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1
Siu, Pui Leng. "Internet : a banking distribution channel." Thesis, University of Macau, 2003. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636770.
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Coles, James B. "Cross-channel predictive analytics for retail distribution decisions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111531.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.Thesis: S.M. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-93).
Distribution demand forecasting at Zara currently considers historical sales of products modified by expert knowledge inputs in an algorithm developed to calculate the shipment required to meet demand for the next sales period. In 2010, the introduction of Zara.com provided customers an additional channel to complete purchases and interact with the brand while providing Zara significant insight into changing customer preferences to supplement the expert knowledge of the Zara team. This thesis investigates the utility of the data collected in the online sales channel for increasing the accuracy of the distribution demand forecasts. Two forecast types are considered: Initial Shipments for which no historical data exists, and Replenishment Shipments which have historical data. Forecasts are performed for both brick-and-mortar and e-commerce sales channels to demonstrate cross-channel utility of the data. The study presents a review of available datasets to identify those of potential interest and describes meaningful features engineered from raw datasets. By applying machine learning algorithms, significant features are identified and a predictive model is developed demonstrating significant WMAPE improvement for initial shipments to brick-and-mortar stores ( 0.23), moderate improvement for replenishment shipments to e-commerce ( 0.05) and limited improvement for replenishments to brick-and-mortar stores (<0.04). The results of this study demonstrate the potential for significant reduction of inventory requirements to maintain customer service levels and provides a baseline for future cross-channel forecasting work.
by James B. Coles.
M.B.A.
S.M. in Engineering Systems
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Ravn, Anders. "Distribution channel strategy design : Application and implementation in healthcare." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98477.
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Healthcare is a very important and intimate service virtually all people use at least at some occasion in a lifetime. It is also highly complex and variable with heterogeneous patients requiring individualised attention in order to be effectively treated. This requires large resources in terms of labour, knowledge, skill, and time which is why in the past, improving productivity has been difficult. Information and communications technology, ICT, has been seen to have potential to improve productivity in e.g. diagnosing, devising treatment plans, communicating with patients and clinical staff, and record-keeping if applied correctly. During mainly the 1990s, the banking sector changed its distribution channel strategy to focus increasingly on Internet banking rather than local branches. If parallels are drawn between the two, such as comparing local branches to clinics, what can a rheumatology department learn? A case study was conducted at Karolinska University Hospital's Department of Rheumatology. Existing communication pathways associated with the clinic-patient communication were identified, theory and knowledge of the banking sector change was compiled and some current efforts of ICT integration in healthcare were briefly reviewed. Finally, the project sought to provide a future vision for communications in rheumatology. Examples of risks and difficulties considered were legal issues, patient safety and the current compensation for the clinics, which today represent a major limitation for strategy formulation. The study identified several key issue areas to consider when implementing ICT in healthcare and the importance of aligning ICT with workflow. Parts of the banks strategic choices are also applicable in healthcare, e.g. using a multi-channel strategy where different customer segments are targeted with different channels. Further, a unified customer management system containing input from patient as well as provider is highly recommended, together with an online portal increasing accessibility for patients. Most importantly, all distribution channels and ICT systems considered for use should be thoroughly integrated with day-to-day workflow.
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Chang, Jen-Yun. "Impact of the internet as a direct sales channel on established distribution channels and the management of channel conflict : an exploratory study in the Taiwanese IT industry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5965.
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The internet has had a profound effect on communication, entertainment, buying, and selling (Webb 2002) and, in particular, as a distribution channel (Van den Poel and Leunis 1999). Increasingly companies in a variety of industries have established their own online direct sales channels instead of merely relying on conventional intermediaries (Coughlan et al 2006). Hence, multi-channel distribution strategies, combining both off- and online channels are being adopted. Frazier (1999:232) argues: “The utilization of multiple channels of distribution is now becoming the rule rather than the exception”. Companies which combine physical and web channels have been referred to as “clicks and mortar,” “bricks and clicks,” “surf and turf,” “cyber-enhanced retailing,” or “hybrid e-commerce,” (Gulati and Garino 2000; Steinfield et al 2002 a b; Agatz et al 2008; Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). Despite the apparent popularity of internet channels, adding an internet channel to the distribution mix creates potentially significant challenges for channel managers (Webb 2002). A major concern is that by going multi-channel, a firm might face ‘channel conflict’ between channel members (Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). As Rosenbloom (2007:7) claims: “Perhaps the most significant obstacle to building successful multi-channel strategies is the emergence of conflict between the different channels used for reaching customers”. The main objective in this study is to explore the impact of the internet as being a distribution channel within the multi-channel system. Three research issues which have seldom been discussed in previous literature are explored in this study. These three questions are: Q1: What are the factors encouraging manufacturers to develop the internet channel, especially manufacturers with a well established distribution channel? Q2: What are the channel design patterns of the multi-channel structure? Q3: How can channel conflict arising from the development of the internet channel be minimized? Interview was utilized as a main data collection method in this research. A total of 25 interviews were conducted and the majority of interviewees are managers in Taiwanese IT companies. The main product lines in their firms included wireless equipment, DRAM module, motherboard, and scanner. In addition, a wide range of documents were examined as a secondary data source and compared with data from the interviews. According to the statements from interviewees, six main factors were identified as encouraging the manufacturer to develop the internet channel. These are: (1) customer information management, (2) retailer management issue, (3) launching a new product, (4) to be a secondary channel, (5) management support, and (6) me-too strategy. Furthermore, it seems that when firms are at the different stages of the product life cycle, managers would design their multi-channel structure into different patterns. In addition, a further two conflict resolution styles, communication and differentiation, were found in the sample of firms studied which have seldom been mentioned in previous research and firms appear to adopt different conflict resolution styles according to stage in the product lifecycle.
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Wallach, Matthew Reno. "Reducing wave cycle time at a multi-channel distribution center." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/117960.
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Thesis: M.B.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, 2018.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 81).
Traditional brick and mortar retailers are being forced to adapt as consumer preferences shift towards online shopping. In response, many retailers are developing infrastructure and processes to handle the increased service levels (faster cycle time) that accompanies this digital volume. One challenge that arises during this transition is how to implement the new processes in existing, capital intensive, warehouses. This thesis presents methods for improving service performance by reducing wave cycle time in a large, multi-channel distribution center. By prioritizing digital consumers' orders, lower priority waves are consistently disrupted, which leads to extended wave cycle times and potentially delayed orders to wholesale customers. By analyzing historical data from distribution center operations, it is possible to test hypotheses and develop strategies for reducing cycle time. These hypotheses can then inform experiments to test the effects of operational changes. The impact of this work has been verified in two phases. In the first phase, improving transparency of lagging orders reduced average cycle time by 45%. In the second phase, the wave strategy for high priority orders was modified and resulted in an additional significant time savings and led to an increase in service performance, defined as shipped on time.
by Matthew Reno Wallach.
M.B.A.
S.M.
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Demirciftci, Tevfik. "An analysis of distribution channel parity and yield management practices in United States hotels." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 122 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338892101&sid=8&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Fernandez, Mary Jo. "Analysis of selected aspects of the multi-channel management and the international distribution system." Hamburg Diplomica-Verl, 2006. http://d-nb.info/987351613/04.
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Zhou, Gang. "Relationship marketing strategies at distribution channel in gas appliance market in Guangdong." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636678.
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Li, Qiuping. "Untangling home and host country influence : the case of foreign firms' distribution channel management in China." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.630472.
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This thesis reports a research on foreign firm - local distributor relationship in China, the way in which foreign firms design and manage their distribution system. The primary objective of the study was to identify the main patterns of these relationships and the factors that create them. There are two distinct theoretical approaches to interpret characteristics of foreign firm behaviour: those that consider MNCs as an optimising entity and those that perceive MNCs as a result of social processes. In the latter approach advocates of home and those of host country influences can be identitied (and those who take a "middle-of-the road" stance). The theoretical objective of the thesis is, by using the empirical evidence from the research, to engage the scholarly debate about home and host country influences on MNC behaviours. The empirical evidence was gathered through semi-structured interviews with 13 major MNCs in China, 11 local distributors and local state officials. The interview proceedings were then analysed, coded and combined variables were created. The results then were interpreted by applying two different approaches. The main findings of the research could be summarised as follows. Distribution system design and management consists of three broad components: selection of distribution channels, selecting distributors and managing thc relationships with thc distributors. Thcse components consist of a number of factors and they are also interlinked. While a high degree of similarities were found among these firms, there are also distinct differences in the design and management of distribution system by foreign firms in China. While these differences at first appear to be results of host environments and product characteristics (corresponding to the arguments of the advocates of the host country influence approach), a more detailed investigation into the ways, the "how"s of the design and management revealed that behind the types of distribution systems home country influences play a major role. By contrasting the two results, it was possible to identify the key theoretical and methodological reasons behind these differences, namely the theoretical proposition that in international business studies, based on analysing what MNCs do, the home country influence is necessarily, albeit incorrectly, neglected, because home country influence is a 'built-in' component of the MNC behaviour and as such not observable directly. However, its presence is deducible by analysing not what MNCs do, but how they do it. not by what MNCs set as objectives, but the way in which they perceive the conditions for setting these objectives. Consequently, the thesis demonstrates that different methodologies on the identical empirical data result in different outcomes and these different outcomes derive from different latent epistemological stances of theoretical approaches. However, the thesis also proposes that 1) the different methodologies correspond to different phases of the analysis; 2) it is possible to interconnect the findings in a coherent chain of logic, and this, in turn allows for stepping over the false dichotomy of host versus home country influence debate; 3) and thus creating a social space in which the assumption of the MNC as an optimising entity can be interpreted.
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Rowe, William Jason. "AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL ALLOWANCES." UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/9.
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Downstream channel allowances involve the practice of selling firms making payments to customers in exchange for distribution of a product. Such transactions occur most frequently in a business-to-business exchange. Although various forms of channel allowances have been investigated over the past three decades, the literature is lacking in guidance regarding whether or not, and to what extent, the salesperson should control these payments. Relying on the theoretical underpinnings of cognitive evaluation theory, this dissertation takes the initial step in understanding the effects of customer perceptions of salesperson control over allowances, with special attention to the impact on the customer-salesperson relationship. A key finding of this study is that high perceived salesperson control (from the customer‘s perspective) has moderation effects in relation to customer loyalty and salesperson performance. An explanation is offered for the unexpected findings followed by a discussion of the implications for theory, managers, and future research in the area of channel allowances.
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Kulesza, Marie. "Revenue Management Strategies for Long-Term Survival of Small-Farm Wineries." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7398.
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Some owners of small-farm wineries have moved to direct and alternative revenue management strategies to generate revenue and create brand awareness because of increased competition and regulatory changes. Research has revealed that owners of small-farm wineries remain financially reliant on direct-to-consumer sales through tasting rooms that represent an estimated 70% of their total revenue generated. This qualitative multiple case study was an exploration of how revenue management decisions of small-farm winery owners may contribute to long-term survival in a regulated industry. Dynamic capabilities concept was the conceptual framework for this study. The study population consisted of 3 small-farm winery owners in Connecticut who have operated a winery with Connecticut Grown designation for at least 10 years. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, organizational documents, observation notes, and review of each winery's website. Three themes emerged from data analysis: focus on brand and customer base, constraints consideration, and competitors' impact. The findings and recommendations from this study may further small-farm winery owners' understanding of revenue management strategies they can use to overcome constraint challenges and mitigate competitors' impact. As small-farm winery owners improve profitability and sustain long-term survival, subsequent positive social change, such as small business development and increased employment opportunities, may lead to economic prosperity for the local community and financial stability of community residents.
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Gattolin, Elena. "Merge in Transit, a distribution method in the industrial environment." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Industrial Engineering and Management, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1334.
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In a fast moving environment and in a globalized market, companies are searching efficient distribution methods that enable broad product assortment, lower level of inventories, shorter customer order fulfilment, lower transportation costs in order to achieve a more efficient procurement process and a improved customer service. This paper will focus on a new solution in supply chain design to solve these trade-offs between management cost cutting and higher customer level within markets characterized by an increasing globalisation. Merge in transit (MIT) distribution method allows companies to reduce inventory and transportation costs while guaranteeing a high customer perceived service level. It is a new technique in which goods shipped from several supply locations are consolidated into one final customer delivery. The company needs to coordinate shipments so that they arrive simultaneously and goods can be bundled and shipped immediately to the final customer for arrival on due date. Economical benefits and drawbacks will be investigated from a supply chain prospective.
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Hamid, Mohd Tahir Bin Abdul. "An empirical investigation of power, conflict, autonomy and satisfaction in the franchise channel of distribution : with particular reference to the United Kingdom and Malaysia." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319366.
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Holtne, Jim, and Anton Auvoja. "A case study of Mionix’s distribution system on how to improve inventory management with focus on customer service and total cost." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-45889.
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Background - A company’s distribution system is a critical component and businesses need to consider the aspects of customer service and total cost when designing the distribution system. A distribution system can be defined as the process of making products or services available for customers. The rise of e-commerce has increased the challenge of having a cost efficient distribution system together with a high standard of customer service. The distribution system is put under heavy pressure to deliver goods as quickly as possible and at the lowest possible cost due to globalization and outsourcing. E-commerce involves a new approach of the distribution system with its small order sizes, daily order volumes and small parcel shipments that are often shipped the same day. Inventory management is being regarded as an important part of the distribution system. Inventory management is the ability to balance the demand of products with the supply of products in a cost-effectively way. Companies therefore need to use material planning methods to coordinate the flow of material effectively throughout the distribution system. Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to study Mionix’s current distribution system with focus on customer service and total cost. Based on the findings, this thesis will identify which costs that are possible to influence and reduce. Secondly, the aim is to study how material planning methods can help Mionix to improve the inventory management function and propose measures for improvement. Method - This thesis has used a positivistic view with a deductive approach. It is a case study that contains elements of both qualitative and quantitative research strategy. In order to fulfil the purpose of the study the authors have conducted a flow and situational analysis in order to identify services and costs in the distribution system that Mionix can influence. Further, the authors conducted a situation analysis of Mionix’s current inventory management function. The authors then calculated and analysed how material planning methods such as EOQ, Total cost, Sensitivity analysis, Ordering points and optimal safety stock and service levels could improve Mionix’s inventory management function. Next, alternative solutions are presented together with the authors’ evaluations and recommendations for the company. The data that was needed to accomplish this was collected by performing interviews, observations and extracting data from computer system e.g. Excel. Conclusion - The authors have identified two distribution channels within the distribution system: the wholesaler channel and the retailers/e-commerce channel. Mionix has the opportunity to influence two particular costs: capital costs and cost of loss of sales, which are included in inventory- and customer service costs according to the total cost model. Material planning methods can improve Mionix’s inventory management function by deciding safety stock levels, ordering points and EOQ for all products in accordance with the theoretical framework. Further, if Mionix use the authors’ recommendation the company can reduce estimated total annual cost by 23% or 26% depending on what mode of transportation that is used
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Parhizkar, Omid. "Identifying Impact Factors on Successful Exporting of the United States Hardwood Industries to Mexico, Asia, and Europe." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26560.
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Transportation and competitiveness practices of hardwood lumber exporters and other firms were studied and compared to determine the most important factors associated with exporting hardwood products. It was found that exporters differed significantly in their transportation methods, marketing activities, and production profiles from those other hardwood lumber firms. They also were significantly larger than expected in their total production and employment. As the forest products business continues to become more global, an analysis of the importance of these factors can be used how firms can begin exporting, or increase sales in international markets.
It was found that certain elements of a sawmillâ s marketing strategy are a major determinant to the likelihood of its being an exporter. Results from logistic regression methods showed that transportation factors such as using intermodal transportation and inland port facilities and competitiveness factors such as species selection, marketing practices, and using government export assistance programs increased the probability of a firmâ s high involvement in international markets.
Finally, data from exporting hardwood sawmills to Mexico, Europe, and Asia were analyzed to determine what makes successful exporting to these markets. Factors including export distribution methods, relationship with export distribution partner, competitiveness, transportation, and export assistance were analyzed. Such information might be useful for government agencies that wish to promote business commitment to sawmills throughout the United States for the following international markets. Hardwood sawmills should be encouraged by state officials to plan more aggressively to enter the Mexico market. Efforts are needed from U.S. trade associations to better identify the Mexican market segments, sources of market demand, and credit opportunities for US sawmills.Ph. D.
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Rocks, Stephen. "An in-depth study of marketing network processes in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) within a distribution channel and their influence on the marketing activities of SMEs." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314037.
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Barrachina, Muñoz Sergio. "Responsive spectrum management for wireless local area networks: from heuristic-based policies to model-free reinforcement learning." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670782.
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In this thesis, we focus on the so-called spectrum management's joint problem: efficient
allocation of primary and secondary channels in channel bonding wireless local area networks
(WLANs). From IEEE 802.11n to more recent standards like 802.11ax and 802.11be, bonding
channels together is permitted to increase transmissions' bandwidth. While such an increase
favors the potential network capacity and the activation of higher transmission rates, it comes at
the price of reduced power per Hertz and accentuated issues on contention and interference
with neighboring nodes. So, if WLANs were per se complex deployments, they are becoming
even more complicated due to the increasing node density and the new technical features
required by novel highly bandwidth-demanding applications. This dissertation provides an
in-depth study of channel allocation and channel bonding in WLANs and discusses the
suitability of solutions ranging from heuristic-based to reinforcement learning (RL)-based.
To characterize channel bonding in saturated WLANs, we first propose an analytical model
based on continuous-time Markov networks (CTMNs). This model relies on a novel,
purpose-designed algorithm that generates CTMNs from spatially distributed scenarios, where
nodes are not required to be within the carrier sense range of each other. We identify the key
factors affecting the throughput and fairness of different channel bonding policies and expose
critical interrelations among nodes in the spatial domain. By extending the analytical model to
support unsaturated regimes, we highlight the benefits of allocating channels as wide as
possible all together with adaptive policies to cope with unfair situations.
Apart from the analytical model, this thesis relies on simulations to generalize channel bonding
in dense scenarios while avoiding costly, sometimes unfeasible, experimental testbeds.
Unfortunately, existing wireless network simulators tend to be too simplistic or too computational
demanding. That is why we develop the Komondor wireless network simulator, with the
essential advantage over other well-known simulators lying in its high event processing rate.
We then deviate from analytical models and simulations and tackle real measurements through
the Wi-Fi All-Channel Analyzer (WACA), the first system specifically designed to simultaneously
measure the energy in all the 24 bondable Wi-Fi channels at the 5 GHz band. With WACA, we
perform a first-of-its-kind spectrum measurement in areas including urban hotspots, residential
neighborhoods, universities, and even a football match in Futbol Club Barcelona’s Camp Nou
stadium. Our experimental findings reveal the underpinning factors controlling throughput gain,
from which we highlight the inter-channel correlation. %We show the significance of the
gathered dataset for finding new insights, which would not be possible otherwise, given that
simple channel occupancy models severely underestimate the potential gains.
As for solution proposals, we first cover heuristic-based approaches to find satisfactory
configurations quickly. In this regard, we propose dynamic-wise (DyWi), a lightweight,
decentralized, online primary channel selection algorithm for dynamic channel bonding. DyWi
improves the expected WLAN throughput by considering not only the occupancy of the target
primary channel but also the activity in the secondary channels. Even when assuming
significant delays due to primary channel switching, simulations reveal important throughput and
delay improvements.
Finally, we identify machine learning (ML) approaches applicable to the spectrum management
problem in WLANs and justify why model-free RL suits it the most. In particular, we put the
focus on the adequate performance of stateless variations of RL and anticipate multi-armed
bandits as the right solution since i) we need fast adaptability to suit user experience in dynamic
Wi-Fi scenarios and ii) the number of multichannel configurations a network can adopt is limited;
thus, agents can fully explore the action space in a reasonable time.En aquesta tesi ens centrem en el problema conjunt de la gestió de l'espectre: assignació de canals primaris i secundaris a xarxes d'àrea local sense fils (WLAN) amb channel bonding. Des de l'estàndard IEEE 802.11n fins a estàndards més recents com el 802.11ac, el 802.11ax i el 802.11be, s'han anat proposant amplades de banda més grans per permetre agrupar canals, augmentant així l'amplada de banda total per transmissió. Tot i que aquest augment en l'amplada de banda afavoreix la capacitat potencial de les xarxes, suportant així els requeriments de les noves aplicacions Wi-Fi, també redueix la potència per Hertz i accentua els problemes de contenció i interferència entre nodes veïns. En resum, si les xarxes WLANs ja eren complexes per se, s'estan tornant encara més complexes a causa de l'augment de la densitat de nodes i de les noves prestacions incloses als darrers estàndards. Primer proposem un model analític basat en xarxes Markov en temps continu (CTMN) per caracteritzar channel bonding en WLANs saturades. Aquest model es basa en un nou algorisme que genera CTMNs a partir d'escenaris distribuïts espaialment, on no és necessari que els nodes estiguin dins del rang de contenció de la resta. Identifiquem els factors claus que afecten el rendiment i l'equitat de les diferents polítiques de channel bonding i mostrem l'existència d'interrelacions crítiques entre nodes en forma de reacció en cadena. D'això se'n desprèn que no hi ha una política channel bonding òptima única per a cada escenari. En ampliar el model analític per donar suport a règims no saturats, destaquem els avantatges d'assignar els canals tan amplis com sigui possible a les WLAN i implementar polítiques d'accés adaptatiu per fer front a les situacions que poden aparèixer tant en termes de rendiment com d'equitat. A part dels models analítics, aquesta tesi es basa en simulacions per generalitzar escenaris evitant costosos bancs de proves experimentals, de vegades inviables. Malauradament, els simuladors de xarxes sense fils existents solen ser massa simplistes o molt costosos computacionalment. És per això que desenvolupem el simulador de xarxes sense fils Komondor, concebut com una eina de codi obert accessible (llesta per utilitzar) per a la investigació de xarxes sense fils. L’avantatge essencial de Komondor respecte d’altres simuladors sense fils coneguts rau en la seva elevada velocitat de processament d’esdeveniments. A continuació ens desviem de models analítics i simulacions i abordem mesures reals a través del Wi-Fi All-Channel Analyzer (WACA), el primer sistema que mesura simultàniament l'energia de tots els 24 canals que permeten channel bonding a la banda Wi-Fi dels 5 GHz. Amb WACA, realitzem un estudi únic de localitzacions que inclouen nuclis urbans, barris residencials, universitats i fins i tot un partit a al Camp Nou, un estadi ple amb 98.000 aficionats i 12.000 connexions Wi-Fi simultànies. Les dades experimentals revelen els factors fonamentals que controlen el guany de rendiment, a partir dels quals ressaltem la correlació entre canals. També mostrem la importància del conjunt de dades recopilades per trobar nous factors claus, que d'una altra manera no seria possible, atès que els models d'ocupació de canals simples subestimen els guanys potencials. Pel que fa a solucions, primer discutim propostes basades en heurístiques per trobar configuracions satisfactòries ràpidament. En aquest sentit, proposem dinàmicament (DyWi), un algorisme de selecció de canal primari en línia, descentralitzat i eficient per xarxes channel bonding. DyWi millora el rendiment esperat tenint en compte no només l’ocupació del canal primari objectiu, sinó també l’activitat dels canals secundaris. Fins i tot quan suposem retards significatius a causa del canvi de canal primari, observem millores importants en termes de rendiment i retard. Finalment, identifiquem els enfocaments d’aprenentatge automàtic (o machine learning) aplicables al problema de la gestió de l’espectre a les WLAN i justifiquem per què l'aprenentatge del tipus reinforcement learning (RL) és el més adient. En particular, ens centrem en el rendiment adequat de les variacions d'RL sense estats i proposem multi-armed bandits com la solució adequada, ja que i) necessitem una adaptabilitat ràpida per millorar l’experiència d’usuari en escenaris Wi-Fi dinàmics i ii) el nombre de configuracions multicanal que una xarxa pot adoptar és limitat; per tant, els agents poden explorar completament l’espai d’acció en un temps raonable.
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Matos, José Alberto da Rosa de. "Gestão de conflitos em canais de distribuição: um estudo aplicado em uma empresa do setor automotivo." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2008. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/309.
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Marchesini, Márcia Maria Penteado. "As capacitações e os recursos logísticos para a prática do Supply Chain Management (SCM)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2005. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3486.
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Previous issue date: 2005-11-29Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Within the current context of competition, we can perceive the emergence of a new paradigm of business management based on the fact that companies no longer compete isolatedly or individually among themselves, but through the various supply chains they belong to. This new paradigm or concept of management refers to Supply Chain Management (SCM). Particularly, logistics has a significant impact on the SCM concept and represents the fundamental process for this concept as it propitiates the operational arrangement of the supply chain. Thus, this dissertation searched to identify the effects of the adoption of the concept of SCM and its initiatives in the logistic function of the distribution channel companies of grocery products, generating, through the Resource Based View (RBV) as classification approach, the identification of logistic capabilities and resources. For in such way, there was an ample discussion about the concept of SCM and its different views and definitions. In this context, the needed logistic capabilities and resources to adopt SCM concepts and initiatives were identified in the bibliographical revision of this research. This dissertation, through this ample discussion, will contribute to the more development of SCM theory and of unification of the logistic theory. There were various logistic capabilities, like the adoption of logistics function as a strategic activity, the adoption of concept of integrated logistics, the adoption of Lean and Agile Paradigm or Re-supplying. Additionally, there were various logistic resources, like IT (Information Technology) and its tools, the software related to logistics and Logistics Information System, crossdocking. To complement the theory discussion about SCM and logistic capabilities and resources, this research realized three case studies, whose object was to evaluate the adoption and the degree of development of these logistic elements, through the contrast between encountered theory and practice, and identify the main benefits to each company, the expected results but not reached and the main logistic problems faced for each company. With the results from these three cases, there was good adoption in the practice of logistic capabilities and resources, the literature emphasized, independently the degree of development in each company. However, it was evident the discrepancy among the researched companies as for the adoption and use of the logistic change points existent in the literature, and their development degree, that allowed suggest a hierarchy of companies in terms of the implantation of logistic capabilities and resources. Specifically, this dissertation holds a qualitative research approach, as investigative method the multiple case studies, as the instrument of data collection the interview which was carried out by semi-structured questionnaire.
Dentro do atual contexto competitivo, começa a emergir um novo paradigma de gestão empresarial baseado no fato de as empresas não mais competirem apenas entre si de forma isolada ou individual, mas sim através das diversas cadeias de suprimentos nas quais estão inseridas. Esse novo paradigma ou conceito de gestão refere-se à Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Management, SCM). Destaca-se que a função logística possui impacto significativo sobre o conceito de SCM e representa o processo fundamental para este conceito, na medida em que ela propicia o arranjo operacional da cadeia de suprimentos. Sendo assim, esta dissertação buscou a identificação das implicações da adoção do SCM e de suas iniciativas sobre a função logística de empresas do canal de distribuição de produtos de mercearia básica, gerando, através da Visão Baseada em Recursos (VBR) como abordagem de classificação, o levantamento de capacitações e recursos logísticos. Para isso, houve a necessidade de realização de uma ampla discussão sobre o conceito de SCM e de suas diferentes visões e definições. Ainda nesse contexto, realizou-se o levantamento, a partir da revisão bibliográfica, de capacitações e recursos logísticos necessários à adoção desse conceito. Acredita-se que esta dissertação, através desta ampla discussão, contribuirá para o maior desenvolvimento da teoria sobre o SCM e da unificação da teoria logística. Foram identificadas, no presente trabalho, diversas capacitações logísticas, dentre as quais citam-se a adoção da função logística como atividade estratégica, a adoção do conceito de Integração da logística, a adoção do Paradigma ou Ressuprimento Ágil e Enxuto, dentre outras. Adicionalmente, foram identificados vários recursos logísticos, dentre os quais mencionam-se a TI (Tecnologia da Informação) e suas ferramentas, os softwares relacionados à logística e de Sistema de Informação (SI) logística, o cross-docking, dentre outros. Como forma de complementar a discussão teórica sobre o SCM e as capacitações e recursos logísticos, esta pesquisa realizou três estudos de casos, cujo objetivo foi de avaliar a adoção e o grau de desenvolvimento desses elementos logísticos, por meio do contraponto entre teoria e prática, bem como levantar os principais benefícios trazidos para a logística de cada empresa, os resultados esperados mas não alcançados e os principais problemas logísticos enfrentados por cada empresa. A partir dos resultados destes três casos, verificou-se uma boa adoção, na prática, das capacitações e recursos logísticos destacados na literatura, independentemente do grau de desenvolvimento em cada empresa. No entanto, ficou evidente a defasagem entre as empresas pesquisadas quanto à adoção e utilização dos pontos de mudança na logística existentes na literatura, e seu grau de desenvolvimento, o que permitiu sugerir uma hierarquia de empresas em termos da implantação de capacitações e recursos logísticos. Especificamente, esta dissertação tem como abordagem de pesquisa a qualitativa, como método de procedimento de pesquisa o estudo multicasos e como mecanismo ou instrumento de coleta de dados a entrevista realizada por meio de um questionário semiestruturado.
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Yamanami, Hirotaka 1969. "A study of partnership models in distribution channels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9147.
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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105).
Recently Japanese oil companies have been struggling to provide customers with differentiated services and satisfaction, and to capture their perception. They tried changing the relationship with dealers over multiple distribution channels in order to solve this issue. Through trials and errors the oil companies managed to have dealers under their control by vertical integration, but the vertical integration did not result in positive impact for either the oil companies or the dealers since lack of communication brought about conflict between them regarding marketing approach. By learning from practice oil companies have been changing their channel control policy from vertical integration to partnerships that enable the oil companies and their dealers to create more intimate and consequently cooperative relationships. Furthermore, their challenge to channel management has resulted in developing new distribution channels by building partnerships with unrelated industries. This thesis focuses on the dynamics of two partnership models in the distribution channel, vertical partnerships, a new type of relationship between suppliers and their dealers, and horizontal partnerships that are strategic distribution alliances with unrelated industries. First, the driving forces of these partnerships are presented and from that hypotheses are built that determine successful relationships with partners and positive impact for customers. Following that is research and analysis of partnership cases from Japanese oil companies that verify these hypotheses. Further, key factors are extracted from the cases and their validity is checked by adapting each hypothesis. Finally, key factors are prioritized by using an attribution map and the conclusion is a successful methodology for vertical and horizontal partnerships specific to Japanese oil companies.
by Hirotaka Yamanami.
S.M.M.O.T.
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Megdad, Abdulhai. "Internet and the design of international channels of distribution." Thesis, Kingston University, 2003. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20716/.
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Dorinson, Diana M. (Diana Marie) 1974. "The evolution of airline distribution channels and their effects on revenue management performance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29391.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-134).
Over the past ten years, the development of more advanced computer systems and the growth in the use of the Internet have led to numerous changes in airline ticket distribution strategies. For example, the use of websites for booking and ticketing air travel continues to increase, and the Internet is often cited as the preferred model for a low-cost distribution channel. At the same time, Network Revenue Management methods are now viewed as a key tool for airlines to maximize revenue in an increasingly competitive marketplace. These new systems and tools have helped the airlines achieve record profits in the strong economy of the late 1990s, but these profits may have masked hidden costs of using the new technology. Examples of hidden costs include the added computational burden of increased search engine requests to the computer reservations system as well as the increased opportunity for automated systems to bypass the booking limits set by the revenue management system. Such costs have yet to be examined and quantified in an academic research effort. The purpose of this thesis research is to understand a variety of issues related to how the technologies of more advanced distribution channels and more sophisticated revenue management systems interact with each other and impact air travel providers.
(cont.) First, an empirical analysis of ticketing data is used to demonstrate that there are significant differences in ticket purchasing behavior among customers who use different distribution channels. Second, a review of previous experiments showing the negative revenue impacts of Inventory Control Bypass are presented, together with a discussion of some of the more promising solutions to Bypass. Next, these prior results are compared to a new set of experiments covering both path-based and leg-based Caching techniques. The new experiments show that the negative revenue impacts of Caching are at least as serious as those of Bypass, and may be more serious, depending on an airline's choice of how to interface with distributors who cache.
by Diana M. Dorinson.
S.M.
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Ho, Hillbun, and Hillbun Ho. "Knowledge Sharing Between Competing Suppliers in the Customer's Supply Chain Network." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196073.
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Drawing on the marketing, strategic management, and supply management literature, this dissertation develops and empirically tests a theoretical model that delineates knowledge sharing and collaboration between competing suppliers in serving a buying organization. Data were collected through the means of a conjoint-decision study and a survey of suppliers in the optics and the automotive industries. One hundred and forty-six executive MBA students participated in the conjoint-decision study, and one hundred and ten companies participated in the survey. Statistical analysis results from both studies show strong empirical support to the theoretical model. This dissertation advances our understanding of the relative impacts of different factors in promoting or constraining knowledge sharing between competing suppliers when they collaborate with each other to create superior value for the customer. This dissertation demonstrates that a focal supplier's transfer of knowledge to its counterpart hinges not solely on the characteristics of the collaboration. More importantly, knowledge sharing between two competing suppliers is related to different facets of the customer's relationship with the focal supplier. In conclusion, this dissertation provides substantial insights into the role and influences of the customer on competing suppliers' knowledge sharing and collaboration, as well as the value of knowledge sharing to the strategic outcomes of the inter-supplier collaboration.
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Kim, Sang Youl. "International distribution channels : performance measurement and efficient and effective management (the case of the Korean automotive industry)." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366993.
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Kaffman, Jacob, and Joseph Kaffman. "ANALYSIS OF THE INFORMATION FLOW AT ABB CORPORATE RESEARCH." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24484.
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ABB Corporation is a swedish-swiss international company, specializing in power and automation technologies. The company is a joint-venture between ASEA and Brown Bouveri, merging into one company in 1988. ABB has five business unit, where the products and services mainly comes from research and development work within the company. Each business unit performs R&D initiatives and investments within respective area of reach, in order to achieve competitive products and services. ABB Corporate Research is responsible for research and development within the company where R&D initiative takes place. During autumn 2013 ABB Corporate Research will launch an improvement study, which will be the basis for subsequent major project. Information is a key factor within ABB Corporate Research, where each stakeholder in a specific project has access for specific information. The question is, how accessible/searchable is the information, and also how user-friendly is the current information system within the unit. The mission of the conducted study is to examine what the employees of ABB Corporate Research think about the existing information distribution system for technical reports and publications, also propose overview improvements within the particular area. Delimitation has been established to conduct the study within the department of Software Architecture & Usability (SARU) in Västerås, which is a part of Automation Technology (AT) department, in order to deliver on the required time frame. Theories regarding Innovation management, Lean thinking, Change management, Information distribution, Integration of information system and Ishikawa was studied thoroughly within the project. A qualitative research methodology was used, based on performing interviews with key personnel within SARU. The interviews converted into key factors (findings), which resulted into correlations to all key factors. A root cause analysis (Ishikawa) was performed, in order to examine and visualize which challenges appear within the current information system. The result from the conducted analysis and correlations indicates that: the database is not user-friendly enough, it is difficult to acquire correct information, information is not in detail level due to limitation of information, it is time consuming to search in the databases in order to acquire correct information, Usually rely on internal networking instead of searching into the information system, restricted internal security and person based information dependence. With the help of theories within the project, in combination with the conducted results from the analysis and correlations, improvements have been proposed. Due to the time frame of the project, further analysis should be performed for respective improvement proposals. The improvement proposals could be a starting point for the upcoming project. The improvements proposals are: RSS Feeds solution for usability efficiency Standardized Work Methodology Integrated Database Interface Internal Information Transparency The authors recommend implementing all improvement proposals, in order to further achieve productivity and efficiency within the organization.
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Nordfeldt, Niklas, and Daniel Espling. "Exploration of Changes for Goods Distribution in the ASEAN Following the Implementation of the ASEAN Economic Community." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Industriell organisation och produktion, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-28310.
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Purpose - The purpose of this thesis work is to explore how the fully implemented AEC affects cross-border trade in the ASEAN, and based on the findings determine how multinational companies should adapt their logistics strategy to the change. To achieve this purpose the following research questions will be answered: How will the AEC affect the distribution of goods in the ASEAN? How should a multinational company adapt their logistics strategy to the new conditions? Methodology - To explore the opportunities and threats regarding the fully implementation of AEC, the authors had to complete 4 phases including a pre-study, literature study, case study, and data analysis. The pre-study was about the basics of ASEAN. The Literature study was mainly about Logistics Management, Strategic Management, Contingency Theory, and AEC, and its aim was to find out the key factors affecting logistics strategy and how the AEC affects them. In order to locate what opportunities and threats that arise along the affected factors, a case study was conducted by studying a real-life example on a case company, through interviews and tariff tables. Additionally, data analysis was done throughout the thesis work by structured methods and a PEST analysis. Findings - Literature study showed that the affected factors where tariffs, NTBs, ROO, trade facilitation, customs integration, standards, and TBTs. After analysing how the affected factors will change the business environment by a PEST analysis, the authors found that the most crucial threat is increased competition and the greatest opportunity is in the ease of moving goods and the size of the market. Hence, for a multinational company, the best strategy in this case is a Strategic choice strategy, which is both proactive to the change and somewhat able to influence the business environment. The case study showed that in the current situation, the best economic logistics strategy is through Malaysia, no matter end destination. After the fully implemented AEC, the Free Trade Agreements for each country will be the deciding factor. Implications - This thesis is made in ASEAN for multinational companies who is considering in which ASEAN member country to use as an assembly point for the ASEAN market after the implementation of AEC. For these companies, this study can be a fundamental part of their decision. Research limitations - In this thesis, the affected factors known by literature has been considered when evaluating the consequences of a fully implemented AEC. The case study is including half of the ASEAN members and in a given order. In addition only the external business environment, and more specific the general environment, was taken into consideration. In further studies, a benchmark could be performed in order to find literature unknown factors, all ASEAN members should be included in various combinations of orders, and considering the whole business environment.
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Landry, Shawn. "Connecting Pixels to People: Management Agents and Social-ecological Determinants of Changes to Street Tree Distributions." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4715.
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Street trees are an important component of the urban forest that can provide direct and indirect benefits to social and ecological sustainability in cities. Temporal and spatial interactions between human and non-human management agents determine the distribution and health of street tree populations in urban areas. This dissertation seeks to enhance our understanding of the spatial patterns and processes affecting street trees by investigating the agents and social-ecological determinants of changes to street tree distributions in urban residential neighborhoods. The research was guided by three primary questions: (1) Are recent changes to the spatial distribution of street trees influenced by socio-demographic household and neighborhood characteristics? (2) Which management agents are the strongest predictors of recent changes to street tree distributions and does the contribution of these agents vary in relationship to social-ecological patterns within a city? (3) To what extent are household street tree management decisions related to the built and bioecological material characteristics of the public right-of-way?
These questions were investigated in a case study that examined street tree management and public right-of-way (PROW) canopy change associated with single-family residential areas in and near the City of Tampa, Florida. The methodological approach employed a multi-method design using a conceptual framework developed to capture the complexity of management within human ecosystems. Urban remote sensing and spatial analytical techniques were used to examine the geographic association between patterns of street tree change and socio-demographic characteristics. Household survey techniques were utilized to examine the determinants of street tree management; specifically planting, removal, and trimming. Interviews with key informants familiar with urban forest management provided additional insights to complement the location specific knowledge of household survey respondents.
Street tree change was examined for the period of 2003 to 2006, and information about household management actions also included recent years (i.e., 2009-2011). A citywide pattern of street tree increases was disproportionately distributed with respect to socioeconomic status; with greater increases in affluent neighborhoods. Patterns of change within local portions of the study area revealed significant and spatially variable relationships with socioeconomic status, as well as race/ethnicity variables and indicators of lifestyle differences. The findings suggest that the citywide pattern of change associated with socioeconomic status may perpetuate an inequitable outcome in the distribution of street trees at the expense of less affluent neighborhoods. The local patterns of change indicate that the processes driving street tree distributions may also reflect differences in attitudes toward trees.
The case study did not find sufficient evidence to link the actions of individual agents with street tree change. Street tree increases were more likely in areas where tree trimming had been reported and where property market values were greater, but less likely in PROW segments with overhead power lines. Households, public agencies and builders, but not neighborhoods, were the primary human street tree management agents. Past and ongoing land development and redevelopment decisions, including the configuration of PROW infrastructures, may be one of the most important factors affecting patterns of street tree change. Landscape decisions and practices influenced by household and neighborhood group dynamics also appear to be important factors affecting street tree change. Damages caused by storm event and differences in tree species lifecycle characteristics represent important non-human agents of street tree change.
The findings indicated that public agencies are not the only managers of street trees and household tree management does not stop at the boundary of private property. There was no evidence of a relationship between household management actions and the material conditions of the PROW. However, there was a relationship between the presence of either power lines or sidewalks and household survey responses about who should bear responsibility for street tree management and the liability. Household respondents expressed an increased sense of personal responsibility for street tree management when a sidewalk was in front of their home.
This dissertation addressed an important gap in understanding about the factors driving street tree change. Planting, removal, and trimming of street trees in Tampa is a shared responsibility with complex spatial patterns and multi-scalar drivers. An important conclusion is that the sustainability of street tree populations within the urban forest will require urban planners and managers to better understand how these management agents cooperate if they are to promote healthy, safe and beneficial street tree populations as a part of the urban forest.
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Yung, King Stanley. "Application of multi-agent technology to supply chain management /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21852170.
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Mumbower, Stacey M. "Extracting airline and passenger behavior from online distribution channels: applications using online pricing and seat map data." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49110.
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Although the airline industry has drastically changed since its deregulation in 1978, publically available sources of data have remained nearly the same. In the U.S., most researchers and decision-makers rely on government data that contains highly aggregated price information (e.g., average quarterly prices). However, aggregate data can hide important market behavior. With the emergence of online distribution channels, there is a new opportunity to model air travel demand using detailed price information.
This dissertation uses online prices and seat maps to build a dataset of daily prices and bookings at the flight-level. Several research contributions are made, all related to leveraging online data to better understand airline pricing and product strategies, and how these strategies impact customers, as well as the industry in general. One major contribution is the finding that the recent product debundling trend in the U.S. airline industry has diluted revenues to the U.S. Airport and Airways Trust Fund by at least five percent.
Additionally, several new behavioral insights are found for one debundling trend that has been widely adopted by U.S. airlines: seat reservation fees. Customers are found to be between 2 and 3.3 times more likely to purchase premium coach seats (with extra legroom and early boarding privileges) when there are no regular coach window or aisle seats that can be reserved for free, suggesting that the ability of airlines to charge seat fees is strongly tied to load factors. Model results are used to explore optimal seat fees and find that an optimal static fee could increase revenues by 8 percent, whereas optimal dynamic fees could increase revenues by 10.2 percent.
Another major contribution is in modeling daily bookings and estimating price elasticities using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression without correcting for price endogeneity and two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression, which corrects for endogeneity. Results highlight the importance of correcting for price endogeneity (which is not often done in air travel applications). In particular, models that do not correct for endogeneity find inelastic demand estimates whereas models that do correct for endogeneity find elastic demand estimates. This is important, as pricing recommendations differ for inelastic and elastic models. A set of instrumental variables are found to pass validity tests and can be used to correct for price endogeneity in future models of daily flight-level demand.
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Kalalas, Charalampos. "Cellular networks for smart grid communication." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/620760.
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The next-generation electric power system, known as smart grid, relies on a robust and reliable underlying communication infrastructure to improve the efficiency of electricity distribution. Cellular networks, e.g., LTE/LTE-A systems, appear as a promising technology to facilitate the smart grid evolution. Their inherent performance characteristics and well-established ecosystem could potentially unlock unprecedented use cases, enabling real-time and autonomous distribution grid operations. However, cellular technology was not originally intended for smart grid communication, associated with highly-reliable message exchange and massive device connectivity requirements. The fundamental differences between smart grid and human-type communication challenge the classical design of cellular networks and introduce important research questions that have not been sufficiently addressed so far. Motivated by these challenges, this doctoral thesis investigates novel radio access network (RAN) design principles and performance analysis for the seamless integration of smart grid traffic in future cellular networks.
Specifically, we focus on addressing the fundamental RAN problems of network scalability in massive smart grid deployments and radio resource management for smart grid and human-type traffic. The main objective of the thesis lies on the design, analysis and performance evaluation of RAN mechanisms that would render cellular networks the key enabler for emerging smart grid applications.
The first part of the thesis addresses the radio access limitations in LTE-based networks for reliable and scalable smart grid communication. We first identify the congestion problem in LTE random access that arises in large-scale smart grid deployments. To overcome this, a novel random access mechanism is proposed that can efficiently support real-time distribution automation services with negligible impact on the background traffic. Motivated by the stringent reliability requirements of various smart grid operations, we then develop an analytical model of the LTE random access procedure that allows us to assess the performance of event-based monitoring traffic under various load conditions and network configurations. We further extend our analysis to include the relation between the cell size and the availability of orthogonal random access resources and we identify an additional challenge for reliable smart grid connectivity. To this end, we devise an interference- and load-aware cell planning mechanism that enhances reliability in substation automation services. Finally, we couple the problem of state estimation in wide-area monitoring systems with the reliability challenges in information acquisition. Using our developed analytical framework, we quantify the impact of imperfect communication reliability in the state estimation accuracy and we provide useful insights for the design of reliability-aware state estimators.
The second part of the thesis builds on the previous one and focuses on the RAN problem of resource scheduling and sharing for smart grid and human-type traffic. We introduce a novel scheduler that achieves low latency for distribution automation traffic while resource allocation is performed in a way that keeps the degradation of cellular users at a minimum level. In addition, we investigate the benefits of Device-to-Device (D2D) transmission mode for event-based message exchange in substation automation scenarios. We design a joint mode selection and resource allocation mechanism which results in higher data rates with respect to the conventional transmission mode via the base station. An orthogonal resource partition scheme between cellular and D2D links is further proposed to prevent the underutilization of the scarce cellular spectrum.
The research findings of this thesis aim to deliver novel solutions to important RAN performance issues that arise when cellular networks support smart grid communication.Las redes celulares, p.e., los sistemas LTE/LTE-A, aparecen como una tecnología prometedora para facilitar la evolución de la próxima generación del sistema eléctrico de potencia, conocido como smart grid (SG). Sin embargo, la tecnología celular no fue pensada originalmente para las comunicaciones en la SG, asociadas con el intercambio fiable de mensajes y con requisitos de conectividad de un número masivo de dispositivos. Las diferencias fundamentales entre las comunicaciones en la SG y la comunicación de tipo humano desafían el diseño clásico de las redes celulares e introducen importantes cuestiones de investigación que hasta ahora no se han abordado suficientemente. Motivada por estos retos, esta tesis doctoral investiga los principios de diseño y analiza el rendimiento de una nueva red de acceso radio (RAN) que permita una integración perfecta del tráfico de la SG en las redes celulares futuras. Nos centramos en los problemas fundamentales de escalabilidad de la RAN en despliegues de SG masivos, y en la gestión de los recursos radio para la integración del tráfico de la SG con el tráfico de tipo humano. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en el diseño, el análisis y la evaluación del rendimiento de los mecanismos de las RAN que convertirán a las redes celulares en el elemento clave para las aplicaciones emergentes de las SGs. La primera parte de la tesis aborda las limitaciones del acceso radio en redes LTE para la comunicación fiable y escalable en SGs. En primer lugar, identificamos el problema de congestión en el acceso aleatorio de LTE que aparece en los despliegues de SGs a gran escala. Para superar este problema, se propone un nuevo mecanismo de acceso aleatorio que permite soportar de forma eficiente los servicios de automatización de la distribución eléctrica en tiempo real, con un impacto insignificante en el tráfico de fondo. Motivados por los estrictos requisitos de fiabilidad de las diversas operaciones en la SG, desarrollamos un modelo analítico del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio de LTE que nos permite evaluar el rendimiento del tráfico de monitorización de la red eléctrica basado en eventos bajo diversas condiciones de carga y configuraciones de red. Además, ampliamos nuestro análisis para incluir la relación entre el tamaño de celda y la disponibilidad de recursos de acceso aleatorio ortogonales, e identificamos un reto adicional para la conectividad fiable en la SG. Con este fin, diseñamos un mecanismo de planificación celular que tiene en cuenta las interferencias y la carga de la red, y que mejora la fiabilidad en los servicios de automatización de las subestaciones eléctricas. Finalmente, combinamos el problema de la estimación de estado en sistemas de monitorización de redes eléctricas de área amplia con los retos de fiabilidad en la adquisición de la información. Utilizando el modelo analítico desarrollado, cuantificamos el impacto de la baja fiabilidad en las comunicaciones sobre la precisión de la estimación de estado. La segunda parte de la tesis se centra en el problema de scheduling y compartición de recursos en la RAN para el tráfico de SG y el tráfico de tipo humano. Presentamos un nuevo scheduler que proporciona baja latencia para el tráfico de automatización de la distribución eléctrica, mientras que la asignación de recursos se realiza de un modo que mantiene la degradación de los usuarios celulares en un nivel mínimo. Además, investigamos los beneficios del modo de transmisión Device-to-Device (D2D) en el intercambio de mensajes basados en eventos en escenarios de automatización de subestaciones eléctricas. Diseñamos un mecanismo conjunto de asignación de recursos y selección de modo que da como resultado tasas de datos más elevadas con respecto al modo de transmisión convencional a través de la estación base. Finalmente, se propone un esquema de partición de recursos ortogonales entre enlaces celulares y D2
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Buhalis, Dimitrios. "The impact of information telecommunications technologies on tourism distribution channels : implications for the small and medium sized tourism enterprises' strategic management and marketing." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1995. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/789/.
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Cheatham, Rhodes Carolyn. "Spatial and Temporal Variation in Mangrove Distribution (1950-2014) in Tampa, Florida USA." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6813.
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I carried out an observational study of historic high resolution aerial imagery spanning six decades (1950-2014) to identify recent and historic spatial extent of mangrove forests, within the municipal boundaries of the City of Tampa, Florida USA. My objectives were to map mangrove distribution and spatial extent and any change or patterns of change discernable. I observed variable patterns of change and rates of expansion varied between sites spatially as well as within sites between time intervals. I found notable changes in mangrove extent in the Tampa from historic and modern aerial imagery for the ~64-year period between 1950 and 2014. There were significant losses in areal extent between 1950 and 1973, much of which could be directly attributed to anthropogenic modification of the Tampa coastal landscape. All the regions observed had recovered or surpassed their original extent by the end of the period reviewed (1950-2014). It appears much of the recovery observed is a result of recolonization of created or modified shorelines. Results of these observations may contribute to the body of information used to inform conservation and management objectives in the City of Tampa and Tampa Bay.
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Kohn, Christofer. "Centralisation of Distribution Systems and its Environmental Effects." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2990.
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Many believe that the current application of modern logistics solutions in general and centralisation of distribution systems in particular is damaging from an environmental perspective. The reason for this claim is that when a distribution system is centralised, products need to be shipped over greater distances. This causes an increase in transport work, which in turn is believed to cause an increase in emissions. Further, the decision to centralise distribution can be characterised as a structural decision and earlier research has helped illustrate how such decisions have greater impact on the overall performance of a distribution system than decisions taken at subsequent levels (tactical and operative). The reason for this is that structural decisions help create new opportunities to make other logistical decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, as measured in terms of costs and service.
It is also acknowledged that there is a lack of research illustrating the actual environmental effects of centralisation. This area is the theme of this thesis and the overall purpose is to describe and analyse how centralisation of a distribution system can affect the environment. This purpose has been divided into two research questions, where the first one reads:
- How does physical centralisation of a distribution system influence the environment?
This question aims at investigating what effect centralisation has on the amount of emissions that are caused by transport in a distribution system. One of the main advantages with a centralised distribution system is that emergency deliveries are expected to decrease. This type of transport is often performed by airfreight, which is a mode of transport that is regarded to cause the largest amount of environmental stress among the four most commonly used transport modes. The argument that is made is that even though centralisation causes an increase in transport work, this must not necessarily mean that emissions increase.
As indicated above, earlier studies on structural changes in distribution systems have shown that this type of decision creates new opportunities to make other decisions that are beneficial for the performance of a distribution system, albeit in terms of costs and service. The aim of the second research question is consequently to study this issue, but from an environmental perspective. This question therefore reads:
- How do structural decisions in logistics create new opportunities to improve on the environmental performance of a distribution system?
The results of the study show that it is not sufficient to only consider transport work and emergency deliveries when the environmental effect of a centralisation is to be evaluated. It has also been concluded that centralisation creates an opportunity to make improvements within the distribution system that can prove beneficial from an environmental perspective. In summary, three characteristics besides transport work and emergency deliveries were identified as being of importance when considering the environmental effects of a centralisation. These included centralised flow, modal change, and bargaining power.
This model (see full pdf) does not aim to include all characteristics that can be relevant in an environmental evaluation of a centralisation, but rather those that have been found significant in this study. However, the model helps illustrate that there are many aspects that need to be considered in such an evaluation and that depending on the characteristics of the distribution system at hand the results can vary quite extensively.
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Wakabayashi, Muroya José Luis. "La Aplicación del Valor de Vida del Cliente en la Gestión de la Relación con el Distribuidor en Empresas de Consumo Masivo de Productos Empaquetados de Lima, Perú. Un Estudio de Casos Múltiple." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9185.
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La gestió de la relació amb el client (CRM) és el procés en què es creen relacions amb els clients i altres actors al llarg de les seves vides. Així, a la base d'aquest procés hi ha el concepte de CLV, conegut com el valor del cicle de vida del client (customer lifetime value), que permet calcular tant el valor net del client com la seva rendibilitat per a l'empresa. Aquesta tesi destaca el fet que el màrqueting teòric ha desenvolupat diferents camps d'aplicació per afrontar el procés de CRM. Un d'aquests, que cada vegada és més important, és la gestió de la relació amb el canal de distribució.
Aquesta tesi és un intent per cobrir el buit que hi ha en la recerca de màrqueting sobre aquest tema i esbrinar el veritable paper del CLV en un context concret d'aplicació: les empreses de consum de masses de Lima i els seus distribuïdors. Aquest camp resta gairebé inexplorat i ha estat poc investigat, malgrat que el procés de CMR en el mercat de masses i la relació amb els distribuïdors constitueixen importants camps d'aplicació per al CLV.
A partir de l'anàlisi de casos de tres diferents empreses peruanes, mitjançant entrevistes i observacions realitzades al seu personal, aquesta tesi investiga l'aplicació del CLV com a concepte clau i com a eina de mesurament en els processos de gestió de la relació (CRM) amb els seus canals de distribució o intermediaris.
L'estudi s'ha dut a terme al Perú perquè aquest país té unes característiques similars als altres països llatinoamericans i la regió gairebé no disposa de cap recerca en CMR. Per això, aquest treball espera proporcionar informació significativa sobre l'aplicació del concepte dogmàtic de CMR.
La tesi argüeix que, malgrat que l'evolució cap a una aproximació relacional del màrqueting s'ha estès, la pràctica encara difereix de la teoria en molts mercats, com s'ha observat a les tres empreses estudiades. Per aquest motiu, aquest treball de recerca pot constituir un punt de partida per a investigacions més profundes en la matèria.
La gestión de la relación con el cliente (CRM) es el proceso en el que se crean relaciones con los clientes y otros actores a lo largo de sus vidas. Así, en la base de ese proceso se encuentra el concepto del CLV, conocido como valor de ciclo de vida del cliente (customer lifetime value), que permite calcular tanto el valor neto del cliente y su rentabilidad para la empresa.
Esta tesis pone resalta el hecho de que el marketing teórico ha desarrollado diferentes campos de aplicación para encarar el proceso de CRM. Una de estas, y cada vez más importante, es la gestión de relación con el canal de distribución. Además, puesto que este tema constituye un vacío en la investigación de marketing, esta tesis constituye un intento para reducirlo y averiguar el verdadero papel del CLV en un contexto particular de aplicación: las empresas de consumo masivo de Lima y sus distribuidores. Este campo permanece casi inexplorado y cuenta con escasa investigación a pesar de que el proceso de CMR en el mercado masivo y la relación con los distribuidores constituyen importantes campos de aplicación para el CLV.
Mediante el análisis de casos de tres diferentes empresas peruanas, mediante entrevistas y observaciones realizadas al personal de las mismas, esta tesis investiga la aplicación del CLV como concepto clave y como herramienta de medición en los procesos de gestión de la relación (CRM) con sus canales de distribución o intermediarios. Este estudio se llevó a cabo en Perú porque este país comparte características similares con el resto de países latinoamericanos y esta región casi no cuenta con investigación en CMR. Por ello este trabajo espera brindar información significativa sobre la aplicación del concepto dogmatico de CMR.
Esta tesis arguye que a pesar de que la evolución hacia una aproximación relacional del marketing se ha extendido, todavía la práctica difiere de la teoría en muchos mercados, como se ha observado en las tres compañías estudiadas, por tal razón el presente trabajo de investigación puede constituir un punto de partida para investigaciones más profundas al respecto.
The customer relationship management (CRM) is the process where relationships with customers and other actors are created throughout their lifecycle. Therefore, in the very foundations of this process is CLV, a key concept known as well as customer lifetime value, that allows estimating not only the customer net value over a long period of time , but also his profitability for the company.
This dissertation remarks the fact that theoretical Marketing has developed different fields of application to face the complex process of CRM. One of them, in increasing importance, is the CRM with the distribution channel. Since this issue means a gap in marketing research, this dissertation constitutes an attempt to reduce it and find out the very role of CLV when CRM takes place in a particular context of application: massive consume companies from Lima and their distributors. This field is almost unexplored and has little research despite the fact that CRM process in the massive market and the relationship with distributors constitute important fields of application for the CLV.
Through an analysis of three cases of different Peruvian companies, by interviewing their staff, this dissertation investigates the application of CLV as a key concept and as a measuring tool for CRM process with the distribution channel or intermediaries. This study took place in Peru because this country has similar characteristics with the rest of Latin American countries and this region has almost no research in CRM process. That is why this dissertation expects to add significant information about the application of the dogmatic concept of CRM.
This dissertation argues that despite the fact that an evolutional shift to a Marketing relationship approach is extended around the world, theory and practice still differs each other in a number of markets, as it is observed in the companies selected to this research. Thus this study could be the starting point of more and deeper research about it.
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Sychra, Jiří. "Zefektivnění distribuce ve vybrané společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113115.
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The master's thesis focuses on distribution in a selected company. The company has been going through many changes which affect the whole logistic chain. The company is pushed by the current market situation to change processes in the central warehouse and in the costumer distribution. The author analyses all these changes and compares them to the theory. The author also proposes some improvements for efficiency increase in single parts of the logistic chain. There is not only theory used for these proposals. The proposed solutions are based on his own work experience and inspiration from different companies.
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Wu, Philip. "The logistics support strategy for fast moving consumer products distribution in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1636671.
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Rostomyan, Sevak, and Linus Kvist. "A qualitative study on local circuit distribution firms in the haulage contractor industry." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161053.
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Haulage contractors are companies that are responsible for delivery of goods with use of trucks and vans. Previous research focus more on the haulage contractor industry in general. This study focuses on what challenges the haulage contractor industry is facing from the view of managers working in local area distribution in Sweden. We also examine what key tools and solutions are used to meet the challenges the industry is facing and what are the reasoning behind these actions. We propose two research questions. The first question is what challenges the Swedish haulage contractor industry is facing. The second examines what strategies and tools are used by management to adapt to changes in the industry. The study is based on 5 interviews with management in haulage contractor firms and 2 interviews with representatives from industry organizations, for a total of 7 interviews. The interviews were qualitative and performed over phone and face-to-face. By analyzing interviews using thematic analysis we find that the ownership, age and size of a firm impact how it adapts to changes. The adaptation is among others in terms of investments in technologies and collaboration. Another finding is that the industry representatives perceive that customers and legislators do not understand the crucial role the haulage contractor industry plays in the economy which has its negative impacts on the industry.
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Batdorf, Katharine E. "Distributional Changes in Ohio's Breeding Birds and the Importance of Climate and Land Cover Change." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1354560319.
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容勁 and King Stanley Yung. "Application of multi-agent technology to supply chain management." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223886.
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Masiza, Wonga. "Monitoring changes in vegetation distribution to ascertain the extent of degradation in the savannas of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2027.
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Savanna degradation is an environmental problem occurring in most countries around the world and it poses threats to biodiversity conservation, the food industry, and other economic sectors. According to FAO, South Africa’s rangelands exhibit the highest rate of fragmentation in comparison to range ecosystems in neighbouring countries including Lesotho and Swaziland, and consensus among researchers is that communal rangelands are more degraded than commercial rangelands. Although researchers and communities have identified the occurrence of land degradation in communal savannas at a local scale, land degradation has been poorly estimated because little has been done to quantify the extent and dynamics of perceived and observed changes associated with land degradation. The main goal of this study is to provide empirical insights on the direction of changes in the communal savannas of Nkonkobe Local Municipality in order to inform policy formulation and implementation. Additional to the communal sites is a private farm included for comparative analysis of trends in communal and commercial savannas. Landsat imagery was used to map, assess, and quantify the extent of land degradation in Nkonkobe Local Municipality, over a period of 30 years between 1984 and 2014. Field investigations were undertaken in June 2015 to acquire reference data to guide supervised classification of Landsat images. Three algorithms (Mahalanobis-distance, Minimum-distance, and Maximum likelihood classification) were compared to identify a classifier that produced the best results. The maximum likelihood classifier produced the best results with classification accuracy levels of 95.24 percent, 89.66 percent, and 95.65 percent for Honeydale Farm, Thyume, and Sheshegu respectively. Regression analysis revealed that both communal and private lands have experienced statistically significant increases in bush encroachment and decreases in surface water. Communal savannas have been confronted more by expansion of built-up area, decrease in open grassland, abandonment of arable land, soil erosion, and a steady invasion by Acacia Karroo compared to the privately owned commercial farm. The land cover changes measured through this investigation suggest an environmental shift that threatens biodiversity and agricultural activity. The study provides empirically informed insights about the direction to which these savannas are changing with the hope that the findings will prompt formulation and implementation of effective policies.
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Saucède, Florent. "Le management de la spécificité des rayons fruits et légumes : une modélisation inductive fondée sur la méthode des cas." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON30046/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser la question du management des spécificités des rayons en grande distribution. Elle est focalisée sur le rayon fruits et légumes dont les particularités semblent peu prises en compte par les distributeurs. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du courant d’analyse stratégique du canal de distribution, qui adopte la perspective du distributeur, et reconnait que sa stratégie est orientée tant vers l’amont que l’aval du canal. Le développement des politiques marketing des distributeurs les ont conduits à opérer des restructurations visant à consolider leurs achats, et à centraliser leurs décisions. Déployant un modèle axé sur la rentabilité, le rôle de l’encadrement en magasin a été redéfini. Ce modèle semble peu compatible avec les rayons à métier. Dans une première phase d’exploration hybride, la spécificité des rayons F&L est identifiée et définie. Un cadre conceptuel d’un mode de management de ces particularités est proposé. Trois objectifs de recherche sont définis : spécifier les relations entre le mode de management du rayon et ses performances, et comprendre l’influence du degré de centralisation des décisions, et du profil spécialisé ou non du manager, sur ces modes de management. L’étude empirique s’appuie sur l’étude de quatre cas imbriqués, pour proposer un modèle final. Nous montrons qu’un mode de management respectueux des spécificités du rayon permet d’en exploiter le potentiel. Pour cela, le manager de rayon doit maîtriser à la fois des compétences redéployables dans d’autres rayons, et des compétences produits. L’efficacité d’un mode de management centralisé est limitée, les performances du rayon dépendant avant tout des capacités du manager de rayon à gérer le processus de dégradation de la qualité des produits, et de la présentation du rayonThe purpose of this research is to analyze the management of the specificities of departments in retail store. It is focused on the produce department, whose particularities are not well recognized.This work draws on the strategic approach to distribution channel, which emphases the distributor’s perspective and acknowledges that its strategy is oriented towards both the upstream and downstream channel. The development of marketing policies of retailers has led them restructuring to consolidate their purchases and to centralize their decisions. Deploying a model based on profitability, the role of middle managers at the stores level has been redefined. This model seems to create tensions with some specific product departments. The specificity of produce department is defined based on a first hybrid exploration phase. A conceptual framework for a management style of these features is proposed. Three research objectives are defined: to specify the relations between the management style of the department and its performance, to understand the impacts of the degree of centralization of decisions on these management practices, and to acknowledge the need for manager specific skills.A final model, based on an embedded, multiple case study method is proposed. We show that a management style that respects produce specificities allow to exploit the department’s performance potential. For this, the department manager should develop both re-deployable skills and product expertise. The effectiveness of a centralized management style is limited, since the department performance depends primarily on the manager’s ability to master the process of degradation of products quality and department’s layout
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Suzacq, LucÃa de la Paz. "Changes in abundance and distribution of humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae in Hervey Bay Marine Park, Australia, based on aerial surveys conducted in 1992 and 2004." Scholar Commons, 2007. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2380.
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Aerial surveys were conducted throughout Hervey Bay Marine Park between August and October 1992 and 2004 to determine changes in abundance and distribution of the Eastern Australia humpback whale population in this area. Due to concerns about possible effects of boat traffic on whale distributions associated with a growing whale watching industry, the number and location of vessels were also recorded during these surveys. Throughout the 1992 season, 17 flights were conducted and a total of 41.93 surveys hours were completed, recording 186 pods, and a total of 320 animals. In addition, 392 boats were spotted in the area. During 2004, 10 flights took place with a total of 23.56 survey hours, 203 pods were sighted and a total 388 animals were recorded. In addition 216 boats were spotted in the study area.Results suggested an overall increase in the density of whale sightings from 1992 to 2004. By comparing total numbers for both years normalized to the number of survey hours, it can be seen that the total number of pods and the total number of individuals both increased. In 1992, with 7 more flights and an extra 10 hours on survey, the total number of pods and the total number of whales observed were less than in 2004. The composition of the pods showed a variation throughout both seasons consistent with a known distinctive temporal segregation of humpback whales on their annual migration. The percentage of calves was higher in 2004 than in 1992 consistent with the overall recovery of the eastern Australia population.Boat traffic did not show an effect on whale distributions in either year of the study. However this work provides a baseline for continuing to monitor boat traffic and whale distributions to help ensure that the east Australia whale population will continue to recover together with a sustainable growing whale watching industry.
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Falk, Karolina, and Joel Forsberg. "Adapting to the Changes Enforced by EU’s Network Codes for Electricity : The Consequences for an Electricity Company from a Distribution System Operator’s Perspective." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-107079.
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To reach EU’s climate and energy target an integrated electricity market is considered to be required (Klessmann, et al., 2011; Boie, et al., 2014; Becker, et al., 2013). As a result the European Commission decided to form a set of rules, named the Network Codes, to create a single European market (ENTSO-E, 2013b). The Network Codes will affect Distribution- and Transmission System Operators, grid users and production units as well as all the other actors on the electricity market (Eurelectric, n.d.a). Concerns regarding what the Network Codes’ actual consequences are have been expressed within the line of business (Swedish Energy, 2013a). Therefore the purpose of this master’s thesis was to determine and furthermore illustrate the consequences the Network Codes will have, in current version, for a Swedish non-transmission system connected electricity company and determine what actions need to be taken. The purpose has been addressed by conducting interviews, document studies and by utilizing a change management model, the Intervention Strategy Model, introduced by Paton & McCalman (2000). The structured approach that is the nature of the model was used when determining the consequences the Network Codes enforce and what actions a non-transmission system connected electricity company has to take to cope with them. To further facilitate the determination of these actions this study was conducted on a non-transmission system connected electricity company, in this thesis named Electricity Company A. The investigation of the concerns expressed within the line of business illustrated that the concerns were diverse but a majority of them might be incorporated into either of the following groups, simulation models, demand side aggregator and information handling. Out of these groups information handling was by far the area of greatest concern with issues primarily connected to the Distribution System Operator. Consequently this thesis focused on the Distribution System Operator’s perspective. The analysis of the area of greatest concern, presented in two flow charts, clearly showed the increased amount of communication enforced by the Network Codes. This increased information handling results in numerous possible organisational consequences for the Distribution System Operator, for example might new systems be required and some existing systems be used with or without adaption. Furthermore, the extra workload could possibly be handled by the existing personnel, in some cases after complementary education, but it might also require new personnel. Finally the Network Codes open up for the possibility for the Distribution System Operator to define certain details which may be conducted individually or in cooperation with other Distribution System Operators. Which of these possible consequences that will affect a specific company is, however, dependent on its preconditions. The study on Electricity Company A reveals that the numerous actions required to handle the new communication were not as significant as the line of business might have feared. For Electricity Company A, primarily a new system is needed to handle the real-time values and some of the existing systems need to be updated. Additionally the combined extra work load might require extra personnel for Electricity Company A even though the individual work assignments are fairly small. The actions required should be fairly similar for companies of approximately equal size but might be more extensive for smaller non-transmission system connected electricity companies. All companies need, however, to conduct an individual analysis to determine which specific actions are required for them. The conclusions of this thesis aspired, and partly succeeded, to be generalizable on a European level. One example of this is the usage of the Intervention Strategy Model which proved applicable for determining which specific actions are required for all European electricity companies. Furthermore the concerns presented and the possible consequences of the increased information handling found, are generalizable but not complete for all European electricity companies. This thesis focused on one part of the complex Network Codes’ consequences and consequently further research is needed to fully understand the consequences for the electricity business in total.
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Barros, Tatiana Ferrara. "As atividades de trade marketing aplicadas ao setor farmacêutico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12139/tde-19012016-152801/.
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Devido ao aumento da concorrência no ponto de venda, maior atenção tem sido dedicada aos canais de distribuição. Além disso, é preciso conquistar a preferência do consumidor no momento da compra. Por esse motivo, diversas empresas têm inserido em suas estruturas organizacionais uma área chamada Trade Marketing. O mesmo fenômeno ocorre no setor farmacêutico: os medicamentos genéricos, similares e referencia competem pela preferência dos consumidores. Este fato contribui para a criação de departamentos de Trade Marketing nas indústrias farmacêuticas. O Trade Marketing pode proporcionar a integração entre produtores, atacadistas e varejistas, trabalhando no relacionamento com os canais de distribuição. Entretanto, é ainda um tema recente e pouco estudado na academia e, por isso, existem lacunas a serem exploradas. Dentre os assuntos mais abordados na literatura encontram-se estudos de Trade Marketing no setor alimentício. Assim, restam lacunas a respeito das atividades de Trade Marketing desenvolvidas no setor farmacêutico. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar como ocorre o processo de desenvolvimento das atividades de Trade Marketing na indústria farmacêutica. Para atingir o objetivo proposto, realizou-se uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e qualitativo. Utilizou-se como método o estudo de casos múltiplos. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em quatro indústrias farmacêuticas e a principal fonte de informação foi entrevistas com os gestores da área de Trade Marketing. Por meio da pesquisa, foi possível definir as atividades de Trade Marketing desenvolvidas pelas empresas estudadas. Além disso, é perceptível que os departamentos de Trade Marketing mais desenvolvidos são aqueles que trabalham com linhas de produtos com maior concorrência, como os medicamentos genéricos.Due to the raising competition in point of purchase, more attention has been dedicated to the distribution channels. Moreover, it is necessary to conquer the consumers´ preference while shopping. For this reason, several companies have created Trade Marketing areas in their organizational structure. The same happens in the pharmaceutical sector: drugs companies compete for bigger market share. This fact contributes to the creation of Trade Marketing departments on the pharmaceutical industries. Trade Marketing can help integrate producers, wholesalers and retailers, build relationships in the distributions channels. However, there is a lot of research yet to be done. The academy has only stablished benchmarking studies concerning the food industry. So, there still gaps to be filled about the Trade Marketing activities in the pharmaceutical sector. Therefore, this study´s aim is to verify how the development process of Trade Marketing activities has been happening in the pharmaceutical industry. In order to achieve such objectives, an exploratory and qualitative research has been conducted, applying multiple case study method. The empirical research, which had, as main source of information, interviews with Trade Marketing managers, took place in four pharmaceutical industries. This research made possible to define the Trade Marketing activities developed by the studied companies. Furthermore, was recognisable that the more competitive was the market, the more developed were the Trade Marketing departments, e.g. generic drug companies.
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Simprini, Eduardo Sandrini. "Proposta de projetos estratégicos para canais de distribuição de insumos agrícolas em função do nível de gestão no canal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-30012015-091415/.
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Os distribuidores de insumos têm desempenhado um papel importante na comercialização e distribuição de insumos aos consumidores finais (agricultores). Além de vender os insumos, essas empresas são fornecedores de serviços importantes e também participam no processo de desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, conhecimento de mercado e, especialmente, de fornecimento de crédito. O planejamento é necessário para que o futuro seja levado em consideração, e o sistema de gestão é essencial na organização, tornando-se um diferencial competitivo e uma ferramenta de sucesso na implementação de estratégias. O diagnóstico das práticas de gestão nos canais de distribuição de insumos permite identificar os principais pontos de melhoria, e esses merecerão todos os esforços de tempo e investimento dos gestores. O presente trabalho busca responder à seguinte pergunta: como fomentar o processo de planejamento estratégico de um canal de distribuição de insumos agrícolas utilizando projetos previamente estruturados que podem ser aplicados dependendo do nível de gestão encontrado no canal? Para tanto, lança mão de uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa que analisa cinco estudos de casos. Como resultado, foi proposto um modelo de classificação do nível de gestão de canais de distribuição de insumos agrícolas que subsidiou as análises dos projetos estratégicos relacionados com o nível de gestão existente no canal; e também uma gama de projetos estratégicos previamente pensados em função do nível de gestão. Percebe-se uma lacuna na proposição dos projetos estratégicos e o nível de gestão, sendo importante que no exercício do planejamento estratégico, tenha-se o conhecimento prévio desse.Agricultural input dealers play an important role in the commercialization and distribution of the inputs to final users (growers). Besides selling inputs, these companies supply important services and participate in the development of new technologies, in sharing market knowledge and specially in funding growers\' activities. Planning is necessary to bring light to the future while the management system is essential for the organization, becoming a competitive advantage and a successful tool for the implementation of the strategy. The diagnosis of management practices in input dealers allows identifying the main improvement points which should deserve time spending and investment by the firms\' managers. This research aims to address the following question: how to promote the strategic planning process of an agricultural input dealer by using previously structured projects that could be applied based on the level of management standard? In order to do so, this qualitative and exploratory research analyzed five case studies. It resulted on a framework for classifying the level of management standard of agricultural input dealers, which was used to analyze the strategic projects related to the existing management standard of each dealer. It also resulted on a range of strategic projects previously thought according to the level of management standard. It became evident that there is a gap between the proposed strategic projects and the level of management standard, being important that managers have a previous knowledge of such level for planning the firm\'s strategies.
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Bourdon, Bernard. "Comprendre les réticences des fabricants à l’ouverture d’un site marchand : application de la théorie de la concurrence multipoints au marché de l’électrodomestique." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0052.
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Avec plus de 57 milliards d’€ de CA en France en 2014, le e-commerce continue à se développer, tant en volume qu’en nombre d’acteurs. Pourtant peu d’industriels se lancent dans le e-commerce, alors que les théories économiques suggèrent que ceux-ci devraient intégrer les fonctions d’intermédiation dès lors qu’il est capable de les effectuer à un coût moindre que des opérateurs extérieurs.Dans cette recherche, nous explorons les freins des industriels du secteur de l’électrodomestique vis-à-vis du e-commerce et suggérons que, conformément à la théorie de la concurrence multipoints, les industriels évitent de commercialiser leurs produits sur Internet dans un souci de stabilité de leur système de distribution. Des résultats de notre recherche, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs de création du conflit dans ce contexte, ce qui nous conduit à formuler des recommandations à l’égard des managers qui envisageraient l’ouverture d’un site marchandWith more than 57 billion € turnover in France in 2014, the e-commerce continues to grow, both in volume and number of players. Yet few manufacturers are engaging in e-commerce, while economic theories suggest that they should integrate intermediation functions as soon as they are able to perform at a lower cost than external operators.In this research, we explore why the household appliance industry sector do not launch e-commerce site and suggest that, according to the multipoint competition theory, they do so in order to avoid coercion from the traditional distribution system. From the results of our research, we emerge factors that create conflict in this context, which leads us to make recommendations in respect of managers who would consider opening a retail website
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Eid, Cherrelle. "Towards the design of flexibility management in smart grids : A techno-institutional perspective." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214857.
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The European policy focus on smart grids implies their development as an indispensable part of the future power system. However, the definition of a smart grid is broad and vague, and the actual implementation of a smart grid can differ significantly, depending on the stakeholders involved.This work aims to inform policy makers, the electricity industry and researchers about stakeholder interests and the technical complexities involved by presenting smart grids via a techno-institutional framework. This framework takes account of the technical nature of the electricity transport and supply service as well as the institutional nature of electricity markets, stakeholder perspectives and sector regulation. In addition, this work presents potential revenues resulting from flexibility management in smart grids and proposes a way forward for smart grids and flexibility management in Europe.QC 20170925
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Cornelius, Andre G. "The value of the middleman in the supply chain of South African tyre production." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003891.
Full textAbstract:
Only a few middlemen linking chemical intermediate product supply to world tyre productions have managed to survive new direct business models. In fact, the only region, where the practice of using a middleman in the supply chain of tyre production, for a certain primary manufacturer, is in South Africa. Tyre producers in other world regions, similar in market complexity to South Africa, have experienced the elimination of the middleman. Hence the question of this research, why is the middleman in the supply chain of tyre production in South Africa still a better option than that of direct business models? To begin with, the thesis stated that the middleman in the supply chain of South African tyre producers delivers better value than that of the direct business model. To prove/disprove this thesis, the principle that value is a trade-off between what you get for what you give was the basis of this research (Zeithaml, 1998). Further, a model was developed, from secondary literature, to conceptualise this trade-off to provide evidence to prove/disprove that the middleman provides greater value than value from the direct business model. From this point, the research approach was to collect data through interviews to find out the most important aspect of value created by the middleman. Data collected were analysed, using the structure of the model as a guide, to find evidence of the trade-off. This analysis provided evidence that the relationship between the middleman and the tyre producers in South Africa and between the middleman and primary product supplier is the value that the direct business model cannot replace.
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Bouška, Pavel. "Distribuce výrobků péče o zuby společnosti Philips na území České republiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-195459.
Full textAbstract:
This Master thesis is focused on topic of distribution channels and theirs practical application in distribution of Philips Oral Healthcare products on Czech market. The theoretical part is devoted to the physical structure of distribution channels, the parameters that define them, and the factors influencing their choice. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the relationships that exist between channel members, a system for management and direction of the common value added. The thesis is further concerned about relationships developed in between two channel members and presents a system for management of such relationships in order to develop them and deliver additional value. Under this approach the thesis further deals with the process of key customers selection and their further integration. In the next section a more detailed presentation of Philips Company is given, followed by description of oral healthcare market competition and distribution of end customers by their habits. Furthermore the thesis describes a practical example of Philips dealing with key customer in oral healthcare category. In order to fulfill the set objectives of the this thesis deep analysis of Philips current distribution channels takes place, followed by described anticipated development and proposed important area to ensure such development.
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Štúň, Jaroslav. "Návrh a implementace podnikového intranetového systému." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221815.
Full textAbstract:
The design and implementation of business intranet system for Hestego s.r.o. company in attempt to enhance the quality and efficiency of internal communication, business culture and awareness of empolyees is the main focus of this thesis. Current status, limited to use of narrow-profiled information system is described as a part of analysis. Furthermore, commonly used practices in implementing business intranet, together with broadly acknowledged advantages for companies are provided. Based on the gained knowledge, a solution relying on implementing an independent intranet system utilizing database system and .NET web application is proposed. Within the practical section, company’s requirements with regards to functionality and design, conforming with provided logo guidelines are presented. As a final part of this thesis, proposed solution is implemented, documented and deployed in corporate enviroment. Moreover, the advantages of proposed solution for the company are evaluated.