Books on the topic 'Distribution factor method'

The textbook is the fourth edition, contains a detailed presentation of the topics of the discipline "Marketing". In an accessible and understandable form, the key concepts of the discipline "Marketing"are considered. In particular, the reader will get an idea of the essence of marketing, its types, principles, functions and basic elements; the environment of marketing and the conditions in which it can be applied. The textbook reveals the concept of the market, its types, capacity and segmentation; competition, its types, the role of the enterprise in the competition in order to achieve key success factors. Considerable attention is paid to the concepts of "product", "product", their distinctive features. The essence of product distribution is revealed and the features of marketing logistics as a method of managing product promotion channels are given.
 The textbook also includes a bibliographic list, questions for self-control, tests, which will allow you to study the course "Marketing" more fully.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 For bachelors studying in the direction of training 38.03.02 "Management".

The book describes the basic issues concerning consumer behavior on the basis of the simulation of the decision-making process on buying behavior of customers in the sales area of the store and shopping Internet sites. 
 The classification of models of consumer behavior, based on research in the area of economic, social and psychological theories and empirical evidence regarding decision-making by consumers when purchasing the goods, including online stores. Methods of qualitative and quantitative research of consumer behavior, fundamentals of statistical processing of empirical data. 
 Attention is paid to the processes of consumers ' perception of brands (brands) and advertising messages, the basic rules for the display of goods (merchandising) and its impact on consumer decision, recommendations on the use of psychology of consumer behavior in personal sales.
 Presents an integrated model of consumer behavior in the Internet environment, the process of perception of the visitor of the company, the factors influencing consumer choice of goods online. 
 Is intended for preparation of bachelors in directions of preparation 38.03.02 "Management", 38.03.06 "trading business" and can be used for training of bachelors in direction of training 43.03.01 "Service", and will also be useful for professionals working in the field of marketing, distribution and sales.

Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis aims to help healthcare and public health organizations make fairer decisions with better outcomes. Standard cost-effectiveness analysis provides information about total costs and effects. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis provides additional information about fairness in the distribution of costs and effects—who gains, who loses, and by how much. It can also provide information about the trade-offs that sometimes occur between efficiency objectives such as improving total health and equity objectives such as reducing unfair inequality in health. This is a practical guide to a flexible suite of economic methods for quantifying the equity consequences of health programmes in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The methods can be tailored and combined in various ways to provide useful information to different decision makers in different countries with different distributional equity concerns. The handbook is primarily aimed at postgraduate students and analysts specializing in cost-effectiveness analysis but is also accessible to a broader audience of health sector academics, practitioners, managers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Part I is an introduction and overview for research commissioners, users, and producers. Parts II and III provide step-by-step technical guidance on how to simulate and evaluate distributions, with accompanying hands-on spreadsheet training exercises. Part IV concludes with discussions about how to handle uncertainty about facts and disagreement about values, and the future challenges facing this young and rapidly evolving field of study.

This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.

The classic view of multiple sclerosis (MS) as a chronic, inflammatory-demyelinating condition affecting solely the white matter (WM) of the central nervous system (CNS) has been challenged by the demonstration, from pathologic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, of an extensive and diffuse involvement of the gray matter (GM). This observation has driven the application of modern MR technology and methods of analysis to quantify the extent and distribution of damage to the different compartments of the CNS, with the ultimate goal of improving our understanding of the factors associated with the accumulation of clinical disability and cognitive impairment in these patients.

Demography—the study of people—addresses the size, distribution, composition, and density of populations, and considers the impact these factors have on individual lives and the changing structure of human populations. Each generation’s demographic composition influences a person’s life chances; the economic and political structures within which that life is lived; the person’s access to social and natural resources; and life expectancy. Demography: A Very Short Introduction considers how the global population has evolved over time and space and discusses the theorists, theories, and methods involved in studying population trends and movements. It also looks at the emergence of new demographic sub-disciplines and addresses some of the future population challenges.

This chapter explores family lives of couples who migrate from a less gender-egalitarian (i.e., Poland) to a more egalitarian nation (i.e., Norway). The authors present selected results from a large-scale mixed-methods study drawing from interviews conducted longitudinally with couples in Poland and in Norway, interviews with public-sector servants and employers in Norway, and surveys on attitudes toward gender equality and men’s and women’s practices concerning division of parental roles and household duties in both Poland and Norway. The chapter examines the distribution of domestic responsibilities and potential change within cultural norms and practices in the context of migration and highlights cultural and psychological factors that facilitate social change from gender inequality to equality and from nonegalitarianism to egalitarianism among Polish migrant couples in Norway. The evolution of new, de-gendered family roles is discussed, with attention on factors enabling men to be more active in family life.

The early focus of the Ethnologue was on L1 use and is reflected in the maps that are included with each new edition. Typically, the maps show locations and boundaries corresponding to the distribution of L1 speakers. The location of widespread, second, or additional languages (such as national languages, lingua francas, and languages of wider communication) is only occasionally represented by maps, using a variety of methods. Major factors affecting this effort are related to language identification (ISO 639-3), categorization (status: sociohistorical, official recognition, vitality), and analytical and research methods (lexical similarity, intelligibility, bilingual proficiency). This chapter examines the Ethnologue’s approach in all of these areas. Currently, significant effort is being made to structure the Ethnologue database to provide expanded data on the ecological setting of each language. This should significantly increase capacity for mapping the use of widespread L2s. A sample map showing the use of Lingala/Bangala is provided.

This article focuses on three themes concerning determinism and indeterminism. The first is observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterministic models. The article discusses several results about observational equivalence and presents an argument on how to choose between deterministic and indeterministic models involving indirect evidence. The second is whether Newtonian physics is indeterministic. The article argues that the answer depends on what one takes Newtonian mechanics to be and highlights how contemporary debates on this issue differ from those in the nineteenth century. The third theme is how the method of arbitrary functions can be used to make sense of deterministic probabilities. The article discusses various ways of interpreting the initial probability distributions and argues that they are best understood as physical, biological, and other quantities characterizing the particular situation. The fact that the method of arbitrary functions deserves more attention than it has received so far is also emphasized.

This chapter seeks to determine if can we reduce the time it takes to deliver a public health or healthcare service, such as the long waiting times in emergency departments, long waiting lists for under-supported services such as drug rehabilitation, and vast periods of uncertainty for scarce commodities such as organ transplants. How can we minimize the time it takes to provide people with the services they need? Embedded in this question is the problem of making strategic decisions about distributing our resources. Should we invest in that new resource, or is our money better spent on something else? In this chapter, the reader will solve such problems using a common operations research method known as queuing systems, which are systems of equations that enable us to determine what factors influence the time that people wait in line.

The textbook was written in accordance with the program of the discipline "Theoretical foundations of hydroacoustics and ocean acoustics". The manual discusses the characteristics of the acoustic environment, mathematical models of the propagation of acoustic waves in the ocean, methods for solving wave equations, the main physical phenomena associated with the transmission of acoustic energy over distances, types of sound velocity distribution and the corresponding acoustic ray trajectories, focusing factors and anomalies. Much attention is paid to the principles of emission and reception of hydroacoustic waves, the characteristics of the primary and secondary hydroacoustic fields, as well as models of noise and interference in the ocean and sound propagation in a statistically homogeneous medium. Particular attention is paid to determining the range of hydroacoustic means. The textbook is intended for cadets of the radio engineering department of the Naval Polytechnic Institute, but can be used by cadets and university students specializing in this field, as well as teachers and specialists in the field of hydroacoustics.

Male breast cancer is a rare but significant health issue that affects men, characterized by the development of cancerous cells in the breast tissue. This article serves as a guide for the public, patients, and their loved ones to understand male breast cancer. It is organized into key sections, beginning with an introduction to the disease and its various types. It then explores the risk factors and epidemiology of male breast cancer, highlighting its prevalence and distribution. The causes and symptoms section provides insight into what leads to male breast cancer and how it manifests. Pathophysiology explains the biological mechanisms behind the disease, while complications discuss the potential risks if it is not treated properly. The diagnosis section covers various methods used to detect male breast cancer, followed by detailed treatment options, including surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. The prognosis section discusses potential outcomes and long-term management strategies. All information is presented in simple terms to ensure it is understandable for all readers.

This book explains and analyses the unprecedented rise in visibility of ‘cult’ Asian cinema in the UK, especially between the years 2000 and 2005. Considering multiple factors behind the cultural, critical and economic success of Asia cinema in the West, this book focuses specifically on the hugely influential and pioneering (if deeply problematic) Tartan Films (formerly Metro-Tartan) Asia Extreme brand. This book is structured as a series of case studies, examining different films, filmmakers and distribution events in order to sketch an historical overview of this developing film cycle, paying attention primarily to the marketing and critical reception of these films. The Asia Extreme brand incorporated multiple genres – primarily horror, action, and erotic thrillers – and also elided the differences between various national cinemas. The role of Orientalism in both the marketing and reception of films from Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea is also examined in detail.

Suicide is a serious public health problem surrounded by stigma, myths, and taboos. With an annual average of 81,746 suicide deaths in the period 2010–2014 and an age-adjusted suicide rate of 9.3 per 100,000 population (age-unadjusted rate of 9.6), suicide continues to be a public health problem of great relevance in the Region of the Americas. Contrary to common belief, suicides are preventable with timely, evidence-based, and often low-cost interventions. It is estimated that for each suicide that occurs, there are more than 20 attempts. Suicide can occur at any age and it is the third highest cause of death among young people between the ages of 20 and 24 in the Region of the Americas. This report corresponds to the five-year period between 2010 and 2014. It provides a general description of suicide mortality in the Americas, by subregions and countries. It analyzes the distribution of suicide according to age, sex, and methods used, along with the changes in suicide from 2010 to 2014. This report is limited to the study of mortality as, in most countries, no record of self-harm exists, due to lack of appropriate surveillance systems. In the period 2010–2014, 55.8% of suicide deaths in the Region occurred in North America. The age-adjusted suicide rate was also highest in North America (12.8 per 100,000 population), which along with the non-Hispanic Caribbean (9.8) was higher than the regional rate, while the other two subregions had rates lower than the regional rate (6.7 in Central America, the Hispanic Caribbean, and Mexico; 6.9 in South America). In Latin America and the Caribbean, it is essential that national suicide prevention programs be developed, especially in those countries with higher suicide rates. This report identifies 12 countries in the Region of the Americas with high suicide rates compared with the regional average and where two-thirds of the suicide deaths are concentrated. Strengthening information systems and surveillance of suicidal behavior is required. Improving mortality registries alone is not enough. It is also necessary to develop registries of suicidal behavior and implement follow-up mechanisms in high-risk cases. This report identifies the most frequent suicide methods. The availability of firearms is an important risk factor, particularly in North America. Access to pesticides in rural areas is another risk factor, especially in the non-Hispanic

The quality of data collected in official spatial databases is crucial in making strategic decisions as well as in the implementation of planning and design works. Awareness of the level of the quality of these data is also important for individual users of official spatial data. The author presents methods and models of description and evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers. Data describing the space in the highest degree of detail, which are collected in three databases: land and buildings registry (EGiB), geodetic registry of the land infrastructure network (GESUT) and in database of topographic objects (BDOT500) were analyzed. The results of the research concerned selected aspects of activities in terms of the spatial data quality. These activities include: the assessment of the accuracy of data collected in official spatial databases; determination of the uncertainty of the area of registry parcels, analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the quality of spatial data, construction of the quality model of data collected in official databases and visualization of the phenomenon of uncertainty in spatial data. The evaluation of the accuracy of data collected in official, large-scale spatial databases was based on a representative sample of data. The test sample was a set of deviations of coordinates with three variables dX, dY and Dl – deviations from the X and Y coordinates and the length of the point offset vector of the test sample in relation to its position recognized as a faultless. The compatibility of empirical data accuracy distributions with models (theoretical distributions of random variables) was investigated and also the accuracy of the spatial data has been assessed by means of the methods resistant to the outliers. In the process of determination of the accuracy of spatial data collected in public registers, the author’s solution was used – resistant method of the relative frequency. Weight functions, which modify (to varying degree) the sizes of the vectors Dl – the lengths of the points offset vector of the test sample in relation to their position recognized as a faultless were proposed. From the scope of the uncertainty of estimation of the area of registry parcels the impact of the errors of the geodetic network points was determined (points of reference and of the higher class networks) and the effect of the correlation between the coordinates of the same point on the accuracy of the determined plot area. The scope of the correction was determined (in EGiB database) of the plots area, calculated on the basis of re-measurements, performed using equivalent techniques (in terms of accuracy). The analysis of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network due to the low quality of spatial data is another research topic presented in the paper. Three main factors have been identified that influence the value of this risk: incompleteness of spatial data sets and insufficient accuracy of determination of the horizontal and vertical position of underground infrastructure. A method for estimation of the project risk has been developed (quantitative and qualitative) and the author’s risk estimation technique, based on the idea of fuzzy logic was proposed. Maps (2D and 3D) of the risk of damage to the underground infrastructure network were developed in the form of large-scale thematic maps, presenting the design risk in qualitative and quantitative form. The data quality model is a set of rules used to describe the quality of these data sets. The model that has been proposed defines a standardized approach for assessing and reporting the quality of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 spatial data bases. Quantitative and qualitative rules (automatic, office and field) of data sets control were defined. The minimum sample size and the number of eligible nonconformities in random samples were determined. The data quality elements were described using the following descriptors: range, measure, result, and type and unit of value. Data quality studies were performed according to the users needs. The values of impact weights were determined by the hierarchical analytical process method (AHP). The harmonization of conceptual models of EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 databases with BDOT10k database was analysed too. It was found that the downloading and supplying of the information in BDOT10k creation and update processes from the analyzed registers are limited. An effective approach to providing spatial data sets users with information concerning data uncertainty are cartographic visualization techniques. Based on the author’s own experience and research works on the quality of official spatial database data examination, the set of methods for visualization of the uncertainty of data bases EGiB, GESUT and BDOT500 was defined. This set includes visualization techniques designed to present three types of uncertainty: location, attribute values and time. Uncertainty of the position was defined (for surface, line, and point objects) using several (three to five) visual variables. Uncertainty of attribute values and time uncertainty, describing (for example) completeness or timeliness of sets, are presented by means of three graphical variables. The research problems presented in the paper are of cognitive and application importance. They indicate on the possibility of effective evaluation of the quality of spatial data collected in public registers and may be an important element of the expert system.

The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology provides an extensive and insightful overview of how economic conditions affect human well-being and how human health influences economic outcomes. The book addresses both macro and micro factors, as well as their interaction, providing new understanding of complex relationships and developments in economic history and economic dynamics. Among the topics explored is how variation in height, whether over time, among different socioeconomic groups, or in different locations, is an important indicator of changes in economic growth and economic development, levels of economic inequality, and economic opportunities for individuals. The book covers a broad geographic range: Africa, Latin and North America, Asia, and Europe. Its temporal scope ranges from the late Iron Age to the present. Taking advantage of recent improvements in data collection and economic methods, the book also explores how humans’ biological conditions influence and are influenced by their economic circumstances, including poverty. Among the issues addressed are how height, body mass index (BMI), and obesity can affect and are affected by productivity, wages, and wealth. How family environment affects health and well-being is examined, as is the importance of both pre-birth and early-childhood conditions for subsequent economic outcomes. The volume shows that well-being is a salient aspect of economics, and the new toolkit of evidence from biological living standards enhances understanding of how industrialization, commercialization, income distribution, the organization of health care, social status, and the redistributive state affect such human attributes as physical stature, weight, and the obesity epidemic in historical and contemporary populations.

Two major systems are available for measuring blood pressure (BP)—the indirect cuff method and direct arterial cannulation. In critically-ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit, the invasive blood pressure is the ‘gold standard’ as a tight control of BP values, and its change over time is important for choosing therapies and drugs titration. Since artefacts due to the inappropriate dynamic responses of the fluid-filled monitoring systems may lead to clinically relevant differences between actual and displayed pressure values, before considering the BP value shown as reliable, the critical care giver should carefully evaluate the presence/absence of artefacts (over- or under-damping/resonance). After the arterial pressure waveform quality has been verified, the observation of each component of the arterial wave (systolic upstroke, peak, systolic decline, small pulse of reflected pressure waves, dicrotic notch) may provide a number of useful haemodynamic information. In fact, changes in the arterial pulse contour are due the interaction between the heart beat and the whole vascular properties. Vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, shock states (cardiogenic, hypovolaemic, distributive, obstructive), valve diseases (aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation), ventricular dysfunction, cardiac tamponade are associated with particular arterial waveform characteristics that may suggest to the physician underlying condition that could be necessary to investigate properly. Finally, the effects of positive-pressure mechanical ventilation on heart–lung interaction, may suggest the existence of an absolute or relative hypovolaemia by means of the so-called dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness.

The aim of the paper was to determine the influence of root systems of chosen tree species found in the Polish Flysch Carpathians on the increase of soil shear strength (root cohesion) in terms of slope stability. The paper's goal was achieved through comprehensive tests on root systems of eight relatively common in the Polish Flysch Carpathians tree species. The tests that were carried out included field work, laboratory work and analytical calculations. As part of the field work, the root area ratio (A IA) of the roots was determined using the method of profiling the walls of the trench at a distance of about 1.0 m from the tree trunk. The width of the. trenches was about 1.0 m, and their depth depended on the ground conditions and ranged from 0.6 to 1.0 m below the ground level. After preparing the walls of the trench, the profile was divided into vertical layers with a height of 0.1 m, within which root diameters were measured. Roots with diameters from 1 to 10 mm were taken into consideration in root area ratio calculations in accordance with the generally accepted methodology for this type of tests. These measurements were made in Biegnik (silver fir), Ropica Polska (silver birch, black locust) and Szymbark (silver birch, European beech, European hornbeam, silver fir, sycamore maple, Scots pine, European spruce) located near Gorlice (The Low Beskids) in areas with unplanned forest management. In case of each tested tree species the samples of roots were taken, transported to the laboratory and then saturated with water for at least one day. Before testing the samples were obtained from the water and stretched in a. tensile testing machine in order to determine their tensile strength and flexibility. In general, over 2200 root samples were tested. The results of tests on root area ratio of root systems and their tensile strength were used to determine the value of increase in shear strength of the soils, called root cohesion. To this purpose a classic Wu-Waldron calculation model was used as well as two types of bundle models, the so called static model (Fiber Bundle Model — FIRM, FBM2, FBM3) and the deformation model (Root Bundle Model— RBM1, RBM2, mRBM1) that differ in terms of the assumptions concerning the way the tensile force is distributed to the roots as well as the range of parameters taken into account during calculations. The stability analysis of 8 landslides in forest areas of Cicikowicleie and Wignickie Foothills was a form of verification of relevance of the obtained calculation results. The results of tests on root area ratio in the profile showed that, as expected, the number of roots in the soil profile and their ApIA values are very variable. It was shown that the values of the root area ratio of the tested tree species with a diameter 1-10 ram are a maximum of 0.8% close to the surface of the ground and they decrease along with the depth reaching the values at least one order of magnitude lower than close to the surface at the depth 0.5-1.0 m below the ground level. Average values of the root area ratio within the soil profile were from 0.05 to 0.13% adequately for Scots pine and European beech. The measured values of the root area ratio are relatively low in relation to the values of this parameter given in literature, which is probably connected with great cohesiveness of the soils and the fact that there were a lot of rock fragments in the soil, where the tests were carried out. Calculation results of the Gale-Grigal function indicate that a distribution of roots in the soil profile is similar for the tested species, apart from the silver fir from Bie§nik and European hornbeam. Considering the number of roots, their distribution in the soil profile and the root area ratio it appears that — considering slope stability — the root systems of European beech and black locust are the most optimal, which coincides with tests results given in literature. The results of tensile strength tests showed that the roots of the tested tree species have different tensile strength. The roots of European beech and European hornbeam had high tensile strength, whereas the roots of conifers and silver birch in deciduous trees — low. The analysis of test results also showed that the roots of the studied tree species are characterized by high variability of mechanical properties. The values Of shear strength increase are mainly related to the number and size (diameter) of the roots in the soil profile as well as their tensile strength and pullout resistance, although they can also result from the used calculation method (calculation model). The tests showed that the distribution of roots in the soil and their tensile strength are characterized by large variability, which allows the conclusion that using typical geotechnical calculations, which take into consideration the role of root systems is exposed to a high risk of overestimating their influence on the soil reinforcement. hence, while determining or assuming the increase in shear strength of soil reinforced with roots (root cohesion) for design calculations, a conservative (careful) approach that includes the most unfavourable values of this parameter should be used. Tests showed that the values of shear strength increase of the soil reinforced with roots calculated using Wu-Waldron model in extreme cases are three times higher than the values calculated using bundle models. In general, the most conservative calculation results of the shear strength increase were obtained using deformation bundle models: RBM2 (RBMw) or mRBM1. RBM2 model considers the variability of strength characteristics of soils described by Weibull survival function and in most cases gives the lowest values of the shear strength increase, which usually constitute 50% of the values of shear strength increase determined using classic Wu-Waldron model. Whereas the second model (mRBM1.) considers averaged values of roots strength parameters as well as the possibility that two main mechanism of destruction of a root bundle - rupture and pulling out - can occur at the same. time. The values of shear strength increase calculated using this model were the lowest in case of beech and hornbeam roots, which had high tensile strength. It indicates that in the surface part of the profile (down to 0.2 m below the ground level), primarily in case of deciduous trees, the main mechanism of failure of the root bundle will be pulling out. However, this model requires the knowledge of a much greater number of geometrical parameters of roots and geotechnical parameters of soil, and additionally it is very sensitive to input data. Therefore, it seems practical to use the RBM2 model to assess the influence of roots on the soil shear strength increase, and in order to obtain safe results of calculations in the surface part of the profile, the Weibull shape coefficient equal to 1.0 can be assumed. On the other hand, the Wu-Waldron model can be used for the initial assessment of the shear strength increase of soil reinforced with roots in the situation, where the deformation properties of the root system and its interaction with the soil are not considered, although the values of the shear strength increase calculated using this model should be corrected and reduced by half. Test results indicate that in terms of slope stability the root systems of beech and hornbeam have the most favourable properties - their maximum effect of soil reinforcement in the profile to the depth of 0.5 m does not usually exceed 30 kPa, and to the depth of 1 m - 20 kPa. The root systems of conifers have the least impact on the slope reinforcement, usually increasing the soil shear strength by less than 5 kPa. These values coincide to a large extent with the range of shear strength increase obtained from the direct shear test as well as results of stability analysis given in literature and carried out as part of this work. The analysis of the literature indicates that the methods of measuring tree's root systems as well as their interpretation are very different, which often limits the possibilities of comparing test results. This indicates the need to systematize this type of tests and for this purpose a root distribution model (RDM) can be used, which can be integrated with any deformation bundle model (RBM). A combination of these two calculation models allows the range of soil reinforcement around trees to be determined and this information might be used in practice, while planning bioengineering procedures in areas exposed to surface mass movements. The functionality of this solution can be increased by considering the dynamics of plant develop¬ment in the calculations. This, however, requires conducting this type of research in order to obtain more data.

Scope This standard practice outlines a methodology to assess pipeline integrity because of the threat internal corrosion in onshore and offshore pipelines and other piping systems that normally carry multiphase fluids (gas, water, and oil) termed multiphase flow internal corrosion direct assessment (MP-ICDA). Liquid separators (drips), compressing stations, vessels, and other equipment not related to pipelines are not included in this standard. This standard applies to pipelines, and piping systems both onshore and offshore, containing carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), oxygen (O2), and other corrosive species. Additionally, this standard applies to pipelines that continuously contain a liquid phase (water and condensate and/or oil and/or petroleum compounds), a possible solids content of various mineral scales, biofilms, or corrosion product compounds, and a continuous gas phase with fluid conditions that are not specifically covered by NACE SP01101 for wet gas internal corrosion direct assessment (WG-ICDA). Additionally, solids may be included as a phase by itself and may also be included in multiphase flow analysis of fluid streams. This standard is intended for use by pipeline operators, oil/gas producers (upstream), and other pipeline industry individuals who manage pipeline integrity (both onshore and offshore) for pipelines that are normally under multiphase loading conditions and are outside the scope of NACE SP0110,1 NACE SP0206,2 and NACE SP0208.3 Rationale The standard is being revised in accordance with AMPP’s five-year review requirement. Changes in this revision include improvements on the method of evaluating the accuracy corrosion rate modeling results that are converted to wall losses with respect to the wall losses measured in the field contained in the Detailed Examination Step. It also includes guidelines that will help unify and more clearly understand the way the Detailed Examinations are reported. The MP-ICDA methodology has been developed to meet the needs of pipeline operators and producers to assess the integrity of pipelines with respect to the internal corrosion threats posed by the fluids. MP-ICDA is a structured process that combines pre-assessment, indirect inspections, detailed examination, and post-assessment to evaluate the impact of predictable pipeline integrity threats such as internal corrosion. Specifically, the goal of MP-ICDA is to identify locations with the greatest likelihood of internal corrosion and its influencing factors, such as water content, flow regime, liquid hold-up, flow velocities, temperature and pressure changes. These locations are exposed and examined in accordance with criteria established in Section 4. The results of these examinations are used as a basis for assessing the condition and integrity of the remaining pipeline segments (those with less likelihood of corrosion). Direct assessment (DA) does not depend on the ability of a pipeline to undergo inline inspection (ILI) by smart-pigging or pressure testing, making it most valuable to those pipelines unable to accept pigs or those that cannot be hydrostatically pressure tested. This standard is intended to provide an integrity assessment methodology for internal corrosion for pipelines where ILI cannot be performed; however, the MP-ICDA methodology may also serve, complement, or assist in those cases in which ILI was conducted or is contemplated to demonstrate the reliability of the ICDA process. It can also be used for optimizing the selection/justification, inspection frequency, or prioritization of pipelines that are subjected to ILI. In multiphase flow systems, subregions of a pipeline that is identified within a region that are more susceptible to internal corrosion depend on the flow pattern that are defined by flow velocities, sudden changes of geometries, changes in elevation caused by the topography of the terrain, sharp elbows, expansions, changes in internal diameter and other changes that may influence the hydrodynamics of the flow. Multiphase flow and flow regimes can be determined by the use of flow models that have a hydrocarbon phase envelope (water and hydrocarbon), and the interaction between the gas and liquid phase, and allow the prediction under flowing conditions that shows local temperature, pressure, and fluid composition for a pipeline. Depending on the flow (i.e., velocity, gas/liquid quality, temperature, pressure, wall surface conditions, etc.), and specific operating conditions, the effects of flow regimes are considered. Flow regimes and flow hydrodynamic characteristics influence the threat of internal corrosion, and thus affect pipeline integrity. The goal of MP-ICDA is to identify confirmatory or most probable locations (MPLs) along a pipeline subregion for determination of direct assessment sites. These sites are where internal corrosion damage has been identified by means of integrating available historical information in combination with the use of flow models to determine flow regimes and internal corrosion prediction models (ICPMs) that a company deems appropriate for its specific application to predict or calculate internal corrosion rates. The focus is the identification of conditions along the length of a pipeline region so that local subregion integrity threats with respect to internal corrosion are identified for prioritized damage assessment, repair, and mitigation. MP-ICDA emphasizes the identification of damage distribution on corrosion areas inside pipelines, and the corrosion rate prediction models can fit into the overall process by serving as tools to predict the corrosion rate at these locations and the estimation of wall losses within one flow pattern (e.g., stratified, slugging, annular, or mist) within a specific pipe region and/or subregion.