Relevant bibliographies by topics / Distribution Channels

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Distribution Channels'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Qin, Zhaoqiong. "Review Product Distribution Through Different Channels." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2021100103.

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This study aims to investigate the literature in product distribution and channel competition. In this study, past work related to the product distribution through different channels is extensively reviewed. Based on the channel differentiation, channel competition is also reviewed. Finally, the study proposes that the future research may focus on helping the producer make a decision whether to sell the product through its own direct channel (online) through a physical channel or both based on the difference between these two channels.
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Lovas, Attila, and Attila Andai. "Volume of the space of qubit-qubit channels and state transformations under random quantum channels." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 30, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x18500198.

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The simplest building blocks for quantum computations are the qubit-qubit quantum channels. In this paper, we analyze the structure of these channels via their Choi representation. The restriction of a quantum channel to the space of classical states (i.e. probability distributions) is called the underlying classical channel. The structure of quantum channels over a fixed classical channel is studied, the volume of the general and unital qubit channels with respect to the Lebesgue measure is computed and explicit formulas are presented for the distribution of the volume of quantum channels over given classical channels. We study the state transformation under uniformly random quantum channels. If one applies a uniformly random quantum channel (general or unital) to a given qubit state, the distribution of the resulted quantum states is presented.
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Hager, Willi H., and P. U. Volkart. "Distribution Channels." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112, no. 10 (October 1986): 935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1986)112:10(935).

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Venard, Bertrand. "Vietnamese distribution channels." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 24, no. 4 (May 1996): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590559610119893.

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Matsushima, Noriaki. "Expanding distribution channels." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 24, no. 3-4 (May 26, 2016): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2016.1188453.

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Li, Meng. "Overconfident Distribution Channels." Production and Operations Management 28, no. 6 (January 28, 2019): 1347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/poms.12981.

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García-Corrales, Celia, Francisco J. Cañete, and José F. Paris. "Capacity ofκ-μShadowed Fading Channels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/975109.

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The ergodic capacity of fading channels modeled with aκ-μshadowed distribution is investigated to derive closed-form expressions. Theκ-μshadowed distribution is of particular interest because it contains, as special cases, other classical ones like one-side Gaussian, Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m,κ-μ, and Rician shadowed distributions. The paper discusses the physical meaning of the distribution parameter variations and also their impact on the channel capacity. These results can be used to study the behavior of different channels like the ones in underwater acoustic communications, land mobile satellite systems, body centric communications, and other wireless communication applications. The analytical closed-form expression results are validated with numerical simulations.
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Angelides, Kimon J., and Barry Hicks. "Distribution and modulation of ion channel and receptor topography on nerve cell surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146011.

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The distribution of ion channels and receptors over the neuronal surface is important for the receipt of incoming synaptic inputs and for the integration of these inputs. Most voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels have non-homogeneous distributions in the neuronal membrane, many being restricted to either dendritic, axonal or somatic domains and further localized within these domains to regions such as dendritic spines, nodes of Ranvier or synaptic junctions (1-3). For example voltage-dependent calcium channels are localized and immobilized on dendrites (4), while voltage-dependent sodium channel are localized on axon hillocks (5) and nodes of Ranvier. Determining where and how ion channels are distributed and maintained is important for a variety of reasons. Ion channels in growth cones have a role in neurite outgrowth mechanisms (6), they are obligatory for synaptic transmission and they are required for amplification of neurotransmitter signals in the post synaptic membrane (7). Changes in ion channel distributions are an important aspect in development and plasticity (8,9).
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Aditya Nath Jha, Aditya Nath Jha. "Analysis of Distribution Channels of Life Insurance Business." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/june2014/84.

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Suriadi, Ahmad, and Sukmawati Sukmawati. "Analisis distribusi kebutuhan pangan pokok hasil pertanian di Kota Mataram." Jurnal Agrotek Ummat 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jau.v10i1.12228.

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The aim of this research is to find out the staple food distribution channels and to analyze the market diversity of each distribution channel. Primary data obtained through observation and interviews using a list of questions (questionnaire). Determination of respondents with purposive sampling method. From the results of the study, it was found that the distribution of staple food in the city of Mataram, namely where the commodity of rice circulating in the city of Mataram, there are two routes. Commodities Corn has one channel, Soybean has two channels, Shallots has one channel, Garlic has two channels, Big Red Chili, Curly Chili and Cayenne Pepper, has the same distribution channel, namely two channels.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Guan, Wei. "Developments in Distribution Channels : A Case Study of a Timber Product Distribution Channel." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell marknadsföring och industriell ekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64362.

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This thesis describes and analyses the trends and developments of actors along distribution channel. In particular, the study focuses on resellers and manufacturer based on the empirical material from one particular case study. The study has three main goals: (1) to investigate the challenges arising from channel actor developments, the effects of these developments on the structure of the retailer supply chain and their implications for manufacturers and suppliers, (2) to identify explanations for manufacturer’s vertical integration of distribution and the resulting impacts and, (3) to conduct a preliminary customer value analysis relating to the distribution channel of solid wood products. The study has taken an exploratory and qualitative research approach with an abductive reasoning process. A case study strategy was adopted, which studied a distribution channel consisting of a Sweden-based timber manufacturer that vertically integrated a distributor in the UK. Semi-structured interviews comprised the primary data collection technique in this study. A two-step data collection process was conducted between May 2009 and April 2010, including 29 interviews with 24 interviewees from eight organizations, representing the manufacturer, distributor and reseller in the distribution channel. Non-participating observations were carried out by attending sales meeting and joining account managers on store visits. All interviews were documented and transcribed and the information was collated into case units, along with any supporting secondary data, such as company magazines, web resources, annual reports, sales reports, meeting presentations, etc. This thesis has produced several findings. Reseller developments have promoted the formation of reseller demands, such as integrated solutions with respects to logistics, marketing, merchandising, innovation, etc. Retailer developments have driven the change of a retailer supply chain structure, and have opened up a number of new questions to be posed on manufacturer and its positioning in the supply chain. The most important factors driving the manufacturer’s vertical integration of distribution are customer demands, the manufacturer’s repositioning strategy with regard to its business focus and its positioning in the supply chain. The vertical integration of distribution transforms the manufacturer into a direct supplier to large timber product resellers. It also offers the supplier a great opportunity to enhance offerings and establish strategic relationship with customers. The output of suppliers has expanded from solely manufacturing goods to also include services and knowledge associated with goods. In practice, it can be complicated for a supplier to create and communicate value. A full understanding of what timber product customers seek in terms of value elements has not yet been achieved. This study has assisted in terms of understanding the differing value that channel actors place on a range of product, physical distribution, service and supplier value elements by developing a value analysis framework. Suppliers can use this framework when designing, customizing and marketing offerings for customers.
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Andersson, Magus. "Distribution Channels for Internet Telephony." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-205.

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There are a great number of models and theories described by authors like Kotler & Armstrong (1996) and Hutt & Speh (1989) about distribution channels. However the models and theories are quite abstract and not branch specific.

The size of the Internet is growing in an incredible speed and new possibilities with the Internet are being invented every day. The new technologies make it possible to use the Internet in many different businesses (Statskontoret, 1997). One such business is the telecommunication business and the technique of Internet telephony.

With these both statements above I ask myself: How can Internet telephony be distributed?

The question is if existing distribution channels on the market are suitable for the Internet telephony products, and what channels must telecommunication companies use to be competitive on the new combined tele- and datacommunication market.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to an increasing knowledge in how Internet telephony can be distributed. Further the purpose is to identify and evaluate different options of distribution and find important factors that affect the choice and management of the distribution channel.

Because of a lack of information in literature describing distribution channels for Internet telephony products, I decided to do a qualitative study in order to get a hold of relevant information. Since I wanted to study a such new and specific area as distribution channels for Internet telephony products and as I wanted to have the possibility to come back with supplementary questions, I chose a case study with complementary interviews as my method.

This research has shown that there are a number of options to distribute Internet telephony products. There are also a number of intermediaries which are relatively new on the market and are not described in detail in any literature. New kinds of value- added resellers and system integrators with good competence are quite common on the tele- and datacommunication market today. They do not only resell products but also add value in form of hardware, software or service. When doing a choice of distribution channel both manufacturers and channel members want to have a close long term relationship. This can be done with common objectives and strategies or with partnerships in different forms. In evaluating a choice of distribution channel, criterias like cost, control and adaptivity, should be taken in concern. A multichannel or horizontal distribution approach is also quite common on the tele- and datacommunication market. Manufacturers need to use different channels to reach different customer segments. To manage a good relationship in a channel the manufacturer have to motivate, handle conflicts and support the channel members.

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Zeng, Shangyou. "Spatial distribution and function of ion channels on neural axon." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113855357.

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Nyberg, Anna. "Innovation in distribution channels : an evolutionary approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 1998. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/487.htm.

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Chakrabarty, Anita. "Customer value and financial services distribution channels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35694/.

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This research effort seeks to investigate the co-creation of customer value in distribution channels of financial services as perceived by customers. In financial services, an in-depth investigation of customer value is necessary because of its recognised strategic imperative for competitive advantage (Woodruff, 1997). The Service Dominant Logic further demonstrates the importance of customer value as the basis of customers’ evaluations of products or service offerings (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Customer value assessments are typically based on core services. However, core services are rapidly copied, diminishing prior competitive advantages. Hence, other sources of customer value and competitive advantage have to be considered. In light of this, distribution channels are considered resilient sources of value for the customer (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006). Specifically, this research seeks to empirically determine the type of value co-created through interactions in various distribution channels of financial services and the degree to which the various types of value vary, in distribution channel use. The conceptual model developed for this study synthesises two perspectives of customer value. The first perspective is the unidimensional perspective, which posits that customer value is a trade off between perceived benefits and perceived sacrifices. The alternative perspective is the multidimensional perspective where customer value is multidimensional. Various types of value, functional or utilitarian as well as emotional and aesthetic value are offered in the extant literature. In financial services, dominant studies focus on adoption and non-adoption of financial services channels particularly innovative technological channels such as the internet channel and mobile channel. A study of the customer value of various channels in the multichannel context of financial services is relatively absent. Therefore, a two-step research design was utilised. First, an exploratory study was conducted to determine the different benefits and sacrifices perceived by customers when using the distribution channels. The first stage of the study incorporated an exploratory study of semi-structured interviews conducted on a sample of 22 respondents. The hypotheses developed for the study were based on the exploratory study and the extant literature of customer value and distribution channels. The second stage of the study was a survey of 300 respondents using a questionnaire, within the Klang Valley area. The data were collected and analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis as appropriate. The findings of the study show that both co-created functional value and emotional value perceptions exist in the distribution channel of financial services. Co-created functional and emotional value furthermore contributes to overall customer value perceptions. The study also finds that different benefit and sacrifice perceptions give rise to co-created functional and emotional value perceptions respectively. A comparison of the customer value perceptions of channels revealed that customers perceived functional value and emotional value in all channels, except the ATM/CDM/Cheque deposit channel. The in-branch channel is perceived to co-create a greater magnitude of emotional value. Adding to the extant literature, the findings demonstrate that distribution channels are an important source of customer value assessments. Furthermore, the findings lend support to the conceptual model, which posits various benefits and sacrifice perceptions existing in distribution channels of financial services lead to co-created perceived functional and emotional value or both simultaneously. From a managerial point of view, the findings of this study enable accurate identification of specific benefits and sacrifice perceptions in the various distribution channels of financial services to inform the development of strategies and tactics to enhance customer value of individual channels. Furthermore, the importance of emotional value in the in-branch channel lends support to the role of face to face interactions, careful recruitment and training of personnel to enhance the in-branch experience. The study also raises the importance of the consideration of service failures in services customer value assessments.
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RICCARDI, GABRIELE. "Polarization-entanglement distribution in fiber-optic channels." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11697/182274.

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Entanglement is a key ingredient in many quantum communication protocols, and robust quantum channels are needed for its fast and reliable distribution over long distances. As quantum communication technology matures, it moves towards utilizing actual fibers, which leads to a growing need for physical models describing decoherence and the other effects that take place in this kind of media. In this work, we analyze how two phenomena that are ever-present in fiber-optic based networks, namely polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL), affect the distribution of polarization-entangled photons. The former represents the main source of decoherence in a fiber-optic channel, while the latter is an example of modal filtering. We start by considering the distribution of polarization-entangled photon pairs through optical fibers where PMD acts as a decoherence mechanism. We analyze both the case in which PMD is present in the channel of one photon only, and the case in which the propagation of both photons is affected by PMD. We quantify the entanglement quality of the received two-photon states by means of a well known entanglement metric, known as concurrence, and we analyze how this is impacted by the main system parameters. We also develop a a treatment of this problem in the framework of quantum information theory, where the total correlations between different parts of a system are quantified by making use of the von Neumann entropy and the quantum mutual information. We discuss the concept of nonlocal PMD compensation and quantify its beneficial effect on entanglement in terms of concurence and quantum mutual information restoration. We then move on to analyzing the case in which PMD and PDL are present in the channel of one photon of a polarization-entangled pair. The primary challenge when dealing with these combined effects is to concisely account for numerous elements that in general are distributed along a lengthy optical path. We approach this by starting with an analytical model of a channel with just two lumped elements, one representing PMD and the other representing PDL. Interestingly, we find that, while the order and relative orientation of the two elements produce a wealth of different biphoton states, the amount of entanglement in all those states is exactly the same, a result that we explained also in simple, intuitive terms. Then, we conduct experiments that implement this channel and verify our analytical findings. We turn our attention to the most general fiber polarization channel, comprised of a statistically significant number of arbitrarily oriented elements. We show that, over an ample range of parameters, our two-element analytical model is quite accurate in describing the fiber channel, which makes it an effective tool for gaining insights into channel decoherence. We conclude this part by extending the analysis to the case in which PDL affects the propagation of both photons, in conjunction with PMD in one optical path. Finally, we show how the presence of PMD and PDL alone can lead to the formation of peculiar entangled states that can’t be detected by a conceptually simple and experimentally prevalent class of entanglement witnesses, known as fidelity witnesses. These states, usually referred to as unfaithful states, are exceedingly common among bipartite states, especially for higher dimensional systems. In this work, we show that even among two-qubit states, the simplest of all entangled states, unfaithful states can be created through a suitable application of PMD and PDL to a Bell state. We also show that the faithfulness is not monotonic to entanglement, as measured by the concurrence. Finally, we experimentally verify our predictions and specifically demonstrate a situation where an unfaithful state is brought to faithfulness at the expense of further reducing the entanglement of the state.
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Zhang, Yixin. "Optimising the utility of hotel online distribution channels." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812094/.

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Distribution channel plays an important role in the operation of hotel revenue management (RM), it is a key vehicle that can facilitate effective communication of the whole RM strategy, which helps hotels to accomplish their ultimate goal of revenue maximisation. However, the importance of distribution channel management in hotel revenue management has not received much attention in academic research (Ivanov and Zhechev, 2012), and there is a lack of studies relating to distribution channel selection and optimisation (Guillet and Mohammed, 2015). In addition, with the increasing popularity of the Internet and the rapid development of information technology, online distribution channels have been intensively promoted by hotel companies in the contemporary business environment, and these have been well received by customers (Masiero and Law, 2016). Accordingly, this research is aimed at investigating the functions of hotel online distribution channels (hotel’s own website and OTA websites), and to examine customers booking intention toward each of these two distribution channels. The overall results of the present study could help hotel companies to optimise the utility of their online distribution channels, thus to achieve their ultimate goal of revenue maximisation. In this research, there were three studies were conducted to fulfil the investigation. The first study was a qualitative study with hotel experts, based upon the method of semi-structured interview, which examined the functions of hotel online distribution channels from the organisational perspective. The second study was a qualitative study with hotel customers, based upon the method of focus group interview, which examined the functions of hotel online distribution channels from the customers’ perspective. Thus, the findings could verify whether the functions that were highlighted by the companies were actually approved by the customers. The third study was a quantitative study with hotel customers, based upon the method of survey questionnaire, which provided a further insight into customers’ booking intention toward hotels’ own websites and OTAs respectively. Based upon the qualitative studies with hotel experts and customers, 6 functions of hotel online distribution channels were identified: information, communication, promotion, security, relationship building, and payment. All these identified functions were verified to exist in both hotels’ own websites and online travel agent websites, but some functions might be performed better by one of the distributors than another one. For example, hotels’ own websites provide more detailed information about an individual property, but OTAs offer easy comparisons; hotels’ own websites have better performance in personal communications, while OTAs are good at mass market communications. The results of the quantitative study shown that attitude carried the most weight in explaining the intention of customers to make bookings via hotels’ own websites. Therefore, for the distribution channel of hotels’ own websites, hotel managers need to pay more attention to the factors that contribute to the generation of favourable attitude. In the OTA group of the present study, perceived behavioural control carried the most weight in explaining the intention of customers to make bookings on OTAs, which indicted that perceived behavioural control was the most important determinant that affected the customers who used OTAs to place hotel bookings, and these OTA customers felt confident and in control of using the distribution channel. This research provides the theoretical contribution to the literature. Firstly, by taking into account the issue that distribution channel has been overlooked in the literature of RM and the trend of online distribution channel, this research contributes to the knowledge of online distribution channel in hotel RM literature. Secondly, this research has adopted the perceptions of both hotel-related companies and hotel customers in generating comprehensive knowledge about the functions of hotel online distribution channels. The results of the overall study also offer important implications for hotel companies, which enable them to clearly understand the strengths and weaknesses of their own websites and OTA websites. As a result, they can set up efficient strategies to optimise the utility of both their internal and external online distribution channels, which for the purpose of maximise their total revenue.
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Jiang, Sheng. "Lateral distribution of boundary shear in open-channels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ45327.pdf.

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Yamanami, Hirotaka 1969. "A study of partnership models in distribution channels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9147.

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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105).
Recently Japanese oil companies have been struggling to provide customers with differentiated services and satisfaction, and to capture their perception. They tried changing the relationship with dealers over multiple distribution channels in order to solve this issue. Through trials and errors the oil companies managed to have dealers under their control by vertical integration, but the vertical integration did not result in positive impact for either the oil companies or the dealers since lack of communication brought about conflict between them regarding marketing approach. By learning from practice oil companies have been changing their channel control policy from vertical integration to partnerships that enable the oil companies and their dealers to create more intimate and consequently cooperative relationships. Furthermore, their challenge to channel management has resulted in developing new distribution channels by building partnerships with unrelated industries. This thesis focuses on the dynamics of two partnership models in the distribution channel, vertical partnerships, a new type of relationship between suppliers and their dealers, and horizontal partnerships that are strategic distribution alliances with unrelated industries. First, the driving forces of these partnerships are presented and from that hypotheses are built that determine successful relationships with partners and positive impact for customers. Following that is research and analysis of partnership cases from Japanese oil companies that verify these hypotheses. Further, key factors are extracted from the cases and their validity is checked by adapting each hypothesis. Finally, key factors are prioritized by using an attribution map and the conclusion is a successful methodology for vertical and horizontal partnerships specific to Japanese oil companies.
by Hirotaka Yamanami.
S.M.M.O.T.
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Lapuka, Ivan. "Antecedents and Consequences of Channel Alienation: An Empirical Investigation within Franchised Channels of Distribution." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3507.

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Investigating an important overlooked phase of interorganizational relationship evolution, which is currently hypothesized to progress through five stages of awareness, exploration, expansion, commitment, and dissolution, this dissertation proposes that in the long road between commitment and dissolution, the quintessential interfirm relationship is likely to be characterized by aprolonged period of relationship alienation, which then becomes the immediate precursor to the dissolution stage. The dissertation utilizes social learning theory, behavior constraint theory, and alienation theory to explain apathetic behaviors of franchisees. The principal proposition is that certain characteristics of the franchise system’s operating environment inadvertently condition franchisee estrangement and failure, and the maladaptive behaviors persist even after environmental changes make success possible again. The dissertation proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model of franchisee alienation. Data from dyadic franchisee-franchisor relationships (N=185) across a wide variety of industries were obtained through a survey of franchisee organizations that were members of the Franchise Council of Australia (FCA). The results render support to the central hypothesis that franchisee alienation occurs as a result of the franchisee organization disconnecting its own actions from the outcomes of its interactions with the franchisor. Franchisee alienation is shown as a phenomenon that is extremely toxic for the franchise system as a whole, as the alienated franchisee is likely to engage in opportunistic behaviors, exhibits reduced productivity, and is inclined to litigate against the franchisor and to dissolve its relationship with the franchisor. On the basis of the findings, the dissertation offers a prescription in terms of the different strategies that can be used by the franchisor to prevent and combat franchisee alienation.
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Books on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Dent, Julian. Distribution Channels. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2008.

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1931-, Kikuchi Takeshi, ed. Japanese distribution channels. New York: Haworth Press, 1994.

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Walker, J. G. Telecom distribution channels. London: Centre for Exploitation of Science and Technology, 1993.

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Rolnicki, Kenneth. Managing channels of distribution. New York: AMACOM, 1998.

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Canada, Society of Management Accountants of. Distribution channels management - accountability. Hamilton: Society of Management Accountants of Canada, 1994.

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P, Bucklin Louis, Carman James M, and Sheth Jagdish N, eds. Distribution channels and institutions. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1986.

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Insurers, Association of British, ed. General business distribution channels. [London]: ABI, 1992.

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J, Brown A. Marketing channels of distribution. Glasgow: Strathclyde Business School, 1986.

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Distribution channels: Understanding and managing channels to market. London: Kogan Page, 2008.

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Dent, Julian. Distribution channels: Understanding and managing channels to market. 2nd ed. London: Kogan Page, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Macarthur, Hamish E., and Merlin Stone. "Distribution Channels." In How to Market Computers and Information Technology, 128–61. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13402-1_8.

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Malik, Adnan, and Karim Ullah. "Distribution Channels." In Introduction to Takaful, 121–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9016-7_9.

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Cartwright, Roger. "Distribution channels." In Mastering Marketing management, 267–96. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-06985-6_13.

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Carter, Robert L., and Peter Falush. "Distribution Channels." In The British Insurance Industry Since 1900, 177–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230239524_14.

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Baker, Michael J. "Channels of Distribution." In Marketing: An Introductory Text, 182–226. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25139-1_9.

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Camilleri, Mark Anthony. "Tourism Distribution Channels." In Tourism, Hospitality & Event Management, 105–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49849-2_6.

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Lancaster, Geoff, and Paul Reynolds. "Channels of Distribution." In Marketing, 168–90. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14039-8_9.

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Morrison, Alastair M. "Tourism distribution channels." In Tourism Marketing, 505–46. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315856094-15.

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Lancaster, Geoff, and Paul Reynolds. "Channels of Distribution." In Marketing, 190–217. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37409-6_9.

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Kent, Tony, and Ogenyi Omar. "Channels of Distribution." In Retailing, 59–83. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-37410-2_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Liu, Hong, and Peiwen Li. "CFD Assisted Design Optimization of a Flow Distributor for Uniform Fluid Distribution." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65344.

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This study addresses a fundamental issue of distributing a fluid flow into a number of flow channels uniformly. A basic mechanism of flow distribution is accomplished through a channel bifurcation that symmetrically split one flow channel into two downstream channels. Applying the basic mechanism, cascades flow distributions are designed to split one flow into a large number of downstream flows uniformly. Some key parameters decisive to the flow distribution uniformity in such a system have been recognized, and the flow distribution uniformity was studied for several versions of flow distributor designs using CFD analysis. The effect of the key parameters of the flow channel designs to the flow distribution uniformity was investigated. As an example of industrial application, a novel fluid packaging device was proposed and some CFD analysis results for the device were provided. The optimized flow distributor makes a very good uniform flow distribution which will significantly improve the efficiency of fluid packaging. The technology is expected to be of great significance to many industrial devices that require high uniformity of flow distribution.
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Tudorica, Mihaela. "Tourism distribution channels in the digital age." In The 8th International Conference "Management Strategies and Policies in the Contemporary Economy". Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2023.60.

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This paper examines the evolution and transformation of tourism distribution channels, focusing on the role the Internet has played in such a process. This paper indicates that the advance of information and communication technology has not reduced the number of intermediaries in the distribution channel, but rather resulted in an increasingly complex array of intermediaries. Technological advances have resulted in growing competition in the online tourism industry and distribution channels and have an impact on company structures, as companies are being pushed towards disintermediation, re-intermediation and collaborations. In this digital context, this paper takes a perspective with the aim to analyse the changes brought about by the technological advances in the field of distribution channels.
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Webb, Ralph L. "Effect of Manifold Design on Flow Distribution in Parallel Micro-Channels." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35251.

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Gas or liquid flow in multiple, parallel micro-channels is of interest for Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) cooling applications. The published data for friction in 10-to-400μm hydraulic diameter, single micro-channels show good agreement with the conventional equations in the laminar and turbulent regimes. However, investigators of flow in multiple, parallel micro-channels in the same range of channel sizes report significantly different results. They report significant disagreement with the conventional equations and argue that transition occurs at Reynolds numbers as small as 200, dependent on the channel shape. This paper proposes that the apparent discrepancies of friction in multiple micro-channels can be attributed to flow mal-distribution. Flow mal-distribution is expected in multi-channels, because of manufacturing tolerances and poor manifold design. It can be minimized by proper header design and better manufacturing tolerances.
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Takata, Hidesuke, Satoshi Ishikawa, Yuji Kubota, and Tetsuo Horiguchi. "DETERMINANTS OF DUAL DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS." In Bridging Asia and the World: Globalization of Marketing & Management Theory and Practice. Global Alliance of Marketing & Management Associations, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15444/gmc2014.05.09.04.

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Jeeva, Ananda, and Mai T. T. Tran. "Network Analysis in Tourism Distribution Channels." In 2014 International Conference on Global Economy, Commerce and Service Science (GECSS-14). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/gecss-14.2014.98.

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Jin, Di, Pramode Verma, and Stamatios Kartalopoulos. "Key Distribution Using Dual Quantum Channels." In 2008 Fourth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security (IAS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2008.34.

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Chen, Zhao, Guangming Zhou, Tao Zhou, Hongli Chen, and Yunqing Bai. "CFD Analysis of Circumferential Temperature Distribution on Fuel Cladding Surface of China Lead Alloy Cooled Research Reactor (CLEAR-I)." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15917.

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Because of heterogeneity of sub-channels geometry, a circumferential temperature distribution will exit in the fuel cladding surface during operating condition of a nuclear reactor, which will increase the maximum cladding surface temperature (MCST). However, this phenomenon cannot be obtained in single channel or sub-channel analyses approach. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a good method to study this problem. In this paper, the circumferential temperature distribution on the fuel cladding surface of different sub-channels of China Lead-Alloy Cooled Research Reactor (CLEAR-I) were studied using FLUENT 14.0. Obvious circumferential temperature distributions were presented in results and the maximum circumferential temperature difference is 13°C in edge-channels. This study will improve the precision in the MCST calculation of CLEAR-I and be a good guideline to the optimum design of CLEAR-I sub-channels configurations.
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Rensink, Dirk, Jo¨rg Roth, and Stephan Fell. "Liquid Water Transport and Distribution in Fibrous Porous Media and Gas Channels." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62087.

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In a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell water is produced by electrochemical reactions in the catalyst layer on the cathode side. The water diffuses through the catalyst layer and a fibrous substrate into gas channels where it is transported away by convection. The fibrous substrate represents the gas diffusion media (GDM). Sometimes the GDM has a thin microporous layer on the side facing the catalyst layer. The same layer structure can be found on the anode side. All layers together are the porous layers of a PEM fuel cell. Under certain operating conditions condensation can occur in the porous layers which might lead to flooding conditions and — if the liquid water forms droplets which grow together in the gas channels — the complete blockage of the channels. Both situations can lead to a local starvation of reactant gases with negative impact on fuel cell performance and durability. The void space of the hydrophobic fibrous substrate in a PEM fuel cell can be interpreted as micro channels in a broader sense, especially if liquid phase transport from the catalyst layer towards the gas channels is in focus. Due to the small dimensions with effective channel diameter in the range of micrometer the flow of liquid water is governed by capillary forces. The same applies for the gas channels at low gas velocities since the Bond and Capillary numbers are well below one. Thus the investigation of liquid water flow and distribution under low gas velocities in the hydrophobic fibrous substrate and the spreading of liquid water along the hydrophilic gas channel walls under capillary action is of special interest for PEM fuel cells and investigated here.
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Zhao, Cheng, Cun Wang, Tao Zhang, and Jian Pu. "Flow Distribution Analysis in the SOFC Stack Using CFD Technique." In ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17, the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2017-3177.

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In this paper, a three dimensional solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) model is constructed to investigate the gas distribution and the pressure variation in the external manifold stack by a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Several geometric parameters of external manifold stack, including the position of inlet tube, depth of the manifold and the channel resistance are optimized to achieve uniform gas distributions among the channels. Simulation results indicate that a gas distributor can enhance the flow uniformity effectively. Besides, with the increasing depth of the manifold, the flow tends to be more uniform in T-manifold but has a small impact on C-manifold stack. It is also shown that flow distribution is intensively enhanced with the raise of resistance, especially from 0Pa to 100Pa. Modeling results highlight the importance of manifold and channel structure design for external manifold stack and can be widely applied to design the geometric parameters.
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Sajith, V., Divya Haridas, C. B. Sobhan, and G. R. C. Reddy. "Convective Heat Transfer Studies in Mini-Channels Using Digital Interferometry." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82166.

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Convective heat transfer in micro and mini channels has been recommended as an effective heat removal method for various electronic packages and systems. Experimental and theoretical investigations on the thermal performance of micro and mini channels have gained immense attention and hence, heat transfer studies in mini channels are of great importance. Some of the experimental results found in the literature on heat transfer in small-dimension channels are of contradicting nature even though some generally agreeing results are also found. One of the probable reasons for such deviations is the intrusive nature of the measurement techniques used. The traditional method of temperature measurement in channels uses the thermocouple probe, and for obtaining temperature distribution across the channel either a number of probes or a moving probe technique is required, both of which disturb the flow field and cause measurement errors. Hence a non intrusive measurement technique, such as an optical method is preferable for temperature measurement in small channels. In the present work, convective heat transfer studies have been performed on water flowing through a mini channel of hydraulic diameter 4 mm, using the non-intrusive technique of laser interferometry, coupled with digital image processing. The channel is fabricated using high quality optical glass and aluminum blocks. Mach Zehnder Interferometry is used for obtaining the temperature distribution in the channel. The experimental arrangement consists of two identical channels, one placed in the test section and the other in the reference section of the interferometric set up. As the test section is heated, a density variation is produced in the medium, which causes a refractive index variation, deforming interference fringes. This enables the calculation of the temperature distribution inside the channel. The interferograms are grabbed using a CCD camera and an AVT Fire package software. Digital image processing technique, using MATLAB software is used for locating the fringe-centers, and calculating the temperature distribution. The temperature profiles are obtained at different sections of the channel for various values of the average Reynolds number and various heating levels. The local and average heat flux values are obtained from the constructed temperature distributions. Variations of the local and average heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt number are determined and discussed. Results of parametric studies are compared and contrasted with relevant entry length solutions from the literature.
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Reports on the topic "Distribution Channels"

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Shapiro, Jeffrey H., Stewart D. Personick, and Saikat Guha. Information Transmission and Entanglement Distribution Over Bosonic Channels. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada480937.

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Slattery, S. R., P. J. Barnett, A. J. M. Pugin, D. R. Sharpe, D. Goodyear, R E Gerber, S. Holysh, and S. Davies. Tunnel-channel complexes in the Zephyr area, Ontario: potential high-yield aquifers. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331410.

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In south-central Ontario, tunnel channels are primary targets for groundwater exploration due to their potential to contain confined, water-bearing, coarse-grained sediment fills. Despite extensive hydrogeologic and geologic exploration within these features, a comprehensive depositional model that illustrates the spatial distribution of coarse- and fine- grained sediment in tunnel-channel complexes is absent. Work in the Zephr area, north of ORM, presents new subsurface data to improve understanding of this geologic setting and to add to geologic models of these channel systems. Findings result from combined geology, sedimentology, geophysics (seismic profiling) and sediment drilling (mud rotary and continuous core) to better our understanding the shallow channel setting north of ORM, including: 1) spatial distribution of coarse- and fine-grained sediments in tunnel-channels; 2) the architecture of tunnel-channel sequences in confluence zones. Preferred aquifer targets aquifer units in the Zephyr area are identified in areas of channel confluence and channel bends. Channel aquifers are confined by 3.9 to 28.5 m thick deposits of rhythmically bedded silt and clay.
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Bentley, C. L., and A. E. Ruggles. Phase distribution measurements in narrow rectangular channels using image-processing techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10144046.

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Bentley, C. L., and A. E. Ruggles. Phase distribution measurements in narrow rectangular channels using image-processing techniques. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5349611.

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Megersa, Kelbesa. Alternative Systems for Managing Financial Transactions in Humanitarian Crises. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.136.

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Restrictions on the banking sector are having a growing adverse impact on the flow of funds to humanitarian agencies and assisting communities affected by humanitarian crises has also become much more difficult and costly. Delays, refusals of transactions by financial institutions and outright bank account closures worsen humanitarian crises by delaying aid distribution response times. The inability to channel funds and critical financial services into countries in humanitarian crisis prevents life-saving humanitarian assistance from reaching those who need it most. The absence of legal transfer channels means the financing vacuum is often filled by illicit means, which can facilitate the spread of crime and corruption (ODI, 2021). Humanitarian organisations have turned to a variety of transaction channels due to disruptions in legitimate transfer mechanisms. Without these alternative money transfer channels humanitarian organisations have been unable to run some parts of their programming. These alternatives means of obtaining funds requires humanitarian organisations to enter into less regulated financial agreements that are not subject to international standards.
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Bryndum. L51854 Integrity Assessment Models-Software for Exposed and Unburied Pipelines in River Channels. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011225.

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This guideline and its associated software River-X present a methodology for the assessment of pipeline integrity under hydrodynamic loads and impact loads from floating or moving debris in the river. The software provides a numerical tool with a user-friendly interface for assessing the risk of pipeline failure following the principles outlined in this guideline. The River-X simulates sections of exposed pipeline including the anchoring in the embankment and plastic material behavior for 2 basically different scenarios; an exposed pipeline on/in riverbed and a free spanning pipeline. A quasi-static analysis of the pipeline exposed to the river-flow is carried out in both situations where the main outcome is maximum values of plastic strain, stress, displacement, bending moment and tension. These values are held up against an acceptance criterion. The maximum allowable impact mass of debris moving with the speed of the river current in combination with the hydrodynamic load is determined. Further, if the exposed pipeline is free spanning a fatigue analysis is performed for a given distribution of river discharge over the year. An example of the use of River-X may be found in the user guide.
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Andrade, Juan E., Abu Noman Mohammed Atahar Ali, Reajul Chowdhury, Benjamin Crost, Vivian Hoffmann, Shoumi Mustafa, and Nabila Afrin Shaima. Rice fortification in Bangladesh: Technical feasibility and regulatory requirement for introducing rice fortification in public modern storage/distribution of fortified rice through PFDS channels. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134540.

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Little, Charles, and David Biedenharn. Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers : channel geometry analysis. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45147.

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The Old River Control Complex (ORCC) consists of the Low Sill, Auxiliary, and Overbank structures as features of the Old River Control Structure (ORCS) and the privately owned hydro-electric power plant. Operations of the ORCC manage the hydrologic connectivity between the Mississippi River and the Atchafalaya River/Red River systems. The morphology of the Old, the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and the Red Rivers (OMAR) has been influenced by the flow distribution at the ORCC, as well as the accompanying bed sediments. A geomorphic assessment of the OMAR is underway to understand the morphological changes associated with operation of the ORCC. Supporting the geomorphic assessment, a channel geometry analysis herein documents observed adjustments of the affected river channels. Historical hydrographic survey data were used in the Geographic Information System to create river channel geometric models, which inform the analysis. Geometric parameters for cross sections and volume polygons were computed for each survey and evaluated for morphological trends which may be ascribed to the influence of the ORCC. Additionally, the geometric parameters for the Atchafalaya River were used to extend the geometry analyses from the 1951 Mississippi River Commission report on the Atchafalaya River, which was the primary catalyst for the initial development of the ORCS.
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Lichvar, Robert W., David C. Finnegan, Michael P. Ericsson, and Walter Ochs. Distribution of Ordinary High Water Mark (OHWM) Indicators and Their Reliability in Identifying the Limits of Waters of the United States" in Arid Southwestern Channels". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444089.

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Zarillo, Gary, Sara Ramos, Kristopher Effinger, Kristen Becker, Irene Watts, Katherine Brutsché, Brian McFall, and Douglas Krafft. Evaluating cross-shore sediment grain size distribution, sediment transport, and morphological evolution of a nearshore berm at Fort Myers Beach, Florida. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43780.

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Navigation channels are periodically dredged to maintain safe depths. Dredged sediment was historically placed in upland management areas or in offshore disposal areas. Florida state law prohibits placement of beach fill sediment that contains more than 10% by weight of silt and clay, which is typically a characteristic of dredged material. An alternative is placement in a nearshore berm. Some potential benefits of nearshore berms include wave energy dissipation, reduced cost of dredging and shore protection, and possible onshore movement of the berm material. This study considers sediment distribution, morphological evolution, sediment transport, and shoreline trends along Fort Myers Beach, Florida, related to the nearshore berm constructed in August 2016. Due to timing of the field study, this report also includes information on the influence of a major hurricane that impacted the area. The overall conclusion of this study is that the dredge-sourced sediment in the berm performed as expected. Within 2 years, the berm adjusted to the shoreface environment, maintained a large part of its original volume, and contributed to protection of the beach and shoreline. The impact of Hurricane Irma included a shift in sediment textures and a large but temporary increase in shoreface sediment volumes.
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