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Journal articles on the topic 'Distribution of flux density'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Hewitt, A. J., A. Ahfock, and S. A. Suslov. "Magnetic flux density distribution in axial flux machine cores." IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications 152, no. 2 (2005): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20055039.

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Abuter, R., A. Amorim, M. Bauböck, et al. "The flux distribution of Sgr A*." Astronomy & Astrophysics 638 (May 29, 2020): A2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202037717.

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The Galactic center black hole Sagittarius A* is a variable near-infrared (NIR) source that exhibits bright flux excursions called flares. When flux from Sgr A* is detected, the light curve has been shown to exhibit red noise characteristics and the distribution of flux densities is non-linear, non-Gaussian, and skewed to higher flux densities. However, the low-flux density turnover of the flux distribution is below the sensitivity of current single-aperture telescopes. For this reason, the median NIR flux has only been inferred indirectly from model fitting, but it has not been directly measured. In order to explore the lowest flux ranges, to measure the median flux density, and to test if the previously proposed flux distributions fit the data, we use the unprecedented resolution of the GRAVITY instrument at the VLTI. We obtain light curves using interferometric model fitting and coherent flux measurements. Our light curves are unconfused, overcoming the confusion limit of previous photometric studies. We analyze the light curves using standard statistical methods and obtain the flux distribution. We find that the flux distribution of Sgr A* turns over at a median flux density of (1.1 ± 0.3) mJy. We measure the percentiles of the flux distribution and use them to constrain the NIR K-band spectral energy distribution. Furthermore, we find that the flux distribution is intrinsically right-skewed to higher flux density in log space. Flux densities below 0.1 mJy are hardly ever observed. In consequence, a single powerlaw or lognormal distribution does not suffice to describe the observed flux distribution in its entirety. However, if one takes into account a power law component at high flux densities, a lognormal distribution can describe the lower end of the observed flux distribution. We confirm the rms–flux relation for Sgr A* and find it to be linear for all flux densities in our observation. We conclude that Sgr A* has two states: the bulk of the emission is generated in a lognormal process with a well-defined median flux density and this quiescent emission is supplemented by sporadic flares that create the observed power law extension of the flux distribution.

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Dong, Xiaojuan, Jianbing Meng, Xiuting Wei, and Zhanmin Yin. "Effects of Transverse Magnetic Field with Different Alternating Currents on Heat Flux Density Distributions of Plasma Arc." Open Mechanical Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (2014): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874155x01408010387.

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An external transverse-alternating magnetic field with sinusoidal and triangular alternating currents was applied to a combined plasma arc to create a plasma arc for expanding the cross section of arc column and flatting the distributions of arc temperature. Two mathematical models were developed to describe the heat flux density distributions of the combined plasma arc driven by a transverse-alternating magnetic field with sinusoidal and triangular alternating currents. The behavior of plasma arc under the external transverse-alternating magnetic field imposed perpendicular to the plasma current was discussed theoretically and experimentally by changing various parameters such as working gas flux, arc current, magnetic flux density including its wave form and the standoff from the nozzle to the workpiece. The analytical results show that it is feasible to adjust the shape and heat flux density of the combined plasma arc by the transverse- alternating magnetic field, which expands the region of combined plasma arc thermal treatment and uniforms the heat flux density upon the workpiece. Changing the waveform of the alternating current can also control the heat flux density distribution. As well as, calculated heat flux density distributions of combined plasma arc driven by the external transverse-alternating magnetic field show a good agreement with experimental data. The magnetic field with triangular alternating current can flat the heat flux density distribution on the anode rather than sinusoidal one. This approach to flat the heat flux density distribution on the anode surface will give an effective controllability to the combined plasma arc application.

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Di Gerlando, Antonino, and Claudio Ricca. "Analytical Modelling of the Slot Opening Function." Magnetism 3, no. 4 (2023): 308–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetism3040024.

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The slot opening function, also called relative air gap permeance, is a function which, multiplied by the flux density distribution of a slotless geometry, gives the flux density distribution of a slotted configuration. Here, the magnetic field inside the air gap of a multi-slot surface facing a smooth one was studied, by solving the Laplace equation inside the air gap, in terms of a Fourier series. To obtain the Fourier coefficients, at first, the conformal mapping analytical solution of a single-slot configuration along the smooth surface, was considered. Then, the principle of superposition of the single-slot lost flux density distributions was applied to obtain the multi-slot distribution. The approach is valid in general, and in the case of interference among the flux density distributions of adjacent slots, where their mutual effect cannot be neglected. The field distributions obtained by using the proposed slot opening functions were compared with FEM simulations, showing satisfactory agreement. The numerical accuracy limits were also analysed and discussed.

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Xu, H. W., R. S. Zhao, Erbil Gugercinoglu, et al. "Statistical Analysis of Pulsar Flux Density Distribution." Astrophysical Journal 970, no. 2 (2024): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5001.

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Abstract This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the spectral properties of 886 pulsars across a wide frequency range from 20 MHz–343.5 GHz, including a total of 86 millisecond pulsars (MSPs). The majority of the pulsars exhibit power-law behavior in their spectra, although some exceptions are observed. Five different spectral models, namely, simple power law, broken power law, low-frequency turnover, high-frequency cutoff, and double turnover, were employed to explore the spectral behaviors. The average spectral index for pulsars modeled with a simple power law is found to be −1.64 ± 0.80, consistent with previous studies. Additionally, significant correlations between the spectral index and characteristic parameters are observed, particularly in MSPs, while no strong correlation is observed in normal pulsars. Different models show variations in the most influential characteristic parameters associated with the spectral index, indicating diverse dominant radiation mechanisms in MSPs. Finally, this study identifies 22 pulsars of the gigahertz-peaked spectra type for the first time based on the Akaike information criterion.

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Xu, Fen, Yanpeng Sun, and Minghuan Guo. "Prediction of Solar Flux Density Distribution Concentrated by a Heliostat Using a Ray Tracing-Assisted Generative Adversarial Neural Network." Energies 18, no. 6 (2025): 1451. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18061451.

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Predicting the solar flux density distribution formed by heliostats in a concentrated solar tower power (CSP) plant is important for the optimization and stable operation of a CSP plant. However, the high temperature and blackbody attribute of the receiver makes direct measurement of the concentrated solar irradiance distribution a difficult task. To address this issue, indirect methods have been proposed. Nevertheless, these methods are either costly or not accurate enough. This study proposes a ray tracing-assisted deep learning method for the prediction of the concentrated solar flux density distribution formed by a heliostat. Namely, a generative adversarial neural network (GAN) model using Monte Carlo ray tracing results as the input was built for the prediction of solar flux density distribution concentrated by a heliostat. Experiments showed that the predicted solar flux density distributions were highly consistent with the concentrated solar spots on the Lambertian target formed by the same heliostat. This ray tracing-assisted deep learning method can be extended to other heliostats in the CSP plant and pave the way for the prediction of the solar flux density distribution concentrated by the whole heliostat field in a CSP plant.

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Meng, Jian Bing, Xiao Juan Dong, and Wen Ji Xu. "Effects of External Transverse Alternating Magnetic Field on the Heat Flux Density Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Arc." Advanced Materials Research 143-144 (October 2010): 1439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.143-144.1439.

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A theoretical analysis was carried out to investigate the characteristics of atmospheric pressure plasma arc injected transverse to a transverse alternating magnetic field and a mathematical model was developed to describe the heat flux density distribution of the plasma arc. The effect of processing parameters, such as flow rate of working gas, arc current, magnetic flux density and the standoff from the nozzle to the workpiece, on the heat flux density distribution of plasma arc were also analyzed. The results show that it is feasible to adjust the heat flux density of the plasma arc by the transverse alternating magnetic field, which can expand the region of plasma arc thermal treatment and flatten the heat flux density upon the workpiece. With the magnetic flux density enhancing, the heat flux density gradient upon the workpiece decreases. Under the same magnetic flux density, the more gas flow rate and arc current, the more heat flux density peak increase. Contrarily, more distance from nozzle outlet to workpiece descends the heat flux density peak.

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Chen, Qingbin, Feng Fan, Jinshuai Wang, and Wei Chen. "Core Loss Analysis and Modeling of a Magnetic Coupling System in WPT for EVs." World Electric Vehicle Journal 12, no. 4 (2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040198.

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The magnetic core is an important part of the magnetic coupling system in wireless power transmission (WPT) for EVs. It helps to increase the coupling coefficient and reduce magnetic field leakage. However, it also brings additional core loss. While the traditional core loss model cannot be used directly due to the uneven distribution of the magnetic flux density, this paper focuses on the flux density distribution in the disk core of a WPT system. Based on a finite element analysis (FEA) simulation and a theoretical magnetic flux density distribution analysis, a mathematical model of magnetic flux density distribution is built, which is regarded as a quadratic function. Through this model, the flux density distribution can be calculated by the electrical and mechanical specifications of the magnetic coupling system. Combining the model of flux density distribution, the disk core loss model of the WPT system is proposed—the idea of which is dividing the disk core into several circle sheets firstly, and then summing the core loss of all circle sheets. Finally, the FEA simulation results verify the proposed model as being correct and flexible.

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Bulavskaya, A. A., Yu M. Cherepennikov, S. V. Chakhlov, et al. "Measurement of electron beam transverse flux density distribution." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1019 (January 21, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1019/1/012043.

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Yamashita, H., T. Johkoh, and E. Nakamae. "High accuracy display of magnetic flux density distribution." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 26, no. 2 (1990): 739–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.106424.

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Yokoyama, Yuko, In Kwon Jeong, Yong Ki Park, and Yoshikazu Nishihara. "Flux Density Distribution in YBa2Cu3OxSpecimens with Fine Y2BaCuO5Dispersions." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 31, Part 1, No. 3 (1992): 786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.31.786.

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Zhong, Xue Jiao, Cai Lian Fan, Hui Xia Liu, Pin Li, and Xiao Wang. "Light Scattering of HDPE and LDPE in Laser Transmission Welding." Key Engineering Materials 667 (October 2015): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.95.

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Light scattering of the upper polymer have a great influence on welding quality. Light scattering of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) are assessed by constructing experiment and numerical computation method. Firstly, the beam quality of semiconductor laser is analyzed, power flux distribution of the laser beam in a defocused plane is measured by knife edge method; Afterwards, the power flux distributions of the laser beam after passing through HDPE/LDPE are measured by line scanning method; Lastly, with the combination of the mathematical model which is used to calculate scattering coefficient and standard deviation of scattering, scattering related parameters and the laser power flux distribution at the welding interface are obtained by writing a program in MATLAB. The results show that the light scattering coefficient of high density polyethylene is up to 0.988, the light scattering coefficient of low density polyethylene is 0.92; Higher crystalline polyethylene leads to more obvious light scattering; the laser beam power flux distribution at the weld interface affected by scattering is determined, which lays a solid foundation on numerical simulation in laser transmission welding.

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Deng, Jiang Hua, Chao Tang, Yan Ran Zhan, and Xing Ying Jiang. "Distribution of Magnetic Flux Density and Magnetic Force in EMR." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 2248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.2248.

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Distribution of magnetic flux density and magnetic force in electromagnetic riveting was investigated with the electromagnetic field coupling model established by the finite element method. The results show the radial magnetic flux density presents a sinusoidal exponential decaying form at a point and the maximum value of radial magnetic flux density lies in about half of the driver plate radius along the driver plate radius direction. The distribution of magnetic force is determined by that of magnetic flux density and the magnetic force is a body force, which weakens very quickly from the inside to the outside of the driver plate. In order to prevent penetration of magnetic field, the thickness of driver plate is an important parameter to increase the energy utilization ratio.

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Matsumoto, Naomi, Takeo Yamamoto, Masaya Sugimoto, and Koichi Takeda. "Experimental Study of Heat Flux Distribution of Arc Driven by AC Magnetic Field." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/615492.

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The authors earlier developed a model to predict the heat flux distribution in an arc driven by an AC magnetic field. That theoretical model implied that the heat flux distribution depended on waveforms of the imposed AC magnetic field. Experiments were conducted in this study to validate that theoretical prediction. Theoretical calculations of heat flux distribution in the arc driven by AC magnetic field were conducted using the heat flux profile in the arc root obtained from the measurement under no magnetic field. The heat flux distributions in arcs driven by AC magnetic fields were measured by imposing two AC magnetic fields with sinusoidal and rectangular waveforms. Agreement between experimental and theoretical heat flux distributions was good. Results confirm that heat flux profiles of various types are producible by controlling the imposed magnetic flux density and its waveform.

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Elsayed, M., and K. A. Fathalah. "Solar Flux-Density Distribution due to Partially Shaded/Blocked Mirrors Using the Separation of Variables/Superposition Technique With Polynomial and Gaussian Sunshapes." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 118, no. 2 (1996): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2847971.

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In a previous work (El Sayed et al., 1994), the separation of a variable/superposition technique was used to predict the flux density distribution on the receiver surfaces of solar central receiver plants. In this paper further developments of the technique are given. A numerical technique is derived to carry out the convolution of the sunshape and error density functions. Also, a simplified numerical procedure is presented to determine the basic flux density function on which the technique depends. The technique is used to predict the receiver solar flux distribution using two sunshapes, polynomial and Gaussian distributions. The results predicted with the technique are validated by comparison with experimental results from mirrors both with and without partial shading/blocking of their surfaces.

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Song, Jae-Keum, and Taehoon Kim. "Improving the Uniform Distribution of Water Flux Density in Sprinkler Spray by Adopting Various Installation Methods." Fire Science and Engineering 38, no. 2 (2024): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.32d34386.

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In a sprinkler system, the nonuniform water flux distribution resulting from the sprinkler head design, specifically due to the deflector and frame, impedes the primary extinguishing surface cooling effect of the sprinkler. In this study, the effects of the distance between heads, supplying flow rate, head installation direction, and head installation height on the uniformity of the water flux density distribution were investigated. Simulations were conducted using the water flux distribution reproduction method proposed in a previous study. As the distance between heads decreased, water was supplied to the bottom of the head, resulting in the improved uniformity of the water flux distribution. When the flow rate was corrected with the changes in the distance between the heads to maintain the average water flux density supplied to the floor, a uniform water flux distribution was observed even when the distance between heads was relatively large. In the case of head installation direction, the most uniform distribution was observed when the sprinkler heads were installed alternately at angles corresponding to 0° and 135°. As the installation height of the sprinkler heads increased, the difference between the maximum and minimum local water flux densities decreased, leading to a more uniform water flux density distribution.

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Said, N. M. M., S. P. Ellingsen, J. Liu, et al. "Changing modality behaviour in the radio light curve of blazar PKS B1144 − 379." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506, no. 1 (2021): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1651.

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ABSTRACT The highly variable BL Lac object PKS B1144 − 379 was monitored at 6.7 GHz using the Ceduna Radio Telescope with high cadence from 2003 to 2011. Intraday variations due to interstellar scintillation (ISS) were observed throughout the period. To complement our earlier analysis of the ISS and variability of this object, we have investigated the physical origin of changes in the modality of flux density distributions, calculated for ∼14 d observing blocks. Our analysis shows that the flux density distribution is primarily bimodal, but it changes to unimodal during the core brightening and jet expansion phases of the source. The presence of unimodal flux density distributions during these two phases is most likely due to the compactness of the scintillating component and the intrinsic evolution of the source. The existence of unimodality in the flux density distributions associated with specific phases of the source evolution also suggests that changes in the modality are unlikely due to multiple scattering screens. We propose that the physical origin of changes in the modality of the flux density distribution for PKS B1144 − 379 is most likely due to the combination of multiple bright jet features with interstellar scintillation along the line of sight between observer and source. This new approach complements our previous investigations of the temporal evolution of PKS B1144 − 379 that used interstellar scintillation and very long baseline interferometry, and the combination of these techniques provides a crucial starting point for understanding the system.

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Li, Lingzhi, Xuhao Du, Jie Pan, et al. "Distributed Magnetic Flux Density on the Cross-Section of a Transformer Core." Electronics 8, no. 3 (2019): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030297.

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In this paper, the magnetic flux density distribution on the cross-sections of a transformer core is studied. The core for this study consists of two identical U-shaped cores joint at their open surfaces with known air gaps. The magnetic flux density at one of their joint boundary surfaces was measured for different air gaps. A finite element model (FEM) was built to simulate the magnetic flux density and compared with experiment data. Using the validated FEM, the distributed magnetic flux density on the cross-section of the core structure can be obtained when the air gap approaches zero. An engineering model of the density based on the Ampere’s circuit law was also developed and used to explain the relationship between air gap and mean magnetic flux density on the cross-section. The magnetic flux density on the cross-section was found to have a convex-shaped distribution and could be described by an empirical formula. Using this approach, the magnetic flux density distribution in cores with different interlayer insulation was obtained and discussed. This method could also examine the leakage of magnetic flux density in the air gap region when the distance is non-zero, and the relationship between the leakage field and the field in the core structure. The proposed method and model can provide a more detailed understanding for the magnetic field of transformer cores and potential application in designing quiet transformers and condition monitoring.

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Schubnell, M., J. Keller, and A. Imhof. "Flux Density Distribution in the Focal Region of a Solar Concentrator System." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 113, no. 2 (1991): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2929954.

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In high temperature solar energy applications highly concentrating optical systems, such as, e.g., parabolic dishes, achieve typical radiation flux densities >2 MW/m2. In order to investigate thermo and photochemical reactions at temperatures >1500 K and radiation flux densities >2 MW/m2 a solar furnace was built at Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). This furnace is a two-stage concentrator. The first stage is a prefocusing glass heliostat with a focal length of 100 m. The second stage is a highly concentrating parabolic dish with a focal length of 1.93 m. To design experiments to be carried out in the focal region of the parabolic dish, the radiation flux as well as its density distribution have to be known. This distribution is usually measured by radiometric methods. However, these methods are generally rather troublesome because of the high temperatures involved. In this paper we present a simple method to estimate the characteristic features of the radiation flux density distribution in the focal region of a concentrator system. It is well known from solar eclipses that the mean angular diameter of the moon is almost equal to that of the sun (9.1 mrad versus 9.3 mrad). Hence, the lunar disk is well suited to be used as a light source to investigate the flux distribution in a solar furnace. Compared to the sun the flux density is reduced by 4·105 and the flux density distribution can be inspected on a sheet of paper located in the plane of interest, e.g., the focal plane. This distribution was photographed and analyzed by means of an image processing system. The density distribution was also simulated using a Monte Carlo ray tracing program. Based on this comparison, and on further ray tracing computations, we show that the peak flux density decreases from 8.9 MW/m2 in December to values below 4 MW/m2 in June and the net radiation flux from 25 kW to 15 kW, respectively.

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Meng, Jian Bing, Wen Ji Xu, Jing Sun, Xu Yue Wang, and L. J. Wang. "A Study of Jet Characteristics of Plasma Arc under Transverse Alternating Magnetic Field." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1222.

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A theoretical analysis was carried out to investigate the characteristics of plasma arc injected transverse to a transverse-alternating magnetic field. Two mathematical models were developed to describe both the oscillating amplitude of the plasma arc root and the heat flux density distribution of plasma arc on the workpiece surface. The characteristic of plasma arc under the external transverse-alternating magnetic field imposed perpendicular to the plasma current was discussed. The effect of processing parameters, such as working gas flux, arc current, magnetic flux density and the standoff from the nozzle to the workpiece, on the oscillation and heat flux distribution of plasma arc were also analyzed. The results show that it is feasible to adjust the shape and heat flux density of the plasma arc by the transverse alternating magnetic field, which expands the region of plasma arc thermal treatment and uniforms the heat flux density upon the workpiece. Furthermore, the oscillating amplitude of plasma arc decreases, and the heat flux density gradient upon the workpiece increases with decrease of the magnetic flux density. Under the same magnetic flux density, more gas flux and more arc current cause the oscillating amplitude to decrease. The researches have provided a deeper understanding of adjusting of plasma arc characteristics.

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Kubo, T., Y. Yokoyama, Y. Suzuki, and S. Arai. "Critical Current Density Estimated from the Flux Density Distribution in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Polycrystals." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 17, no. 2 (1993): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.17.609.

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Kubo, T., Y. Yokoyama, Y. Suzuki, and S. Arai. "Critical Current Density Estimated from the Flux Density Distribution in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox Polycrystals." IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 9, no. 3 (1994): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1994.4565875.

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LIU, Xing-min, Xiu-mei LI, Ming-gang ZHU, and Wei LI. "Calculation of Flux Density Distribution in Multi-pole Ring." Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International 13 (January 2006): 480–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(08)60234-4.

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Bebs, Th, and W. Roetzel. "Distribution of heat flux density in spiral heat exchangers." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 35, no. 6 (1992): 1331–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0017-9310(92)90026-o.

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Yokoyama, Yuko, Tomoya Kubo, Hitoshi Sakai, Yoshishige Suzuki, and Sadafumi Yoshida. "Flux density distribution in Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox and its critical current." Physica C: Superconductivity 197, no. 1-2 (1992): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4534(92)90241-4.

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Steiner, O. "Distribution of magnetic flux density at the solar surface." Astronomy & Astrophysics 406, no. 3 (2003): 1083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030753.

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Tanabe, Hirotaka, Yui Izumi, Tohru Takamatsu, Jun Shimada, Katsuyuki Kida, and Edson Costa Santos. "Effect of Crack Opening on Distribution of Magnetic Flux Density around Fatigue Cracks." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.20.

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In order to identify the mechanisms of changes in the magnetic flux density distribution around fatigue cracks that occur during crack propagation, JIS SCM440 specimens were fatigue tested, and the relation between crack morphology and magnetic flux density distribution was investigated. Two features were observed: a high intensity area around the crack tip, and a low intensity area around the crack root. The low intensity area grew larger for wide open cracks and disappeared when the crack was closed by external force. It was hence found that the magnetic flux density distribution is strongly affected by the crack opening.

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Yu, Gao Jie, Fei Fei Wu, Hua Li Zuo, and Yan Chen. "Research on the Magnetic Washing-Durability in the Surface of Fabric." Advanced Materials Research 796 (September 2013): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.796.140.

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The magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric sample was measured by use the special instrument of high-precision Tesla measurement, and the distribution of the magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric was presented by the methods of information virtualization. The results of the measurement have showed that the values of the magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric sample, allowing negative value as well as positive value. The magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric has regional and inhomogeneity of the distribution. The experiment has been conducted on washing and chafing to research the varying characteristics of the magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric sample. The results of the experiments shows that the magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric trends to increase firstly in the beginning of washing experiment and then decrease after three times of washing. Generally, fabric loses magnetic after washing 15 times or so. One of the key factors influencing the durability of the magnetic flux density on the surface of magnetic fabric is the content of magnetic fiber in magnetic fabric.

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Joss, Ch, and J. Albrecht. "Magneto-optical studies of flux pinning in high-temperature superconductors." International Journal of Materials Research 93, no. 10 (2002): 1065–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijmr-2002-0182.

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Abstract Quantitative magneto-optical imaging of magnetic flux distributions has developed in a powerful tool for the analysis of the local transport properties of superconductors. It allows a model-independent determination of the current density distribution of thin films and, thus, the local current density through individual defects. Also, local metastable properties are detectable, such as the local electric field distribution E with a high sensitivity down to 10–12 V/m caused by thermally activated flux creep. Based on these tools, in this paper we present a systematic comparison of vortex pinning, vortex movement and current transfer of two kinds of planar defects which are typically present in high-temperature superconducting thin films: low-angle grain boundaries and antiphase boundaries. Special attention is drawn to the local magnetic field dependence of the critical current density and to the spatial distribution of E, giving insight into the collective behavior of vortices at planar defects.

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Jurković, Zvonimir, Bruno Jurišić, and Tomislav Župan. "Multi-Step Approach for Fast Calculation of Magnetic Field in Transformer Tank Shields." Energies 17, no. 6 (2024): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17061378.

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A multi-step approach for the fast calculation of the magnetic field inside transformer tank shields, based on the 2D FEM, is presented in the paper. Due to the limitations of the 2D FEM, the proposed approach utilizes several 2D FEM models and calculates the magnetic field in multiple steps to account for the 3D geometry of the problem. In the first step, a distribution of the magnetic flux density that enters the tank shields is calculated using the quasi-3D model of the transformer. This quasi-3D model is obtained by superimposing the solution of multiple axisymmetric 2D FEM models, and assumes a considerably simplified transformer geometry. To account for the tank shield geometry that is neglected in the quasi-3D FEM model, an additional 2D FEM model with tank shields is introduced. After the distribution of the magnetic flux density that enters the tank shields is calculated, it is imposed in the final 2D FEM model with a non-linear tank shield which is used to calculate the magnetic flux density distribution inside the tank shields. The proposed approach enables a fast calculation of magnetic field distributions, both in the vertical and horizontal directions. The results of the proposed approach are compared against the 3D FEM. The relative error of the maximum magnetic flux density is under 2%, while the NRMSE of the magnetic flux density distribution within the tank shields is under 10%. The key contribution of the proposed approach is a low computation time. In the presented case study, the total computation time of the proposed approach is ~30 s, while the computation time of the 3D FEM is ~1 h. As the computation time is significantly reduced, while the accuracy is acceptable, the proposed approach can be a good alternative to the 3D FEM for design purposes. Therefore, it has industrial value.

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Mujezinović, Adnan, Emir Turajlić, Ajdin Alihodžić, Maja Muftić Dedović, and Nedis Dautbašić. "Calculation of Magnetic Flux Density Harmonics in the Vicinity of Overhead Lines." Electronics 11, no. 4 (2022): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11040512.

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This paper considers the method for the calculation of magnetic flux density in the vicinity of overhead distribution lines which takes into account the higher current harmonics. This method is based on the Biot–Savart law and the complex image method. The considered method calculates the values of the magnetic flux density for each harmonic component of the current separately at all points of interest (usually lateral profile). In this way, it is possible to determine the contributions of individual harmonic components of the current intensity to the total value of magnetic flux density. Based on the contributions of individual harmonic components, the total (resultant) value of the magnetic flux density at points of interest is determined. Validation of the computational method is carried out by comparison of the results obtained by the considered calculation method with measurement results. Furthermore, the application of the calculation method was demonstrated by calculating magnetic flux density harmonics in the vicinity of two overhead distribution lines of typical phase conductor arrangements.

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Lee, Ting-Hui, Sun Kwok, and Jeremy Lim. "Extinction Maps and Dust Distribution of Planetary Nebulae." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 209 (2003): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900208917.

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We present an indirect method to probe the dust distribution in PNe. Using the free-free continuum flux density and Hβ recombination line flux relationship and the Case B Hα/Hβ line ratio, we determined the expected Hα flux from the radio continuum maps. The dust optical depth distribution of each planetary nebula was then derived from the expected to observed Hα flux ratio. With HST WFPC2 and VLA A-array observations, dust optical depth maps with resolution as high as ~ 0.1″ can be obtained.

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Li, Xing, and Zhou Hua Jiang. "Numerical Simulation of Distribution Characteristics of Electromagnetic Field for Round Billet with Mold Electromagnetic Stirring." Advanced Materials Research 1095 (March 2015): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1095.927.

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A three-dimensional mathematical model of mold electromagnetic stirring (M-EMS) for round billet was established. Based on Maxwell’s equations, the distribution of electromagnetic field was solved by ANSYS software. Different process parameters’ influence on magnetic flux density and electromagnetic force (EMF) was studied. The results show that the magnetic flux density reaches the maximum at the stirrer center in the axis direction and increases with the increasing distance from the circle center on the cross section of the stirrer center. The tangential EMF is symmetric about the circle center and reaches the maximum at the edge of round billet. Both the magnetic flux density and the tangential EMF increase with the increasing current intensity. With the increasing current frequency, the magnetic flux density decreases, while the tangential EMF increases in the applied range of current frequency for M-EMS.

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Tian, Peng, Xing Juan Wang, Li Guang Zhu, Yue Kai Xue, Wei Chen, and Wei Tian. "Numerical Simulation of High Frequency Electromagnetic Field in Soft Contact Continuous Casting Mold." Advanced Materials Research 482-484 (February 2012): 1534–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.482-484.1534.

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Based on electromagnetic theory, a billet model electromagnetic continuous casting of physical and mathematical were established. The three-dimensional mold for billet electromagnetic field was calculated by finite element method of ANSYS three-dimensional numerical simulation. Then the distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the crystal was gotten. At the same time, the influence of the power frequency and current strength on the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field were simulated. The result shows that the maximum of the electromagnetic flux density lies in the center of induction coil (steel surface in the center of the coil), and the magnetic flux density gradually reduces along the casting direction; the magnetic flux density increases while the power frequency is increasing; the magnetic flux density increases with the increasing of the current intensity.

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A.Yahya, Khalid, and Oday A.Hussein. "Effects of External Magnetic Field on Focusing and Energy Distribution of Primary Electrons in an Ion Source." Al-Nahrain Journal of Science 27, no. 2 (2024): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.22401/anjs.27.2.10.

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The effect of the applied voltage and magnetic field on the defining slot in focusing and energy distribution of the primary filament electron beam was studied theoretically. In this work, SIMION 8.1 software was used to determine the best operational conditions for focusing and the distribution of the electron beam in the ion source system. Furthermore, the Larmor radius on the slot was calculated in two dimensions for different values of magnetic flux density. The results showed that the values of flux density and slot voltage play an effective role in improving the dimensions of beam spot andenergy distribution in the source. The dimensions of beam spot were reduced by about 71% at voltage value of slot 75 volt and flux density 780 G. In addition; the kinetic energy distribution for electrons were computed at different magnetic flux and obtaining a homogeneous beam energy. The results of this research support the calculations of plasma source designers.

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Ferriere, A., G. P. Rodriguez, and J. A. Sobrino. "Flux Distribution Delivered by a Fresnel Lens Used for Concentrating Solar Energy." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 126, no. 1 (2004): 654–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1638783.

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The flux distribution delivered by a Fresnel lens when concentrating solar energy is characterized. The flux is measured with a Si photo-detector equipped with an integrating sphere. Flux mapping is performed by scanning lines at discrete positions on one plane. The peak concentration is determined as well as the distribution of the flux density in 3-D inside the focal area. Future utilization of this Fresnel lens for solar processing and surface modifications of materials is discussed. The analysis is made on the basis of the optical characteristics of the device and of the results of previous works in the same field. The size of the focus and the peak flux density are key parameters for examining the candidate processing and for discussing the dimensions of the treated components.

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Yokoyama, Yuko, Yoshishige Suzuki, Yuichi Hasumi, et al. "Superconducting Current Density Profiles Estimated from the Flux Density Distribution in YBa2Cu3OxThin Films." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 30, Part 2, No. 11A (1991): L1864—L1867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.30.l1864.

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Esaenwi, Sudum. "Spectral Energy Distribution of Flares in the Variable Star AO Serpentis." Open Access Journal of Astronomy 2, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oaja-16000104.

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Here we report on the flaring variable star AO Ser which was observed with the 0.4m SBIG optical telescope from Las Cumbres Obervatory Global Telescope Network remotely on 25/09/2022. The Spectrometric analysis was carried out with the SIMBAD Digital Sky Survey (DSS) menu from the VizieR GUI on the Aladin Software to obtain flux density, flare energy, flare wavelength and flare frequency. The light curve of AO Ser shows that the source has a strong presence of flares. Hence, we estimated the flare energy, flare wavelength and flare frequency of AO Ser at peak flares so as to deduce its spectral energy distribution. From the spectral energy distribution, the Aladin software automatically estimated the Flare Energy of AO Ser at(as) 1.09 2 e eV − , the Flare flux density of AO Ser F (ν ) at 3.27 1 e Jy + and Flare Flux Energy of AO Ser F (λ ) at 7.55 12 1 2 1 e erg cm m − −− − µ . We conclude that AO Ser is an eclipsing binary variable flaring stars that is losing mass in form of heat.

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Zong, Chenggang, Yemao Shi, Liang Yu, Bowen Liu, and Weidong Huang. "An Integration Model for Flux Density Distribution Formed by a Heliostat." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (2022): 10191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010191.

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An accurate flux density calculation is essential for optimizing and designing solar tower systems. Most of the existing methods introduce multiple assumptions, and the accuracy and scope of the application are limited. This paper proposes an integration model used to calculate the flux density distribution after only applying the Gaussian model for solar brightness distribution. It is the first time that multiple reflections and the influence of the optical error transferred from different planes of the glass mirror are considered in order to build an optical model for the flux density of a heliostat. The reflection from two surfaces of the glass mirror used to form three main parts of beams was considered in the present model, and Fresnel’s equations were applied to calculate the energy of the three parts of reflected rays. An elliptic Gaussian model was applied for the optical error distribution of the heliostat. The model error was evaluated using the experimental data of ten heliostats, and the applicability and accuracy of the model were verified through flux distribution and an intercept factor. The average relative prediction error of the present model from the experimental data was only 2.83%, which is less than SolTrace and other models.

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Xu, Rui Yuan, and Cun Shan Zhang. "The Analysis of Air Gap Flux Density in Permanent Magnet Brushless Motor with External Rotor." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2666–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2666.

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The air gap flux density distribution in different radius of three conditions such as stator iron without slotting, stator iron slotting under no load condition and stator iron slotting under load condition is discussed using the 2-D finite element method. The effect of slotting on the distribution of air gap flux density of permanent magnet brushless motor is also analyzed.

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Petersen, Eric, and Charles Gammie. "Non-thermal models for infrared flares from Sgr A*." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 494, no. 4 (2020): 5923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa826.

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ABSTRACT Recent observations with mm very long baseline interferometry (mm-VLBI) and near-infrared (NIR) interferometry provide mm images and NIR centroid proper motion for Sgr A*. Of particular interest are the NIR flares that have more than an order of magnitude higher flux density than the quiescent state. Here, we model the flares using time-dependent, axisymmetric, general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations with an electron distribution function that includes a small, variable, non-thermal component motivated by magnetic reconnection models. The models simultaneously match the observed mm mean flux density, mm image size, NIR quiescent flux density, NIR flare flux density, and NIR spectral slope. They also provide a better fit to the observed NIR flux density probability density function than previously reported models by reproducing the power-law tail at high flux density, though with some discrepancy at low flux density. Further, our modelled NIR image centroid shows very little movement: centroid excursions of more than 10 μas (the resolution of GRAVITY) are rare and uncorrelated with flux.

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Berkache, Azouaou, Jinyi Lee, Dabin Wang, and Sunbo Sim. "Distribution of Magnetic Flux Density under Stress and Its Application in Nondestructive Testing." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (2022): 7612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157612.

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Carbon steels are commonly used in railroad, shipment, building, and bridge construction. They provide excellent ductility and toughness when exposed to external stresses. They are able to resist stresses and strains effectively, and guarantee safe operation of the devices through nondestructive testing (NDT). The magnetic metal memory (MMM) can be used as an NDT method to measure the residual stress. The ability of carbon steel to produce a magnetic memory effect under stress is explored here, and enables the magnetic flux density to be analyzed. The relationship between stress and magnetic flux density has not been fully presented until now. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relationship between stress distribution and the magnetic flux density measured by the experiment. For this, an experimental method for examining a carbon steel plate (SA 106), based on the four-point loading test, was used. The effect of stresses resulting from the applied loads on the response of the experimented SA 106 specimen was examined. A three directional tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) measurement system was used to collect the triaxial magnetic flux density distribution in the SA 106 specimen. In addition, finite element method (FEM) analyses were performed, and provided information on the direction and distribution of the stress over the studied SA 106 specimen. Indeed, a correlation was derived by comparing the stress analysis by FEM and the measured triaxial magnetic flux density.

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Wojtkun, Joanna, Boleslaw Bródka, and Dorota Stachowiak. "The magnetic flux density distribution in the anisotropic transformer core." Journal of Energy - Energija 68, no. 4 (2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2019684212.

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The paper discusses the magnetic flux density distribution in medium power transformers core. Three-phase transformers are usually made of grain-oriented electrical steel characterized by anisotropy. Core losses, among other things, mainly depend on the grade of material. The selected results of calculation and measurement of no-load losses of medium power transformers have been shown.

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Huang Yongqing, 黄永清. "Distribution of Energy Flux Density in One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals." Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 48, no. 12 (2011): 122301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop48.122301.

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Larionov, G. M., and I. E. Val’tts. "Methanol maser groups and class I emission: Flux density distribution." Astronomy Reports 51, no. 10 (2007): 813–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063772907100058.

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Bish, R. L. "Heat flux density distribution on the electrodes of an arc." Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 47, no. 2 (1989): 379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/qam/998111.

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Golovkov, V. M., T. N. Basina, and M. R. Yakovlev. "Measurement of the photoneutron flux density distribution from cylindrical targets." Soviet Physics Journal 32, no. 9 (1989): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00898197.

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LU, Xianhe, Fengsi WEI, Jianyong LU, and Siqing LIU. "ENERGY FLUX DENSITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE HIGH SPEED SOLAR WIND." Chinese Journal of Space Science 18, no. 2 (1998): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.11728/cjss1998.02.104.

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Yang, Cheng Zhi, and Li Zhou. "The Probability Distribution Modeling of Surface Heat Flux Density on Metal Material." Advanced Materials Research 738 (August 2013): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.738.42.

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In order to get the energy consumption relationship in the heating process of metal material, the probability and statistics law between the temperature distribution and surface heat flux density of heating metal material is established in this paper. Moreover the surface heat flux density distribution of heating metal material is used to associate with its energy consumption. And it builds a new technology method for saving energy control decisions.

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Cha, Younghwan, Myoungsoo Kim, Dahyeouk Lee, Kibo Kim, Seungkook Yang, and Segeun Park. "Optimization of 450mm Wafer Ashing Chamber by Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 1544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.1544.

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Ashing is a photoresist-stripping process using oxygen or hydrogen radicals and is one of key process step in the semiconductor manufacturing processes. Uniform and fast stripping is the key factor in ashing. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics simulation was applied to find conditions for uniform molecular flux over the wafer surface and to optimize the ashing chamber geometry. In particular, the distance between the gas inlet baffle and wafer stage in the 450 mm wafer chamber was determined through inductive inference statistics. To improve the reliability of this simulation, the correlations between the calculated molecular flux distribution and the measured ashing rate distribution over 300 mm wafers were sought first. Effects of the distance between the baffle and wafer stage, wafer stage temperature, and gas flow rate on distributions of molecule flux and velocity, temperature and gas molecule density were calculated. The simulation showed that the density distribution over 450 mm wafer surface was more uniform when the distance between gas inlet baffle and wafer stage was between 35 mm and 60 mm, and that the reactant flux distribution was more uniform when the distance was between 60 mm and 80 mm. Therefore, the distance between the gas inlet baffle and wafer stage was chosen to be 60 mm.

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