the IOTA client load balancer. This task distribution method overcharges the active full nodes and, thus, reduces the platform’s performance. In this paper, we introduce an efficient mechanism to distribute the tasks fairly among full nodes and hence achieve load balancing. To do so, we consider the task allocation between the nodes by introducing an enhanced resource allocation scheme based on the weight least connection algorithm (WLC). To assess its performance, we investigate and test different implementation scenarios. The results show an improved balancing of data traffic among full nodes based on their weights and number of active connections.
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Mathew, Alex. "Edge Computing and Its Convergence with Blockchain in 6G: Security Challenges." International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing 10, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47760/ijcsmc.2021.v10i08.002.
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Even though the wireless network of 5G has not been investigated exhaustively, the sixth generation (6G) echo systems’ visionaries are already being debated. Therefore, to solidify and consolidate privacy and security within 6G networks, this paper examines edge computing and its convergence with blockchain in 6G: security challenges. Moreover, the paper examines how security might affect the wireless systems of the 6G, potential obstacles characterizing various 6G technologies, alongside possible remedies. This paper unveils the 6G security vision alongside key indicators of performance with tentative landscape threat premised upon predicted sixth generation infrastructure. Furthermore, a discussion of the privacy and security challenges that might emerge from the existing sixth generation applications and demands is presented. Additionally, the paper sheds light into the research-level projects and standardization efforts. Specific attention is accorded to discussion on the security consideration with 6G enhancing technologies, including quantum computing, visible light communication (VLC), distributed ML/AI, physical layer security, and distributed ledger technology (DLT). Overall, this paper seeks to guide the subsequent investigation of sixth generation privacy and security in the early stage of envisioning to practicality.
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Panyukova, V. V. "International Experience of Using Blockchain Technology in Supply Chain Management." Economics, taxes & law 11, no. 4 (November 6, 2018): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2018-11-4-60-67.
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The paper analyzes the advantages of using the blockchain technology in the supply chain management. It is determined that the blockchain will simplify the procedure of the government control over the supply chain and contribute to the implementation of the state policy aiming to reduce the level of counterfeit products and improve the quality of goods entering the retail network, which will have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the regions. The subject of research is the organizational and technological mechanism of the interaction between business entities in the process of introduction and application of the blockchain technology for supply chain management. The purpose of the paper was to find out how to use the blockchain in logistics in the most effective way. The paper presents the summary of works of Russian and foreign economists and identifies the main areas of existing and prospective blockchain studies, formulates the principles for the promotion of the blockchain technology in logistics and identifies factors that impede the active use of the blockchaining by Russian and foreign businessmen. The necessity of the DLT/blockchain legalization in economic activities and determining the responsibility for including incomplete and/or unreliable information in a distributed ledger is substantiated.
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Pečarić, Mario, Ivan Peronja, and Mislav Mostarac. "Application of “blockchain” and “smart contract” tehnology in international payments – the case of reimbursement banks." Pomorstvo 34, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.34.1.18.
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The aim of this paper is to find alternative method of executing reimbursement loan, as a form of documentary loan, that is, to investigate new digital technology methods (fintech) to improve the efficiency of the international exchange. Reimbursement loans are often used to credit the trade of overseas goods. The reason of such case is that the shipment of goods by the maritime transport requires a significant amount of time and those trades are often associated with high financial amounts. Since international trade (exchange) is a kind of a generator of society’s progress, it is necessary to explore the possibilities for making international payment cheaper, more efficient and more secure. In this case, we based our research on the implementation of modern technologies, more precisely “blockchain”/DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology) and “smart contracts”. The new reimbursement loan model presented in the paper is based on the aforementioned technologies. It could potentially change not only the documentary lending techniques, but also, eventually, overall financial paradigm. The effectiveness of the application of modern technologies is proven comparing the results of the so called conventional and unconventional reimbursement credit model on a real case involving two companies in Indonesia and Singapore. The paper also tackles on the further implementation of “smart contract” technology and “blockchain”/DLT, thus considering the potential impact of these technologies on overseas trade, credit markets and financial institutions. Finally, the paper argues on the limitations in implementing this new technique (e.g. legal, political and technical challenges).