Dissertations / Theses: 'Distribution Channels'

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Guan, Wei. "Developments in Distribution Channels : A Case Study of a Timber Product Distribution Channel." Licentiate thesis, Linköpings universitet, Industriell marknadsföring och industriell ekonomi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64362.

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This thesis describes and analyses the trends and developments of actors along distribution channel. In particular, the study focuses on resellers and manufacturer based on the empirical material from one particular case study. The study has three main goals: (1) to investigate the challenges arising from channel actor developments, the effects of these developments on the structure of the retailer supply chain and their implications for manufacturers and suppliers, (2) to identify explanations for manufacturer’s vertical integration of distribution and the resulting impacts and, (3) to conduct a preliminary customer value analysis relating to the distribution channel of solid wood products. The study has taken an exploratory and qualitative research approach with an abductive reasoning process. A case study strategy was adopted, which studied a distribution channel consisting of a Sweden-based timber manufacturer that vertically integrated a distributor in the UK. Semi-structured interviews comprised the primary data collection technique in this study. A two-step data collection process was conducted between May 2009 and April 2010, including 29 interviews with 24 interviewees from eight organizations, representing the manufacturer, distributor and reseller in the distribution channel. Non-participating observations were carried out by attending sales meeting and joining account managers on store visits. All interviews were documented and transcribed and the information was collated into case units, along with any supporting secondary data, such as company magazines, web resources, annual reports, sales reports, meeting presentations, etc. This thesis has produced several findings. Reseller developments have promoted the formation of reseller demands, such as integrated solutions with respects to logistics, marketing, merchandising, innovation, etc. Retailer developments have driven the change of a retailer supply chain structure, and have opened up a number of new questions to be posed on manufacturer and its positioning in the supply chain. The most important factors driving the manufacturer’s vertical integration of distribution are customer demands, the manufacturer’s repositioning strategy with regard to its business focus and its positioning in the supply chain. The vertical integration of distribution transforms the manufacturer into a direct supplier to large timber product resellers. It also offers the supplier a great opportunity to enhance offerings and establish strategic relationship with customers. The output of suppliers has expanded from solely manufacturing goods to also include services and knowledge associated with goods. In practice, it can be complicated for a supplier to create and communicate value. A full understanding of what timber product customers seek in terms of value elements has not yet been achieved. This study has assisted in terms of understanding the differing value that channel actors place on a range of product, physical distribution, service and supplier value elements by developing a value analysis framework. Suppliers can use this framework when designing, customizing and marketing offerings for customers.

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Andersson, Magus. "Distribution Channels for Internet Telephony." Thesis, University of Skövde, Department of Computer Science, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-205.

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There are a great number of models and theories described by authors like Kotler & Armstrong (1996) and Hutt & Speh (1989) about distribution channels. However the models and theories are quite abstract and not branch specific.

The size of the Internet is growing in an incredible speed and new possibilities with the Internet are being invented every day. The new technologies make it possible to use the Internet in many different businesses (Statskontoret, 1997). One such business is the telecommunication business and the technique of Internet telephony.

With these both statements above I ask myself: How can Internet telephony be distributed?

The question is if existing distribution channels on the market are suitable for the Internet telephony products, and what channels must telecommunication companies use to be competitive on the new combined tele- and datacommunication market.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to an increasing knowledge in how Internet telephony can be distributed. Further the purpose is to identify and evaluate different options of distribution and find important factors that affect the choice and management of the distribution channel.

Because of a lack of information in literature describing distribution channels for Internet telephony products, I decided to do a qualitative study in order to get a hold of relevant information. Since I wanted to study a such new and specific area as distribution channels for Internet telephony products and as I wanted to have the possibility to come back with supplementary questions, I chose a case study with complementary interviews as my method.

This research has shown that there are a number of options to distribute Internet telephony products. There are also a number of intermediaries which are relatively new on the market and are not described in detail in any literature. New kinds of value- added resellers and system integrators with good competence are quite common on the tele- and datacommunication market today. They do not only resell products but also add value in form of hardware, software or service. When doing a choice of distribution channel both manufacturers and channel members want to have a close long term relationship. This can be done with common objectives and strategies or with partnerships in different forms. In evaluating a choice of distribution channel, criterias like cost, control and adaptivity, should be taken in concern. A multichannel or horizontal distribution approach is also quite common on the tele- and datacommunication market. Manufacturers need to use different channels to reach different customer segments. To manage a good relationship in a channel the manufacturer have to motivate, handle conflicts and support the channel members.

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Zeng, Shangyou. "Spatial distribution and function of ion channels on neural axon." Ohio : Ohio University, 2005. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1113855357.

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Nyberg, Anna. "Innovation in distribution channels : an evolutionary approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 1998. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/487.htm.

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Chakrabarty, Anita. "Customer value and financial services distribution channels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/35694/.

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This research effort seeks to investigate the co-creation of customer value in distribution channels of financial services as perceived by customers. In financial services, an in-depth investigation of customer value is necessary because of its recognised strategic imperative for competitive advantage (Woodruff, 1997). The Service Dominant Logic further demonstrates the importance of customer value as the basis of customers’ evaluations of products or service offerings (Vargo and Lusch, 2004). Customer value assessments are typically based on core services. However, core services are rapidly copied, diminishing prior competitive advantages. Hence, other sources of customer value and competitive advantage have to be considered. In light of this, distribution channels are considered resilient sources of value for the customer (Ballantyne and Varey, 2006). Specifically, this research seeks to empirically determine the type of value co-created through interactions in various distribution channels of financial services and the degree to which the various types of value vary, in distribution channel use. The conceptual model developed for this study synthesises two perspectives of customer value. The first perspective is the unidimensional perspective, which posits that customer value is a trade off between perceived benefits and perceived sacrifices. The alternative perspective is the multidimensional perspective where customer value is multidimensional. Various types of value, functional or utilitarian as well as emotional and aesthetic value are offered in the extant literature. In financial services, dominant studies focus on adoption and non-adoption of financial services channels particularly innovative technological channels such as the internet channel and mobile channel. A study of the customer value of various channels in the multichannel context of financial services is relatively absent. Therefore, a two-step research design was utilised. First, an exploratory study was conducted to determine the different benefits and sacrifices perceived by customers when using the distribution channels. The first stage of the study incorporated an exploratory study of semi-structured interviews conducted on a sample of 22 respondents. The hypotheses developed for the study were based on the exploratory study and the extant literature of customer value and distribution channels. The second stage of the study was a survey of 300 respondents using a questionnaire, within the Klang Valley area. The data were collected and analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis as appropriate. The findings of the study show that both co-created functional value and emotional value perceptions exist in the distribution channel of financial services. Co-created functional and emotional value furthermore contributes to overall customer value perceptions. The study also finds that different benefit and sacrifice perceptions give rise to co-created functional and emotional value perceptions respectively. A comparison of the customer value perceptions of channels revealed that customers perceived functional value and emotional value in all channels, except the ATM/CDM/Cheque deposit channel. The in-branch channel is perceived to co-create a greater magnitude of emotional value. Adding to the extant literature, the findings demonstrate that distribution channels are an important source of customer value assessments. Furthermore, the findings lend support to the conceptual model, which posits various benefits and sacrifice perceptions existing in distribution channels of financial services lead to co-created perceived functional and emotional value or both simultaneously. From a managerial point of view, the findings of this study enable accurate identification of specific benefits and sacrifice perceptions in the various distribution channels of financial services to inform the development of strategies and tactics to enhance customer value of individual channels. Furthermore, the importance of emotional value in the in-branch channel lends support to the role of face to face interactions, careful recruitment and training of personnel to enhance the in-branch experience. The study also raises the importance of the consideration of service failures in services customer value assessments.

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RICCARDI, GABRIELE. "Polarization-entanglement distribution in fiber-optic channels." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11697/182274.

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Entanglement is a key ingredient in many quantum communication protocols, and robust quantum channels are needed for its fast and reliable distribution over long distances. As quantum communication technology matures, it moves towards utilizing actual fibers, which leads to a growing need for physical models describing decoherence and the other effects that take place in this kind of media. In this work, we analyze how two phenomena that are ever-present in fiber-optic based networks, namely polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) and polarization-dependent loss (PDL), affect the distribution of polarization-entangled photons. The former represents the main source of decoherence in a fiber-optic channel, while the latter is an example of modal filtering. We start by considering the distribution of polarization-entangled photon pairs through optical fibers where PMD acts as a decoherence mechanism. We analyze both the case in which PMD is present in the channel of one photon only, and the case in which the propagation of both photons is affected by PMD. We quantify the entanglement quality of the received two-photon states by means of a well known entanglement metric, known as concurrence, and we analyze how this is impacted by the main system parameters. We also develop a a treatment of this problem in the framework of quantum information theory, where the total correlations between different parts of a system are quantified by making use of the von Neumann entropy and the quantum mutual information. We discuss the concept of nonlocal PMD compensation and quantify its beneficial effect on entanglement in terms of concurence and quantum mutual information restoration. We then move on to analyzing the case in which PMD and PDL are present in the channel of one photon of a polarization-entangled pair. The primary challenge when dealing with these combined effects is to concisely account for numerous elements that in general are distributed along a lengthy optical path. We approach this by starting with an analytical model of a channel with just two lumped elements, one representing PMD and the other representing PDL. Interestingly, we find that, while the order and relative orientation of the two elements produce a wealth of different biphoton states, the amount of entanglement in all those states is exactly the same, a result that we explained also in simple, intuitive terms. Then, we conduct experiments that implement this channel and verify our analytical findings. We turn our attention to the most general fiber polarization channel, comprised of a statistically significant number of arbitrarily oriented elements. We show that, over an ample range of parameters, our two-element analytical model is quite accurate in describing the fiber channel, which makes it an effective tool for gaining insights into channel decoherence. We conclude this part by extending the analysis to the case in which PDL affects the propagation of both photons, in conjunction with PMD in one optical path. Finally, we show how the presence of PMD and PDL alone can lead to the formation of peculiar entangled states that can’t be detected by a conceptually simple and experimentally prevalent class of entanglement witnesses, known as fidelity witnesses. These states, usually referred to as unfaithful states, are exceedingly common among bipartite states, especially for higher dimensional systems. In this work, we show that even among two-qubit states, the simplest of all entangled states, unfaithful states can be created through a suitable application of PMD and PDL to a Bell state. We also show that the faithfulness is not monotonic to entanglement, as measured by the concurrence. Finally, we experimentally verify our predictions and specifically demonstrate a situation where an unfaithful state is brought to faithfulness at the expense of further reducing the entanglement of the state.

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Zhang, Yixin. "Optimising the utility of hotel online distribution channels." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2016. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/812094/.

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Distribution channel plays an important role in the operation of hotel revenue management (RM), it is a key vehicle that can facilitate effective communication of the whole RM strategy, which helps hotels to accomplish their ultimate goal of revenue maximisation. However, the importance of distribution channel management in hotel revenue management has not received much attention in academic research (Ivanov and Zhechev, 2012), and there is a lack of studies relating to distribution channel selection and optimisation (Guillet and Mohammed, 2015). In addition, with the increasing popularity of the Internet and the rapid development of information technology, online distribution channels have been intensively promoted by hotel companies in the contemporary business environment, and these have been well received by customers (Masiero and Law, 2016). Accordingly, this research is aimed at investigating the functions of hotel online distribution channels (hotel’s own website and OTA websites), and to examine customers booking intention toward each of these two distribution channels. The overall results of the present study could help hotel companies to optimise the utility of their online distribution channels, thus to achieve their ultimate goal of revenue maximisation. In this research, there were three studies were conducted to fulfil the investigation. The first study was a qualitative study with hotel experts, based upon the method of semi-structured interview, which examined the functions of hotel online distribution channels from the organisational perspective. The second study was a qualitative study with hotel customers, based upon the method of focus group interview, which examined the functions of hotel online distribution channels from the customers’ perspective. Thus, the findings could verify whether the functions that were highlighted by the companies were actually approved by the customers. The third study was a quantitative study with hotel customers, based upon the method of survey questionnaire, which provided a further insight into customers’ booking intention toward hotels’ own websites and OTAs respectively. Based upon the qualitative studies with hotel experts and customers, 6 functions of hotel online distribution channels were identified: information, communication, promotion, security, relationship building, and payment. All these identified functions were verified to exist in both hotels’ own websites and online travel agent websites, but some functions might be performed better by one of the distributors than another one. For example, hotels’ own websites provide more detailed information about an individual property, but OTAs offer easy comparisons; hotels’ own websites have better performance in personal communications, while OTAs are good at mass market communications. The results of the quantitative study shown that attitude carried the most weight in explaining the intention of customers to make bookings via hotels’ own websites. Therefore, for the distribution channel of hotels’ own websites, hotel managers need to pay more attention to the factors that contribute to the generation of favourable attitude. In the OTA group of the present study, perceived behavioural control carried the most weight in explaining the intention of customers to make bookings on OTAs, which indicted that perceived behavioural control was the most important determinant that affected the customers who used OTAs to place hotel bookings, and these OTA customers felt confident and in control of using the distribution channel. This research provides the theoretical contribution to the literature. Firstly, by taking into account the issue that distribution channel has been overlooked in the literature of RM and the trend of online distribution channel, this research contributes to the knowledge of online distribution channel in hotel RM literature. Secondly, this research has adopted the perceptions of both hotel-related companies and hotel customers in generating comprehensive knowledge about the functions of hotel online distribution channels. The results of the overall study also offer important implications for hotel companies, which enable them to clearly understand the strengths and weaknesses of their own websites and OTA websites. As a result, they can set up efficient strategies to optimise the utility of both their internal and external online distribution channels, which for the purpose of maximise their total revenue.

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Jiang, Sheng. "Lateral distribution of boundary shear in open-channels." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ45327.pdf.

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Yamanami, Hirotaka 1969. "A study of partnership models in distribution channels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9147.

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Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105).
Recently Japanese oil companies have been struggling to provide customers with differentiated services and satisfaction, and to capture their perception. They tried changing the relationship with dealers over multiple distribution channels in order to solve this issue. Through trials and errors the oil companies managed to have dealers under their control by vertical integration, but the vertical integration did not result in positive impact for either the oil companies or the dealers since lack of communication brought about conflict between them regarding marketing approach. By learning from practice oil companies have been changing their channel control policy from vertical integration to partnerships that enable the oil companies and their dealers to create more intimate and consequently cooperative relationships. Furthermore, their challenge to channel management has resulted in developing new distribution channels by building partnerships with unrelated industries. This thesis focuses on the dynamics of two partnership models in the distribution channel, vertical partnerships, a new type of relationship between suppliers and their dealers, and horizontal partnerships that are strategic distribution alliances with unrelated industries. First, the driving forces of these partnerships are presented and from that hypotheses are built that determine successful relationships with partners and positive impact for customers. Following that is research and analysis of partnership cases from Japanese oil companies that verify these hypotheses. Further, key factors are extracted from the cases and their validity is checked by adapting each hypothesis. Finally, key factors are prioritized by using an attribution map and the conclusion is a successful methodology for vertical and horizontal partnerships specific to Japanese oil companies.
by Hirotaka Yamanami.
S.M.M.O.T.

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Lapuka, Ivan. "Antecedents and Consequences of Channel Alienation: An Empirical Investigation within Franchised Channels of Distribution." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3507.

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Investigating an important overlooked phase of interorganizational relationship evolution, which is currently hypothesized to progress through five stages of awareness, exploration, expansion, commitment, and dissolution, this dissertation proposes that in the long road between commitment and dissolution, the quintessential interfirm relationship is likely to be characterized by aprolonged period of relationship alienation, which then becomes the immediate precursor to the dissolution stage. The dissertation utilizes social learning theory, behavior constraint theory, and alienation theory to explain apathetic behaviors of franchisees. The principal proposition is that certain characteristics of the franchise system’s operating environment inadvertently condition franchisee estrangement and failure, and the maladaptive behaviors persist even after environmental changes make success possible again. The dissertation proposes and empirically tests a conceptual model of franchisee alienation. Data from dyadic franchisee-franchisor relationships (N=185) across a wide variety of industries were obtained through a survey of franchisee organizations that were members of the Franchise Council of Australia (FCA). The results render support to the central hypothesis that franchisee alienation occurs as a result of the franchisee organization disconnecting its own actions from the outcomes of its interactions with the franchisor. Franchisee alienation is shown as a phenomenon that is extremely toxic for the franchise system as a whole, as the alienated franchisee is likely to engage in opportunistic behaviors, exhibits reduced productivity, and is inclined to litigate against the franchisor and to dissolve its relationship with the franchisor. On the basis of the findings, the dissertation offers a prescription in terms of the different strategies that can be used by the franchisor to prevent and combat franchisee alienation.

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Erdem, S. Altan (Selim Altan). "Antecedents of Power in the Distribution Channel : A Transaction-cost Perspective." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277744/.

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A discussion of reward, coercive, expert, legitimate, and referent power bases was the initial focus of this research. A review of the power sources literature suggested that vertical integration within a channel of distribution was a crucial precursor to develop a structure to facilitate the use of power without creating a significant conflict among channel participants. Elements of transaction cost analysis (TCA) were offered as being suitable for determining the existing level of vertical integration among respondent firms. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop a tentative model to determine proper use of power within varying levels of vertical integration.

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McNaughton, Rod B. "A transaction cost analysis of channel integration in foreign markets by Canadian computer software firms." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387468.

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Garkusha, Sergey, and Maryna Ievdokymenko. "Classification and Analysis of Methods of the Channels Distribution in Multichannel Mesh Networks IEEE 802.11." Thesis, Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science. Proceedings of the international Conference TCSET’2012, 2012. http://dspace.uccu.org.ua/handle/123456789/869.

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Westfall, Frederick W. "An analysis of freight forwarder operations in an international distribution channel." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262265747.

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Jatar-Hausmann, Ana Julia. "Determinants of vertical integration and control in distribution channels." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1991. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3682/.

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Current theories of marketing channel structure have stressed product and industry characteristics. We develop a theoretical framework which emphasizes the importance of the markets for each of the functions required by the distribution channel. This framework was used in an extensive and in depth case study for 23 companies in 6 industries in Venezuela. Imperfections in the market for loans, lack of specialized markets for certain channel functions, spatial monopolies enjoyed by retailers and agency problems were identified as crucial elements affecting vertical integration and control in distribution channels.

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Murray, Karen Christina. "The relationship between livestock distribution channels and animal welfare." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2494.

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Major changes are taking place in all sectors of the livestock and meat producing industries from farm to consumer which impinge on the processes and patterns of livestock distribution from farm to slaughter. These changes are identified and described. A survey of the complete journeys from farm to abattoir of 18,393 slaughterweight lambs sold direct from farm to abattoir, via livestock auction markets and via electronic auctions was conducted. Lambs sold direct from farm to abattoir experienced shorter journeys (in terms of both median duration and distance) than lambs sold through either of the other two channels. Lambs sold through electronic auctions, on average, travelled longer distances but for shorter times than lambs sold through livestock auction markets. Although these results are broadly consistent with the common perception of direct sale lambs experiencing simpler journeys than lambs passing through the other channels, they do not support this view unequivocally. The journeys were diverse in all three distribution channels and ranged from direct and uninterrupted transfer from farm to abattoir (n=4,888) to highly complex itineraries including up to three periods of transportation interspersed with two holding periods at assembly points, staging posts or auction markets (n=l,034). Journeys also included those with between 2 and 8 pickups en route (n=2,369), and those involving holding at assembly points, staging posts or livestock auction markets before transfer to abattoir (n=10,102). A total of 26 different journey structures were identified: 18 in direct farm to abattoir sales, 9 in sales via livestock auction markets and 13 within the electronic auction system. The effect of journey structure on the welfare of slaughterweight lambs (90 transported and 45 non-transported controls) was investigated in an experiment comprising 3 journey types (direct transfer from farm to abattoir, a journey involving 3 additional pickups en route and a journey incorporating holding at a livestock auction market) with non-transported controls held in a pen for the duration of the transport period. Transportation per se affected the liveweight and behaviour of the lambs: transported lambs lost more weight during the transport period and spent less time ruminating and less time lying down than non-transported lambs. Multiple pickup and Market lambs lost more weight and spent less time ruminating whilst lying than Direct lambs. Ultimate carcase pH (pHu) was higher for Multiple pickup and Market lambs than Direct lambs. There were no differences in liveweight loss, ruminating behaviour or pHu between Multiple pickup and Market lambs. Direct and uninterrupted transfer from farm to abattoir is preferable to more complex itineraries, but it is essential to consider journey structure, rather than simply the marketing channel, when judging the impact of livestock transport on animal welfare.

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Megdad, Abdulhai. "Internet and the design of international channels of distribution." Thesis, Kingston University, 2003. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20716/.

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Portillo, Maria Virginia. "Distribution and function of nematode glutamate-gated chloride channels." Thesis, University of Bath, 2003. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398437.

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Lemeshko, Alexandr, Sergey Garkusha, and Ahmed Hassan Abed. "Two-index Mathematical Model the Distribution of the channels in Multichannel Mesh Networks 802.11." Thesis, Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science. Proceedings of the international Conference TCSET’2012, 2012. http://dspace.uccu.org.ua/handle/123456789/868.

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The article introduces a two-index model of the distribution channels in the multiradio multichannel wireless mesh networking (MR-MC WMN) standard IEEE 802.11. The model describes the process of distribution channels in both homogeneous and in heterogeneous MR-MC WMN

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Papadopoulou, Symela. "Velocity distribution in shallow open channel flow over square bar roughness." Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=58994.

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Fung, Wai-hing Anthony. "Distribution channel strategies of Japanese machine tool builders /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1237443X.

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Tsang, Chi-kai Alex. "A study of distribution channels for computer communications products in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13497832.

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Al-Romaih, Jamal S. "Stage-discharge assessment in meandering channels : conveyance estimation and boundary shear stress distribution in meandering channels." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.680818.

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Ansari, Kamran. "Boundary shear stress distribution and flow structures in trapezoidal channels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13006/.

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The commercially available Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS-CFX version 11 (2008) is employed to predict the distribution of the bed and sidewall shear stresses in trapezoidal open channels. The investigation includes computation of wall shear stress (1) directly, using CFD for a range of channels layouts (straight, turning, with ridges), and (2), building on the division line concept initially formulated by Leighly in 1932 and later by Einstein in 1942, through the evaluation of the Guo and Julien (2005) equations, as proposed by Cacqueray et al. (2009). These equations include the two complex integral terms II and III, pertaining to viscous and secondary current effects, have been analysed for each cross section, for straight channels. The CFD predictions are validated first against the experimental results of Tominaga et al. (1989) to ensure that the models used are appropriate. Once this is done, the impact of (1) the variation of the slant angle of the sidewalls, (2) the channel aspect ratio and (3) the composite roughness on the shear stress distribution in straight prismatic channels is analysed directly based on the CFD predictions. In wide open channels the lines of boil, consisting of low speed streaks, periodically in the transverse direction, is believed to be due to the initiation of sand ridges on the bed; in other words due to the coupled interaction between moving bed and flow. A numerical analysis on the flow structures created and the distribution of shear stresses on the bed and sidewalls of channel sections having ridges on its bed is therefore carried out to clarify this point and assess the potential consequences on our predictions. Finally, because of obvious practical relevance, as most rivers follow a winding course, numerical simulations on the distribution of shear on the boundaries inside a channel bend is also presented.

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O'Connor, Peter Martin. "Developing an evaluation model for hotel electronic channels of distribution." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366043.

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RESENDE, EDUARDO LIMA. "REVERSE DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS IN RECYCLING OF TIRES: A CASE STUDY." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5284@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Há mais de um século a humanidade usufrui de um invento essencial ao desempenho, economia e conforto à rodagem de veículos: o pneu. Entretanto, o pneu tem uma vida útil limitada, caracterizada pela redução de suas ranhuras - até o limite que comprometa a estabilidade do veículo. Uma vez ultrapassada a vida útil, sobra uma carcaça, constituída por materiais de alta resistência e toxicidade, que vem sendo, simplesmente, descartada e lançada à natureza. Em conseqüência, o pneu é considerado hoje um dos maiores problemas ambientais do mundo. Além de demorar até 600 anos para se decompor, um pneu pode causar diversos malefícios para a sociedade e o meio ambiente, quando dispostos inadequadamente. É nesse contexto que a logística reversa pós-consumo vem se desenvolvendo, ou seja, estudando maneiras de como um produto descartado pela sociedade pode retornar ao ciclo de negócios. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo do problema logístico reverso na reciclagem industrial por pirólise com xisto de pneus. O objeto de estudo será o programa Paraná Rodando Limpo, um projeto desenvolvido no estado do Paraná, que coleta e recicla pneus descartados. Além de descrever os agentes envolvidos, traçar e caracterizar a rede reversa desde a captação, transporte e reciclagem dos pneus, um estudo de otimização de rotas foi proposto para tornar o processo mais eficiente.
For more than a century, the world civilization has benefited from an invention to essential the performance, cost reduction, and comfort of vehicles: the tire. However, the tire has a limited useful life, characterized by the reduction of its grooves, up to a limit that jeopardizes the stability of the vehicle. Once such useful life is exceeded, a carcass constituted by high- resistance and toxicity materials is discharged and thrown away in the environment. As a consequence, today the tire is considered one of the largest environmental problems in the world. It takes more than 600 years for a tire to decompose, resulting, when not properly disposed, in several problems to the society and its environment. In this context the post-consumption reverse logistics is being developed, namely, studying ways for a product that has been discarded by the society returning to the business cycle. This work presents a study of a reverse logistics problem in the industrial recycling of tires by pyrolysis with shale. The object of study will be the Parana Rodando Limpo project (Parana running in a clean way) developed by the State of Parana, which is in charge of collecting and recycling tires that are discharged. The study describes all the involved agents, outlines and characterizes the reverse logistics flows including the collection, the transport and the recycling of the tires and, in addition, proposes a routing optimization study in order to improve the efficiency of the process.

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Ro, Seungil. "SK channels : distribution, function and regulation in mouse colonic myocytes /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2002. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3090879.

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Kim, Yeonjung. "Design of distribution channel direct sale vs. mixed sale /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4275.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 14, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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馮偉興 and Wai-hing Anthony Fung. "Distribution channel strategies of Japanese machine tool builders." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1989. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31264323.

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Sivagnanasuntharam, Sivasathees. "New distribution channels for advertising through computer games and mobile devices." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Telematics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9776.

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The development in advertising industry has lately gone from open advertising through few, major distribution channels to a hidden and targeting advertising integrated into everyday life. Advertisers grow increasingly unhappy with the value delivered by the traditional mediums. They turn to alternative distribution channels in order to increase the success rate of advertising campaigns. Channels seen as unattractively with little purchasing power previously are attracting advertisers attention. The goal of this thesis has been to identify future distribution channels for advertising through computer games and mobile devices. In addition to identify, the report aims to look into the market potential of the identified advertising channels as well. This thesis begins with an introduction to advertising. Then advertising in computer games are investigated in the next chapter. The audience and business aspects of this advertising branch are examined and existing distribution channels are presented. Then a case study of advertising in a computer game named Cricket 07 and a virtual world called Second Life are carried out. Based on the thorough case study, several unexploited advertising channels are found and presented. The concepts are described in detail and high-level technical models are presented. The second part of the thesis examines mobile advertising. The same procedure is used here as for advertising in computer games. The main contribution of this part is the proposed solution presented in the end of the chapter. An advertising channel tailor made for Wireless Trondheim is described and a high-level technical model of the proposed distribution channel is given. The main contribution of this thesis is the identification of new distribution channels for advertising through computer games and mobile devices.

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Qu, Zhen, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "High-speed continuous-variable quantum key distribution over atmospheric turbulent channels." SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626486.

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We experimentally demonstrate a RF-assisted four-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system in the presence of turbulence. The atmospheric turbulence channel is emulated by two spatial light modulators (SLMs) on which two randomly generated azimuthal phase patterns are recorded yielding Andrews' azimuthal phase spectrum. Frequency and phase locking are not required in our system thanks to the proposed digital phase noise cancellation (PNC) stage. Besides, the transmittance fluctuation can be monitored accurately by the DC level in this PNC stage, which is free of post-processing noise. The mean excess noise is measured to be 0.014, and the maximum secret key rate of >20Mbit/s can be obtained with the transmittance of 0.85, while employing the commercial PIN photodetectors.

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Diallo, Boubacar. "Characterization of fixed wireless channels for use in distribution automation networks." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/34241.

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Distribution Automation (DA) is the use of advanced communications network infrastructure in combination with intelligent power equipment and intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) in substations and on distribution feeders to monitor, protect and control the electrical power distribution network. Because wireless networks are generally less expensive, easier to deploy and more resilient than alternatives such as fibre-optic and power line carrier (PLC) networks, they have attracted considerable interest from DA network designers. However, designers must take careful account of the manner in which: 1) the useful range of the links between wireless devices impacts the formation of wireless networks, 2) the depth of fading varies across the range of frequencies available to power utilities for use in such networks, and 3) the degree of shadow fading varies as the height of wireless devices used in such networks rise from pedestrian to pole-top level. Here we show that: 1) the manner in which the distribution assets in BC Hydro's electrical power distribution network are geographically distributed affects the ease with which such assets can be formed into either conventional base-station-to-pole-top fixed wireless macrocell networks or pole-top-to-pole-top fixed wireless mesh networks, 2) the depth of fading experienced on fixed wireless macrocell channels is generally proportional to the carrier frequency and 3) the degree of shadow fading experienced on fixed wireless macrocell channels often increases as the terminal height is raised from pedestrian to pole-top level. These results will help power utilities design reliable and cost-effective wireless networks in support of DA.

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Whitaker, William Richard James. "The distribution of voltage-gated sodium channels in the human brain." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621736.

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MORAIS, ANA LUIZA ALCURE DE. "ELECTRONIC DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS IN RIO DE JANEIRO HOTELS: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=9503@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Com a crescente utilização da Internet, a Indústria do Turismo vive novo cenário de distribuição de seus produtos. Hotéis alcançam seus clientes diretamente através dos seus websites e novos atores, como os chamados intermediários online ou Third Party Intermediary (TPI), aproveitam suas experiências com tecnologias de informação para galgarem uma posição privilegiada no mercado de distribuição de serviços de hospedagem, concorrendo com os próprios hotéis. Em contraste com os hotéis, os TPIs ofertam múltiplos produtos (passagens aéreas, aluguel de autos, ingresso para eventos etc.) para atrair consumidores que buscam conveniência na compra online de tudo que se refere à viagem. Além dessa estratégia de full-service, fornecem facilidades para pesquisar e comparar fornecedores. Assim, os TPIs não só se tornam concorrentes diretos dos hotéis que os utilizam, mas também, acirram a competição entre eles. Que estratégias de relacionamento com TPIs restam aos hotéis e quais são mais eficazes em cada caso? O presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como os principais hotéis do Rio de Janeiro se posicionam frente aos canais eletrônicos. Assim, a partir do ponto de vista dos gerentes dos hotéis, busca contribuir para o entendimento dos novos aspectos da competição dos hotéis entre si, entre eles e seus canais de distribuição e entre esses distribuidores. Para isso, foram realizadas entrevistas com gerentes de dez dos maiores hotéis do Rio de Janeiro. A pesquisa revelou que as estratégias adotadas são diretamente relacionadas à força de marketing que cada hotel possui, sendo, portanto, decisivo para o posicionamento do hotel o fato de ele ser independente ou pertencer a uma cadeia.
Considering the increasing Internet utilization as reservation medium, the Tourism and Hospitality Industry faces a new distribution scenario of its products and services. Hotels reach the clients directly through their own website, and also through new actors as the one known as online partner, also called Third Party Intermediary (TPI). These companies take advantage of their knowledge and long experience in information technology with the purpose of getting the maximum market share in the hospitality service distribution, becoming even a directly competitor of their own partners. Different from the hotels, TPIs offer multiple products such as airline and event tickets, and car rental that can be bought bundled, or separately, in order to attract guests seeking convenience of booking online everything they need for their trip. One of the conveniences sought by consumers is easy and fast comparison of prices, products and services offered even by different companies. Hence, the TPIs not only became direct competitors of the hotels, with whom they have distribution contracts, but they intensified the struggle among competing hotels as well. The objective of this thesis is to investigate how the main hotels in Rio de Janeiro position themselves in face of the electronic distribution channels. Therefore, starting from viewpoint of the hotels´ managers, this research seeks to contribute for a better understanding of the new aspects of the competition among the hotels, between them and their own distribution channels, as well as among these same distribution channels. To achieve this objective, interviews were conducted with managers of ten of the largest hotels in Rio de Janeiro City. The research revealed that the strategies adopted are directly linked to the marketing strength of the hotel. Therefore, a key factor for the strategic positioning of the hotel is whether it is independent or chain owned.

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Calleja, Pinedo Maria Margarita. "Distribution channels in the U.S.A. for Mexican fresh fruits and vegetables /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008294.

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Bakkeland, Gunnar. "Decision control and relational norms in the channel dyad : some Norwegian evidence." Thesis, Brunel University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295192.

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Daghbandan, Allahyar. "A framework for the implementation of integrated supply chains in manufacturing industries." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297905.

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Malcherová, Yvona. "Analýza pojistných produktů v ČR z pohledu distribučních kanálů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113566.

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The topic of this thesis is the analysis of insurance products in the Czech republic from the point of view of distributional channels. The thesis is devided into a theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part the insurance and its characteristics are discussed. Further, individual parts of insurance marketing mix are mentioned and explained, distributional channels and insurance products are described. In the second analytical part the analysis of 5 insurance products from the point of view of distributional channels and their accuracy both from the client's side and an insurance agency is accomplished. The analysis is devoted to travel insurance, motor car insurance, life insurance, enterprisers' insurance and home insurance. The conclusion includes the final summary of the analysis and its results evaluation.

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Kirkwood, Nerissa Kate. "Characterisation and tonotopic distribution of potassium currents in guinea-pig inner hair cells." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285061.

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Melnyk, Peter 1975. "Differential distribution of cardiac ion channels as a basis for functional specialization." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85584.

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Cardiac action potential (AP) properties are not uniform because of functional specialization in different regions. The thesis of these studies was that important aspects of regional cardiac electrical function in health and disease are determined by heterogeneous ionic current expression.
The inward rectifier current, IK1, responsible for the resting membrane potential (RMP) and late repolarization, is greater in ventricle than atrium. Atrial-ventricular IKI differences result in important electrophysiological differences between atrium and ventricle. To gain insight into the mechanisms of this IK1 variation, we compared the expression and distribution of inward rectifier subunits Kir2.1/2.3, believed to underlie IK1, in both regions. Ventricles had greater Kir2.1 and lower Kir2.3 expression than atrium. The subcellular distributions of these subunits also differed between the two regions. Our findings suggest that, in addition to the intensity of subunit expression, cellular subunit location affects local channel function.
To further examine the effects of channel subunit expression and distribution on regional electrophysiology, we studied the pulmonary vein (PV) myocardial sleeve. PVs are important in atrial fibrillation (AF) initiation and maintenance and exhibit unique current profiles compared with adjacent atrial cardiomyocytes. Our findings demonstrate a greater PV expression of ERG and KvLQT1---the channel subunits that underlie the rapid and slow components of the delayed rectifier current, IK, respectively. KvLQT1 was diffusely distributed in atrial cardiomyocytes, in contrast to the transverse tubular (TT) and intercalated disk (ID) PV distribution. Kir2.3 abundance was similar in both regions, but differently distributed with a TT and ID LA distribution and ID localization in PVs. Observed expression and distribution differences between atrial and PV cardiomyocytes may account for the smaller Vmax, less negative RMP and shorter AP duration in PVs, which contribute to their arrhythmic diathesis.
The PVs are thought to act as fibrillatory foci in congestive heart failure (CHF). We compared channel subunit expression in PV cardiomyocytes from (rapid ventricular pacing induced) CHF and control hearts. CHF decreased KvLQT1 expression, increased expression of ERG and the sodium calcium exchange subunit, NCX, and altered the subcellular KvLQT1 distribution. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Alhamid, A. I. "Boundary shear stress and velocity distribution in differentially roughened trapezoidal open channels." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492543.

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Tsang, Chi-kai Alex, and 曾志佳. "A study of distribution channels for computer communications products in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1993. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265832.

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Hajjat, Mahmood Mohammad. "A multidimensional model of conflict attitude-behavior relationship in channels of distribution." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269533822.

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Horzella, Åsa. "Beyond IT and productivity : effects of digitized information flows in grocery distribution /." Linköping : Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköpings universitet, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4149.

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Qu, Zhen, and Ivan B. Djordjevic. "Four-Dimensionally Multiplexed Eight-State Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Over Turbulent Channels." IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626439.

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We experimentally demonstrate an eight-state continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) over atmospheric turbulence channels. The high secret key rate (SKR) is enabled by 4-D multiplexing of 96 channels, i.e., six-channel wavelength-division multiplexing, four-channel orbital angular momentum multiplexing, two-channel polarization multiplexing, and two-channel spatial-position multiplexing. The atmospheric turbulence channel is emulated by a spatial light modulator on which a series of azimuthal phase patterns yielding Andrews' spectrum are recorded. A commercial coherent receiver is implemented at Bob's side, followed by a phase noise cancellation stage, where channel transmittance can be monitored accurately and phase noise can be effectively eliminated. Compared to four-state CV-QKD, eight-state CV-QKD protocol potentially provides a better performance by offering higher SKR, better excess noise tolerance, and longer secure transmission distance. In our proposed CV-QKD system, the minimum transmittances of 0.24 and 0.26 are required for OAM states of 2 (or -2) and 6 (or -6), respectively, to guarantee the secure transmission. A maximum SKR of 3.744 Gb/s is experimentally achievable, while a total SKR of 960 Mb/s can be obtained in case of mean channel transmittances.

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Dorinson, Diana M. (Diana Marie) 1974. "The evolution of airline distribution channels and their effects on revenue management performance." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29391.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-134).
Over the past ten years, the development of more advanced computer systems and the growth in the use of the Internet have led to numerous changes in airline ticket distribution strategies. For example, the use of websites for booking and ticketing air travel continues to increase, and the Internet is often cited as the preferred model for a low-cost distribution channel. At the same time, Network Revenue Management methods are now viewed as a key tool for airlines to maximize revenue in an increasingly competitive marketplace. These new systems and tools have helped the airlines achieve record profits in the strong economy of the late 1990s, but these profits may have masked hidden costs of using the new technology. Examples of hidden costs include the added computational burden of increased search engine requests to the computer reservations system as well as the increased opportunity for automated systems to bypass the booking limits set by the revenue management system. Such costs have yet to be examined and quantified in an academic research effort. The purpose of this thesis research is to understand a variety of issues related to how the technologies of more advanced distribution channels and more sophisticated revenue management systems interact with each other and impact air travel providers.
(cont.) First, an empirical analysis of ticketing data is used to demonstrate that there are significant differences in ticket purchasing behavior among customers who use different distribution channels. Second, a review of previous experiments showing the negative revenue impacts of Inventory Control Bypass are presented, together with a discussion of some of the more promising solutions to Bypass. Next, these prior results are compared to a new set of experiments covering both path-based and leg-based Caching techniques. The new experiments show that the negative revenue impacts of Caching are at least as serious as those of Bypass, and may be more serious, depending on an airline's choice of how to interface with distributors who cache.
by Diana M. Dorinson.
S.M.

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Chang, Jen-Yun. "Impact of the internet as a direct sales channel on established distribution channels and the management of channel conflict : an exploratory study in the Taiwanese IT industry." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5965.

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The internet has had a profound effect on communication, entertainment, buying, and selling (Webb 2002) and, in particular, as a distribution channel (Van den Poel and Leunis 1999). Increasingly companies in a variety of industries have established their own online direct sales channels instead of merely relying on conventional intermediaries (Coughlan et al 2006). Hence, multi-channel distribution strategies, combining both off- and online channels are being adopted. Frazier (1999:232) argues: “The utilization of multiple channels of distribution is now becoming the rule rather than the exception”. Companies which combine physical and web channels have been referred to as “clicks and mortar,” “bricks and clicks,” “surf and turf,” “cyber-enhanced retailing,” or “hybrid e-commerce,” (Gulati and Garino 2000; Steinfield et al 2002 a b; Agatz et al 2008; Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). Despite the apparent popularity of internet channels, adding an internet channel to the distribution mix creates potentially significant challenges for channel managers (Webb 2002). A major concern is that by going multi-channel, a firm might face ‘channel conflict’ between channel members (Sharma and Mehrotra 2007). As Rosenbloom (2007:7) claims: “Perhaps the most significant obstacle to building successful multi-channel strategies is the emergence of conflict between the different channels used for reaching customers”. The main objective in this study is to explore the impact of the internet as being a distribution channel within the multi-channel system. Three research issues which have seldom been discussed in previous literature are explored in this study. These three questions are: Q1: What are the factors encouraging manufacturers to develop the internet channel, especially manufacturers with a well established distribution channel? Q2: What are the channel design patterns of the multi-channel structure? Q3: How can channel conflict arising from the development of the internet channel be minimized? Interview was utilized as a main data collection method in this research. A total of 25 interviews were conducted and the majority of interviewees are managers in Taiwanese IT companies. The main product lines in their firms included wireless equipment, DRAM module, motherboard, and scanner. In addition, a wide range of documents were examined as a secondary data source and compared with data from the interviews. According to the statements from interviewees, six main factors were identified as encouraging the manufacturer to develop the internet channel. These are: (1) customer information management, (2) retailer management issue, (3) launching a new product, (4) to be a secondary channel, (5) management support, and (6) me-too strategy. Furthermore, it seems that when firms are at the different stages of the product life cycle, managers would design their multi-channel structure into different patterns. In addition, a further two conflict resolution styles, communication and differentiation, were found in the sample of firms studied which have seldom been mentioned in previous research and firms appear to adopt different conflict resolution styles according to stage in the product lifecycle.

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Garkusha, Sergey, Maryna Gogolieva, and Ahmed Hassan Abed. "A mathematical model of channel distribution in multichannel mesh networks 802.11." Thesis, 11-th International Conference THE EXPERIENCE OF DESIGNING AND APPLICATION OF CAD SYSTEMS IN MICROELECTRONICS, 2011. http://dspace.uccu.org.ua/handle/123456789/867.

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This paper focuses on mathematical models of distribution channels in the multi-mesh-networks, the 802.11 standard by which the balancing of mesh-stations on domains conflicts with their territorial remoteness and activity that can improve the performance of multichannel mesh network as a whole

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Garkusha, Sergey. "Analysis the Results of Frequency Planning in Mesh Networking Standard IEEE 802.11." Thesis, Modern Problems of Radio Engineering, Telecommunications and Computer Science. Proceedings of the international Conference TCSET’2012, 2012. http://dspace.uccu.org.ua/handle/123456789/870.

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The paper analyzes the influence of stations territorial separation and technological characteristics of multiradio multichannel mesh networking upon the quality of of the allocation of channels problem solution

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Ujah, M. O. "An exploratory study of distribution channels (structure and function) in Nigeria : a social perspective." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260573.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Distribution Channels'

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