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Journal articles on the topic 'Distributed reflectometry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Gorlov, N. I., and I. V. Bogachkov. "DISTRIBUTED SENSING OF FIBER-OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINES USING BRILLOUIN SCATTERING." DYNAMICS OF SYSTEMS, MECHANISMS AND MACHINES 11, no. 4 (2023): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2310-9793-2023-11-4-71-75.

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The report discusses the main aspects of distributed sensing of fiber-optic communication lines using Brillouin scattering. The results of the study of the main functional capabilities of the method of coherent reflectometry and the method of counter propagating waves are presented. Special attention is paid to the principles of construction of reflectometric systems and the analysis of requirements for optical radiation sources. In conclusion, the main problems and prospects of practical implementation of the investigated method in the practice of monitoring fiber-optic communication lines ar

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2

Mizuno, Yosuke, Neisei Hayashi, Hideyuki Fukuda, Kwang Yong Song, and Kentaro Nakamura. "Ultrahigh-speed distributed Brillouin reflectometry." Light: Science & Applications 5, no. 12 (2016): e16184-e16184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2016.184.

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3

Zahoor, Rizwan, Raffaele Vallifuoco, Luigi Zeni, and Aldo Minardo. "Distributed Temperature Sensing through Network Analysis Frequency-Domain Reflectometry." Sensors 24, no. 7 (2024): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24072378.

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In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) for distributed temperature measurements at high spatial (down to ≈3 cm) and temperature resolution. The system makes use of a frequency-stepped, continuous-wave (cw) laser whose output light is modulated using a vector network analyzer. The latter is also used to demodulate the amplitude of the beat signal formed by coherently mixing the Rayleigh backscattered light with a local oscillator. The system is capable of attaining high measurand resolution (≈50 mK at 3-cm spatial resolution

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4

Volanthen, M., H. Geiger, and J. P. Dakin. "Distributed grating sensors using low-coherence reflectometry." Journal of Lightwave Technology 15, no. 11 (1997): 2076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.641525.

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5

Dominauskas, Aurimas, Dirk Heider, and John W. Gillespie. "Electric time-domain reflectometry distributed flow sensor." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 38, no. 1 (2007): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.01.019.

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6

Bao, Xiaoyi, and Yuan Wang. "Recent Advancements in Rayleigh Scattering-Based Distributed Fiber Sensors." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2021 (March 11, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/8696571.

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Recently, Rayleigh scattering-based distributed fiber sensors have been widely used for measurement of static and dynamic phenomena such as temperature change, dynamic strain, and sound waves. In this review paper, several sensing systems including traditional Rayleigh optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR), Φ-OTDR, chirped pulse Φ-OTDR, and optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) are introduced for their working principles and recent progress with different instrumentations for various applications. Beyond the sensing technology and instrumentation, we also discuss new types of fiber

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7

Rahman, Saifur, Farman Ali, Fazal Muhammad, et al. "Analyzing Distributed Vibrating Sensing Technologies in Optical Meshes." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (2022): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010085.

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Hundreds of kilometers of optical fibers are installed for optical meshes (OMs) to transmit data over long distances. The visualization of these deployed optical fibers is a highlighted issue because the conventional procedure can only measure the optical losses. Thus, this paper presents distributed vibration sensing (DVS) estimation mechanisms to visualize the optical fiber behavior installed for OMs which is not possible by conventional measurements. The proposed technique will detect the power of light inside the optical fiber, as well as different physical parameters such as the phase of

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8

Kiyozumi, Takaki, Tomoya Miyamae, Kohei Noda, Heeyoung Lee, Kentaro Nakamura, and Yosuke Mizuno. "Super-simplified optical correlation-domain reflectometry." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 7 (2022): 078005. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac7272.

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Abstract Optical correlation-domain reflectometry (OCDR), which is known as one of the fiber-optic techniques for distributed reflectivity sensing, conventionally included an acousto-optic modulator, a reference path, and erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in its setup. In this work, by removing all of these components simultaneously, we develop a super-simplified configuration of OCDR, which consists of a light source and a photodetector only. We experimentally show that this system can still perform distributed reflectivity sensing with a moderate signal-to-noise ratio, which will boost the porta

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9

Fan, Xinyu, Bin Wang, Guangyao Yang, and Zuyuan He. "Slope-Assisted Brillouin-Based Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensing Techniques." Advanced Devices & Instrumentation 2021 (July 14, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/9756875.

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Brillouin-based fiber-optic sensing has been regarded as a powerful distributed measurement tool for monitoring the conditions of modern large civil and geotechnical structures, since it provides continuous environmental information (e.g., temperature and strain) along the whole fiber used for sensing applications. In the past few decades, great research efforts were devoted to improve its performance in terms of measurement range, spatial resolution, measurement speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness, of which the slope-assisted measurement scheme, achieved by exploiting the linear slope

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10

SAM, A. ROBERT, G. PUNITHAVATHY, and G. S. AYYAPPAN. "Distributed Acoustic Sensing Signal Model Under Static Fiber Conditions." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 08 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem36976.

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This paper presents a statistical model for distributed acoustic sensor interrogation units that utilizes laser pulses transmitted into fiber optics. Interactions within the fiber lead to localized acoustic energy, resulting in backscatter, which is a reflection of the light. Explicit equations were used to calculate the amplitudes and phases of backscattered signals. The proposed model accurately predicts the amplitude signal spectrum and autocorrelation, aligning well with experimental observations. This study also explores the phase signal characteristics relevant to optical time-domain ref

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11

Константинов, Ю. А. "Экскурсия по рефлектограмме". Perm Scientific Center Journal, № 3 (13 листопада 2024): 32–40. https://doi.org/10.7242/2658-705x/2024.3.3.

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In this paper, the basic principles of distributed measurements for the needs of metrology and sensorics, carried out with the help of methods of optical time domain reflectometry and optical frequency domain reflectometry, are presented in popular science form. The article introduces the reader to the work of the Photonics laboratory of the Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics, abranch of the Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICMM UB RAS).

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12

Zhou, Da-Peng, Liang Chen, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Distributed dynamic strain measurement using optical frequency-domain reflectometry." Applied Optics 55, no. 24 (2016): 6735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.55.006735.

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13

Crunelle, Cathy, Marc Legre, M. Wuilpart, Patrice Megret, and Nicolas Gisin. "Distributed Temperature Sensor Interrogator Based on Polarization-Sensitive Reflectometry." IEEE Sensors Journal 9, no. 9 (2009): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2026525.

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14

King, Stephanie, Gbanaibolou Jombo, Oluyomi Simpson, Wenbo Duan, and Adrian Bowles. "Coaxial Cable Distributed Strain Sensing: Methods, Applications and Challenges." Sensors 25, no. 3 (2025): 650. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030650.

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Distributed strain sensing is a powerful tool for in situ structural health monitoring for a wide range of critical engineering infrastructures. Strain information from a single sensing device can be captured from multiple locations simultaneously, offering a reduction in hardware, wiring, installation costs, and signal analysis complexity. Fiber optic distributed strain sensors have been the widely adopted approach in this field, but their use is limited to lower strain applications due to the fragile nature of silica fiber. Coaxial cable sensors offer a robust structure that can be adapted i

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15

Mizuno, Yosuke, Heeyoung Lee, and Kentaro Nakamura. "Recent Advances in Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Reflectometry." Applied Sciences 8, no. 10 (2018): 1845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8101845.

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Distributed fiber-optic sensing based on Brillouin scattering has been extensively studied and many configurations have been developed so far. In this paper, we review the recent advances in Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry (BOCDR), which is known as a unique technique with intrinsic single-end accessibility, high spatial resolution, and cost efficiency. We briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of BOCDR over other Brillouin-based distributed sensing techniques, and present the fundamental principle and properties of BOCDR with some special schemes for enhancing the

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16

Lu, Li Dong, Yun Liang, Bing Lin Li, and Jing Hong Guo. "A Novel Distributed Optical Fiber Sensing System Based on Parallel Computing." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.731.

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A new Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) based on parallel computing method to extract the spontaneous Brillouin scattering spectra is proposed. By use of parallel computing method, the speed of digital signal processing unit in the new BOTDR can be improved by more than 40 times, which benefits dynamic measurement of the temperature and/or strain along the fiber under test.

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17

Shatalin, Sergey V., Vladimir N. Treschikov, and Alan J. Rogers. "Interferometric optical time-domain reflectometry for distributed optical-fiber sensing." Applied Optics 37, no. 24 (1998): 5600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.37.005600.

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18

Wiedmann, U., P. Gallion, Y. Jaouen, and C. Chabran. "Analysis of distributed feedback lasers using optical low-coherence reflectometry." Journal of Lightwave Technology 16, no. 5 (1998): 864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/50.669020.

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19

Palmieri, Luca, and Andrea Galtarossa. "Distributed Polarization-Sensitive Reflectometry in Nonreciprocal Single-Mode Optical Fibers." Journal of Lightwave Technology 29, no. 21 (2011): 3178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2011.2167221.

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20

Zhou, Da-Peng, Zengguang Qin, Wenhai Li, Liang Chen, and Xiaoyi Bao. "Distributed vibration sensing with time-resolved optical frequency-domain reflectometry." Optics Express 20, no. 12 (2012): 13138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.20.013138.

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21

Lelong, Adrien, Laurent Sommervogel, Nicolas Ravot, and Marc Olivas Carrion. "Distributed Reflectometry Method for Wire Fault Location Using Selective Average." IEEE Sensors Journal 10, no. 2 (2010): 300–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2009.2033946.

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22

Lee, Bo Mi, Kenneth J. Loh, and Francesco Lanza di Scalea. "Distributed Strain Sensing Using Electrical Time Domain Reflectometry With Nanocomposites." IEEE Sensors Journal 18, no. 23 (2018): 9515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2018.2872910.

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23

Wang, Chen, Ying Shang, Xiaohui Liu, Chang Wang, Hongzhong Wang, and Gangding Peng. "Interferometric distributed sensing system with phase optical time-domain reflectometry." Photonic Sensors 7, no. 2 (2016): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13320-016-0350-8.

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24

Hua, Peidong, Zhenyang Ding, Kun Liu, et al. "Distributed optical fiber biosensor based on optical frequency domain reflectometry." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 228 (May 2023): 115184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2023.115184.

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25

Suzuki, Yukihiro, Heeyoung Lee, Haruki Sasage, Kohei Noda, Kentaro Nakamura, and Yosuke Mizuno. "Proof-of-concept demonstration of double-slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 62, no. 10 (2023): 108005. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/acfa4c.

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Abstract We develop a new configuration of distributed strain and temperature sensing technology called double-slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry. Its loss-independent operation is demonstrated through simplified simulation and proof-of-concept experiments using a standard silica single-mode fiber.

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26

Li, Heng, Ziyang Feng, Shaohua Xu, Mingde Zheng, Wentao Zhang, and Feiyu Zheng. "Optical fiber sensing and tensor AP clustering for high-speed road tunnel vehicle detection." Advances in Computer and Engineering Technology Research 1, no. 2 (2024): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.61935/acetr.2.1.2024.p159.

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Aiming at the problems of signal acquisition, feature extraction and vehicle recognition in highway tunnel vehicle detection, a new tunnel vehicle detection method is proposed by combining optical time-domain reflectometry distributed fiber sensing technology and tensor affine propagation clustering algorithm. Firstly, the distributed optical fiber system designed by optical time domain reflectometry was used to collect the running signals of tunnel vehicles and obtain the measurement data. Secondly, a high-order tensor sample set is constructed by using the spatial resolution of optical fiber

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27

Sifta, Radim, Petr Munster, Petr Sysel, et al. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensor for Detection and Localization of Acoustic Vibrations." Metrology and Measurement Systems 22, no. 1 (2015): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mms-2015-0009.

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Abstract A sensing system utilizing a standard optical fiber as a distributed sensor for the detection and localization of mechanical vibrations is presented. Vibrations can be caused by various external factors, like moving people, cars, trains, and other objects producing mechanical vibrations that are sensed by a fiber. In our laboratory we have designed a sensing system based on the Φ-OTDR (phase sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) using an extremely narrow laser and EDFAs.

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28

Novotný, Vít, Petr Sysel, Aleš Prokeš, Pavel Hanák, Karel Slavíček, and Jiří Přinosil. "Fiber Optic Based Distributed Mechanical Vibration Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 14 (2021): 4779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144779.

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The distributed long-range sensing system, using the standard telecommunication single-mode optical fiber for the distributed sensing of mechanical vibrations, is described. Various events generating vibrations, such as a walking or running person, moving car, train, and many other vibration sources, can be detected, localized, and classified. The sensor is based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry (ϕ-OTDR). Related sensing system components were designed and constructed, and the system was tested both in the laboratory and in the real deployment, with an 88 km telecom optical

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29

Wang, Feng, Xuping Zhang, Xiangchuan Wang, and Haisheng Chen. "Distributed fiber strain and vibration sensor based on Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometry and polarization optical time-domain reflectometry." Optics Letters 38, no. 14 (2013): 2437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.38.002437.

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30

Shiloh, Lihi, and Avishay Eyal. "Distributed acoustic and vibration sensing via optical fractional Fourier transform reflectometry." Optics Express 23, no. 4 (2015): 4296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.23.004296.

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31

Lin, Mark W., Jagan Thaduri, and Ayo O. Abatan. "Development of an electrical time domain reflectometry (ETDR) distributed strain sensor." Measurement Science and Technology 16, no. 7 (2005): 1495–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/7/012.

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32

Rizzolo, S., E. Marin, A. Boukenter, et al. "Radiation Hardened Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Distributed Temperature Fiber-Based Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 62, no. 6 (2015): 2988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2015.2482942.

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33

Rizzolo, S., C. Sabatier, A. Boukenter, et al. "Radiation Characterization of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry Fiber-Based Distributed Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 63, no. 3 (2016): 1688–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2016.2527831.

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34

Eich, Susanne, Elmar Schmälzlin, and Hans-Gerd Löhmannsröben. "Distributed Fiber Optical Sensing of Oxygen with Optical Time Domain Reflectometry." Sensors 13, no. 6 (2013): 7170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130607170.

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35

Caucheteur, Christophe, Marc Wuilpart, Chengkun Chen, Patrice Mégret, and Jacques Albert. "Quasi-distributed refractometer using tilted Bragg gratings and time domain reflectometry." Optics Express 16, no. 22 (2008): 17882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.017882.

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36

Ghoussoub, Yara E., Maximilian Zerball, Hadi M. Fares, John F. Ankner, Regine von Klitzing, and Joseph B. Schlenoff. "Ion distribution in dry polyelectrolyte multilayers: a neutron reflectometry study." Soft Matter 14, no. 9 (2018): 1699–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02461d.

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Counterions were found to be uniformly distributed in polycation-terminated films of poly(diallyldimethylammonium) and poly(styrenesulfonate) prepared on silicon wafers using layer-by-layer adsorption.

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37

Liehr, Sascha, Sven Münzenberger, and Katerina Krebber. "Wavelength-Scanning Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Structural Monitoring and Seismic Applications." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015030.

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We introduce wavelength-scanning coherent optical time domain reflectometry (WS-COTDR) for dynamic vibration sensing along optical fibers. The method is based on spectral shift computation from Rayleigh backscatter spectra. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used for fast and high-resolution strain computation from raw measurement data. The applicability of the method is demonstrated for vibration monitoring of a reinforced concrete bridge. We demonstrate another application example for quasi-static and dynamic measurement of ground deformation and surface wave propagation along a dark fibe

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38

Romanet, Maxime, Etienne Rochat, Kien Phan Huy, and Jean-Charles Beugnot. "Single-photon detector-based long-distance Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry." EPJ Web of Conferences 287 (2023): 09013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328709013.

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We present a long-range Brillouin optical time domain reflectometer (BOTDR) based on photon counting technology. We demonstrate experimentally the ability to perform a distributed temperature measurement, by detecting a hot spot in a thermal bath at 100 km, and the possibility to achieve measurement until 120 km with a spatial resolution of 10 m. We use the slope of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a frequency discriminator, to convert count rate variation into a frequency shift. A performance study of our distributed sensor as a function of spatial resolution is also presented.

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39

RANDALL, SUMMER LOCKERBIE, ANATOL M. BRODSKY, and LLOYD W. BURGESS. "MANIFESTATION OF MIE RESONANCES IN COHERENT LIGHT BACKSCATTERING FROM RANDOM MEDIA." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 04 (2005): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905008190.

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Utilization of Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry (OLCR) for measurement of coherent backscattering of light from media with randomly-distributed spherical particles shows the influence of Mie resonances over the parameter interval where particle radii are comparable to the wavelength of light. Results advance the understanding of the theoretically and practically important problem of wave propagation in multiscattering random media.

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40

Lee, Noda, Mizuno, and Nakamura. "Distributed Strain Measurement Using Power-Based Brillouin Sensor with Three Folded Dynamic Range." Proceedings 15, no. 1 (2019): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019015026.

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We clarify that, unlike time-domain techniques, slope-assisted Brillouin optical correlation-domain reflectometry has a trade-off relation between the strain dynamic range and the spatial resolution. This trade-off is shown to be caused by its unique bell-shaped noise floor, which is inherently unavoidable in correlation-domain systems. Subsequently, we experimentally show that, at the cost of lowered spatial resolution, the strain dynamic range can be 3 times wider than the previously reported value.

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41

Wosniok, Aleksander, and Katerina Krebber. "Distributed fiber optic radiation sensors." Safety of Nuclear Waste Disposal 1 (November 10, 2021): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sand-1-15-2021.

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Abstract. The international research efforts focused on the development of radiation sensors based on optic fibers have their origins in the 1970s (Evans et al., 1978). Generally, the lightweight fiber optic sensors are immune to electromagnetic field interference and high voltages making them deployable in harsh environments at hard to reach areas where conventional sensors usually will not work at all. A further advantage of such radiation sensors is the possibility of remote and real-time monitoring (Huston et al., 2001). In this work, we present our results achieved in several research act

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42

Hubbard, Peter G., James Xu, Shenghan Zhang, et al. "Dynamic structural health monitoring of a model wind turbine tower using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS)." Journal of Civil Structural Health Monitoring 11, no. 3 (2021): 833–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13349-021-00483-y.

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AbstractMaintenance of wind turbine towers is currently a manual process that requires visual inspection and bolt tightening yearly. This process is costly to energy companies and its necessity is not well-defined. In this study, two Rayleigh-based distributed fiber optic sensing technologies are evaluated and compared for their ability to monitor the dynamic structural behavior of a model wind turbine tower subject to free and forced vibration. They are further tested for their ability to detect structural phenomena associated with loose bolts and material damage within the tower. The two tec

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43

Wang, Guo An, and Hao Zhang. "Steel Structure Damage Detection Based on BOTDR Based Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 424-425 (January 2012): 1274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.424-425.1274.

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For Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (BOTDR) based distributed sensing technique, limited by 1m-order spatial resolution, it is difficult to monitor or test localized deformation, and loop installation of optical fiber sensors is a good countermeasure, In this paper, firstly, the measurement behavior and performance of loop installed optical fiber sensors is investigated experimentally, and the accuracy of BOTDR based distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS) is evaluated. Furthermore, an experimental investigations on a steel specimen is carried out. Based on the investigations, steel

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44

Boujia, Nissrine, Franziska Schmidt, Christophe Chevalier, Dominique Siegert, and Damien Pham Van Bang. "Distributed Optical Fiber-Based Approach for Soil–Structure Interaction." Sensors 20, no. 1 (2020): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20010321.

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Scour is a hydraulic risk threatening the stability of bridges in fluvial and coastal areas. Therefore, developing permanent and real-time monitoring techniques is crucial. Recent advances in strain measurements using fiber optic sensors allow new opportunities for scour monitoring. In this study, the innovative optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) was used to evaluate the effect of scour by performing distributed strain measurements along a rod under static lateral loads. An analytical analysis based on the Winkler model of the soil was carefully established and used to evaluate the

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45

Liu Kun, 刘琨, 冯博文 Feng Bowen, 刘铁根 Liu Tiegen, 江俊峰 Jiang Junfeng, and 杜阳 Du Yang. "Continuous Distributed Fiber Strain Location Sensing Based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry." Chinese Journal of Lasers 42, no. 5 (2015): 0505006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl201542.0505006.

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46

Ding, Zhenyang, Chenhuan Wang, Kun Liu, et al. "Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors Based on Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry: A review." Sensors 18, no. 4 (2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18041072.

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47

Fan, Xinyu, Guangyao Yang, Shuai Wang, Qingwen Liu, and Zuyuan He. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Vibration Sensing Based on Phase Extraction From Optical Reflectometry." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35, no. 16 (2017): 3281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2016.2604859.

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48

Gorshkov, B. G., G. B. Gorshkov, and M. A. Taranov. "Simultaneous temperature and strain sensing using distributed Raman optical time-domain reflectometry." Laser Physics Letters 14, no. 1 (2016): 015103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/14/1/015103.

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49

Auzanneau, F. "Chaos time‐domain reflectometry for distributed diagnosis of complex topology wired networks." Electronics Letters 52, no. 4 (2016): 280–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2015.3456.

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50

Marcon, Leonardo, Andrea Galtarossa, and Luca Palmieri. "High-frequency high-resolution distributed acoustic sensing by optical frequency domain reflectometry." Optics Express 27, no. 10 (2019): 13923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.013923.

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