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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Distribution of the first significant digit

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Academic literature on the topic 'Distribution of the first significant digit'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 24 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Rodriguez, Ricardo J. "First Significant Digit Patterns From Mixtures of Uniform Distributions." American Statistician 58, no. 1 (2004): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1198/0003130042782.

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Hoare, G. T. Q., and E. E. Wright. "70.5 The Distribution of First Significant Digits." Mathematical Gazette 70, no. 451 (1986): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3615826.

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Fu, Qiuzi, Sofia B. Villas-Boas, and George Judge. "Does china income FSDs follow Benford? A comparison between Chinese income first significant digit distribution with Benford distribution." China Economic Journal 12, no. 1 (2018): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17538963.2018.1477418.

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Hürlimann, Werner. "On the uniform random upper bound family of first significant digit distributions." Journal of Informetrics 9, no. 2 (2015): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2015.02.007.

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Hull, Benjamin, Alexander Long, and Ifan G. Hughes. "Using residual heat maps to visualise Benford’s multi-digit law." European Journal of Physics 43, no. 1 (2021): 015803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6404/ac3671.

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Abstract It has been known for more than a century that, counter to one’s intuition, the frequency of occurrence of the first significant digit in a very large number of numerical data sets is nonuniformly distributed. This result is encapsulated in Benford’s law, which states that the first (and higher) digits follow a logarithmic distribution. An interesting consequence of the counter intuitive nature of Benford’s law is that manipulation of data sets can lead to a change in compliance with the expected distribution—an insight that is exploited in forensic accountancy and financial fraud. In

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Das, Ramesh Chandra, Chandra Sekhar Mishra, and Prabina Rajib. "Detection of Anomalies in Accounting Data Using Benford’s Law: Evidence from India." Journal of Social Science Studies 4, no. 1 (2016): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jsss.v4i1.9873.

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This study uses the financial accounting data to examine if they depart from Benford’s Law. Using large sample of Indian public listed companies, the study conducts an analysis of the “first digit analysis”, “second digit analysis”, and “first two digit analysis “of test variables such as total assets, receivables, fixed assets, property, plant and equipment, inventory, current assets, current liabilities, sales, selling and distribution expenses, cost of goods sold, cash, EBIT, direct tax, indirect tax. The initial results find that most of the variables have significant deviation from Benfor

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Ryder, Peter. "The Relationship Between the Newcomb-Benford Law and the Distribution of Rational Numbers." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 64, no. 9-10 (2009): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2009-9-1012.

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The Newcomb-Benford law, also known as Benford’s law or the first-digit law, applies to many tabulated sets of real-world data. It states that the probability that the first significant digit is n, (n ∈ {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}) is given by log(1+ 1/n). The law has been verified empirically with widely differing data sets. In the present paper it is shown that it does not necessarily follow from the requirement of scale invariance alone, as has been claimed. This condition is necessary, but not sufficient. In addition, it is necessary to consider the properties of certain finite subsets of the set

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Shi, Jing, Marcel Ausloos, and Tingting Zhu. "Benford’s law first significant digit and distribution distances for testing the reliability of financial reports in developing countries." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 492 (February 2018): 878–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.11.017.

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Baryła, Mateusz. "THE FIRST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL DATA OF SELECTED COMPANIES FROM MEDIA SECTOR LISTED ON THE WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE." Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, no. 469 (2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/pn.2017.469.01.

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de Jong, Jurjen, Jos de Bruijne, and Joris De Ridder. "Benford’s law in the Gaia universe." Astronomy & Astrophysics 642 (October 2020): A205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937256.

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Context. Benford’s law states that for scale- and base-invariant data sets covering a wide dynamic range, the distribution of the first significant digit is biased towards low values. This has been shown to be true for wildly different datasets, including financial, geographical, and atomic data. In astronomy, earlier work showed that Benford’s law also holds for distances estimated as the inverse of parallaxes from the ESA HIPPARCOS mission. Aims. We investigate whether Benford’s law still holds for the 1.3 billion parallaxes contained in the second data release of Gaia (Gaia DR2). In contras

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Hofmarcher, Paul, and Kurt Hornik. "First Significant Digits and the Credit Derivative Market during the Financial Crisis." Institute for Statistics and Mathematics, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/606/1/document.pdf.

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In this letter we discuss the Credit Default Swap (CDS) market for European, Indian and US CDS entities during the financial crisis starting in 2007 using empirical First Significant Digit (FSD) distributions. We find out that on a time aggregated level the European and the US market obey empirical FSD distributions similar to the theoretical ones. Surprising differences are observed in the development of the FSD distributions between the US and the European market. While the FSD distribution of the US derivative market behaves nearly constant during the last financial crisis, we find huge flu

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Wong, Stanley Chun Yu. "Testing Benford’s Law with the first two significant digits." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3031.

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Benford’s Law states that the first significant digit for most data is not uniformly distributed. Instead, it follows the distribution: P(d = d1) = log10(1 + 1/d1) for d1 ϵ {1, 2, …, 9}. In 2006, my supervisor, Dr. Mary Lesperance et. al tested the goodness-of-fit of data to Benford’s Law using the first significant digit. Here we extended the research to the first two significant digits by performing several statistical tests – LR-multinomial, LR-decreasing, LR-generalized Benford, LR-Rodriguez, Cramѐr-von Mises Wd2, Ud2, and Ad2 and Pearson’s χ2; and six simultaneous confidence intervals – Q

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Books on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Bagnoli, Carlo, and Eleonora Masiero. L’impresa significante fra tradizione e innovazione. Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-572-8.

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This study explores the idea of a significant business, framing it through the key concepts that define it and illustrating it through a case study that narrates the evolution of a century-old company. Born as an intellectual response to the economic and financial crisis of 2008, the significant business is conceived as an entity capable of enduring over time through the creation of value and its distribution within the community in which it operates. The significant business should be also aware of its own identity and of the need to innovate itself over time considering the synergies and the

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French, Derek. 10. Distributions and maintenance of capital. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815105.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the controls imposed on return of a company’s capital to its members, first by considering the common law general principle that return of capital to shareholders is illegal unless permitted by statute. It then discusses the problem of how to distinguish between a legal distribution of profits and an illegal return of capital; transfer of profits to a capital redemption reserve and use of profits to pay up bonus shares; company’s issuance and redemption of redeemable shares or purchase of its own shares; purchased shares as treasury shares; and how a company may reduce it

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French, Derek, Stephen W. Mayson, and Christopher L. Ryan. 10. Distributions and the maintenance of capital. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198778301.003.0010.

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This chapter examines the controls imposed on return of a company’s capital to its members, first by considering the common law general principle that return of capital to shareholders is illegal unless permitted by statute. It then discusses the problem of how to distinguish between a legal distribution of profits and an illegal return of capital; transfer of profits to a capital redemption reserve and use of profits to pay up bonus shares; company’s issuance and redemption of redeemable shares or purchase of its own shares; purchased shares as treasury shares; and how a company may reduce it

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Anderson, Elizabeth, Ing-Haw Cheng, and Harrison Hong. Philanthropy and Income Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825067.003.0014.

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Bill Gates recently argued that philanthropy by households at the top of the income distribution might help ameliorate income inequality, and that tax policies should take this into account. Much of the research in economics on giving has been focused on middle-income households, so we know very little about the motives for giving by the very rich. We provide some initial evidence on what drives the giving of the richest Americans. First, we extrapolate anthropological evidence on how status concerns might influence philanthropy. Second, since the richest own a significant amount of equity, we

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Darwent, Christyann, and John Darwent. The Enigmatic Choris and Old Whaling Cultures of the Western Arctic. Edited by Max Friesen and Owen Mason. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.22.

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The Choris (750–400 B.C.) and Old Whaling (1150–850 B.C.) cultures are both enigmatic manifestations in the archaeological record in a time of significant cultural “flux” in northwestern Alaskan prehistory. Both cultures represent potential first occurrences in the region—novel lithic assemblage and housing forms (implying the movement of new people into the region) and the possibility of whaling in the case of Old Whaling, and the introduction of pottery and new communal house structures for Choris. However, most of the solid evidence for Choris comes from primarily two locations—Choris Penin

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Jones, Geoffrey. Poisoned Earth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0003.

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The chapter examines green business during the 1960s and 1970, decades of new environmental awareness. In organic food natural beauty, a number of commercially viable green businesses and brands began to be built, and distribution channels created. There was significant innovation in wind and solar energy in the wake of the first oil crises although they remained marginal in the energy industry. Green entrepreneurs still faced huge obstacles finding both capital and consumers. In the case of the capital-intensive solar energy business, the main solution was to sell start-ups to cash-rich oil c

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Fleury, James, Bryan Hikari Hartzheim, and Stephen Mamber, eds. The Franchise Era. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474419222.001.0001.

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As Hollywood shifts towards the digital era, the role of the media franchise has become more prominent. Over a series of essays by a range of international scholars, this edited collection argues that the franchise is now an integral element of American media culture. As such, the collection explores the production, distribution, and marketing of franchises as a historical form of media-making. In particular, the essays analyze the complex industrial practice of managing franchises across interconnected online platforms with a global scope, presenting a network of scholarly texts that critical

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Puthia, Manoj K., and Kevin S. Tan. Blastocystosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0057.

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Blastocystis , the causative agent of blastocystosis, is an intestinal protozoan commonly identified in stool specimens of patients. It is one of the most common parasites inhabiting the human intestinal tract. Clinical symptoms attributed to Blastocystis include recurrent watery diarrhoea, mucous diarrhoea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and flatulence. Blastocystis infects both children and adults and its geographical distribution appears to be global with prevalence ranging from 30 to 50% in developing countries (Stenzel and Boreham 1996).Blastocystis was first described as a distinct organism

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Furtado, Gustavo Procopio. Documentary Filmmaking in Contemporary Brazil. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190867041.001.0001.

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This book examines the vibrant field of documentary filmmaking in Brazil from the transition to democracy in 1985 to the present. Marked by significant efforts toward the democratization of Brazil’s highly unequal society, this period also witnessed the documentary’s rise to unprecedented vitality in quantity, quality, and diversity of production—including polished auteur films as well as rough-hewn collaborative works; films made in major metropolitan regions as well as in remote parts of the Amazon; intimate first-person documentaries as well as films that dive headfirst into struggles for s

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Book chapters on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Mire, Archana, Shaveta Malik, and Srushti Jichkar. "Tampering Localization Using Divergence in First Digit Probability Distribution." In Hybrid Intelligent Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96305-7_53.

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Kim, Chang Hoon, Soonhak Kwon, Chun Pyo Hong, and Hiecheol Kim. "A New Systolic Array for Least Significant Digit First Multiplication in GF(2 m )." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2004. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24767-8_69.

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Qi, Fanyu, Xiaolei Li, Yuntao Shang, et al. "Significance of the Building of National Mineral Deposit Database of China (2020)." In Atlas of Mineral Deposits Distribution in China (2020). Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0972-5_3.

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AbstractData are fundamental strategic resources of a country and are considered as “diamond mines” in the twenty-first century. Xi Jinping, general secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee, has pointed out that big data is the next stage of informatization development and has significant and profound impacts on the economic development, social progress, and people's lives worldwide.

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Grace, Delia, Silvia Alonso, Bernard Bett, et al. "Zoonoses." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0302.

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Abstract This book chapter focuses on zoonoses that are not transmitted primarily through food. Establishing systematic data collection is the first step to manage zoonoses. Management is complicated by heterogeneity: zoonoses may have a significant and debilitating effect on some communities but not on others. Understanding the spatial distribution of the burden of zoonoses is important to better focus control efforts. A significant constraint is the lack of collaboration between medical and veterinary authorities: institutionally speaking, zoonoses typically find themselves homeless and ignored. There is a need for one-health thinking and research to overcome inter-sectoral barriers to effective control of zoonoses.

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Berger, Arno, and Theodore P. Hill. "Introduction." In An Introduction to Benford's Law. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691163062.003.0001.

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This introductory chapter provides an overview of Benford' law. Benford's law, also known as the First-digit or Significant-digit law, is the empirical gem of statistical folklore that in many naturally occurring tables of numerical data, the significant digits are not uniformly distributed as might be expected, but instead follow a particular logarithmic distribution. In its most common formulation, the special case of the first significant (i.e., first non-zero) decimal digit, Benford's law asserts that the leading digit is not equally likely to be any one of the nine possible digits 1, 2, … , 9, but is 1 more than 30 percent of the time, and is 9 less than 5 percent of the time, with the probabilities decreasing monotonically in between. The remainder of the chapter covers the history of Benford' law, empirical evidence, early explanations and mathematical framework of Benford' law.

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Rauch, Bernhard, Max Göttsche, Gernot Brähler, and Stefan Engel. "Measuring the Quality of European Statistics." In Benford's Law. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147611.003.0011.

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This chapter analyzes Greek statistics which are not relevant to government deficit spending and compare the findings with the results of prior research, which had shown a significant deviation from Benford's law of the first digits distribution of Greek financial statistics. The hypothesis here is that the social data set should conform better with Benford's law than the financial data set, as the incentive for manipulation is lower. However, the results in this chapter show that, in contrast to their financial data, the Greek social statistics data have a good fit with Benford's law. The chapter interprets this outcome as a sign for the effectiveness of the Benford test.

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"Benford and the Peculiar Behavior of the First Significant Digit (1938)." In Classic Problems of Probability. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118314340.ch27.

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Oriakhi, Christopher O. "Essential Mathematics." In Chemistry in Quantitative Language. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195367997.003.0005.

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Significant figures are the number of digits in a measured or calculated value that are statistically significant or offer reasonable and reliable information. Significant figures in any measurement usually contain digits that are known with certainty and one digit that is uncertain. To determine the number of significant figures, follow these rules. 1. All nonzero digits (1–9) are significant. For example, 125 has 3 significant figures and 14.44 has 4 significant figures. 2. Leading zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit in the number are not significant. They are only used to fix the position of the decimal. For example: • 0.007 has one significant figure • 0.000105 has 3 significant figures • 0.000000000015 has 2 significant figures 3. Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. For example: • 5.005 has 4 significant figures • 50.05 has 4 significant figures • 500.0000075 has 10 significant figures 4. All zeros to the right of the decimal point in a number greater than 1 are significant. For example: • 25.00 has 4 significant figures • 0.1250 has 4 significant figures • 0.2000 has 4 significant figures 5. Zeros at the end of a number may or may not be significant. They are significant only if there is a decimal point in the number. For example: • 1500 has 2 significant figures • 1500. has 4 significant figures • 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 has 3 significant figures • 404,570,000 has 5 significant figures • 404,590,000. has 9 significant figures Rounding off is a process of eliminating nonsignificant digits from a calculated number. The rules governing rounding off are summarized below: 1. If the nonsignificant digit is less than 5, round it and all digits to its right off. For example, 100.5129 is equal to 100.5 if rounded off to 4 significant figures. 2. If the nonsignificant digit to the right of the last digit to be retained is a 5 followed by zeros, the last digit is increased by one if it is odd, and is left unchanged if it is even. For example, 64.750 is 64.8 to 3 significant digits, but 25.850 is 25.8 to 3 significant figures.

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Lee, Joanne, Wendy K. Tam Cho, and George Judge. "Generalizing Benfordʼs Law." In Benford's Law. Princeton University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691147611.003.0017.

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This chapter examines and searches for evidence of fraud in two clinical data sets from a highly publicized case of scientific misconduct. In this case, data were falsified by Eric Poehlman, a faculty member at the University of Vermont, who pleaded guilty to fabricating more than a decade of data, some connected to federal grants from the National Institutes of Health. Poehlman had authored influential studies on many topics; including obesity, menopause, lipids, and aging. The chapter's classical Benford analysis along with a presentation of a more general class of Benford-like distributions highlights interesting insights into this and similar cases. In addition, this chapter demonstrates how information-theoretic methods and other data-adaptive methods are promising tools for generating benchmark distributions of first significant digits (FSDs) and examining data sets for departures from expectations.

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Osterlind, Steven J. "Probably a Distribution." In The Error of Truth. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198831600.003.0009.

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This chapter is all about Carl Gauss, his life, and his accomplishments, including his work in plotting the orbits for Ceres, which he did while still a teenager and which set his reputation. The chapter tells, too, how and when he invented and used his method of least squares and of his dispute with Legendre on who invented it first. One of his most significant accomplishments is his devising (and proof) of the normal probability density function, or, more familiarly, the standard normal curve. This is described and its import and application to modern times is discussed. Also, there is a brief discussion of biographical events and details of his life, such as his reclusive nature in his hometown of Göttingen, and his caring for his ailing mother and then his first and second wives. Some details of his impact today and lasting accomplishments are also provided.

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Conference papers on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Pasquini, Cecilia, and Giulia Boato. "JPEG compression anti-forensics based on first significant digit distribution." In 2013 IEEE 15th International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmsp.2013.6659339.

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Costa, José Isidio de Freitas, Silvana Karina de Melo Travassos, Tiago de Moura Soeiro, and Josenildo dos Santos. "STATISTICAL ANALYSIS IN DETECTION OF DEVIATION OCCURRENCE IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF FIRST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT OF STATE PUBLIC SPENDING IN RELATION TO THE STANDARD DISTRIBUTION DEFINED IN NEWCOMB-BENFORD'S LAW." In 10th CONTECSI International Conference on Information Systems and Technology Management. TECSI, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5748/9788599693094-10contecsi/rf-92.

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Li, He, Hongxiang Fan, and Jiawei Liang. "Quantum Most-Significant Digit-First Addition." In 2021 12th International Green and Sustainable Computing Conference (IGSC). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igsc54211.2021.9651595.

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Nozawa, Toshiyuki, Makoto Imai, Kenji Mochizuki, and Tadahiro Ohmi. "Eliminating Needless Calculations on Circuit Level: Most-Significant-Digit-First Digit-Serial Processing." In 2000 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2000.e-3-2.

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Kirchner, Matthias, and Sujoy Chakraborty. "A second look at first significant digit histogram restoration." In 2015 IEEE International Workshop on Information Forensics and Security (WIFS). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wifs.2015.7368578.

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Pasquini, Cecilia, Pedro Comesana-Alfaro, Fernando Perez-Gonzalez, and Giulia Boato. "Transportation-theoretic image counterforensics to First Significant Digit histogram forensics." In ICASSP 2014 - 2014 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2014.6854090.

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Ercegovac, M. D., and T. Lang. "Most-significant-digit-first and on-line arithmetic approaches for the design of recursive filters." In Twenty-Third Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, 1989. IEEE, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.1989.1200739.

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McNeal, David, Bassem elHassan, Farid Amirouche, and Mark Gonzalez. "Analysis of Finger Joint Kinematics Before and After MCP Joint Arthroplasty." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-42990.

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The purpose of this study is to assess the kinematical changes in the flexion of the finger joints after MCP arthroplasty. Angular joint position in relation to its corresponding excursion was used to quantify the kinematics of the finger. The assessment used real time data acquisition and fresh-frozen cadaver hands. Several important benchmarks were considered in analyzing the data. First of all, the initiation of the digit was considered. When a tendon is pulled, motion is normally observed in the DIP first, followed by the PIP, and finally the MCP. This order should be maintained after the

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Yin, Hong, Mingfei Li, Zhongran Chi, Jing Ren, and Hongde Jiang. "Effect of Radiative Heat Transfer Factor on the Temperature Distribution of a First Stage Vane." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25711.

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As the advanced heavy-duty gas turbine develops, the turbine inlet temperature and pressure have increased quite significantly to achieve better performance. The flow and heat transfer conditions of hot components including combustor and turbine become even more extreme than ever which need corresponding aerodynamic and cooling design development. The issue of combustor-turbine interaction has been proposed as a complicated research topic. Currently the hot streak, turbulence intensity, swirling flow, radiation are the four important factors for combustor-turbine interaction research according

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Manrique Carrera, Arturo, Philipp Geipel, Anders Larsson, and Rikard Magnusson. "Verification of Single Digit Emission Performance of a 24 MW Gas Turbine: SGT-600 3rd Generation DLE." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63089.

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The SGT-600 3rd generation DLE is a 24 MW industrial gas turbine which was recently upgraded from the SGT-600 2nd generation DLE. The upgraded SGT-600 is an addition to the existing low emissions gas turbine portfolio within Siemens. The objectives of the engine upgrade focused on increasing the lifetime of the components, lowering emissions and improving liquid fuel operation. In order to accomplish these objectives the combustion system was fully replaced, an improved gas fuel distribution was implemented and the first stage of the turbine was replaced. Furthermore, the liquid fuel injection

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Reports on the topic "Distribution of the first significant digit"

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Gage, Anastasia J., and Wamucii Njogu. Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: Ghana/Kenya. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1004.

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Ghana and Kenya were the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa whose governments recognized the potentially detrimental effects of rapid population growth on economic development and, as a result, adopted and implemented national population policies. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice that was prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. These reports provide critical reviews of th

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Ben-Dov, Yair, Douglass R. Miller, G. Gibson, M. Kosztarab, and K. Veilleux. Computerized Synthesis of Information on the Scale Insects of the World. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573991.bard.

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Systematic information on all aspects of agriculture is a significant tool in finding solutions to various problems. This project was initiated to develop a searchable database on taxonomy, host plants, geographic distribution, economic importance and control of scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). A systematic database has been developed for 17 families of scale insects, namely, Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Beesoniidae, Carayonemidae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspididae, Dactylopiidae, Eriococcidae, Halimococcidae, Kerriidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Micrococcidae, Ortheziidae, Phenacoleachiid

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Desai, Sonalde. Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behavior: India. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1003.

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As India prepares for the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), it is clear that the country’s population policy faces a number of serious challenges. Although India was the first country to announce an official family planning program in 1952, its population has grown from 361 million in 1951 to 844 million in 1991. This is one of three reports on the relationship between gender equity, family structure and dynamics, and the achievement of reproductive choice prepared by the Population Council for the 1994 International Year of the Family and the 1994 ICPD. These

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Walsh, Alex. The Contentious Politics of Tunisia’s Natural Resource Management and the Prospects of the Renewable Energy Transition. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.048.

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For many decades in Tunisia, there has been a robust link between natural resource management and contentious national and local politics. These disputes manifest in the form of protests, sit-ins, the disruption of production and distribution and legal suits on the one hand, and corporate and government response using coercive and concessionary measures on the other. Residents of resource-rich areas and their allies protest the inequitable distribution of their local natural wealth and the degradation of their health, land, water, soil and air. They contest a dynamic that tends to bring greate

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Backstrom, Robert, and David Dini. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Systems Summary. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/kylj9621.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ven

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Backstrom, Robert, and David Backstrom. Firefighter Safety and Photovoltaic Installations Research Project. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/viyv4379.

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Under the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Assistance to Firefighter Grant Fire Prevention and Safety Research Program, Underwriters Laboratories examined fire service concerns of photovoltaic (PV) systems. These concerns include firefighter vulnerability to electrical and casualty hazards when mitigating a fire involving photovoltaic (PV) modules systems. The need for this project is significant acknowledging the increasing use of photovoltaic systems, growing at a rate of 30% annually. As a result of greater utilization, traditional firefighter tactics for suppression, ven

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Heinz, Kevin, Itamar Glazer, Moshe Coll, Amanda Chau, and Andrew Chow. Use of multiple biological control agents for control of western flower thrips. United States Department of Agriculture, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613875.bard.

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The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a serious widespread pest of vegetable and ornamental crops worldwide. Chemical control for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on floriculture or vegetable crops can be difficult because this pest has developed resistance to many insecticides and also tends to hide within flowers, buds, and apical meristems. Predatory bugs, predatory mites, and entomopathogenic nematodes are commercially available in both the US and Israel for control of WFT. Predatory bugs, such as Orius species, can suppre

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Wolf, Shmuel, and William J. Lucas. Involvement of the TMV-MP in the Control of Carbon Metabolism and Partitioning in Transgenic Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1999.7570560.bard.

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The function of the 30-kilodalton movement protein (MP) of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is to facilitate cell-to-cell movement of viral progeny in infected plants. Our earlier findings have indicated that this protein has a direct effect on plasmodesmal function. In addition, these studies demonstrated that constitutive expression of the TMV MP gene (under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter) in transgenic tobacco plants significantly affects carbon metabolism in source leaves and alters the biomass distribution between the various plant organs. The long-term goal of the proposed research was t

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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.

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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Grap

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