Journal articles: 'Distribution Channels'

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Qin, Zhaoqiong. "Review Product Distribution Through Different Channels." International Journal of Knowledge-Based Organizations 11, no. 4 (October 2021): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkbo.2021100103.

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This study aims to investigate the literature in product distribution and channel competition. In this study, past work related to the product distribution through different channels is extensively reviewed. Based on the channel differentiation, channel competition is also reviewed. Finally, the study proposes that the future research may focus on helping the producer make a decision whether to sell the product through its own direct channel (online) through a physical channel or both based on the difference between these two channels.

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Lovas, Attila, and Attila Andai. "Volume of the space of qubit-qubit channels and state transformations under random quantum channels." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 30, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 1850019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x18500198.

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The simplest building blocks for quantum computations are the qubit-qubit quantum channels. In this paper, we analyze the structure of these channels via their Choi representation. The restriction of a quantum channel to the space of classical states (i.e. probability distributions) is called the underlying classical channel. The structure of quantum channels over a fixed classical channel is studied, the volume of the general and unital qubit channels with respect to the Lebesgue measure is computed and explicit formulas are presented for the distribution of the volume of quantum channels over given classical channels. We study the state transformation under uniformly random quantum channels. If one applies a uniformly random quantum channel (general or unital) to a given qubit state, the distribution of the resulted quantum states is presented.

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Hager, Willi H., and P. U. Volkart. "Distribution Channels." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 112, no. 10 (October 1986): 935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1986)112:10(935).

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Venard, Bertrand. "Vietnamese distribution channels." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 24, no. 4 (May 1996): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09590559610119893.

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Matsushima, Noriaki. "Expanding distribution channels." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics 24, no. 3-4 (May 26, 2016): 464–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2016.1188453.

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Li, Meng. "Overconfident Distribution Channels." Production and Operations Management 28, no. 6 (January 28, 2019): 1347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/poms.12981.

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García-Corrales, Celia, Francisco J. Cañete, and José F. Paris. "Capacity ofκ-μShadowed Fading Channels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/975109.

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The ergodic capacity of fading channels modeled with aκ-μshadowed distribution is investigated to derive closed-form expressions. Theκ-μshadowed distribution is of particular interest because it contains, as special cases, other classical ones like one-side Gaussian, Rayleigh, Rician, Nakagami-m,κ-μ, and Rician shadowed distributions. The paper discusses the physical meaning of the distribution parameter variations and also their impact on the channel capacity. These results can be used to study the behavior of different channels like the ones in underwater acoustic communications, land mobile satellite systems, body centric communications, and other wireless communication applications. The analytical closed-form expression results are validated with numerical simulations.

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Angelides, Kimon J., and Barry Hicks. "Distribution and modulation of ion channel and receptor topography on nerve cell surfaces." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100146011.

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The distribution of ion channels and receptors over the neuronal surface is important for the receipt of incoming synaptic inputs and for the integration of these inputs. Most voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels have non-homogeneous distributions in the neuronal membrane, many being restricted to either dendritic, axonal or somatic domains and further localized within these domains to regions such as dendritic spines, nodes of Ranvier or synaptic junctions (1-3). For example voltage-dependent calcium channels are localized and immobilized on dendrites (4), while voltage-dependent sodium channel are localized on axon hillocks (5) and nodes of Ranvier. Determining where and how ion channels are distributed and maintained is important for a variety of reasons. Ion channels in growth cones have a role in neurite outgrowth mechanisms (6), they are obligatory for synaptic transmission and they are required for amplification of neurotransmitter signals in the post synaptic membrane (7). Changes in ion channel distributions are an important aspect in development and plasticity (8,9).

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Aditya Nath Jha, Aditya Nath Jha. "Analysis of Distribution Channels of Life Insurance Business." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 6 (June 15, 2012): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/june2014/84.

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Suriadi, Ahmad, and Sukmawati Sukmawati. "Analisis distribusi kebutuhan pangan pokok hasil pertanian di Kota Mataram." Jurnal Agrotek Ummat 10, no. 1 (January 26, 2023): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jau.v10i1.12228.

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The aim of this research is to find out the staple food distribution channels and to analyze the market diversity of each distribution channel. Primary data obtained through observation and interviews using a list of questions (questionnaire). Determination of respondents with purposive sampling method. From the results of the study, it was found that the distribution of staple food in the city of Mataram, namely where the commodity of rice circulating in the city of Mataram, there are two routes. Commodities Corn has one channel, Soybean has two channels, Shallots has one channel, Garlic has two channels, Big Red Chili, Curly Chili and Cayenne Pepper, has the same distribution channel, namely two channels.

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Allana, Tariq N., and Jen-Wei Lin. "Relative Distribution of Ca2+ Channels at the Crayfish Inhibitory Neuromuscular Junction." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 1491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00287.2004.

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We investigated the Ca2+ channel-synaptic vesicle topography at the inhibitor of the crayfish ( Procambarus Clarkii) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) by analyzing the effect of different modes of Ca2+ channel block on transmitter release. Initial identification of Ca2+ channels revealed the presence of two classes, P and non-P-type with P-type channels governing ∼70% of the total Ca2+ influx. The remaining Ca2+ influx was completely blocked by Cd2+ but not by saturating concentrations of ω-conotoxins MVIIC and GVIA, or nifedipine and SNX-482. To examine the relative spatial distribution of Ca2+ channels with respect to synaptic vesicles, we compared changes in inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitude and synaptic delay resulting from different spatial profiles of [Ca2+]i around release sites. Specifically, addition of either [Mg2+]o, which decreases single-channel current, or ω-Aga IVA, which completely blocks P-type channels, prolonged synaptic delay by a similar amount when Ca2+ influx block was <40%. Because non-P-type channels are able to compensate for blocked P-type channels, it suggests that these channels overlap considerably in their distribution. However, when Ca2+ influx was blocked by ∼50%, ω-Aga IVA increased delay significantly more than Mg2+, suggesting that P-type channels are located closer than non-P-type channels to synaptic vesicles. This distribution of Ca2+ channels was further supported by the observations that non-P-type channels are unable to trigger release in physiological saline and EGTA preferentially prolongs synaptic delay dominated by non-P-type channels when transmitter release is evoked with broad action potentials. We therefore conclude that although non-P-type channels do not directly trigger release under physiological conditions, their distribution partially overlaps with P-type channels.

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Douglas, Anneli. "A customer-focused approach to distribution: The case of SANparks." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 19, no. 3 (August 31, 2016): 413–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v19i3.1267.

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While the importance of distribution has been recognised in tourism literature, the research has been approached mainly from the perspective of supply, with very little attention given to the customer. To date, there has been even less focus on the distribution channel requirements of the National Park customers. The purpose of this study is to examine how the various distribution channels used by South African National Parks (SANParks) go towards satisfying the customers’ distribution channel requirements and identifying whether there is any relationship between certain variables, such as gender or the frequency of channel use, and the level of satisfaction that customers experience with the various channels. Web-based and paper-based questionnaires are distributed to the customers who have used the SANParks distribution channels before. The results show that, although the SANParks website is the most frequently used channel for making a booking, it is not necessarily the channel with which customers are most satisfied; in fact, they are more satisfied with the satellite walk-in reservation offices and satellite call centres. While the majority of the research studies in the context of tourism distribution channels have shown the importance and popularity of electronic distribution channels among customers, this paper cautions SANParks not to assume the distribution channel requirements of their customers and urges them to continually assess their distribution strategies and to become more customer-focused in their approach.

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Febrianto, Nanang, Budi Hartono, Anie Eka Kusumastuti, and Puji Akhiroh. "Path Data in Marketing: A Case Study of Broiler Chickens’ Partnership System in Kediri Regency, Indonesia." Jurnal Peternakan Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Animal Science) 24, no. 3 (October 28, 2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jpi.24.3.252-257.2022.

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The study aimed to determine the distribution and marketing channels of the broiler chickens’ partnership system in Kediri Regency, Indonesia. Data were collected from July to August 2020. The respondents used in this study were plasma farmers and marketing agencies involved in the marketing of broiler chickens. The analytical model used in this research is a descriptive analysis of marketing channels from producers to consumers and an analysis of marketing efficiency. The results showed that there were five marketing distribution channels. Distribution channel 1 consisted of plasma farmers, core companies, wholesalers, intermediate traders, retailers, and consumers. Distribution channel 2 consisted of plasma farmers, core companies, wholesalers, intermediate traders, and consumers. Distribution channel 3 consisted of plasma farmers, core companies, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Distribution channel 4 consisted of plasma farmers, core companies, wholesalers, and consumers. Distribution channel 5 consisted of plasma farmers, core companies, intermediate traders, retailers, and consumers. The marketing margins for distribution channels 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were IDR 2,250/kg, IDR 1,600/kg, IDR 1,200/kg, IDR 1,500/kg, and IDR 1,950/kg, respectively.

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Akhmetov, R. T., L. S. Kuleshova, R. U. Rabaev, V. V. Mukhametshin, A. M. Malyarenko, D. I. Kobishcha, and D. I. Akhmetshina. "Filtering pore chanels distribution density in Western Siberia." SOCAR Proceedings, SI2 (December 30, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp2021si200600.

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It is well known that information on filter channels distribution density can be obtained based on the data of core samples capillary studies in laboratory conditions. The curve of the fractional participation of pore channels in filtration, as a rule, is obtained by numerical processing of the capillary studies results. In this study, using a generalized mathematical model of capillary curves, an analytical solution is obtained for filtration channels distribution density by size in the conditions of Western Siberia reservoirs. The work shows that the main share in the filtration is taken by pore channels, the sizes of which are close to the maximum value. The density function of the filtering channels is mainly determined by the maximum radius and heterogeneity of the pore channel size distribution. Keywords: capillary pressure curve; generalized model; distribution density; filtering channels.

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Suswatiningsih, Tri Endar, Erwin Maryana, and Arum Ambarsari. "Analisis Saluran dan Marjin Pemasaran Gula Pasir Milik Petani di Kecamatan Gedeg Mojokerto Jawa Timur." JIA (Jurnal Ilmiah Agribisnis) : Jurnal Agribisnis dan Ilmu Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian 6, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jia.v6i3.18150.

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This study analyzes the marketing channels and efficient distribution channels carried out by farmers in marketing sugar products to consumers, knowing how the most economically efficient distribution channels and the obstacles faced by each distribution institution. The essentials primary method used in this research was descriptive. Determination of the location of the study was done purposively. Farmer samples were taken by simple random sampling, and the example of traders was taken by snowball sampling. The entire selection was 28 famers and eight merchants. The research was conducted in May 2018. Data analyzes by calculating the marketing margin and efficiency of each marketing channel. This study indicates that farmers chose four distribution channels to distribute the sugar they have to consumers. The most economically efficient distribution channel was distribution channel III, with an IDR 7,61/kg marketing efficiency value and a marketing margin was IDR 1.000/kg.

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Panyi, G., and C. Deutsch. "Assembly and suppression of endogenous Kv1.3 channels in human T cells." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.3.409.

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The predominant K+ channel in human T lymphocytes is Kv1.3, which inactivates by a C-type mechanism. To study assembly of these tetrameric channels in Jurkat, a human T-lymphocyte cell line, we have characterized the formation of heterotetrameric channels between endogenous wild-type (WT) Kv1.3 subunits and heterologously expressed mutant (A413V) Kv1.3 subunits. We use a kinetic analysis of C-type inactivation of currents produced by homotetrameric channels and heterotetrameric channels to determine the distribution of channels with different subunit stoichiometries. The distributions are well-described by either a binomial distribution or a binomial distribution plus a fraction of WT homotetramers, indicating that subunit assembly is a random process and that tetramers expressed in the plasma membrane do not dissociate and reassemble. Additionally, endogenous Kv1.3 current is suppressed by a heterologously expressed truncated Kv1.3 that contains the amino terminus and the first two transmembrane segments. The time course for suppression, which is maximal at 48 h after transfection, overlaps with the time interval for heterotetramer formation between heterologously expressed A413V and endogenous WT channels. Our findings suggest that diversity of K+ channel subtypes in a cell is regulated not by spatial segregation of monomeric pools, but rather by the degree of temporal overlap and the kinetics of subunit expression.

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Hasanah, Latifatul, Ujang Suryadi, and Wahjoe Wihijanto. "Analisis Saluran Distribusi dan Margin Pemasaran Telur Itik di Kabupaten Situbondo." Jurnal Ilmu Peternakan Terapan 1, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25047/jipt.v1i1.529.

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This study aims to find out the distribution and marketing margins of duck eggs in Situbondo. The methods used to collect data were survey and interviews suported by questionnaires. The analisys of short and long distribution channels showed were 2.84% and 1.16% respectively. The short distribution channel was more efficient than long distributin channel, so that it provided greater benefits for marketing of duck eggs in Situbondo.

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Mardianti, Rizka Indah. "STRATEGI PENERAPAN SALURAN DISTRIBUSI UMKM DI TANGERANG DALAM MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN." Jurnal Utilitas 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22236/utilitas.v7i2.8426.

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This research was conducted to find out how the selection of distribution channels used in one of SMEs in the Tangerang area in marketing their products so that the product quickly reaches the hands of consumers, and to know how the functions in the distribution channels carried out by MSMEs through the application of Multi-Channel Marketing channels. The number of informants of this study is as many as 3 people consisting of Owner, Marketing, SPG, to 3. The method used is qualitative which is descriptive. The research sample used is purposive sampling. Based on the results of the study, that the selection of distribution channels used is a direct-distribution channel and indirect distribution channels where SMEs not only market their products directly to consumers and but also market their products through intermediaries, such intermediaries are resellers located in all regions that already have cooperation with SMEs, and for the functions of distribution channels carried out by SMEs are carried out well and in accordance with the procedure.

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Liu, Jianhe, and Changqing Sun. "Design of nozzle diverter channel system based on uniform distribution performance." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 48 (February 11, 2023): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.23063.

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Aiming at the nozzle-diverted channel system, two diverted channels with different configurations were designed and optimized, and the liquid flow characteristics in the diverted channel were studied. A finite element simulation model was established to analyze the influence of different diverted channel systems on the uniform distribution performance of the liquid, and the two diverted channels were tested for the uniform distribution of liquid flow. The results show that the diverting effect of the two kinds of diverting disk channels is relatively uniform. However, the distribution performance of the four-bifurcated diverting disk channel is better than that of the double-bifurcated diverting disk channel. The pressure loss is relatively less; the energy consumption is less, so the four-bifurcated diverting disk channel system is selected as the optimal design. The experimental results are consistent with the simulation results.

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Grunnet, Morten, Hans-Günther Knaus, Christina Solander, and Dan A. Klaerke. "Quantification and distribution of Ca2+-activated maxi K+ channels in rabbit distal colon." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 277, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): G22—G30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.1.g22.

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The Ca2+-activated maxi K+ channel is an abundant channel type in the distal colon epithelium, but nothing is known regarding the actual number and precise localization of these channels. The aim of this study has therefore been to quantify the maxi K+ channels in colon epithelium by binding of iberiotoxin (IbTX), a selective peptidyl ligand for maxi K+ channels. In isotope flux measurements 75% of the total K+ channel activity in plasma membranes from distal colon epithelium is inhibited by IbTX ( K 0.5 = 4.5 pM), indicating that the maxi K+ channel is the predominant channel type in this epithelium. Consistent with the functional studies, the radiolabeled double mutant 125I-IbTX-D19Y/Y36F binds to the colon epithelium membranes with an equilibrium dissociation constant of ∼10 pM. The maximum receptor concentration values (in fmol/mg protein) for125I-IbTX-D19Y/Y36F binding to colon epithelium are 78 for surface membranes and 8 for crypt membranes, suggesting that the maxi K+ channels are predominantly expressed in the Na+-absorbing surface cells, as compared with the Cl−-secreting crypt cells. However, aldosterone stimulation of this tissue induced by a low-Na+ diet does not change the total number of maxi K+ channels.

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Shoham, Aviv, Gregory M. Rose, and Fredric Kropp. "International Channels of Distribution." Journal of Global Marketing 13, no. 1 (October 18, 1999): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j042v13n01_06.

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Easley, Richard W., and Charles S. Madden. "Regulating Unusual Distribution Channels:." Journal of Health & Social Policy 7, no. 3 (June 6, 1996): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j045v07n03_02.

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Min, Hokey. "Distribution channels in Japan." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 26, no. 10 (December 1996): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600039610150433.

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Vinhas, Alberto Sa, and Erin Anderson. "How Potential Conflict Drives Channel Structure: Concurrent (Direct and Indirect) Channels." Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 4 (November 2005): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.4.507.

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The authors study business-to-business manufacturers' simultaneous usage of vertically integrated (direct) and third-party (indirect) channels of distribution to serve one geographical market (possibly comprising several market segments) with the same product line. Most theoretical approaches to vertical integration of the distribution function pose the classic question of whether to forward integrate or use independent entities. Having concurrent channels means doing both. This phenomenon is poorly understood, even though it has been growing rapidly. The authors argue that under certain circumstances, it is impossible for manufacturers to prevent channel types from competing with each other, either because both channel types contact the same customer or because the customer sets them in competition against each other. The authors argue that when these situations are frequent or more consequential for the parties involved, firms reduce their usage of concurrent channels to prevent severe channel conflict. The authors posit five such circumstances. Using original data from prominent manufacturers operating in competitive markets worldwide, they model usage of both types of channels to cover one geography with the same products. They find substantial support for their model. Furthermore, in a subset of firms that use both channel types in the same market, they model the degree to which direct and indirect channels compete destructively against each other when contacting the same customers. The authors find that suppliers reduce such behavior by incurring costs to differentiate each channel's offerings, setting out ”rules of engagement,” and compensating both channel types when either one makes a sale.

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Jazaeri, Mohammad Javad, and John Andrews. "Design and Testing of a Modified Parallel Flow Field for Uniform Flow Distribution in PEMFuel Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 330 (June 2013): 693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.330.693.

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The focus of this paper is to develop and test a modified design of the conventional parallel flow channel configuration in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. One of the main objectives in designing flow channel configurations is to achieve a uniform distribution of reactants across the catalyst layer of the membrane electrode assembly of the fuel cell. Uniform reactant distribution promotes an even current density distribution, and enhances power output and overall cell performance. A simple method for visualizing the flow distribution is used to study the flow distribution in the flow channels of a PEM fuel cell. In the experiment the principle of dimensional analysis and similitude was employed to study gas distribution by using water instead of gas. The results demonstrate that providing storage volumes before the channels creates a better flow distribution. The results also reveal that channels with the shortest distance between inlet and outlet manifold are reactant rich and are filled prior to the channels with longer such distances.

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Gaur, Shikha, Mary E. Morton, G. Peter Frick, and H. Maurice Goodman. "Growth hormone regulates the distribution of L-type calcium channels in rat adipocyte membranes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 275, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): C505—C514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1998.275.2.c505.

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Earlier studies demonstrated that deprivation of growth hormone (GH) for ≥3 h decreased basal and maximally stimulated cytosolic Ca2+ in rat adipocytes and suggested that membrane Ca2+channels might be decreased. Measurement of L-type Ca2+ channels in purified plasma membranes by immunoassay or dihydropyridine binding indicated a two- to fourfold decrease after 3 h of incubation without GH. No such decrease was seen in unfractionated adipocyte membrane preparations. The decrease in plasma membrane channel content was largely accounted for by redistribution of channels to a light microsomal membrane fraction. Immunoassay of α1-, α2/δ-, and β-channel subunits in membrane fractions indicated that the channels redistributed as intact complexes. Addition of GH during the 1st h of incubation prevented channel redistribution, and addition of GH after 3 h restored channel distribution to the GH-replete state of freshly isolated adipocytes. The studies suggest that GH may regulate the abundance of Ca2+ channels in the adipocyte plasma membrane and thereby modulate sensitivity to signals, the expression of which is Ca2+dependent.

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Chang, Yun-Cih, Min-Fang Wei, and Yir-Hueih Luh. "Choice of Modern Food Distribution Channels and Its Welfare Effects: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan." Agriculture 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11060499.

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The determinants and/or economic effects of modern food distribution channels have attracted much attention in previous research. Studies on the welfare consequences of modern channel options, however, have been sparse. Based on a broader definition of modern food distribution channels including midstream processors and downstream retailers (supermarkets, hypermarkets, brand-named retailers), this study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by exploring the distributional implications of farm households’ choice of modern food distribution channels using a large and unique farm household dataset in Taiwan. Making use of the two-step control function approach, we identify the effect of modern food distribution options on farm households’ profitability. The results reveal selling farm produce to modern food distributors does not produce a positive differential compared to the traditional outlets. Another dimension of farm household welfare affected by the choice of modern food distribution channel is income inequality. We apply the Lerman and Yitzhaki decomposition approach to gain a better understanding of the effect of the marketing channel option on the overall distribution of farm household income. The Gini decomposition of different income sources indicates that the choice of modern food distribution channels results in an inequality-equalizing effect among the farm households in Taiwan, suggesting the inclusion of smallholder farmers in the modern food distribution channels improves the overall welfare of the rural society.

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Das, Bhabani Shankar, Kamalini Devi, Sebastien Proust, and Kishanjit Kumar Khatua. "Flow distribution in diverging compound channels using improved independent subsection method." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005068.

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Experiments have been conducted in three diverging compound channels for different flow conditions to study the flow distribution in floodplain, upper and lower main channel. In a compound channel, vertical apparent shear exists on the interface between the upper main channel and the floodplain, which generally accelerates the flow on the floodplain and resists the flow in the upper main channel. In addition, a horizontal apparent shear stress also occurs on the interface between the upper and lower main channels, which generally accelerates the flow in the lower one and resists the flow in the upper one. Therefore, it is essential to consider the exchanges of momentum at both vertical and horizontal shear layer regions. In this paper, an attempt is made to improve the classical independent subsection method (ISM) to determine the magnitudes of flow and velocities in both upper and lower main channels. Four subsections are created in improved ISM according to the vertical and horizontal division lines that correspond to the vertical interface between the main channel and floodplain and the horizontal interface between upper and lower main channels respectively. The improved ISM consists in a set of four coupled 1D momentum equations (instead three equations of classical ISM) for subsections and a mass conservation equation for the total cross-section. The computed results show that the method is well capable of predicting the discharge distributions in the floodplain and main channel (both at upper and lower main channel).

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Eduar, Rudi, and Nidyawati Nidyawati. "Saluran Distribusi dan Promosi terhadap Volume Penjualan Motor Honda CB 150R." Journal of Management and Bussines (JOMB) 3, no. 2 (October 19, 2021): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/jomb.v3i2.2722.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of distribution channels, promotions, and the influence of both (distribution and promotion channels) on the sales volume of Honda CB 150 R motorcycles at PT. Astra International TBK. Nature Fence Branch. The method used in sampling in this study uses Time Series data. The data analysis method used is the Data Prerequisite Test (Normality Test, Multicollinearity Test, Linearity Test), Descriptive Statistics Test, Inferential Statistical Test (Multiple Linear Regression, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination), and Hypothesis Testing (t Test and F Test). The results showed that the value of t count distribution channel is smaller than t table (3,597 > 4,303). Meanwhile, promotion, and the influence of both (distribution and promotion channels) on sales volume sequentially have a value of t count > t table (4.504 > 4.303; 48.236 > 19.0). The conclusion is that the distribution channel has no effect on the increase in motorcycle sales volume. Meanwhile, promotion, and the influence of both (distribution and promotion channels) were able to increase the sales volume of Honda CB 150 R motorcycles. Keywords: Distribution Channel, Promotion, Sales Volume

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Gómez-Déniz, Emilio, and Luis Gómez. "The Rayleigh Birnbaum Saunders Distribution: A General Fading Model." Symmetry 12, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12030389.

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A new compound non-symmetric distribution for modeling arbitrary fading-shadowing wireless channels is introduced and studied here. This distribution has some advantages in front of other well-known non-symmetric fading distributions such as the Rayleigh–lognormal distribution and the K distribution especially in the tails. We give closed-form expressions for the average BER of DPSK and MSK when the new distribution is used. Applications to compare how the new distribution works in comparisons with the Rayleigh–lognormal, K distributions and others recently proposed in the literature of fading channel are also provided.

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Chinomona, Richard, and Marius Pretorius. "Major dealers' expert power in distribution channels." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 2 (June 6, 2011): 170–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i2.50.

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The importance of major dealers’ expertise in distribution channels and effects on exchange relations is widely acknowledged by many SMEs in Africa and yet there seem to be a paucity of research on this matter. To address this dearth, the current study attempts to examine the impact of major dealers’ expert power on SME manufacturers’ channel cooperation and the mediating influence of their trust, relationship commitment and satisfaction. The conceptualized model and five hypotheses are empirically validated using a sample of 452 manufacturing SMEs in Zimbabwe. The findings indicate that major dealers’ expert power may influence SME manufacturers’ trust, relationship commitment, relationship satisfaction and channel cooperation in a significant way. Managerial implications of the research findings are provided.

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Gómez-Déniz, E., L. Gómez, and H. W. Gómez. "The Slashed-Rayleigh Fading Channel Distribution." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (February 11, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2719849.

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We propose an alternative distribution for modelling fading-shadowing wireless channels. This distribution presents certain advantages over the Rayleigh-lognormal distribution and the K distribution and has proved useful in the setting described. We obtain closed-form expressions for the average channel capacity and for the average bit error rate of differential phase-shift keying and of minimum shift keying when the new distribution is used. This distribution can be obtained exactly as the sum of mutual independent Gaussian stochastic processes, because it must represent the simulation of the fading channel; that is, it simulates the signal envelope. Finally, we describe practical applications of this distribution, comparing it with the Rayleigh-lognormal and K distributions.

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Praswati, Aflit Nuryulia, and Bayu Dian Aji. "Identification of Distribution Channels to Create Sustainable Vegetable Prices." Indonesian Journal of Sustainability Accounting and Management 1, no. 2 (December 6, 2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28992/ijsam.v1i2.31.

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The price of vegetables has a role as a contributor to the rate of inflation. Currently the number of vegetable production in Boyolali region can no longer meet the needs of local communities. The limited amount of vegetable production and the inhibition of the vegetable distribution channel creates a scarcity of vegetables that result in price increases. This study aims to identify the distribution channel and the formation of vegetable prices derived from Boyolali area. The method used in this research is quantitative and qualitative. Respondents from this study consisted of farmers, wholesalers, small trader and end consumers. The type of distribution channel prevailing in Boyolali area are traditional and modern distribution channels. Intermediate distribution channels play a greater role in determining vegetable prices. If farmers want to improve their economic condition, it needs innovation and creativity in the process of planting, harvesting, packaging and marketing vegetable products.

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Vidal, Catarina, Virgínia Infante, and Pedro Vilaça. "Metallographic Characterization of Friction Stir Channels." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 817–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.817.

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Friction Stir Channelling (FSC) is an innovative technique of manufacturing integral and continuous channels (also referred as conformal channels) in monolithic plates in a single step. The process is capable of producing non-linear channels in solid components with similar control of the parameters applied during Friction Stir Welding. The tool geometry and concept plays a major influence in the results from FSC. During FSC a controlled amount of workpiece material flow-out from the processed zone producing the internal channel. The heat energy that softens the workpiece material is generated from dissipation during plastic deformation, internal viscous dissipation during the material flow and dissipation from frictional work between the tool and the workpiece. This research work is based on a detail metallographic, geometric and hardness analysis of integral and continuous FS channels produced in a monolithic plate of the aluminium alloy AA7178‑T6 with 13mm of thickness, typically used in structural aircraft applications. In this paper the metallographic characterization and the hardness distribution in the processing zone that surrounds the channel are presented and discussed. Channel’s geometric characterization is also presented and discussed. The channel microstructure and its roughness features were obtained using optical microscopy and SEM.

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Brahmajothi, Mulugu V., Michael J. Morales, Donald L. Campbell, Charles Steenbergen, and Harold C. Strauss. "Expression and distribution of voltage-gated ion channels in ferret sinoatrial node." Physiological Genomics 42A, no. 2 (October 2010): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00049.2010.

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Spontaneous diastolic depolarization in the sinoatrial (SA) node enables it to serve as pacemaker of the heart. The variable cell morphology within the SA node predicts that ion channel expression would be heterogeneous and different from that in the atrium. To evaluate ion channel heterogeneity within the SA node, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization to examine ion channel expression in the ferret SA node region and atrial appendage. SA nodal cells were distinguished from surrounding cardiac myocytes by expression of the slow (SA node) and cardiac (surrounding tissue) forms of troponin I. Nerve cells in the sections were identified by detection of GAP-43 and cytoskeletal middle neurofilament. Transcript expression was characterized for the 4 hyperpolarization-activated cation channels, 6 voltage-gated Na+ channels, 3 voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, 24 voltage-gated K+ channel α-subunits, and 3 ancillary subunits. To ensure that transcript expression was representative of protein expression, immunofluorescence was used to verify localization patterns of voltage-dependent K+ channels. Colocalizations were performed to observe any preferential patterns. Some overlapping and nonoverlapping binding patterns were observed. Measurement of different cation channel transcripts showed heterogeneous expression with many different patterns of expression, attesting to the complexity of electrical activity in the SA node. This study provides insight into the possible role ion channel heterogeneity plays in SA node pacemaker activity.

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Hosseinidehaj, Nedasadat, and Robert Malaney. "CV-MDI quantum key distribution via satellite." Quantum Information and Computation 17, no. 5&6 (April 2017): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic17.5-6-1.

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In this work we analyze a measurement-device-independent (MDI) protocol to establish continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) between two ground stations. We assume communication occurs between the ground stations via satellite over two independent atmospheric-fading channels influenced by turbulence-induced beam wandering. In this MDI protocol the measurement device is the satellite itself, and the security of the protocol is analyzed through an equivalent entanglement-based swapping scheme. We quantify the positive impact the fading channels can have on the final quantum key rates, demonstrating how the protocol is able to generate a positive key rate even over high-loss atmospheric channels provided that the maximum transmission coefficient of the channel is sufficiently large. This is somewhat counter-intuitive given that the same outcome is only possible in the low-loss regime for a measurement device centrally positioned in a fiber-optic channel. Our results show that useful space-based quantum key generation rates between two ground stations are possible even when the relay satellite is held by an adversary. The cost in key rate incurred by altering the status of the satellite from trustworthy to untrustworthy is presented.

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Zamora-Antuñano, Marco Antonio, Pablo Esaú Orozco Pimentel, Germán Orozco-Gamboa, Raul García-García, Juan Manuel Olivárez-Ramírez, Edrei Reyes Santos, and Álvaro De Jesús Ruiz Baltazar. "Flow Analysis Based on Cathodic Current Using Different Designs of Channel Distribution In PEM Fuel Cells." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (September 3, 2019): 3615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173615.

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In this work, a physical and numerical simulation of cathodic current for different designs of the channel distribution in PEM fuel cells was carried out. The first design consisted serpentine-type channels with abrupt changes in flow direction. On the other hand, Designs 2 and 3 were made of serpentine channels with a more gradual change in flow direction. The fourth design was a crisscross-type channel, which was based on continually redirecting the flow, while Design 5 was made with straight parallel channels. Designs 1–3 had one intake, while Designs 4 and 5 had three. The latter two produced more uniform electrical current distributions than Designs 1–3. It can be concluded that the intakes situated effectively within each design were as important as the shape of the channel configuration. Finally, the parallel channel flow field (Design 5) was the best alternative for current collectors due to its better performance.

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Vacher, Helene, Durga P. Mohapatra, and James S. Trimmer. "Localization and Targeting of Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels in Mammalian Central Neurons." Physiological Reviews 88, no. 4 (October 2008): 1407–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00002.2008.

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The intrinsic electrical properties and the synaptic input-output relationships of neurons are governed by the action of voltage-dependent ion channels. The localization of specific populations of ion channels with distinct functional properties at discrete sites in neurons dramatically impacts excitability and synaptic transmission. Molecular cloning studies have revealed a large family of genes encoding voltage-dependent ion channel principal and auxiliary subunits, most of which are expressed in mammalian central neurons. Much recent effort has focused on determining which of these subunits coassemble into native neuronal channel complexes, and the cellular and subcellular distributions of these complexes, as a crucial step in understanding the contribution of these channels to specific aspects of neuronal function. Here we review progress made on recent studies aimed to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of specific ion channel subunits in mammalian brain neurons using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We also discuss the repertoire of ion channel subunits in specific neuronal compartments and implications for neuronal physiology. Finally, we discuss the emerging mechanisms for determining the discrete subcellular distributions observed for many neuronal ion channels.

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KARRAY, SALMA, and GEORGES ZACCOUR. "EFFECTIVENESS OF COOP ADVERTISING PROGRAMS IN COMPETITIVE DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS." International Game Theory Review 09, no. 02 (June 2007): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198907001333.

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We propose a model of retail promotions for competitive distribution channels and investigate whether cooperative advertising programs are profitable for such channels. While previous studies showed that coop programs increase total channel profits in bilateral monopolies, no evidence of such a result has been provided for channels where competition is present at the manufacturing and the retailing levels. In this paper, we consider a distribution channel formed by two manufacturers and two retailers and propose a model that accounts for brand and store substitution effects generated by the retailer's promotional efforts. The efficiency of the coop plan is investigated by comparing equilibria of four non-cooperative games; one where manufacturers do not offer any promotional support to the retailers, one where manufacturers do offer such a support and two scenarios where in turn only one manufacturer is offering such program. We show that when competition is introduced, coop ad programs may be due to a prisonner's dilemma situation for the manufacturers. The benefit for retailers and consumers is also assessed.

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Tošović-Stevanović, Aleksandra, Vladimir Ristanović, Dragan Ćalović, Goran Lalić, Milena Žuža, and Gorica Cvijanović. "Small Farm Business Analysis Using the AHP Model for Efficient Assessment of Distribution Channels." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 10479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410479.

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Distribution of agricultural products from the aspect of farms is a continuous issue. Efficient application of the distribution model should provide a farm owner with regular income, as well as with a competitive advantage. Assessment of distribution channels in the context of an agricultural producer is subject to multi-criteria decisions, including both qualitative and quantitative factors. The aim of this paper is to develop a model which enables a structured analysis and an efficient assessment of distribution channels. The methodology based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) will be a useful tool in setting various criteria for deciding on distribution channels, as well as a tool for managing a multi-variant qualitative assessment of data included in decision-making processes. The survey results show that the most important distribution channel for agricultural products is the channel of sales via processing plants (cooling and drying facilities, silos and agricultural combines), compared to sales through advertising (which significantly increased its share with the COVID-19 pandemic), sales through sales channels or at farmers’ markets.

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Cabrol, Nathalie A. "Martian channels : Statistics of spatial distribution, relative datation, and implications." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 37, no. 1 (April 23, 1993): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/37/1993/57.

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KABIESZ, Patrycja, and Maciej KUBOŃ. "EVALUATION OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS IN A SELECTED MEAT PROCESSING COMPANY." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2019, no. 134 (2019): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2019.134.5.

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Lew, Virgilio L., Teresa Tiffert, Zipora Etzion, Deisy Perdomo, Nuala Daw, Lynn Macdonald, and Robert M. Bookchin. "Distribution of dehydration rates generated by maximal Gardos-channel activation in normal and sickle red blood cells." Blood 105, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-01-0125.

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Abstract The Ca2+-activated K+ channels of human red blood cells (RBCs) (Gardos channels, hIK1, hSK4) can mediate rapid cell dehydration, of particular relevance to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease. Previous investigations gave widely discrepant estimates of the number of Gardos channels per RBC, from as few as 1 to 3 to as many as 300, with large cell-to-cell differences, suggesting that RBCs could differ extensively in their susceptibility to dehydration by elevated Ca2+. Here we investigated the distribution of dehydration rates induced by maximal and uniform Ca2+ loads in normal (AA) and sickle (SS) RBCs by measuring the time-dependent changes in osmotic fragility and RBC volume distributions. We found a remarkable conservation of osmotic lysis and volume distribution profiles during Ca2+-induced dehydration, indicating overall uniformity of dehydration rates among AA and SS RBCs. In light of these results, alternative interpretations were suggested for the previously proposed low estimates and heterogeneity of channel numbers per cell. The results support the view that stochastic Ca2+ permeabilization rather than Gardos-channel variation is the main determinant selecting which SS cells dehydrate through Gardos channels in each sickling episode. (Blood. 2005;105:361-367)

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Chalov, R. S., and E. R. Chalova. "Geography of braided rivers within the territory of Russia." Известия Русского географического общества 151, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-6071151620-34.

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The paper represents the geographical analysis of braided river channels development and distribution for the first time in Russian Scientific Literature. On asmall-scale map of Russia we display the distribution of braided channels on small and middle mountain, semi-mountain and plain rivers, in free and limited conditions of channel changes development (on rivers with wide floodplain and incised channel), which are determined by geologic-geomorphologic structure of the territory. On the large and largest rivers we distinguish braided reaches of different morphological types according to the MSU classification (single, conjugated, one-sided and alternate one-sided, sub-parallel branches, etc) and also bifurcations as aconsequence of meander cut-off which complicate the morphology of straight and meandering channels. Separately we display bifurcations on the other structural levels of channel processes development point mid-channel bifurcations on mountain reaches of large rivers, split channels and deltaic braided reaches. The causes of different types of braided channels development in different natural conditions are described.

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Savischenko, N. V., V. I. Dyrin, and V. P. Makarenko. "DETECTION TWO-WAVE WITH DIFFUSE POWER FADING." H&ES Research 13, no. 1 (2021): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2409-5419-2021-13-1-18-23.

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One of the main objectives of the mathematical theory of communication is definition of the most essential characteristics of system of information transfer. One of important quantitative indices of system is the probability of erroneous reception in various communication channels. The special class of communication channels is represented by channels in which a dying down of signals is considered. For the mathematical description of a dying down the density of distribution of probabilities is used, in particular. The variety of the various distributions meeting in scientific literature, is connected as with the assumptions used for justification of distribution, and to their compliance to physical properties of channels. In article the dual-beam model with a diffuzny dying down of capacity of a signal (TWDP model) is considered and mathematical statement of a problem of calculation of a noise stability for a communication channel with additive white Gaussian noise and a dying down described within this model is formulated. It is shown that the TWDP model used for the description of a dying down, includes not only a classical releevsky and raysovsky dying down, but also covers a class of two-modal distributions, characteristic for some modern wireless communication channels. It is shown that at certain parameters of distribution there are two fashions which emergence was theoretically possible when using for the description of a dying down of four-parametrical distribution. For the solution of a problem of calculation of a noise stability in the channel with a dying down studying of likelihood characteristics of distribution that demands, in turn, attraction of the theory of special functions and, in particular, hyper geometrical functions is necessary. It is shown that mathematical representation of function of distribution is possible in two options: integrated representation and representation through Laurichell's hyper geometrical function. Ratios for the initial moments of the distribution considered in article are received. It is shown that the initial moments are expressed through Gauss's hyper geometrical function. At the heart of the solution of a problem of a noise stability representation of probability of a symbolical (bit) mistake for multiitem alarm designs in a communication channel with additive white Gaussian noise through Owen's special function that allows to receive the common decision of a task lies. The analytical formulation of the partial task which decision is a basis for the solution of the general problem of calculation of a noise stability in a communication channel with a dying down described by TWDP model is presented.

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Prahada, Muhammad Hafiandi, Muhammad Yamin Siregar, and Sugito Sugito. "The Effect of Distribution Costs and Distribution Channels on the Sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan." Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen dan Bisnis (JIMBI) 3, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jimbi.v3i1.992.

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Distribution basically is the activity of delivering products from the hands of producers to the hands of consumers or customers in good condition, on time and in accordance with the wishes of the buyer. The distribution process can be done either directly or through a chain of distributors or intermediaries. In distribution activities, there must be distribution costs and distribution channels. Distribution costs and distribution channels must be managed properly in order to have a positive impact on sales. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of distribution costs and distribution channels on sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan. The population in this study amounted to 9 companies that bought PT. Pasha Jaya Medan. Each of these companies, taken 5 respondents so that the total sample amounted to 45 respondents. Samples were taken using a saturated sampling technique. (significant effect on the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan, Distribution Channel ( no significant effect on the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan, and Distribution Costs and Distribution Fees simultaneously affect the sales of PT. Pasha Jaya Medan.

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Hallaq, Haifa, Dao W. Wang, Jennifer D. Kunic, Alfred L. George, K. Sam Wells, and Katherine T. Murray. "Activation of protein kinase C alters the intracellular distribution and mobility of cardiac Na+ channels." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 3 (February 2012): H782—H789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00817.2010.

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Na+ current derived from expression of the cardiac isoform SCN5A is reduced by receptor-mediated or direct activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Previous work has suggested a possible role for loss of Na+ channels at the plasma membrane in this effect, but the results are controversial. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PKC activation acutely modulates the intracellular distribution of SCN5A channels and that this effect can be visualized in living cells. In human embryonic kidney cells that stably expressed SCN5A with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to the channel COOH-terminus (SCN5A-GFP), Na+ currents were suppressed by an exposure to PKC activation. Using confocal microscopy, colocalization of SCN5A-GFP channels with the plasma membrane under control and stimulated conditions was quantified. A separate population of SCN5A channels containing an extracellular epitope was immunolabeled to permit temporally stable labeling of the plasma membrane. Our results demonstrated that Na+ channels were preferentially trafficked away from the plasma membrane by PKC activation, with a major contribution by Ca2+-sensitive or conventional PKC isoforms, whereas stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) had the opposite effect. Removal of the conserved PKC site Ser1503 or exposure to the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin eliminated the PKC-mediated effect to alter channel trafficking, indicating that both channel phosphorylation and ROS were required. Experiments using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching demonstrated that both PKC and PKA also modified channel mobility in a manner consistent with the dynamics of channel distribution. These results demonstrate that the activation of protein kinases can acutely regulate the intracellular distribution and molecular mobility of cardiac Na+ channels in living cells.

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Levina, N. N., R. R. Lew, and I. B. Heath. "Cytoskeletal regulation of ion channel distribution in the tip-growing organism Saprolegnia ferax." Journal of Cell Science 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.107.1.127.

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Growing hyphal tips of the oomycete Saprolegnia ferax possess a tip-high gradient of stretch-activated ion channels permeable to calcium. These mechanosensitive channels appear to play a direct role in the polarized tip growth process. Treatment of S. ferax hyphae with cytochalasin E leads to the disruption of plasmalemma-associated, peripheral cytoplasmic actin populations and altered morphology of apical protoplasts, and eliminates the tip-high gradient of stretch-activated channels. Cytochalasin E did not alter the normal aggregation of stretch-activated channels. The density of spontaneous K+ channels was decreased in all regions of the hyphae after treatment with cytochalasin E. These results suggest that the peripheral F-actin network in the growing tip of S. ferax hyphae establishes or maintains the tip-high gradient of SA channels, either by the delivery of channel-bearing vesicles to the apex or by the interactions between the channels and the peripheral actin network.

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Han, J. C., and P. Zhang. "Pressure Loss Distribution in Three-Pass Rectangular Channels With Rib Turbulators." Journal of Turbomachinery 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3262302.

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The present study investigated the combined effects of the flow channel aspect ratio, the rib turbulator configuration, and the sharp 180-deg turn on the distributions of the local pressure drop in three-pass rectangular channels for a Reynolds number range of 15,000 to 60,000. The channel aspect ratios (the channel width-to-height ratios W/H; ribs on the channel width, W, side) were 1, 1/2, and 1/4. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratios (E/D) were 0.063, 0.047, and 0.039; the rib pitch-to-height ratios (P/E) were 5, 7.5, 10, and 15; the rib angles of attack (α) were 90, 60, and 45 deg. The results showed that the rib turbulators dominated the pressure drops in the first pass of the three-pass channel. The pressure drops in the two-pass and the three-pass channels were caused by both the rib turbulators and the sharp 180-deg turns. The differences of the pressure drops caused by the different rib configurations (rib angle, spacing, and height) were significant in the first pass. The differences, however, were diluted by the sharp 180-deg turns in the two-pass and the three-pass channels, and by the smaller channel aspect ratio (W/H changed from 1 to 1/4). The friction factor correlations for the first pass, the first two-pass, and the three-pass were obtained to account for the rib configuration, the channel aspect ratio, and the Reynolds number. The correlations can be used in the design of the turbine airfoil cooling passages.

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Kanjirathumkal, Cibile K., Sameer S. Mohammed, and Lillykutty Jacob. "Analysis and Modeling of Realistic Compound Channels in Transparent Relay Transmissions." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/538578.

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Analytical approaches for the characterisation of the compound channels in transparent multihop relay transmissions over independent fading channels are considered in this paper. Compound channels with homogeneous links are considered first. Using Mellin transform technique, exact expressions are derived for the moments of cascaded Weibull distributions. Subsequently, two performance metrics, namely,coefficient of variationandamount of fade, are derived using the computed moments. These metrics quantify the possible variations in the channel gain and signal to noise ratio from their respective average values and can be used to characterise the achievable receiver performance. This approach is suitable for analysing more realistic compound channel models for scattering density variations of the environment, experienced in multihop relay transmissions. The performance metrics for suchheterogeneous compound channelshaving distinct distribution in each hop are computed and compared with those having identical constituent component distributions. The moments and the coefficient of variation computed are then used to develop computationally efficient estimators for the distribution parameters and the optimal hop count. The metrics and estimators proposed are complemented with numerical and simulation results to demonstrate the impact of the accuracy of the approaches.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Distribution Channels'

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