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Journal articles on the topic 'Distributed switches'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Chen, Jun Shou, Zheng You, Yong Ruan, and Mu Zhi Hu. "New Isolation Optimization Method of RF MEMS Capacitive Switches." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.35.

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A new isolation optimization method of radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) capacitive switches is carried out in this paper. We simplified the coplanar waveguide and the top movable electrode as two-port network. The existence of the maximum isolation of single switch is proved theoretically based on circuit model and S-parameters model. The isolation of the distributed switches with lossless transfer lines, which is the function of the transfer lines length and the impedance of metal beams, is described by mathematic expressions and simulated in a numerical method. We find that the isolation varies periodically with θ and f, which are the electrical length between metal beams of the distributed switches and the signal frequency. It achieves the maximum value 83dB at θ=π/2 for 2-beams switch. However, different from single beam switches, the distributed switches maximum isolation is near but not precisely at the resonance frequency f0. The bandwidth of RF signal can be widened to about 200% for 5-beams switch by using the proposed design method. The results will be useful for Resistance-Inductance- Capacitance parameters optimization of RF MEMS Capacitive switches.

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2

Blythe, S. P., R. M. Nisbet, W. S. C. Gurney, and N. MacDonald. "Stability switches in distributed delay models." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 109, no. 2 (1985): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-247x(85)90158-1.

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3

Yeo, Sangho, Ye Naing, Taeha Kim, and Sangyoon Oh. "Achieving Balanced Load Distribution with Reinforcement Learning-Based Switch Migration in Distributed SDN Controllers." Electronics 10, no. 2 (2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020162.

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Distributed controllers in software-defined networking (SDN) become a promising approach because of their scalable and reliable deployments in current SDN environments. Since the network traffic varies with time and space, a static mapping between switches and controllers causes uneven load distribution among controllers. Dynamic migration of switches methods can provide a balanced load distribution between SDN controllers. Recently, existing reinforcement learning (RL) methods for dynamic switch migration such as MARVEL are modeling the load balancing of each controller as linear optimization. Even if it is widely used for network flow modeling, this type of linear optimization is not well fitted to the real-world workload of SDN controllers because correlations between resource types are unexpectedly and continuously changed. Consequently, using the linear model for resource utilization makes it difficult to distinguish which resource types are currently overloaded. In addition, this yields a high time cost. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based switch and controller selection scheme for switch migration, switch-aware reinforcement learning load balancing (SAR-LB). SAR-LB uses the utilization ratio of various resource types in both controllers and switches as the inputs of the neural network. It also considers switches as RL agents to reduce the action space of learning, while it considers all cases of migrations. Our experimental results show that SAR-LB achieved better (close to the even) load distribution among SDN controllers because of the accurate decision-making of switch migration. The proposed scheme achieves better normalized standard deviation among distributed SDN controllers than existing schemes by up to 34%.

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Xia, Xin, Yu-Ying Pan, Xiao-Lei Liu, and Yong-Gang Jia. "Hierarchical Electrode Switching Device Design for Distributed Single-Channel Electrical Resistivity Tomography System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (2021): 5746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125746.

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An electrode switching device (ESD) is one of the most important components of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). It is a ligament and relay between a testing circuit and testing electrodes. Existing ESD uses a plane structure to realize the interconnection between ports and testing electrodes. Taking Wenner testing as an example, each electrode needs four additional switches. In this report, a new hardware saving ESD (HESD) is made with a hierarchical structure for a single-channel distributed ERT. HESD has two-layered switches to realize the conversion process. The first layer of 16 switches can realize four pairs of unrepeated connection between four ports—AMNB and four Lines—L1–L4. The second layer establishes the non-overlapping joints between four lines—L1–L4 and four testing electrodes. Each electrode only needs one switch for an 1D test, which has been wildly used in soil science, ocean probing, and contaminated surveys, and an odd number layer test. With the newly designed HESD, three fourths of the cost of hardware (switch) was saved compared with the conventional ESD. In addition, with two more switches, HESD was able to complete a 2D survey. The new two-layer HESD saves hardware costs and shows advantages in maintenance, system tests, and miniaturization, especially when many electrodes are required in an ERT system, which is very common in practice.

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Vai, Vannak, Sievlong Suk, Rathana Lorm, Chhith Chhlonh, Samphors Eng, and Long Bun. "Optimal Reconfiguration in Distribution Systems with Distributed Generations Based on Modified Sequential Switch Opening and Exchange." Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (2021): 2146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11052146.

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The distribution systems operate radially with meshed topologies thanks to tie-switches and sectionalizing switches consisting of the systems. The power distribution systems are undergoing evolutions strongly toward active distribution systems for reliability and quality of service enhancements through reconfiguration. The distributed generations are also one effective solution for the above objectives. A consumption time is one of the considerable issues that many existing methods have not been achieved for reconfiguration purpose. This paper brings an adaptive solution called modified sequential switch opening and exchange (MSSOE), which is carried out with MATLAB and MATPOWER tool, to overcome these issues. The fundamental loop has been proposed for the MSSOE method to reduce search space in the iteration process. In each step of the searching process, MSSOE observes that if any switches within the same loop of the selected tie-switch are deleted to avoid opening those switches in the next iteration. The process of MSSOE is done when the radial topology is given. The proposed method is tested with the standard IEEE 33-bus, IEEE 69-bus, and IEEE 119-bus distribution systems to observe the effectiveness of the MSSOE algorithm. Comparison to existing algorithms in terms of global solution and computation time conclude that the MSSOE is the best method.

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6

Chiussi, F. M., and A. Francini. "A distributed scheduling architecture for scalable packet switches." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 18, no. 12 (2000): 2665–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/49.898749.

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7

Kang, Minkoo, Gyeongsik Yang, Yeonho Yoo, and Chuck Yoo. "Proactive Congestion Avoidance for Distributed Deep Learning." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010174.

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This paper presents “Proactive Congestion Notification” (PCN), a congestion-avoidance technique for distributed deep learning (DDL). DDL is widely used to scale out and accelerate deep neural network training. In DDL, each worker trains a copy of the deep learning model with different training inputs and synchronizes the model gradients at the end of each iteration. However, it is well known that the network communication for synchronizing model parameters is the main bottleneck in DDL. Our key observation is that the DDL architecture makes each worker generate burst traffic every iteration, which causes network congestion and in turn degrades the throughput of DDL traffic. Based on this observation, the key idea behind PCN is to prevent potential congestion by proactively regulating the switch queue length before DDL burst traffic arrives at the switch, which prepares the switches for handling incoming DDL bursts. In our evaluation, PCN improves the throughput of DDL traffic by 72% on average.

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8

Lin, Dong, Mounir Hamdi, and Jogesh Muppala. "Distributed Packet Buffers for High-Bandwidth Switches and Routers." IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 23, no. 7 (2012): 1178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpds.2011.276.

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9

MOHAN, J., SHWETA M. DEVANAGAONKAR, VINEETA V. GARUR, A. KARTHIK, K. ROHITAKSHA, and A. B. RAJENDRA. "An Improved Approach for Eliminating the Loop in Hybrid Software Defined Network (SDN) Using Modified Bellman-Ford Algorithm." Journal of Interconnection Networks 20, no. 04 (2020): 2150001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265921500018.

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SDN is approaching its own structure of acceptance. Therefore, the increasing deployment of SDNs is being discussed as a possible approach, appearing in the development of the hybrid SDN networks. An foremost work in the hybrid SDN networks is bandwidth allocation, taking into account the integration of both SDN-enabled and conventional switches. The network loop in layer 2 switches is skipped in Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) by ceaselessly watching the network to trace all links and block the unwanted ones. Bridge loops will occur anytime there’s a redundant Layer2 way between ends. By default, switches forward broadcast/multicast out all ports, other than the port from that the broadcast/multicast was delivered. Once a switch loop is brought in the network, broadcast messages are going to be broadcasted more often leading to broadcast storms. The Spanning-tree algorithm enforces a distributed divergent of the Bellman-Ford iterative algorithm that always looks for the optimal solution and selects an optimal influential switch anytime. In this paper we use controller’s global network view for resolving loop problem in layer 2 network. SDN controller acts on broadcast packets received from switch-ports and host-ports differently that is if the broadcast packets received from host ports, the SDN controller broadcasts these packets to all ports and if broadcast packets is received from switch ports, only some switches broadcasts these packets on all ports instead of all switches.

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10

Shin, Dong-Jin, and Jeong-Joon Kim. "Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Network Routing Technology for Data Recovery in Exa-Scale Cloud Distributed Clustering Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188727.

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Research has been conducted to efficiently transfer blocks and reduce network costs when decoding and recovering data from an erasure coding-based distributed file system. Technologies using software-defined network (SDN) controllers can collect and more efficiently manage network data. However, the bandwidth depends dynamically on the number of data transmitted on the network, and the data transfer time is inefficient owing to the longer latency of existing routing paths when nodes and switches fail. We propose deep Q-network erasure coding (DQN-EC) to solve routing problems by converging erasure coding with DQN to learn dynamically changing network elements. Using the SDN controller, DQN-EC collects the status, number, and block size of nodes possessing stored blocks during erasure coding. The fat-tree network topology used for experimental evaluation collects elements of typical network packets, the bandwidth of the nodes and switches, and other information. The data collected undergo deep reinforcement learning to avoid node and switch failures and provide optimized routing paths by selecting switches that efficiently conduct block transfers. DQN-EC achieves a 2.5-times-faster block transmission time and 0.4-times-higher network throughput than open shortest path first (OSPF) routing algorithms. The bottleneck bandwidth and transmission link cost can be reduced, improving the recovery time approximately twofold.

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11

Shi, Yang, Jiawei Fei, Mei Wen, and Chunyuan Zhang. "Balancing Distributed Key-Value Stores with Efficient In-Network Redirecting." Electronics 8, no. 9 (2019): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8091008.

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Today’s cloud-based online services are underpinned by distributed key-value stores (KVSs). Keys and values are distributed across back-end servers in such scale-out systems. One primary real-life performance bottleneck occurs when storage servers suffer from load imbalance under skewed workloads. In this paper, we present KVSwitch, a centralized self-managing load balancer that leverages the power and flexibility of emerging programmable switches. The balance is achieved by dynamically predicting the hot items and by creating replication strategies according to KVS loading. To overcome the challenges in realizing KVSwitch given the limitations of the switch hardware, we decompose KVSwitch’s functions and carefully design them for the heterogeneous processors inside the switch. We prototype KVSwitch in a Tofino switch. Experimental results show that our solution can effectively keep the KVS servers balanced even under highly skewed workloads. Furthermore, KVSwitch only replicates 70 % of hot items and consumes 9.88 % of server memory rather than simply replicating all hot items to each server.

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12

ROY, KRISHNENDU, RAMACHANDRAN VAIDYANATHAN, and JERRY L. TRAHAN. "ROUTING MULTIPLE WIDTH COMMUNICATIONS ON THE CIRCUIT SWITCHED TREE." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 17, no. 02 (2006): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054106003826.

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Dynamically reconfigurable architectures offer extremely fast solutions to various problems. The Circuit Switched Tree (CST) is an important interconnect used to implement such architectures. A CST has a binary tree structure with processing elements (PEs) as leaves and switches as internal nodes. PEs communicate among themselves using the links of the tree. Key components for successful communication are scheduling individual communications and configuring the CST switches. This paper presents a scheduling and configuration algorithm for communications on a CST where conflicts necessitate multiple rounds of routing to perform all communications. The algorithm is distributed and requires only local information, yet it captures the global picture to ensure proper communication. The paper also explains how to apply the algorithm to an important class, "well-nested communications", for which the algorithm is optimal and efficient.

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13

Artemenko, S. N., V. A. Avgustinovich, S. A. Gorev, and V. S. Igumnov. "Analysis of microwave interference switches with distributed power of switched wave and plasma gas-discharge switching." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 652 (November 5, 2015): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/652/1/012017.

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14

Kang, Dong-Woo, and Songcheol Hong. "A 4-bit CMOS Phase Shifter Using Distributed Active Switches." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 55, no. 7 (2007): 1476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.900317.

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15

Heidari, Alireza, Vassilios G. Agelidis, and Mohsen Kia. "Considerations of Sectionalizing Switches in Distribution Networks With Distributed Generation." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 30, no. 3 (2015): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2014.2385654.

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16

Bauer, Claus. "Distributed scheduling policies in networks of input-queued packet switches." ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review 34, no. 3 (2004): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1031134.1031135.

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17

Afrang, Saeid, and Burhanuddin Yeop Majlis. "Distributed transmission line phase shifter using MEMS switches and inductors." Microsystem Technologies 14, no. 8 (2008): 1173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00542-008-0637-9.

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18

Lup, Aurel-Sorin, Gabriela Ciuprina, Daniel Ioan, Anton Duca, Alexandra Nicoloiu, and Dan Vasilache. "Physics-aware macromodels for MEMS switches." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 2 (2020): 497–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-06-2019-0267.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a physics-aware algorithm to obtain radio frequency (RF)-reduced models of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) switches and show how, together with multiphysics macromodels, they can be realized as circuits that include both lumped and distributed parameters. Design/methodology/approach The macromodels are extracted with a robust procedure from the solution of Maxwell’s equations with electromagnetic circuit element (ECE) boundary conditions. The reduced model is extracted from the simulations of three electromagnetic field problems, in full-wave regime, that correspond to three configurations: signal lines alone, switch in the up and down positions. Findings The technique is exemplified for shunt switches, but it can be extended for lateral switches. Moreover, the algorithm is able take frequency dependence into account both for the signal lines and for the switch model. For the later, the order of the model is increased until a specified accuracy is achieved. Originality/value The use of ECE as boundary conditions for the RF simulation of MEMS switches has the advantage that the definition of ports is unambiguous and robust as the ports are clearly defined. The extraction approach has the advantage that the simplified model keeps the basic phenomena, i.e. the propagation of the signal along the lines. As the macromodel is realized with a netlist that uses transmission lines models, the lines’ extension is natural. The frequency dependence can be included in the model, if needed.

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19

Zhao, Hong Shan, Song Chen, Ying Ying Wang, and Ying Wang. "Reliability Evaluation for Distribution System Considering the Access of Distributed Generations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 721 (December 2014): 355–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.721.355.

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The construction and operating mode of distribution network have changed due to the access of distributed generations (DGs), which has a deep influence on reliability evaluation. A new approach and the related analytical formulation is proposed in this paper to get a better evaluation for distribution network connected to DGs, after considering the fault reconstruction, switch type, DGs types and access locations, islands abundance probabilities and other factors. We propose a classification that includes various cases defined by the relative position of load points (LPs), faults, and switches, in networks with and without DGs. Taking IEEE RBTS BUS6 distribution system for example, the simulation results in the proposed method indicate that DGs improved the reliability for distribution network effectively.

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20

Hui, Yu, Xin Wang, Dong Mei Zhao, Jian Su, Peng Wang, and Hai Tao Liu. "Adaptation Evaluation Method of Distribution Network to Accept Distributed Generations." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 1172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.1172.

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Adaptation evaluation index system is established according to the influences brought by the distributed generations (DGs) interconnected with the distribution network. Evaluation indicators are proposed to reflect the operating conditions of distribution lines, switches and other important devices of distribution network. Combine Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is used to determine the weights of the evaluation indicators. Whereby obtain the comprehensive evaluation results of distribution equipment adaptation to DGs integration. A study of a practical grid is made in the cases of the DGs centralized integration, decentralized integration, and without DGs. The simulated result shows that a large number of DGs connected with the distribution network would deteriorate a majority of the equipment operating indicators, especially to the indexes related to switches and protection devices. Meanwhile, when a distribution network is connected into the same capacity of DGs, the distribution equipment would show a better adaptation to DGs' decentralized integration.

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21

Artemenko, S. N., S. A. Gorev, and V. S. Igumnov. "Oversized interference microwave switches with distributed power of a switching wave." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 830 (May 4, 2017): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/830/1/012028.

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22

Gao, Ya, Zhiliang Qiu, Maosen Zhang, and Yongbo Jiang. "Distributed Weight Matching Dispatching Scheme in MSM Clos-Network Packet Switches." IEEE Communications Letters 17, no. 3 (2013): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2013.012213.122552.

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23

Barker, S., and G. M. Rebeiz. "Distributed MEMS true-time delay phase shifters and wide-band switches." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 46, no. 11 (1998): 1881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.734503.

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24

Gorbatyuk, A. V., I. V. Grekhov, and D. V. Gusin. "Increasing the operating frequency in high-power distributed microgate bipolar switches." Technical Physics Letters 36, no. 10 (2010): 945–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785010100214.

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25

López-Bravo, Cristina, Francisco J. González-Castaño, Miguel Rodelgo-Lacruz, Pablo Pavón-Mariño, and Joan García-Haro. "LBWS: a load-balanced distributed scheduler for WASPNET optical packet switches." European Transactions on Telecommunications 20, no. 1 (2009): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.1251.

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26

S, Sreejith, and Karthik Balasubramanian. "Performance Comparison of Multi Input Capacitor Converter Circuits." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (2018): 3471. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3471-3483.

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This paper analyze the operation of a multi input switched capacitor (MIC) converters using a couple of switches, diodes and capacitors for several levels. With two input sources it is possible to obtain 8 output voltage levels. Here, 5 topologies of switched capacitor circuits namely summation, subtraction, inverting, double and half circuits are simulated and their performances are analyzed. Multi Input Converters have a high regard for multiple renewable energy sources used in smart grid systems, especially for distributed generators. The effects on output voltage with variation in load for different frequencies are also analyzed. Hardware implementation of summation and subtraction circuit is carried out and the results are compared with the simulated results

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27

Šošić, Darko, and Predrag Stefanov. "Reconfiguration of distribution system with distributed generation using an adaptive loop approach." Journal of Electrical Engineering 70, no. 5 (2019): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2019-0066.

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Abstract A new concept of switches selection in the meta-heuristic optimization process of optimal distribution network reconfiguration has been proposed. Based on the adaptive set of selectable candidates, the proposed concept determines the switch status. This approach prevents the creation of unfeasible solutions (non-radial and unconnected configurations), and significantly reducing the number of searches and accelerating the optimization process. Unfeasible solutions, created by meta-heuristic optimization rules, can be corrected by means of the proposed adaptive loop concept. The correct parts of the unfeasible solution are retained, while only the defective parts are replaced by the adaptively formed loops from the currently available conditions that respect the correct switching operations. In this way, the basic characteristics of the optimization process have been retained to the greatest possible extent. Tests were performed on a two different size standard distribution networks.

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28

Jin, Xinxin, and Xinxue Jin. "Construction of Distributed Optoelectronic Switching Network and OpenFlow Anycast Mechanism of Network on Cloud Computing." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 7 (2020): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2020.2811.

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Traditional electrical switching network faces the problems of limited bandwidth and large energy consumption. The optoelectronic hybrid data network fully combines the advantages of optical switching and electrical switching, and dynamically adjusts the topology and bandwidth in accordance to the demand, thereby effectively improving network performance and reducing power consumption. A high-performance distributed optoelectronic switching network architecture called DOIN_W was proposed in the study, aiming to solve the problems of the scalability of the optoelectronic switching network architecture and the insufficient flexibility of network resource allocation. The architecture was connected topologically according to the method of 2DTorus, thereby effectively improving the network scale of the photoelectric switching network and supporting the dynamic adjustment of the network scale. The optical switching of DOIN_W adopted the "broadcastselect" method to support different forms of broadcasting communication. A multi-dimensional optical signal switch was designed, and the optical signal broadcast of the switch can reach any of the optical switches in DOIN_W, thereby supporting the direct connection between optical switches. Considering the problems that the multi-broadcast service of DOIN_W was unable to access freely, stateful optical signal communication was hard to maintain and the single path weight resulted in lack priority of communication, the OpenFlow network protocol of the cloud computing network was introduced in the DOIN_W architecture. The anycast mechanism of DOIN_W was optimized based on this protocol. Based on the stream-level network simulator for network performance simulation analysis, the DOIN_W architecture can meet the requirements of network scalability and flexibility. Compared with the OVS architecture and Jellyfish architecture, the DOIN_W architecture can effectively reduce the average flow completion time by more than 30% and reduce average energy consumption by over 25%.

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29

Huang, Wen Zeng, Zhi Yi Fang, Guan Nan Qu, S. Q. Zheng, and Zhong Chen. "A General Model of Contention-Tolerant Crossbar Switch." Applied Mechanics and Materials 701-702 (December 2014): 891–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.701-702.891.

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Recently, we proposed an innovative switch architecture called Contention-Tolerant Crossbar (CTC) switch. It is able to tolerate conflicts in switch fabric. The schedulers of CTC are distributed in inputs and operate independently and in parallel, which releases the central controller and cooperative arbiters, and largely reduces the hardware complexity. In this paper, we discuss a general model by discussing a CTC structure with X inputs and Y outputs called (X, Y)-CTC Structure. And a queueing network model is developed for analyzing the throughput of this general structure. Since it has the main characteristics of CTC, it can be seen as the basis of modularity study of Contention-Tolerant Switches.

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Aoukach, Basma, and Benyounes Oukarfi. "An improved energy management method based on combination of multi agent system and fuzzy logic." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 92, no. 3 (2020): 30902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200189.

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This paper presents a distributed energy management strategy based on a combination of multi agent system (MAS) and fuzzy logic (FL). Our system is composed of two renewable energy sources which are a photovoltaic panel, wind turbine, storage system and a variable loads. These elements are linked between them through switches. This improved technique allows the control of switches to manage the energy flow between sources and established load priority. MAS consider each element of the system as an agent, one of them is called execution agent that controls switches based on the paradigm of fuzzy logic (FL). The results of this approach are presented, discussed then followed by a simulation.

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31

Grishin, A. V., S. L. Glushkov, B. P. Mironychev, et al. "Design of a synchronization system for the “Gamma-4” electrophysical facility." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 32 (January 2014): 1460333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603330.

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At RFNC-VNIIEF on the basis of a “Gamma-1” high-current pulsed accelerator there is being developed a four-module “Gamma-4” electrophysical facility. A synchronization system of the "Gamma-4" facility is meant for a simultaneous (with precision not worse than ±3 ns) triggering of high-volt gas-filled trigatron type switches of modules' pulse forming systems (144 items, operating voltage ≤ 1 MV), modules' pre-pulse switches (24 items, ≤ 3 MV) and 8 Marx generators (40 items, ≤ 100 kV). The synchronization system comprises 54 pulse generators, involving 25 generators on the basis of water insulated forming lines with distributed parameters and multi-channel gas-filled switches. On matched cable loads with resistances 0.45 Ohm these generators form voltage pulses with amplitudes 100 kV with durations 25 ns. A jitter of switches of these generators does not exceed ± 2 ns. To raise the amplitude of pulse drivers of pulse forming system switches and pre-pulse switches of modules in the facility synchronization system there are used step-up transformers based on pulsed high-voltage cables.

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32

Gorbatyuk, A. V., I. V. Grekhov, and D. V. Gusin. "Distributed microgate bipolar switches: Onset conditions for dynamic breakdown at turn-off." Technical Physics 54, no. 10 (2009): 1481–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784209100120.

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33

Gorbatyuk, A. V., and I. V. Grekhov. "Decreasing dynamic turn-off losses in high-power distributed microgate bipolar switches." Technical Physics Letters 34, no. 5 (2008): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063785008050222.

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BĄCHOREK, Wojciech. "Influence of distributed generation on sectionalizing switches placement in MV distribution networks." PRZEGLĄD ELEKTROTECHNICZNY 1, no. 4 (2020): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15199/48.2020.04.24.

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35

Asorey-Cacheda, R., F. J. Gonzalez-Castano, C. Lopez-Bravo, J. M. Pousada-Carballo, and P. S. Rodriguez-Hernandez. "On the behavior of phm distributed schedulers for input buffered packet switches." IEEE Transactions on Communications 51, no. 7 (2003): 1057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2003.814201.

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36

Serpanos, D. N., and P. I. Antoniadis. "FIRM: high-speed distributed scheduling for ATM switches with multiple input queues." Electronics Letters 35, no. 22 (1999): 1915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19991302.

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Isapour Chehardeh, Maziar, and Constantine J. Hatziadoniu. "Optimal Placement of Remote-Controlled Switches in Distribution Networks in the Presence of Distributed Generators." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12061025.

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A two-level optimization method is presented to find the optimal number and location of conventional protective devices to be upgraded to remote-controlled switches (RCSs) for an existing distribution network (DN). The effect of distributed generation (DG) on this problem is considered. In the first level, a nonlinear binary program is proposed to maximize the restored customers subject to technical and topological constraints. All feasible interchanges between protective devices and ties involved in the restoration, when a fault occurs at all possible locations are found considering switching dependencies. In the second level, a nonlinear cost function, combining the expected cost of interruptions (ECOST) and the switch cost, is minimized with respect to the location of RCSs. The expected cost function is computed based on the optimum restoration policies obtained from the first level. The optimum placement of RCSs using the proposed algorithm is tested on a 4-feeder 1069-node test system and compared to the solution obtained with a genetic algorithm (GA) on the same system.

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KANG, MOO-KYUNG, and CHONG-MIN KYUNG. "THREE-STAGE CLOS-NETWORK SWITCH ARCHITECTURE WITH BUFFERED CENTER STAGE FOR MULTI-CLASS TRAFFIC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 15, no. 02 (2006): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126606003088.

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Memory-space-memory (MSM) arrangement is a popular architecture to implement three-stage Clos-network switches with distributed arbitration. The scalability of this architecture, however, is limited by the round-trip communication delay between the first and the second stages. Moreover, virtual output queue does not completely remove the blocking in the buffered modules under multi-class traffic. In this paper, we propose a competition-free memory–memory–memory (CFM3) switch which is a three-stage Clos-network switch with buffered center stage. The CFM3 deploys buffered modules in all stages to simplify communication between stages. To reduce the blocking, each module is equipped with a set of buffers fully separated according to the destinations, classes of packets and the input ports of the module. Despite the buffered center stage, CFM3 is free from reordering problem due to simple control mechanism. Simulation result shows the delay of the proposed CFM3 switch closely approaches that of the ideal Output Queued switch under multi-class traffic when strict priority policy popularly used for class-based switch is deployed. The CFM3 achieves 100% throughput under uniformly distributed four-class traffic with strict priority policy while traditional MSM switch records about 77% throughput.

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Yuan, Bin, Chen Lin, Deqing Zou, Laurence Tianruo Yang, and Hai Jin. "Detecting Malicious Switches for a Secure Software-defined Tactile Internet." ACM Transactions on Internet Technology 21, no. 4 (2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3415146.

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The rapid development of the Internet of Things has led to demand for high-speed data transformation. Serving this purpose is the Tactile Internet, which facilitates data transfer in extra-low latency. In particular, a Tactile Internet based on software-defined networking (SDN) has been broadly deployed because of the proven benefits of SDN in flexible and programmable network management. However, the vulnerabilities of SDN also threaten the security of the Tactile Internet. Specifically, an SDN controller relies on the network status (provided by the underlying switches) to make network decisions, e.g., calculating a routing path to deliver data in the Tactile Internet. Hence, the attackers can compromise the switches to jeopardize the SDN and further attack Tactile Internet systems. For example, an attacker can compromise switches to launch distributed denial-of-service attacks to overwhelm the SDN controller, which will disrupt all the applications in the Tactile Internet. In pursuit of a more secure Tactile Internet, the problem of abnormal SDN switches in the Tactile Internet is analyzed in this article, including the cause of abnormal switches and their influences on different network layers. Then we propose an approach that leverages the messages sent by all switches to identify abnormal switches, which adopts a linear structure to store historical messages at a relatively low cost. By mapping each flow message to the flow establishment model, our method can effectively identify malicious SDN switches in the Tactile Internet and thus enhance its security.

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Fernández-Bolaños Badía, Montserrat, Pierre Nicole, and Adrian Mihai Ionescu. "RF-MEMS switches with AlN dielectric and their applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 3, no. 5 (2011): 509–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175907871100064x.

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This paper reports on the potential of RF-MEMS technology based on aluminum nitride capacitive dielectric and nickel-suspended membranes to provide RF circuit functions in reconfigurable front-end radios. The RF performance of capacitive switches, distributed MEMS transmission lines (DMTLs) phase shifters for beam steering and tunable filters, including center frequency and bandwidth tuning of bandpass and band-stop filters are presented. Detailed characterization based on S-parameter data demonstrates very promising figures of merit of all fabricated demonstrators from 5 to 40 GHz.

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Rambidi, Nicholas G. "Lure of molecular electronics—from molecular switches to distributed molecular information processing media." Microelectronic Engineering 69, no. 2-4 (2003): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9317(03)00337-x.

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Xiao, Jie, Bin Wu, Xiaohong Jiang, Achille Pattavina, Hong Wen, and Lei Zhang. "Scalable Data Center Network Architecture With Distributed Placement of Optical Switches and Racks." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 6, no. 3 (2014): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/jocn.6.000270.

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Bartolucci, G., S. Catoni, F. Giacomozzi, R. Marcelli, B. Margesin, and D. Pochesci. "Realisation of distributed RF MEMS phase shifter with very low number of switches." Electronics Letters 43, no. 23 (2007): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20071679.

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Lei, Shunbo, Yunhe Hou, Feng Qiu, and Jie Yan. "Identification of Critical Switches for Integrating Renewable Distributed Generation by Dynamic Network Reconfiguration." IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy 9, no. 1 (2018): 420–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tste.2017.2738014.

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Huang, Yen-Chih, Wen-Ching Chang, Hsuan Hsu, and Cheng-Chien Kuo. "Planning and Research of Distribution Feeder Automation with Decentralized Power Supply." Electronics 10, no. 3 (2021): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10030362.

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The high penetration of distributed generation in distributed energy systems causes the variation of power loss and makes the power grid become more complicated, so this paper takes various types of optimal algorithms into account and simulates the feeder reconfiguration on the IEEE-33 system as well as the Taiwan power system. The simulation verifies linear population size reduction of successful history-based adaptive differential evolution (L-SHADE) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) fitness in different systems and provides the recommended location of distributed energy. The proposed method keeps the voltage bound of 0.95 to 1.03 p.u. of Taiwan regulation. In the IEEE-33 system, we achieved a 52.57% power loss reduction after feeder reconfiguration, and a 70.55% power loss reduction after the distributed generator was implemented and feeder reconfiguration. Under the variation of load demand and power generation of the Taiwan power system, we establish the system models by forecasting one-day load demand. Then, we propose a one-day feeder switch operation strategy by considering the switches’ operation frequency with the reduction of 83.3% manual operation and recommend feeder automation to achieve feeder power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement and get regional power grid resilient configuration.

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KARMAKAR, SUSHANTA, and AROBINDA GUPTA. "ADAPTIVE DISTRIBUTED MUTUAL EXCLUSION BY DYNAMIC TOPOLOGY SWITCHING." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 22, no. 03 (2011): 713–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054111008313.

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Adaptation is a desirable requirement in a distributed system as it helps the system to perform efficiently under different environments. For many problems, more than one protocol exists, such that one protocol performs better in one environment while the other performs better in another. In such cases, adaptive distributed systems can be designed by dynamically switching between the protocols as the environment changes. In this work we propose an adaptive distributed mutual exclusion scheme that dynamically switches between two token based distributed mutual exclusion protocols; the Raymond's algorithm [15] and the Martin's algorithm [13]. Algorithms are proposed for switching in both directions and their correctness are proved. For each switching algorithm, it is shown that no more than one node can access the shared resource during the switching and no deadlock happens during the switching.

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Muthanna, Ammar, Abdelhamied A. Ateya, Abdukodir Khakimov, et al. "Secure and Reliable IoT Networks Using Fog Computing with Software-Defined Networking and Blockchain." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 1 (2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8010015.

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Designing Internet of Things (IoT) applications faces many challenges including security, massive traffic, high availability, high reliability and energy constraints. Recent distributed computing paradigms, such as Fog and multi-access edge computing (MEC), software-defined networking (SDN), network virtualization and blockchain can be exploited in IoT networks, either combined or individually, to overcome the aforementioned challenges while maintaining system performance. In this paper, we present a framework for IoT that employs an edge computing layer of Fog nodes controlled and managed by an SDN network to achieve high reliability and availability for latency-sensitive IoT applications. The SDN network is equipped with distributed controllers and distributed resource constrained OpenFlow switches. Blockchain is used to ensure decentralization in a trustful manner. Additionally, a data offloading algorithm is developed to allocate various processing and computing tasks to the OpenFlow switches based on their current workload. Moreover, a traffic model is proposed to model and analyze the traffic indifferent parts of the network. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in simulation and in a testbed. Experimental results show that the proposed framework achieves higher efficiency in terms of latency and resource utilization.

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Ramu, Velishala, P. Satish Kumar, and G. N. Sreenivas. "Distributed Generation Integration to Grid using Multi-Level CHB Inverter." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 7, no. 2 (2017): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v7.i2.pp312-321.

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Environmental conditions, electrical modeling and developments in industries led to new power generation epoch where fat section of power required for load section is fed through extensive induction of distributed resources generally known as distributed generation [DG]. Distributed generation reduces the risk of environmental pollution and distance criterion posed from conventional power generation. This paper presents grid integration scheme of distributed generation using five-level cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) inverter. Reference currents used to produce pulses for switches in CHB are generated using a simple control strategy. Performance of the system was evaluated when only active power is fed from distributed generation to grid and also when both active and reactive powers were fed to grid from distributed generation. Proposed system was developed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software and results are presented.

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Kim, Bruce C., and Rahim Kasim. "Development of MEMS Power Sensor Package." Journal of Microelectronics and Electronic Packaging 7, no. 3 (2010): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/imaps.266.

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This article presents the design, fabrication, and packaging of advanced MEMS in high power applications. The advanced MEMS devices are used as a power sensor to detect high current in a distributed power network. We designed and fabricated an M × N array of low power MEMS switches to handle high power which are mass actuated by an external magnetic field. The array of MEMS devices has been packaged in a conventional package and testing was performed to validate its operation. The switching time was very compatible with the existing solid state switches with much higher order of power capability.

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Shaker, Mahmoud, Samir Jasim, and Ali Sha'ban. "Microcontroller Based Less Switches Topology and Digital Gating Technique for Single-Phase Five-Level Inverter." Conference Papers in Engineering 2013 (June 10, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/820879.

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The multilevel inverter is the idea of connecting such distributed DC energy sources (solar and fuel cells in addition to rectified output of wind turbines) to a power grid. Multilevel pulse width modulation (PWM) inverters have gained importance in high performance power applications without requiring high ratings on individual devices. The elementary concept of a multilevel converter to achieve higher power is to use a series of power semiconductor switches with several lower voltage DC sources to perform the power conversion by synthesizing a staircase voltage waveform. In the present paper we introduce a power circuit for single-phase five-level inverter which contains a very lower number of switches and the technique for the generation of required signals to control the operation of the inverter switches. The presented technique is implemented via microcontroller ATmega16. The simulation and practical results are presented.

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