Dissertations / Theses: 'Distribution of TV rights'

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Bartlik, Martin. "The distribution of air traffic rights /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82653.

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The following thesis deals with the distribution of air traffic rights. Particular reference is made to the situation in the European Union and the changes that might occur in the aftermath of the "open-skies" decision of the European Court of Justice in November 2002.
One major part of the thesis generally analyses different means of distributing limited public right, in order to determine an appropriate method for the allocation of air traffic rights. After a comparison with the telecommunication sector, it is concluded that the most appropriate approach is to conduct a Beauty Contest in the form of a Documentary Hearing. It is suggested that airlines submit their proposals and the regulatory agencies make their choice based on certain criteria.
Subsequently, a glance is taken at the methods for allocating air traffic rights that are currently applied in several countries. It can be seen that all these countries have chosen the same approach, a Beauty Contest, and that they all are facing the same difficulties, which are inconsistency and ambiguity of the distribution procedure.
Furthermore, a short evaluation, whether the General Agreement on Trade in Services has an impact on the allocation of air traffic rights, is undertaken. However, this is denied.
Based on the previous results an own proposal is presented, how air traffic rights could be distributed in a Beauty Contest, while avoiding most of the difficulties encountered by other countries. This proposal concentrates on the situation in the European Union, but could be also applied in other countries.

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Velasquez, Marcel. "Property rights, contracting institutions and the distribution of income." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1961/6993.

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Löytynoja, M. (Mikko). "Digital rights management of audio distribution in mobile networks." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514289378.

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Abstract Nowadays, content is increasingly in digital form and distributed in the Internet. The ease of making perfect copies of the digital content has created a need to develop a means to protect it. Digital rights management (DRM) relates to systems designed to protect the intellectual property rights of the digital content. The DRM systems try to enable a secure distribution of digital content to the users and to prevent the unauthorized copying, usage, and distribution of the content. This is usually done in practice using encryption and digital watermarking techniques. This thesis concentrates on the problem of protecting and distributing multimedia content securely in mobile environment. The research objectives are: (1) to design an overall DRM architecture which allows an easy content distribution to the user in mobile environment; (2) to develop protection methods that can be used in mobile devices with limited computational capabilities to prevent unauthorized usage of the audio content; (3) to create methods for managing and enforcing the user’s rights and restrictions to the content usage; (4) to study a method for providing the users with an easy access to new digital content and services. The research is carried out by first developing an overall DRM platform to mobile environment. The experimental prototype of the platform is implemented on server side to PC environment and the client runs on a mobile phone. The platform is used to test the functionality and complexity of the content protection methods developed which are based on digital watermarking and encryption techniques. The main results of the thesis are: (1) a DRM platform for mobile devices that supports peer-to-peer networking and license negotiation; (2) audio protection methods utilizing digital watermarking and encryption techniques which support content superdistribution and content preview; (3) methods for counting offline how many times content has been played on the user’s terminal using watermarking and hash chains; (4) a method for adding metadata, such as a web link, into audio content, so that it survives digital to analog to digital transformation and recording with a mobile phone.

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Narmania, David. "Rights of local jurisdictions and tax revenue distribution in Georgia." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1876/.

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This paper describes the administrative powers of local jurisdictions in Georgia, emphasizing on the tax competences and the abilities to mobilize other sources of income. Having listed and explained the types of revenues and incomes, the articles continues to show their distribution among administrative levels according to the current tax code. Following a brief overview of the main laws underlying tax regulation, the existing problems of the status quo before 2007 and some perspectives for the immediate future are outlined.

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David, Theodoros P. "Networking Requirements and Solutions for a TV WWW Browser." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36994.

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Most people cannot access the World Wide Web (WWW) and other Internet services because access requires a complex and expensive computer. Moreover, the bandwidth offered to the general public is mostly limited by today's analog modems through standard telephone lines. An inexpensive, easy-to-use Internet/WWW access service, able to handle bandwidth-intensive, multimedia-oriented WWW pages, is currently not available to the general public.

Some concrete proposals, and even completed products, have been provided by the computer and communications industry. Nonetheless, these solutions are either still too expensive and complex or have limited bandwidth. One service that introduces a simple and inexpensive way to access the Internet, while providing high bandwidth, is the IVDS/WWW Browser. Controlled by a central WWW Browser Server, the WWW pages are displayed on a standard television set using an IVDS (Interactive Video and Data Service) Decoder Box, an inexpensive hardware device. The user can access the WWW using a remote control device. This thesis presents the networking requirements and solutions for the IVDS/WWW Browser Server and the IVDS Decoder Box.

Master of Science

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Sundnäs, Hannah. "With new technology come new opportunities? : A study of Swedish TV production companies." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-20878.

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This thesis are investigating production companies in Sweden and how they are working with new technology, such as web TV, mobile TV but also how they handle their business models and if they are working with other financial forms to reach revenue. All the interviewed companies said that they worked with their business models but not to the extent that they should, and this is a side effect to the risk that it might involve. They do work with the new opportunities that are given to them but are afraid to take too big of a risk. The market seems to be on the upswing and they are getting a larger marginal to the distributors and are able to take bigger risk and develop new ways to reach out with their productions.

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Rutter, Chantal Antonia. "Children on e : a qualitative and quantitative study of children's rights on the e-TV News agenda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50295.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Television is a powerful tool in the diffusion of information to the masses. It is therefore influential in the way society perceives and responds to children, and in so doing it has an influence on the provision and protection of children's rights. According to international and locally conducted studies children are not high on the media agenda, are seldom given a voice or status, and if they are, issues around them are mostly formulated by adults. This assignment sets out to determine whether the same conclusion can be drawn from South African free-to-air television station e-TV. In particular it seeks to establish whether e- News has been successful in placing children's rights in on the public agenda or whether it has reported on children in an ad hoc manner. Children's human rights issues have been defined in accordance with the United Nation's Children's Rights Charter and the South African Bill of Rights, which makes specific provision for the child/children. This assignment takes its lead from a Media Monitoring Project study. Like the MMP report this research is conducted within a human rights framework and concedes according to Section 28 (2) of the Constitution that "the child's best interests are of paramount importance in every matter concerning the child". The methodology employed in this assignment, while replicating a Media Monitoring Project study, also employs discourse analysis in the form of interviews and questionnaires conducted with e-News members of staff. The methodology was applied to a sample of 71 stories which included reference to a child or children and which were broadcast on e-News Live at 7 and e-News live at 10 between January and August 2004. In brief it was found that the rights to privacy, dignity and freedom of speech were satisfactorily upheld (as per the Bill of Rights), but that issues about children are mostly sourced by and commented on by adults. Furthermore it was found that children's rights do not form an implicit part of the e-News agenda. Given that a human rights framework is normative for e-News, it is recommended that children's rights be placed in context, that stories challenge stereotypes about children and that e- News should consider appointing 'children's correspondents'.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Televisie is n' kragtige medium vir die verspreiding van inligting na die samelewing. Om hierdie rede speel televisie n' invloedryke rol op die manier waarop mense met kinders omgaan en dus het dit ook n' groot invloed op die voorsiening en berskerming van kinderregte. Volgens internastionale en plaaslike studies is kinders nie hoog op die media se agenda nie. Hulle word selde status verleen en indien wel, word kwessies wat hulle raak, dikwels deur volwassenes geformuleer. Hierdie opdrag wil bepaal of hierdie gevolgtrekking ook spesifiek betrekking het op die televisiestasie, e-TV. Daar word spesifiek gefokus op e-News se agenda met betrekking tot kinderregte en of dit suksesvol genhandhaaf word of nie. Kindreregte-kwessies is gedefineer soos in die Verenigde Nasies se Handves van Kinderrregte en die Suid-Afrikaanse Hanves van Menseregte wat specifiek focus op voorsiening vir kinders. Hierdie opdrag is volg die voorbeeld van n' verslag van die Media Monitoring Project (MMP). Soos die MMP-verslag word hierdie narvorsing binne n' menseregte-raamwerk gedoen en neem ook artikel 28 (2) van die Suid-Afrikaanse Grondwet in ag, wat stipuleer dat die kind se belange van kardinale belang is asook elke aspek wat die kind betrek. Die metodologie wat in hierdie opdrag gebruik word, repliseer tegelykertyd die MMPstudie en maak gebruik van diskoersanalise in die vorm van onderhoude en vraelyste onder e- News personeellede. Hierdie metodologie maak gebruik van n' steekproefvan 71 nuusstories wat verwys na n' kind/kinders wat tussen Januarie en Augustus 2004 op e-News Live om 19hOO uitgesaai is. Ter opsomming is bevind dat privaatheidsregte, waardigheid en vryheid van spraak van kinders bevredigend benader is. Kwessies wat kinders aanraak word egter meer deur volwassenes aangespreek as deur kinders self. Daar is egter ook bevind dat kinderregte nie n' intergrale deel van e-News agenda vorm me. Gegewe dat n' menseregteraamwerk bye-News toegepas word, word dit aanbeveel dat kinderregte binne konteks geplaas word en dat berigte sal streef daarna om stereotypes oor kinders te verander en dat e-News oorweeg om kinderkorrespndente aan te stel.

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Olivier, Jak. "The possibilities provided by subtitling to the SABC TV in the recognition and protection of language rights." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71575.

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The degree to which the SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation) as public broadcaster gives shape to its language policy and language mandate, against the background of an investigation of language rights, establishes the central problem statement of this research.It is widely acknowledged that it is difficult to define the concept of language rights. Although the language-sociological literature associates this concept with minority and cultural rights, it can also be seen as individual rights. According to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, it is clear that language rights should be seen as individual rights that can be exercised within a particular community. Although this dissertation provides an extensive juridical and language sociological explanation of the concept of language rights, the description by Judge Albie Sachs will be used as a working definition for this research. His division between the following four fundamental language rights, viz.: (i) the right to use your language; (ii) the right to develop your language; (iii) the right to be understood and to understand other languages as well as (iv) the right not to be discriminated against because of your language, provides a useful investigation instrument with which the degree to which the SABC-TV acknowledges and protects language rights can be measured.It is found that despite the policy documents on national and corporate level that has equal consideration and treatment of the diverse South African languages in mind, it still happens that the SABC-TV fails to give form to the language rights of individuals that belong to indigenous minority language groups in South Africa. Due to this, the research suggests that the extensive implementation of subtitles, as a form of screen translation that differs from lip synchronised dubbing, can make a significant contribution to the acknowledgement and protection of language rights by the SABC-TV.In addition to a discussion on what subtitles entail, the technical nature and specific parameters thereof, a feasibility study is included within which the affordability of this project for the SABC-TV is indicated. It is found that this form of screen translation is ideal for the South African situation because it is cheaper than both lip synchronised dubbing and the creation of new television programmes, but also because it can effectively be employed in regional broadcasts. Furthermore, the use of bilingual subtitles and pivot subtitles are also alternatives that may be considered. It is essential though that subtitles can indeed contribute to the way in which the SABC, as a public broadcaster, acknowledges and protects the fundamental language rights of the multitude of South Africans that belong to different language communities in South Africa. (Written in Afrikaans)

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Birdyshaw, Edward Leon. "Property rights and the environmental Kuznets' curve /." view abstract or download file of text, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p3147814.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2004.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-96). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

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10

Gert, Johan. "TV-marknaden för sändningsrättigheter kopplade till sportevenemang : En spelteoretisk analys." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-1825.

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Background: Sporting events conveyed by the TV medium affect people and can give many unforgettable experiences. Sport may be synonymous with excitement and drama or just serve as entertainment. Through TV broadcasts from different sporting events, millions of televiewers all over the world have enjoyed athletic feats of extreme top class. TV broadcast sport always attracts a great number of viewers, also in Sweden. The prices of broadcasting rights to sporting events have risen strongly during the last decade, much as a consequence of the increasing competition between different TV companies both internationally and in Sweden. The development of prices is also a result of the monopoly situation which exists in the sales link of broadcasting rights, where the sport organizations and the companies holding the original rights, have learnt to make the most of their market power.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the TV market concerning the broadcasting rights to sporting events. This is done starting from Robert Axelrod's theory of co-operation. The thesis is that different TV companies, through an implicit kind of co-operation, could be able to counteract the monopoly situation, which exists in the retail link of broadcasting rights. This might be done in a way that lowers the price of the rights to a level closer to the marginal cost.

Method: The basis of this paper is mainly Robert Axelrod's theory of co- operation, used in a qualitative study starting from a scientific hermeneutic point of view. The frame of reference is built on an already existing theory applied on a problem, which gives the paper a deductive character. The material has been gathered from literature, newspapers and the Internet completed with interviews with representatives of the studied TV channels on the Swedish market.

Results: The results show that it can be rational for TV channels to co-operate concerning the broadcasting rights of sporting events. An absolute condition for achieving a mutual co-operation is that the discount rate is high enough and that the parties can put aside any possible jealousy. But there are problems if the parties value their own rights considerably less than those of their competitors. If they exploit the opponent and he answers by making a counter defection, the counter defection will not seem deterrent. This makes it more difficult to achieve a mutual co-operation. It is difficult to give a verdict on the opportunities of co-operation on the Swedish market, as we do not know exactly how the parties value the different rights. Listing the rights gives a negative influence on the possibilities of achieving a mutual co-operation between certain TV channels, because it destroys the possibilities of certain channels to retaliate. At the same time the possibility of mutual co-operation increases between the channels which are not involved in the restrictions. This happens because the parties are fewer and it leads to an increased degree of interaction. If co-operation is achieved the prices of the broadcasting rights can be cut down which would reduce the deadweight loss which arises as a result of the monopoly situation in the sales link.

Bakgrund: Sportögonblick förmedlade genom TV-mediet berör och kan ge många oförglömliga upplevelser. Sport kan vara synonymt med spänning och dramatik eller enbart tjäna som underhållning. Genom TV-utsändningar från olika sportevenemang har miljontals tittare världen över kommit i åtnjutande av idrottsprestationer av yttersta världsklass. TV-utsänd sport får ofta höga tittarsiffror, så även i Sverige. Priserna på sändningsrättigheter kopplade till sport har under det senaste decenniet stigit kraftigt, mycket till följd av en allt större konkurrens mellan olika TV-bolag, både internationellt och i Sverige. Prisutvecklingen är också ett resultat av den monopolsituation som finns i försäljningsledet av sändningsrättigheter, där idrottsorganisationer och rättighetsbolag, som äger de ursprungliga rättigheterna, har lärt sig att utnyttja sin marknadsmakt.

Syfte: Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att analysera TV-marknaden när det gäller sändningsrättigheter kopplade till sportevenemang. Detta görs utifrån en spelteoretisk ansats, i form av Robert Axelrods samarbetsteori, som bygger på studier av upprepade spel av fångarnas dilemma. Tesen är att olika TV-bolag genom en implicit form av samarbete, som går ut på att TV-bolagen i framtiden enbart bjuder på de sändningsrättigheter de har idag, skulle kunna motverka de negativa effekter som den monopolsituation som finns i försäljningsledet av sändningsrättigeter genererar, på ett sådant sätt att priset på rättigheterna sjunker till en nivå som ligger närmare marginalkostnaden för produktion.

Metod: Uppsatsen utgår från Robert Axelrods samarbetsteori, som har använts i en kvalitativ studie med ett hermeneutiskt vetenskapsideal som utgångspunkt. Referensramen bygger på redan befintlig teori, som appliceras på en problemställning, vilket gör att uppsatsen är deduktiv till sin karaktär. Material har inhämtats med hjälp av litteratur, tidningar och Internet, och har därtill kompletterats med kortare intervjuer med företrädare för de studerade TV-kanalerna på den svenska marknaden.

Resultat: Resultatet visar att det kan vara rationellt för TV-kanaler att samarbeta när det gäller sändningsrättigheter kopplade till sportevenemang. En absolut förutsättning för att uppnå ömsesidigt samarbete är att diskonteringsfaktorn är tillräckligt hög och att parterna kan lägga eventuell avundsjuka därhän. Men det finns problem, om parterna till exempel värderar sina egna rättigheter betydligt lägre än konkurrenternas. Om de exploaterar motståndaren och denne svarar med ett motavhopp, verkar motavhoppet inte avskräckande. Detta försvårar möjligheterna att uppnå ömsesidigt samarbete. Det är svårt att uttala sig om förutsättningarna för samarbete på den svenska marknaden, då vi inte vet exakt hur parterna värderar olika rättigheter. En listning av rättigheter inverkar negativt på möjligheterna att nå ömsesidigt samarbete mellan vissa TV-kanaler, eftersom den omintetgör vissa kanalers möjligheter att utöva vedergällning. Samtidigt ökar dock möjligheterna till ömsesidigt samarbete mellan de kanaler som inte omfattas av restriktionerna eftersom aktörerna blir färre till antalet, vilket leder till att interaktionsgraden ökar. Om ett samarbete kommer till stånd, kan priserna på rättigheterna pressas, vilket skulle reducera den allokeringsförlust som uppkommer till följd av monopolsituationen i försäljningsledet.

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Ponelienė, Reda. "Vaiko įvaizdis TV reklamoje: teorinės interpretacijos ir vertinimo tendencijos vaiko teisių apsaugos kontekste." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080925_115137-98741.

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Šiandieninė žiniasklaidos (spaudos, radijo, televizijos, interneto) formų gausa aktualizuoja žiniasklaidos vaidmens ir įtakos tyrimus. Vis didesnį poreikį ir reikšmingumą Lietuvoje įgauna moterų, šeimos reprezentacijos Lietuvos žiniasklaidoje tyrimai, kurių objektu tampa suaugusiųjų įvaizdžio reprezentacija žiniasklaidoje, lyties tapatumo, šeimos modelių, socialinės elgsenos aktualizacija ir pateikiamo įvaizdžio įtaka vaikų suvokimui apie kasdienybėje vykstančius reiškinius. Užsienio autorių atlikti vaiko įvaizdžio naudojimo, šeimos reprezentacijos, į vaikus orientuotose reklamose, tyrimai apima stereotipinio mergaičių vaizdavimo problematiką TV reklamoje, semiotinę šeimos vaizdinio vaikams skirtoje reklamoje analizę. Tuo tarpu Lietuvoje panašaus pobūdžio tyrimai, nagrinėjantys vaiko įvaizdžio reprezentaciją TV reklamoje, nėra atliekami. Siekiant atskleisti TV reklamoje pateikiamo vaiko įvaizdžio teorines interpretacijas ir vertinimo tendencijas vaiko teisių apsaugos kontekste, buvo apibendrintos reklamos sampratos bei pobūdžio teorinės prielaidos, išryškintos vaiko teisių ir teisėtų interesų apsaugos TV reklamoje galimybės, atlikta TV reklaminių klipų turinio analizė, leidusi suformuluoti šias išvadas: Lietuvoje sukurta vaiko teisių ir teisėtų interesų apsaugos žiniasklaidoje teisinė bazė yra pakankamai išsami bei atitinka tarptautinių teisės normų reikalavimus, tačiau vis dar skiriamas nepakankamas dėmesys vaiko įvaizdžio reprezentavimui reklamoje, kuomet žiniasklaidos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The variety of contemporary mass-media forms (press, radio, TV, internet etc.) actualizes media’s role and its influence researches. Such approaches as women, family representations within Lithuanian media researches take the main place and meaning that mostly focus on: a) adults’ self-image construction in the media; b) gender identity; c) family models; d) actualization of social behaviour; e) the influence of a given image for the children’s ability to recognize daily routine events. Many researches have been done on using child’s image within TV commercials and the main issues about using typical girlish view and semiotic family’s image, which is dedicated to children, analysis were set. Meanwhile such type of researches that analyzes children’s representations on TV commercials are not systematically organized yet in Lithuania. Thus, trying to reveal some theoretical interpretations and evaluating tendencies of children’s image usage on TV commercials in the context of their rights protection, the conceptions and manners of TV commercial were generalized. Also some possibilities of child’s rights and his/her legal interests’ protection on TV commercial were highlighted as well. Finally, the content analysis of some TV commercials’ clips has helped to make such conclusions as: a) even though the legal base of child rights and his/her interests’ protection within mass-media in Lithuania functions quite well, there is a lack of attention to a child’s image representations... [to full text]

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Eriksson, Jessica. "Introducing IP-TV, impacts and adjustments to the distribution and back-bone network of a network operator." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97074.

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TDC Song has just entered the private market with Internet Access and VoIP services. To stay competitive on the market in the future, the company will be required to offer the customers video- and TV- services and have a complete triple play packet. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to determine which techniques that exist within IPTV, analyze TDC Song’s network and see what actions the company needs to take in network design and network quality in order to distribute a premium packet with up to 50 channels when using Moving Picture Experts Group phase 2 (MPEG-2) to compress the video. A literature study was made to get knowledge about IPTV and the available standards to compress, transmit and display the video. Furthermore, tests were set up and performed in both laboratory and real life network environments. The theoretical study showed that the network should be configured with Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) as the intra-domain routing protocol and Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP) as the inter-domain protocol to connect the PIM-SM domains together. The switches that can handle layer 3 routing should also be configured with PIM-SM and the other switches should use Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping to enhance their performance. In the laboratory tests the Extreme Summit48i switch couldn’t act as Rendezvous Point (RP), but has no problem with handling multicast traffic up to 1 Gbps. No multicast traffic ought to be transmitted in the parts of the network where the Cisco routers 7206 and 3640 are situated, since their performance decrease and they will drop packets. The downlink speed from the network to the Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAMs) should be upgraded from 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps to be able to handle the IPTV, VoIP and Internet traffic with as little congestion as possible. A buffer in the Set-Top Box should be enough to eliminate any jitter the network may cause. To be able to handle packet losses and the limited bandwidth, the network should be designed with a separate VLAN per service. This will make it possible for the company to prioritize IPTV by using VLAN tags to give Quality of Service.

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Sedláček, Jan. "Program pro návrh společných TV kabelových rozvodů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-218594.

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The main task of this master’s thesis is to create an interactive computer programme for the design of small and medium television cable circuits. The first part of this document describes main conceptions of a modification and a distribution of television signals. There are also introduced basic topologies of small and medium sized distribution networks, some passive and active elements in the circuit including their usage. There is also described an algorithm for calculation of circuit’s values. The second part contains a detailed description of created programme with all of its functions. A part of this document is made by a sample calculation of the four variants of circuit and its comparison with computer calculation. In suplement are included selected parts of source code.

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Jennehag, Ulf. "Bandwidth Efficient IPTV Distribution : On Error Resilience and Fast Channel Change." Doctoral thesis, Sundsvall : Mittuniversitetet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-52.

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Olivier, Jacobus Alwyn Kruger. "Die moontlikhede wat onderskrifte die SABC-TV bied in die erkenning en beskerming van taalregte / Jacobus Alwyn Kruger Olivier." Thesis, North-West University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2417.

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Tran, Quoc Trung. "Trois essais de la politique de distribution de dividendes." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL20006/document.

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La première rédaction enquête sur la politique de dividende récemment établie sur le marché boursier vietnamien et expérimente les périodes condensées de forte croissance et chute brutale avec une approche en deux étapes. Les résultats de la recherche montrent : (1) Les investisseurs sont d’avantage expropriés dans les entreprises dont la part de détention d’actions des initiés est plus élevée ; (2) Les investisseurs tendent à percevoir le versement de plus faibles dividendes comme un signal relatif à la rentabilité espérée dès lors que l’asymétrie d’information est réduite ; (3) Les investisseurs dans les entreprises contrôlées par l’Etat sont plus enclins à recevoir des dividendes que celles qui ne le sont pas. La seconde rédaction pose que le marché vietnamien des actions est un laboratoire prometteur pour enquêter sur le comportement des cours de marché le jour du Exdividende. Les résultats des recherches suggèrent que les investisseurs du marché boursiervietnamien sont indifférents à l’écart dans l’application de taxe sur les revenus des dividendes. Ils cherchent à capter des dividendes s’ils trouvent des opportunités de profit. Par conséquent, les investisseurs achètent des actions le jour du Cum-dividende et les vendent le Ex-dividende pour exploiter les opportunités de profit générées par le paiement de dividendes. La dernière rédaction examine les effets des droits des actionnaires et des créanciers sur la politique de dividende lorsqueles frais de représentation des actionnaires et des créances tendent à augmenter. Ses découvertes indiquent que les actionnaires et les créanciers sont plus souvent expropriés et l’augmentation des expropriations des créanciers (actionnaires) est plus élevée si les actionnaires (créanciers) sont fortement protégées par la réglementation
The first essay investigates dividend policy in Vietnamese stock market which is newly established and experiences short booming and crashing periods with a two-step approach. The research findings show: (1) investors are expropriated more in firms with higher insider ownership; (2) Investors tend to receive smaller dividends paid as a signal of expected profitability when information asymmetry is lower; (3) investors in state-controlled firms are more likely to receive dividends than those in non-state-controlled firms. The second essay posits that Vietnamese stock market is a promising laboratory to investigate stock price behavior on ex-dividend day. The research results imply that investors in Vietnamese stock market is indifferent to the difference in tax treatment of capital gains to dividends, they try to capture dividends if they find profit opportunities. Therefore, investors buy stocks on the cum-dividend day and sell them on the exdividend to exploit profit opportunities created by dividend payment. The third essay examines the effects of shareholder rights and creditor rights on dividend policy when agency costs of shareholders and creditors tend to increase. Its findings indicate that are more expropriated and theincrease in the expropriation of creditors (shareholders) is higher if shareholders (creditors) are protected strongly by law

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Hahlin, Sanna. ""This is my father and he's a woman" : En undersökning av framställningar av transpersoner i tv-serierna Orange Is the New Black och Transparent." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för kultur- och medievetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-134684.

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The purpose of this essay is to examine how transgender people are represented in modern day popular fiction. To do this, I have analyzed two tv-programmes, Orange Is the New Black and Transparent. To do this, I have used thematic analysis as well as analyzed the images produced within the programs. The theories that I base my analysis on is largely based on the theories of representation as coined by Stuart Hall as well as queer theory and Judith Butler’s take on gender. I find that they share many common themes such as the process of “coming out” and a clear focus on what transgender peoples’ bodies look like and how they interact with gender. It is mainly trans women who are the subject of fictional movies and tv-programmes and this is perhaps because they are believed to be more approachable and hu-morous than other transgender people. The key to representation is variation and overlook-ing the fact that trans women are somewhat overrepresented, Orange Is the New Black and Transparent portray transgender people in a realistic and intersectional fashion.

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18

Halldén, Max. "Statistical Multiplexing of Video for Fixed Bandwidth Distribution : A multi-codec implementation and evaluation using a high-level media processing library." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Informationskodning, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-150023.

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When distributing multiple TV programs on a fixed bandwidth channel, the bit rate of each video stream is often constant. Since video sent at a constant quality is typically wildly varying, this is a very unoptimal solution. By instead sharing the total bit rate among all programs, the video quality can be increased by allocating bit rate where it is needed. This thesis explores the statistical multiplexing problem for a specific hardware platform with the limitations and advantages of that platform. A solution for statistical multiplexing is proposed and evaluated using the major codecs used for TV distribution today. The main advantage of the statistical multiplexer is a lot more even quality and a higher minimum quality achieved across all streams. While the solution will need a faster method for bit rate approximation for a more practical solution in terms of performance, the solution is shown to work as intended.

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Valim, Michael Alessandro Figueira. "Os direitos humanos na tela da TV: o direito humano à comunicação, a defesa e a promoção dos direitos humanos na televisão pública." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5885.

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This work is the result of research undertaken in the Programa de Pós- Graduação Interdisciplinar em Direitos Humanos da Universidade Federal de Goiás, master's level, and has as a research subject to Brazilian legislation on images and sound broadcasting and Public Policy for Human rights in Brazil. The overall objective of the research is to identify what are the regulatory provisions and recommendations of the Brazilian legislation for the operation of television stations that integrate the system of public broadcasting of images and sounds. In this sense the research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the normative legal provisions and present recommendations on the Brazilian legislation on broadcasting and the Public Policies for Human Rights in Brazil to operate the stations that make up the public broadcasting system sounds and projected images in Article 223 of the Federal Constitution of 1988? These regulations and recommendations are focused on the communication security as a fundamental human right and the defense and promotion of human rights in Brazil in the field of broadcasting? To answer such questions, the work will hold: 1) an analysis of the legislation on broadcasting images and sounds that comprise the laws and decrees promulgated on the broadcasting of images and sounds between the years 1931 and 2014; and 2) an analysis of Public Policies for Human Rights in Brazil, which will deal with the National Human Rights Plans 1996, 2002 and 2009, the World Programme of Education for Human Rights of 2005 and the National Plan of Education on Human Rights 2007. Before that, in order to support the above-mentioned analysis, the study will conduct a literature review of authors from different fields of knowledge with the specific objectives of: 1) understand the communication as a fundamental condition for ensuring the dignity and human rights from the concept of law in other authors as Arendt, Lyotard, Chauí, Ruiz Santos, among others; and 2) understand the communication as the foundation of social and an essential human right today and the role of mass media, especially television, from systems thinking thought Niklas Luhmann. Thus, the study aims to contribute to the interdisciplinary field of studies and research on Human Rights to seek to reflect on the important role that public television can and should play in ensuring communication and information as a human right and the promotion and defense of rights humans in Brazil.
O presente trabalho é resultado de pesquisa empreendida no âmbito do Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Direitos Humanos da Universidade Federal de Goiás, nível mestrado, e tem como objeto de pesquisa a legislação brasileira sobre radiodifusão de imagens e sons e as Políticas Públicas para os Direitos Humanos no Brasil. O objetivo geral da pesquisa é o de identificar quais são as disposições normativas e recomendações da legislação brasileira para a atuação das emissoras de televisão que integram o sistema público de radiodifusão de imagens e sons. Nesse sentido a pesquisa procura responder as seguintes questões: quais são as disposições normativas e recomendações legais presentes na legislação brasileira sobre radiodifusão e nas Políticas Públicas para os Direitos Humanos no Brasil para atuação das emissoras que compõem o sistema público de radiodifusão de sons e imagens previsto no Artigo 223 da Constituição Federal de 1988? Essas normativas e recomendações estão voltadas para a garantia da comunicação como um direito humano fundamental e para a defesa e promoção dos direitos humanos no Brasil no campo da radiodifusão? Para responder a tais questões, o trabalho realizará: 1) uma análise da legislação sobre radiodifusão de imagens e sons que compreenderá as leis e decretos promulgados sobre a radiodifusão de imagens e sons entre os anos de 1931 e 2014; e 2) uma análise das Políticas Públicas para os Direitos Humanos no Brasil que abarcará os Planos Nacionais de Direitos Humanos de 1996, 2002 e 2009, o Programa Mundial de Educação para os Direitos Humanos de 2005 e o Plano Nacional de Educação em Direitos Humanos de 2007. Antes, porém, a fim de subsidiar as análises acima citadas, o estudo realizará uma revisão bibliográfica de autores de diferentes campos do conhecimento com os objetivos específicos de: 1) entender a comunicação como condição fundamental para a garantia da dignidade e dos direitos humanos a partir do conceito de direito do outro em autores como: Arendt, Lyotard, Chauí, Ruiz, Santos, entre outros; e 2) entender a comunicação como fundamento do social e um direito humano essencial na atualidade, bem como a função dos meios de comunicação de massa, em especial da televisão, a partir do pensamento sistêmico de pensamento de Niklas Luhmann. Desse modo, o estudo visa contribuir para o campo interdisciplinar dos estudos e pesquisas em Direitos Humanos ao procurar refletir sobre o importante papel que a televisão pública pode e deve desempenhar na garantia da comunicação e informação como um direito humano e na promoção e defesa dos direitos humanos no Brasil.

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20

Hughes, J. Jerome (Jermaine Jerome). "Asset sharing and stakeholder arrangements : human capital investments, the distribution of powers, and the role of property rights and economic institutions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/88362.

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Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2014.
Page 74 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 49-59).
Theories of human capital investment, which emphasize encouraging and protecting investments in human capital, have become salient in rationalizing the adoption of firm asset-sharing and employee stakeholder arrangements, such as Employee Stock Ownership Plans. Yet, mechanisms such as bargaining power have also been a key part of the literature on employee and firm bargaining outcomes. Part of the puzzle with bargaining power as an explanation is that not all forms of bargaining power significantly explain the adoption of firm asset sharing and employee stakeholder arrangements. In order to provide an improved explanation for the adoption of these arrangements, we utilize distributive conceptions of property rights and economic institutions to highlight how power is allocated, segmented, and distributed by economic institutions and, thus, impacts firm asset sharing and employee stakeholder arrangements.
by J. Jerome Hughes.
S.M. in Management Research

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21

Majek, Dee. "Webtelevision, Webseries and Webcasting : Case studies in the organization and distribution of televisionstyle content produced online." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för mediestudier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-80172.

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This thesis outlines the structure and functionality of a selection of webseries, webshows, and eSports casting examples, in order to add to the discourse on online video. Webtelevision, or Web TV production, distribution, and financing systems will be detailed in the case studies made; and industry actors such as entrepreneurs, independents, corporations and conglomerates will be discussed and identified. Who are the producers, the advertisers, the distribution platforms, the sponsors, the rights holders, and how do they interact? In exploring the structure of some examples of Web TV, I wish to debunk the online-amateur association as an inaccurate or insufficient description which permeates much prior academic study on online video. Webshow content, business strategies, legal and copyright issues, as well as fan culture aspects will also be investigated; and in regards to eSports, the question of televised as opposed to streamcast tournaments will be examined.

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22

Švedas, Pranas. "Criminal Liability for Illegal Reproduction of Literary, Scientific, Artistic Work or Object of Related Rights, Distribution, Transportation or Storage of Illegal Copies Thereof." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120118_131030-35649.

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The dissertation analyses criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific, artistic work or object of related rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof. Conception and attributes of intellectual property, evolution of laws of intellectual property in the world and in Lithuania and legal sources which provides criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific or artistic work or object of neighboring rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof are examined in the dissertation. The dissertation also discusses the elements of crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, examines interpretation and application of Article 192 of the Criminal Code and distinguishes crimes prohibited in Article 192 from administrative offences. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses criminal legal consequences threatening the offender who commits crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code: sanctions according to Article 192 of the Criminal Code and confiscation of property. At the end of the dissertation a new wording of Article 192 and a new Article 1921 of the Criminal Code is proposed.
Disertacijoje analizuojama baudžiamoji atsakomybė už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą. Disertacijoje aptariami intelektinės nuosavybės samprata ir požymiai, įstatymų, reglamentuojančių intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugą, raida pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje bei teisiniai šaltiniai, numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą, ir jų ypatumai. Disertacijoje atskleidžiami BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų objektas ir dalykas, nusikaltimų objektyvioji pusė, subjektas ir nusikaltimų subjektyvioji pusė, be to, aptariamas BK 192 straipsnio interpretavimas ir taikymas bei BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų atribojimas nuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų. Taip pat disertacijoje aptariami baudžiamieji teisiniai padariniai, gresiantys asmeniui, padariusiam BK 192 straipsnyje numatytus nusikaltimus, – bausmės pagal BK 192 straipsnį ir turto konfiskavimas. Disertacijos pabaigoje pateikiamas pasiūlymas dėl naujos BK 192 straipsnio redakcijos ir naujo BK 1921 straipsnio.

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23

Lindblom, Petersson Malin. "REDD+ : A case study of the challenges weak land rights in Indonesia pose for equitable distribution of benefits from activities to mitigate climate change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-274185.

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Silverston, Thomas. "Peer-to-Peer video live streaming : measurement experiments and traffic analysis." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066303.

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L'Internet est en train de connaître l'un de ses plus importants bouleversements en termes de distribution de contenu depuis qu'il est utilisé comme support de diffusion : les utilisateurs jusqu'alors passifs récepteurs de contenu deviennent producteurs de contenus. Suite à ce changement, l'architecture de diffusion de contenu de l'Internet évolue également passant du modèle classique client/serveur au modèle pair-à-pair (P2P). Pour les nouveaux services de diffusion de contenu qui visent un grand nombre de récepteurs sur l'Internet, il y a des inquiétudes concernant leur aptitude à transmettre les contenus à large échelle à des millions d'utilisateurs en même temps. C'est typiquement le cas pour le service de diffusion de télévision sur l'Internet. La diffusion de télévision sur l'Internet via une architecture pair-à-pair (P2P-TV) est devenu un sujet de recherche important puisque l'on s'attend à ce que ces applications soient massivement utilisées sur l'Internet. Ainsi, il y a eu de nombreuses propositions d'architectures P2P-TV mais aucune d'entre elles n'a réellement été implémentée ni même déployée. Dans le même temps, des applications P2P-TV commerciales sont apparues sur l'Internet (PPLive, SOPCast) et sont devenues de plus en plus populaire. Bien que ces applications soient disponibles sur l'Internet, elles sont propriétaires et leur code source n'est pas ouvert : les détails d'implémentation ainsi que les protocoles qu'elles utilisent sont complètement inconnus. Il y a un manque total de connaissance de ces applications, aussi bien d'un point de vue architectural, que du point de vue de leurs mécanismes ou du trafic qu'elles génèrent. Dans cette thèse, afin de combler l'écart entre les propositions d'architectures et les applications commerciales, nous avons étudié les applications P2P-TV en effectuant d'importantes expériences de mesures. Nous avons mesuré passivement le trafic réseau généré par les applications P2P-TV les plus populaires. Nous présentons donc une étude détaillée du trafic P2P-TV, fournissant des résultats utiles à la fois sur les propriétés de niveau paquet et transport du trafic que sur le comportement des pairs dans le réseau. Ces expériences de mesures et analyses de trafic sont utiles pour comprendre les technologies P2P-TV utilisées, identifier ce type de trafic, évaluer son impact sur le réseau et permettre l'élaboration de modèles plus réalistes pour les simulations. Afin d'étendre la portée de notre étude, nous avons effectué une seconde campagne de mesure à plus large échelle entre le Japon et la France afin de mieux caractériser les réseaux P2P-TV mesurés. Grâce à cette nouvelle expérience, nous étudions l'organisation globale des pairs dans le réseau, la quantité de trafic échangé et le niveau de collaboration des pairs. Nous nous intéressons également à la distance entre les pairs et à la situation géographique des utilisateurs.

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Santos, Anderson Mathias Dias. "A difusão de representações sociais dos direitos humanos pelo jornal nacional." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/6965.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Several researches have shown the role of the press, especially television, to form and diffuse social representations and the importance of TV news as a source of information about human rights. In the present study, we analyzed the social representations of human rights diffused by the TV news program with the largest audience in Brazil Jornal Nacional. We aimed to verify: what human rights were diffused by the Jornal Nacional; how the rights were clustered; the differences in Jornal Nacional s coverage according to the class of human rights and; if there was variability on defense of the human rights according the kind of right. The sample consisted of 277 news and reports from 54 consecutive editions of Jornal Nacional between 04/16/2012 and 06/16/2012. A total of 1022 news and reports, were selected from the Jornal Nacional s website, containing contents of Human Rights, with the exception of international, sports and politics reports. After preparing the corpus, this was examined by Alceste software. Among the results we observed clustering of the sample into four classes: Crimes against Individual Rights, corresponding to 31% of UCEs selected and included the right to life, against the violation of the body and safety. This class mainly emphasized the violation of individual rights. It was characteristic of the coverage of these events using short and decontextualized news; Economic Aspects of Rights which corresponded to 33 % of the UCEs selected and included the rights to the environment, labor and consumer. Were characteristics of this class using the economic argument as a form of awareness and using the statistics. The main approach in this class was use short news followed by an explicative report; Rights relating to Transit with 24% of the UCEs selected and included the rights of traffic safety, public transportation and strikes. The covers of this class are characterized mainly by the criticism of rights violations in the case of the right of traffic safety. The right to public transportation, the criticism was about disorders caused by strikes by employees of public transport companies in several cities in Brazil and disorders; Rights of Protection against Disasters, which amounts to 12 % of the UCEs selected, includes news and reports about tragedies, notably, drought in the northeast of Brazil and floods in Amazon. In both tragedies, the focus was on the suffering of residents of such tragedies. The type of coverage in this class ranged between detailed reports and news followed by reports. Through the literature on the theory of social representations, human rights and media, we discussed the differences presented by television news coverage according to the classes of rights, promotion of consensual rights and avoidance of the controversial, the use of experts on topics related to the economy and the appeal to the suffering of disaster victims.
Diversas pesquisas têm mostrado o papel da imprensa, e particularmente da televisão, na formação e difusão de Representações Sociais. Em relação à televisão, tem sido destacada a importância dos telejornais como fonte de informação sobre os Direitos Humanos. No presente trabalho analisaram-se as representações sociais dos Direitos Humanos difundidas pelo telejornal de maior audiência no Brasil Jornal Nacional. Nesta análise, buscou-se verificar: 1) quais Direitos Humanos eram veiculados pelo Jornal Nacional; 2) qual a forma como esses direitos eram veiculados; 3) como os direitos se agrupavam no discurso jornalístico; 4) possíveis diferenças na cobertura do telejornal de acordo com os tipos de direitos veiculados e; 5) se havia defesa dos direitos veiculados e a quais direitos esses posicionamentos aparecem relacionados. A amostra foi composta por 277 notícias e reportagens referentes aos Direitos Humanos, provenientes de 54 edições consecutivas do Jornal Nacional veiculadas entre 16/04/2012 e 16/06/2012. Na amostra não constaram reportagens internacionais, sobre esportes e política. O corpus constituído foi analisado por meio do software Alceste. Dentre os resultados foi possível verificar que o conteúdo da amostra agrupava-se em quatro classes: Crimes contra os Direitos Individuais, Aspectos Econômicos dos Direitos, Direitos relativos ao Trânsito e Direito a Proteção diante de Catástrofes. A classe dos Crimes contra os Direitos Individuais (31% das UCEs selecionadas) incluiu o direito à vida, contra a violação do corpo e segurança pública. Nesta classe, foi enfatizada principalmente a violação dos direitos individuais; foi característica da cobertura desses direitos o uso da notícia curta e descontextualizada e, em geral, não se verificou a defesa dos direitos violados. A classe Aspectos Econômicos dos Direitos (33%) incluiu os direitos ao meio-ambiente, trabalhistas e do consumidor. Foram características desta classe o uso do argumento econômico como forma de conscientização e o uso de estatísticas; a principal abordagem nesta classe foi a que englobava a notícia seguida de uma reportagem esclarecedora e, em geral, verificou-se a defesa dos direitos veiculados. A classe dos Direitos relativos ao Trânsito (24%) incluiu os direitos de segurança no trânsito, transporte público e greve. A forma de cobertura típica desta classe foram as reportagens longas e contextualizadas; verificou-se, nesta classe, a defesa dos direitos de segurança no trânsito e transporte público e a crítica ao direito de greve; por fim, a classe do Direito a Proteção diante de Catástrofes (12%) incluiu notícias e reportagens acerca de tragédias, notadamente, a seca no Nordeste e enchentes no Amazonas. O tipo de cobertura variou nesta classe entre as reportagens e as notícias seguidas das reportagens; o foco se concentrou no sofrimento dos moradores diante das tragédias e não se verificou a defesa dos direitos desses moradores. Por meio da literatura acerca da Teoria das Representações Sociais, dos Direitos Humanos e da Mídia discutem-se as diferenças apresentadas pelo Jornal Nacional na forma de cobertura de acordo com as classes de direitos sendo os direitos consensuais promovidos e os polêmicos evitados. Discute-se também o uso de especialistas nos temas ligados à economia e o apelo ao sofrimento das vítimas de catástrofes.

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Geffroy, Anne-Gaëlle. "Splendeurs et misères des DRMs dans la distribution de musique en ligne : une analyse économique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005216.

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Les Digital Rights Management systems (DRMs) sont des outils privés de protection contre les copies non autorisées et de versionnage des biens culturels numériques. Leur protection légale a constitué l'adaptation principale du copyright et du droit d'auteur dans l'environnement numérique. Dans cette thèse, nous décrivons tout d'abord de façon détaillée l'histoire économique, technologique et juridique des DRMs et de la distribution de musique en ligne aux Etats-Unis et en France, jusqu'au mois de janvier 2009. Cet historique nous permet de mettre en lumière l'évolution surprenante des DRMs dans la distribution de musique en ligne, portés aux nues avant d'être décriés, à la fois comme outils de protection contre la copie, comme outils de versionnage et comme outils juridiques. Nous examinons, selon trois démarches analytiques distinctes, la logique économique de l'utilisation par les maisons de disques des DRMs comme outils de protection contre la copie, puis comme outils de versionnage et, enfin, la logique économique du choix juridique de la protection légale des DRMs comme adaptation principale du copyright et du droit d'auteur dans l'environnement numérique.

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Berger, Arne, Maximilian Eibl, Stephan Heinich, Robert Knauf, Jens Kürsten, Albrecht Kurze, Markus Rickert, and Marc Ritter. "Schlussbericht zum InnoProfile Forschungsvorhaben sachsMedia - Cooperative Producing, Storage, Retrieval, and Distribution of Audiovisual Media (FKZ: 03IP608)." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-96922.

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In den letzten 20 Jahren haben sich in Sachsen mit ca. 60 Sendern die meisten privaten regionalen Fernsehsender der Bundesrepublik etabliert. Diese übernehmen dabei oft Aufgaben der Informationsversorgung, denen die öffentlich-rechtlichen Sender nur unzureichend nachkommen. Das InnoProfile Forschungsvorhaben sachsMedia fokussierte auf die existentielle und facettenreiche Umbruchschwelle kleiner und mittelständischer Unternehmen aus dem Bereich der regionalen Medienverbreitung. Besonders kritisch für die Medienbranche war der Übergang von analoger zu digitaler Fernsehausstrahlung im Jahr 2010. Die Forschungsinitiative sachsMedia nahm sich der zugrundeliegenden Problematiken an und bearbeitete grundlegende Forschungsfragen in den beiden Themenkomplexen Annotation & Retrieval und Mediendistribution. Der vorliegende Forschungsbericht fasst die erreichten Ergebnisse zusammen.

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Rocha, Edson Gomes da. "Netflix o próximo passo da evolução televisiva." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19348.

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Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-18T11:35:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Augusto de Oliveira Ramos.pdf: 4385963 bytes, checksum: 2f3c319e5e8683bc29abfb9359b1a73f (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T11:35:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reinaldo Augusto de Oliveira Ramos.pdf: 4385963 bytes, checksum: 2f3c319e5e8683bc29abfb9359b1a73f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-19
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
This research aims to examine and analyze the evolution of the concept of linear television in the digital age and the impact that Netflix TV is provoking with Internet distribution of audiovisual content for streaming services. It intends to check how digital technology changes the transmission and distribution of video services, transforming the relationship between consumers and the traditional television industry. In this new paradigm, we have to understand how this mediation is transforming the experience and the perception of its subscribers, when media are understood as “extensions” of the body, taking also in consideration that hybridization or cross media completely changes the landscape of media industries, at times causing the extinction of these media, as in the case of the telegraph, and more recently of the music industry. Netflix took advantage of the opportunities of this new scenario, providing content in almost every screen. The television industry was slow to move in that direction. In this new scenario, we are witnessing the clash between the analog old TVs, cable and open, and new internetTVs, with Netflix as its greatest exponent and a present threat to the old linear programming model. The conclusion suggests a scenario for the emerging television and possible ways of development for this sector. Authors such as Henry Jenkins (2008), Amanda Lotz (2014), Chris Anderson (2006; 2009), Marshall McLuhan (1964/2005) e Lucia Santaella (2007) are the basis of the theoretical framework
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo de pesquisa examinar e analisar a evolução do conceito de televisão linear na era digital e o impacto produzido pelo serviço Netflix, “televisão por internet”, que distribui conteúdo audiovisual por streaming. Pretende verificar como as mudanças tecnológicas digitais de transmissão e distribuição de conteúdo televisivo vêm transformando as relações entre consumidores e a indústria de televisão tradicional. Sendo este um novo paradigma, trata-se de compreender: (a) como essa mediação vem modificando a experiência e a percepção de seus assinantes e usuários, na medida em que os novos serviços funcionam como “extensões” do próprio corpo; (b) como a hibridização ou cruzamento dos meios muda completamente o panorama das indústrias de mídia, por vezes causando até mesmo sua extinção, como ocorreu com o telégrafo e, mais recentemente, com a indústria fonográfica. A Netflix aproveitou as oportunidades desse novo cenário para disponibilizar seu conteúdo em praticamente todas as telas. Já a indústria de televisão demorou a se movimentar nessa direção. Com esse novo panorama, estamos presenciando o embate entre as antigas tevês analógicas, a cabo e aberta, e as novas tevês por internet, que têm na Netflix seu maior expoente, surgindo como ameaça ao antigo modelo de programação linear. Por fim, discute o cenário para onde caminha a emergente televisão, além das possibilidades de desenvolvimento para esse setor. Autores como Henry Jenkins (2008), Amanda Lotz (2014), Chris Anderson (2006; 2009), Marshall McLuhan (1964/2005) e Lucia Santaella (2007) são utilizados como referencial teórico

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Johnston, Sarah. ""Won't somebody think of the children?" : the discursive construction of 'childhood' : marketing, expert knowledge and children's talk." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/60766/.

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In the context of current fears about ‘toxic childhood', and a marketing industry's celebration of children as empowered by consumerism, this thesis asks where does this leave children themselves? Theoretically the thesis adopts a Foucauldian approach, with its understanding of the relations between power, knowledge and subjectivity and methodologically deploys a discourse analysis. The latter is used to scrutinise ‘the child' and consumption as understood by ‘experts' on the one hand and ‘marketing' on the other. For the ‘experts' the corpus for research is made up of a disparate set of populist and academic articles and books from the UK in 2007/2008, engaging with the ill effects of consumerism on children. Also included here is a transcript of the UK parliamentary debate on ‘junk food advertising' from 25th April 2008. For ‘marketing', materials were collected from one emblematic event: the annual British Toy and Hobby Association Toy Fair 2014, where marketing professionals promote their wares by ‘selling' the benefits of (toy) consumption for children. What emerges as a commonality from these two very different discourses is the child as ‘subject' (and ‘object'), placed in a homogeneous childhood. To investigate the authenticity of this construct, the third strand of research is focused on some children talking about consumption. Children from a local school, aged between nine and ten, were divided into focus groups of boys and girls, facilitated by a teacher but with the children able to discuss ideas relatively freely. This provides the final corpus of research for analysis. What the children's talk reveals is a distinctiveness in their interactions with each other and their teacher, in which they utilise their own ‘methods' – what I refer to as ‘dynamic bricolage' and ‘collaboration'. Through these they perform an ‘identity work' to resist or evade certain knowledges about them and create others to integrate into an individual and group ‘childhood' identity, which is relished by them as not-adult. I argue that these childhood practices complicate contemporary understandings of childhood: the child is neither innocent victim nor savvy consumer.

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Kolář, Martin. "Analýza současných přístupů k DRM u elektronických knih a návrh alternativního přístupu k DRM." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193279.

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This thesis deals with problems associated with the distribution of the electronic books. Those problems are mainly caused by the use of the digital rights management technologies and techniques. In the thesis those technologies and techniques are further explored as there are several stakeholder groups identified who are affected by them. It also explores ethical aspects of using those technologies and techniques and those aspects are then used as one of the starting points of the design of an alternative approach to the digital rights management. This approach is the primary objective of this thesis.

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Antoun-Nakhle, Racquel. "Les contrats de mariage religieux comme contrats de distribution sélective : cas de cinq communautés religieuses au Liban." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020045.

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L’objectif central de cette thèse est de montrer que les contrats de mariage religieux de cinq communautés libanaises s’identifient aux contrats de distribution sélective et que les comportements des ménages (en termes de prise de décision, d’offre de travail et de fertilité) sont largement expliqués par cette proximité législative. L’analogie entre ces deux types de contrats apparaît clairement au niveau des points suivants : d’abord, au niveau de l’objet du contrat, contrat d’échange et de réciprocité. Ensuite, au niveau des rapports entre les parties, la femme est assimilée au concessionnaire et l’époux au concédant, il est question de collaboration et d’interdépendance. En outre, au niveau de l’asymétrie dans les obligations des parties, tout comme le contrat de distribution sélective est dit contrat léonin au profit du concédant le contrat de mariage renferme des clauses patriarcales. Enfin, la rupture du contrat pose le problème de la précarité de la situation du concessionnaire. C’est la dimension « asymétrie dans les droits et les obligations » entre les parties qui détermine la proximité de chaque type de contrat de mariage de la distribution sélective. Et c’est par rapport à ce prisme que les choix des ménages seront analysés. Dans cette perspective, l’approche entrepreneuriale de la famille est retenue parmi les modèles d’analyse économique de la famille. Cette approche a l’avantage de considérer que la relation matrimoniale tout comme la relation commerciale est régie par un contrat. Une enquête est menée pour vérifier l’impact de la législation matrimoniale sur les choix des ménages. Les Beyrouthins semblent être les plus sensibles aux clauses contractuelles
This thesis attempts to look at religious marriage contracts of five Lebanese communities as selective distribution contracts and to explain the economic behavior of households (in terms of decision making, labor supply and fertility) by the proximity between the two legislations. The analogy between these two types of contracts is clear in the following points: First, the analogy is conceived in terms of the purpose of the contract, contract of exchange and reciprocity. Then, at the relationship between the parties, the woman is the dealer and the spouse is the manufacturer, it is about collaboration and interdependence. On the asymmetry in obligations of the parties, as the selective distribution contract is said one-sided contract in favor of the grantor, the marriage contract contains also patriarchal clauses. And finally, the precarious situation of the dealer for breach of contract. This is the “asymmetry in the rights and obligations "between the parties that determines the proximity of each type of religious marriage contract to the selective distribution contract. And it is from this prism that the economic choice of households will be analyzed. In this perspective, the entrepreneurial approach of the family is selected as a model for economic analysis of the family. This approach has the advantage of considering the marital relationship as a relation governed by a contract, as is the case of a trade contract. A survey has been conducted to justify the impact of legislation on the economic choice of Lebanese households. The inhabitants of Beirut seem to be most sensitive to the contractual terms

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Favre, Guillaume. "Des rencontres dans la mondialisation : réseaux et apprentissages dans un salon de distribution de programmes de télévision en Afrique sub-saharienne." Thesis, Paris 9, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA090045/document.

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Cette thèse propose d’étudier la construction sociale d’un marché des programmes de télévision en Afrique subsaharienne. A travers l’étude d’un salon où se rencontrent acheteurs (chaînes de télévision et intermédiaires de distributions) et vendeurs de programmes de télévision (studios, entreprises de distribution et producteurs indépendants), nous cherchons à comprendre comment ce salon entraîne la formation d’un milieu social et participe à l’intégration du marché africain des programmes au marché mondial. En effet, jusque dans les années 2000, une grande partie des chaînes de télévision africaines obtenaient des programmes gratuitement via plusieurs canaux. De lentes évolutions des règlementations et des infrastructures ont conduit ce secteur à adopter peu à peu un fonctionnement marchand. Le salon que nous étudions participe à ce processus puisqu’il est le premier à regrouper des distributeurs internationaux et des chaînes africaines. A travers une enquête ethnographique et trois analyses de réseaux d’échanges d’informations entre les participants menées durant trois ans au cours de différentes éditions du salon, cette thèse étudie comment plusieurs normes marchandes coexistent dans ce salon. Nous étudions le processus d’apprentissage collectif entre les participants du salon et montrons comment cet apprentissage favorise la sélection de normes marchandes communes
In this dissertation, we analyze the social construction of a market of TV programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the study of a trade fair where buyers (TV channels, distribution intermediaries) and sellers of TV programs (studios, distributors and independent producers) can meet, negotiate, discuss, and close deals, we try to understand how this event participates in the transformation of the ways in which TV programs were “exchanged” in Africa and in the integration of the African TV programs market into the global one. TV programs distribution at the global level has long been considered to be a market. But until recently in Sub-Saharan Africa, TV channels used to acquire programs “for free” through diverse ways. Political, economic and technical evolutions have slowly transformed this sector into a market. The trade fair under examination in this research plays a central role in this evolution because it is the first to bring together the microcosm of this industry. We studied this event for three years and ran three surveys in order to collect social network data and analyze informal information exchange networks between attendees of the events. We study how trade fairs attendees learn from each other and define, select and share market values, norms and rules

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Lundquist, Dennis. "Licensiering av upphovsrätt : En studie om avtalslicensens funktion och framtid." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Affärsrätt, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106260.

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Licensiering utgör ett viktigt verktyg inom upphovsrätten och har en stor praktisk betydelse för såväl upphovsmän som rättighetsutnyttjare och andra. Avtalslicensen är en nordisk rättsfigur som framtagits för att klarera rättigheter vid massutnyttjanden av upphovsrättsligt skyddade verk och ger möjlighet att utnyttja verk av utanförstående upphovsmän utan att inhämta tillstånd. Upphovsmännens rättigheter tillvaratas genom rätt till ersättning och erforderliga skyddsregler. Nyligen genomförda nationella lagändringar tillsammans med lagstiftningsprojekt på EU-nivå har aktualiserat avtalslicenskonstruktionen och dess funktion. De nationella lagändringarna har utvidgad avtalslicensbestämmelserna som nu omfattar fler tillgängliggöranden, fler verkstyper och fler rättssubjekt än tidigare, något som ger såväl positiva som negativa effekter på marknadens parter. Inom EU har direktiv om kollektiv rättighetsförvaltning och andra lagstiftningsprojekt såsom en gemensam EU- rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning föranlett frågor om avtalslicensens framtid. Avtalslicenser har funnits i Sverige sedan 1960-talet och fortsätter att utvecklas och utvidgas i takt med att nya tekniska lösningar uppstår. Ett mer globalt, gränsöverskridande samhälle skapar nya förutsättningar och nya möjligheter men kan även ge upphov till nya problem. De upphovsrättsliga organisationerna är välfungerande i Sverige vilket är en förutsättning för att konstruktionen skall fungera på ett tillfredställande sätt. Stor kollektiv anslutning och transparens kan identifieras som anledningar till konstruktionens framgång i Sverige. Utvidgningen av avtalslicenserna tyder också på ett stort förtroende för rättsfiguren från samtliga parter. Vidare ger nya avtalslicenser möjligheter att utveckla nya innovativa tjänster där strömmade tjänster kommer att spela en central roll i framtiden. Avtalslicensens framtid är beroende av många faktorer, bland annat utvecklingen inom EU där det sker ett kontinuerligt arbete för att harmonisera medlemsstaternas upphovsrättsliga lagstiftning. Idéer om gemensam EU- registrering av upphovsrätt och en harmoniserad EU-rättslig upphovsrättslagstiftning kan komma att bli avgörande för avtalslicensernas framtid.

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Salomão, Ana Carolina Oliveira. "Uma abordagem jurídica à questão do ressarcimento de danos elétricos pelas distribuidoras de energia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-09052013-103806/.

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Com o aumento da necessidade e do consumo da energia elétrica, aliado a uma maior conscientização dos consumidores acerca de seus direitos e deveres perante a sociedade, constatou-se o surgimento de um crescente número de contendas envolvendo estes últimos e as concessionárias de energia elétrica, principalmente no que tange ao setor de distribuição de energia elétrica. Isto se deve à ocorrência de danos ocasionados por falhas na prestação do serviço público de energia elétrica, destacando-se, sobremaneira, os danos em aparelhos eletroeletrônicos, que dão origem aos pedidos de indenização por danos elétricos (tecnicamente conhecidos como PIDs). Faz-se incontestável que o ordenamento jurídico vigente prima por um serviço público de qualidade e, nesse ínterim, em se vislumbrando danos ocasionados em razão da prestação do serviço público, não há dúvidas de que sobrevém o dever de indenizar pelo causador do dano, uma vez que prepondera no Brasil a teoria do risco administrativo. Assim sendo, considerando que a prestação do serviço público pode ser delegada às pessoas jurídicas de direito privado, estendeu-se a estas últimas a responsabilidade das pessoas jurídicas de direito público em relação aos danos eventualmente ocasionados a outrem, inserindo-se nesse contexto a responsabilização das concessionárias de energia elétrica por eventuais danos causados aos seus usuários. Entretanto, há que se ressaltar que não é em toda e qualquer situação que será devida a indenização por eventuais danos elétricos, uma vez que a concessionária de energia elétrica poderá ter por elidida a obrigação de indenizar em se constatando alguma das excludentes de responsabilidade. Nesse contexto e diante do crescente número de contendas envolvendo os pedidos de indenização por danos elétricos, a presente dissertação visa contribuir oferecendo subsídios para o enfrentamento da problemática, elencando aquelas situações em que de fato é devida a indenização por danos elétricos, bem como aquelas nas quais incide alguma excludente de responsabilidade da concessionária, elidindo, pois, o dever de indenizar.
With the increasing need and growing consumption of electricity, coupled with greater consumer awareness about their rights and duties towards society, there has been noticed a growing number of disputes involving customer and utilities, especially in regard to the sector of electric power distribution. This is due to the occurrence of damage caused by failures in the provision of public power, especially, above all, the damage in electronic devices, which give rise to claims for damages in customers electrical equipment (technically known as PIDs). It is undeniable that the current law envisages adequate levels of quality of service. As one glimpses damages originated in the public service concessionary, there is no doubt that the duty to indemnity befalls on the damage caused, since the theory of administrative risk prevails in Brazil. It is undeniable that the current press law by a public service quality and in the meantime, as we are glimpsing damages on grounds of public service delivery, there is no doubt that befalls the duty to indemnify the damage caused by the prevalence of the theory of administrative risk in Brazil. Thus, given that sometimes the public service delivery is delegated to legal persons of private rights, the responsibility under public law in relation to any damage caused to the consumer has been extended to the supplier authority. However, it should be noted that not in every situation that will be due compensation for any electrical damage, since the electric utility may have elided by the obligation to indemnify being observed in any of the exclusive responsibility. In this context and in view of the growing number of disputes involving claims for electrical damages, this dissertation aims to contribute by offering subsidies to face the problem, listing those situations in which in fact is due to compensation for electrical damage as well as those in which some exclusive responsibility of the utility is covered, suppressing, therefore, the duty to indemnify.

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Berksoy, İrem. "Analyse de la démocratie à travers la répartition de la richesse nationale : le cas de la Turquie." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05D016/document.

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Cette étude traite de la répartition de la richesse nationale en Turquie vis-à-vis des principes démocratiques. La richesse nationale peut être formulée à des fins d'utilisation dans le domaine juridique comme le total du patrimoine des ménages et des personnes morales de droit public de l’année précédente additionné au produit national net de l'année donnée. La démocratie exprime la possibilité pour chacun de participer à la politique (la participation) avec ses différences (dans ses intérêts- selon son revenu, son âge, son état de santé et des états similaires- et son idéologie) et d’avoir ainsi une influence en politique à travers ses différences (le pluralisme). Cette étude se base sur l'idée que doit être analysée avant tout la manière dont est répartie la richesse du peuple pour savoir si l'Etat revêt un caractère démocratique. En effet, l’attente de chacun d’une organisation comme l’Etat ne peut être qu’une meilleure vie et cette dernière satisfaisant tous les besoins des hommes tels que l’hébergement, la santé, l’enseignement, la liberté, la culture, les espaces verts a une contrepartie monétaire
This study deals with the distribution of the national wealth in Turkey according to the principles of democracy. National wealth can be formulated for use in the legal field as the sum of the previous year’s household assets and the assets of legal persons governed by public law added to the net national product of the current year. Democracy is the possibility for everyone to participate in politics (participation) with his or her differences (in his or her interests based on income, age, state of health and similar conditions and his or her ideology) and thus to have an influence in politics through his or her differences (pluralism). This study is based on the idea that the way which the national wealth is distributed must be brought up before anything else, in order to find out whether a state has a democratic nature or not. Indeed, everyone expects a better life from an organization like the state, and such a life satisfying all human needs such as housing, health, education, freedom, culture, green spaces has a monetary consideration

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Švedas, Pranas. "Baudžiamoji atsakomybė už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120118_131044-61859.

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Disertacijoje analizuojama baudžiamoji atsakomybė už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą. Disertacijoje aptariami intelektinės nuosavybės samprata ir požymiai, įstatymų, reglamentuojančių intelektinės nuosavybės apsaugą, raida pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje bei teisiniai šaltiniai, numatantys baudžiamąją atsakomybę už literatūros, mokslo, meno kūrinio ar gretutinių teisių objekto neteisėtą atgaminimą, neteisėtų kopijų platinimą, gabenimą ar laikymą, ir jų ypatumai. Disertacijoje atskleidžiami BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų objektas ir dalykas, nusikaltimų objektyvioji pusė, subjektas ir nusikaltimų subjektyvioji pusė, be to, aptariamas BK 192 straipsnio interpretavimas ir taikymas bei BK 192 straipsnyje numatytų nusikaltimų atribojimas nuo administracinių teisės pažeidimų. Taip pat disertacijoje aptariami baudžiamieji teisiniai padariniai, gresiantys asmeniui, padariusiam BK 192 straipsnyje numatytus nusikaltimus, – bausmės pagal BK 192 straipsnį ir turto konfiskavimas. Disertacijos pabaigoje pateikiamas pasiūlymas dėl naujos BK 192 straipsnio redakcijos ir naujo BK 1921 straipsnio.
The dissertation analyses criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific, artistic work or object of related rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof. Conception and attributes of intellectual property, evolution of laws of intellectual property in the world and in Lithuania and legal sources which provides criminal liability for illegal reproduction of literary, scientific or artistic work or object of neighboring rights, distribution, transportation or storage of illegal copies thereof are examined in the dissertation. The dissertation also discusses the elements of crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Lithuania, examines interpretation and application of Article 192 of the Criminal Code and distinguishes crimes prohibited in Article 192 from administrative offences. Furthermore, the dissertation discusses criminal legal consequences threatening the offender who commits crimes prohibited in Article 192 of the Criminal Code: sanctions according to Article 192 of the Criminal Code and confiscation of property. At the end of the dissertation a new wording of Article 192 and a new Article 1921 of the Criminal Code is proposed.

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Barre, Thibaud. "L’application du droit de la concurrence au marché de l’automobile : contribution à l’étude du régime concurrentiel des biens complexes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON10058/document.

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L'objectif poursuivi par la Commission européenne à travers la réglementation de la concurrence consiste en l'intégration des marchés nationaux en un marché communautaire unique. À cet effet, l'exécutif européen a très tôt érigé le secteur automobile en vecteur privilégié de cette unification, établissant un régime concurrentiel des restrictions verticales insérées dans les accords de production et de distribution automobile plus efficient que ne l'est le régime général des restrictions verticales. Désireuse, dans un premier temps, d'appréhender toujours plus finement les réalités économiques du secteur, la Commission a par la suite pris conscience de l'importance des services après-vente dans le processus concurrentiel. Il y a alors là les deux pans du régime automobile. D'une part, une appréhension de la conjoncture économique du secteur, d'autre part une prise en compte de la nature complexe du bien automobile. Cette dernière, commune à tous les biens intégrant des droits intellectuels et auxquels sont intrinsèquement liés des services après-vente, justifie donc des règles de concurrence particulières ne bénéficiant pourtant qu'au seul bien automobile. L'objectif de ce travail de recherche s'est alors axé sur la distinction des deux pans du régime automobile afin d'identifier les dispositions commandées par la nature complexe, pour ensuite proposer leur application à l'ensemble des biens complexes
The European Commission's object through the regulations of the competition consists of the integration of the national markets within a unique community market. For that purpose, the European executive did present as soon as possible the car industry as a privileged vector of this unification, setting up a competitive system of the vertical limitations within the agreements of production and distribution more efficient than is the overall system. Willing, at first, to arrest always shrewdly the economic realities of the sector, the Commission came around the importance of after-sales services in the competitive process afterward. Here are then both sections of the car industry system. On one hand, an apprehension of the economic situation of the sector, on the other hand a consideration of the complex nature of the car goods. This last one, as for all the goods including intellectual rights and to whom are intrinsically linked after-sales services, justifies therefore particular rules of competition and yet benefiting the car industry only. The goal of this research work was then focused on the distinction of both sections of the car industry system, to identify the rules commanded by the complex nature in order to propose their application to the whole of the complex goods thereafter

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Andersson, Emma, and Linnéa Larsson. "Överflyttning av vårdnad : En studie som belyser bedömningar av tingsrätt och hovrätt." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-82786.

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Syftet med uppsatsen var att granska domstolsbeslut om överflyttning av vårdnad, där hovrätten har ändrat tingsrättens ursprungliga dom. Målsättningen var att belysa vilka omständigheter som låg till grund för beslut samt vilka skillnader som fanns mellan tingsrättens och hovrättens bedömningar. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av ett strukturellt maktperspektiv i kombination med ett rättighetsperspektiv. Vi använde oss av en kvalitativ design till vår studie och kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att analysera innehållet i de domstolsbeslut som vi begärde ut. Av resultatet framgick att domstolarna beaktade ett antal specifika omständigheter vid bedömning av överflyttning av vårdnad: barnets anknytning och relation till familjehemmet, vårdnadshavares föräldraförmåga, barnets relation och umgänge till vårdnadshavare, insatser riktade till vårdnadshavare och möjlighet till återförening samt barnets bästa. Under analysen av vårt insamlade material fann vi att det förekom skillnader i hur domstolarna gjorde sin bedömning beträffande de omständigheter som ovan nämnts. Utifrån studiens resultat drogs slutsatser beträffande att domstolarna i stor omfattning beaktade liknande omständigheter inför beslut gällande överflyttning av vårdnad, men att det förekom skillnader i vilken betydelse domstolarna lade vid respektive omständighet.
The purpose of this essay was to examine court decisions regarding transfer of custody, where the Court of appeal had changed the district court's original judgement. Our aim was to illuminate the circumstances on which the courts made decisions and what differences existed between the district court and the Court of appeal. The study was implemented using a structural perspective of power and a perspective of children's rights. Our study was implemented with a qualitative design and we used a qualitative content analysis to examine the context of our requested court decisions. The results presented following circumstances on which the courts made decisions regarding custody transfer; the child's attachment and relationship to the foster family, parenting ability, the child's relationship and association with the guardians, social services contributions to the guardians and possibility of reunion and best interest of the child. During the analysis of our collected material, we found that there were differences in how the courts made their assessments regarding the circumstances that we mentioned earlier. Based on the results of the study, we were able to draw conclusions that the courts to a large extent took into account similar circumstances before deciding on the transfer of custody. However, the result showed differences in what significance they attributed to each circumstance.

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Kouznetsov, Serguei. "La mise en œuvre de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme dans le nouveau contexte fédéral russe : (1993-2012)." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40062.

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Après la chute de l’Union des Républiques Socialistes Soviétiques en décembre 1991, la Fédération de Russie affirme à maintes reprises son engagement à suivre un développement démocratique et à faire partie de « l’Europe sans frontières ». Pour atteindre cet objectif, elle adhère à toute une série de traités européens, entre autres, à la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales. Toutefois, malgré la volonté affichée par la Russie de faire partie du système européen de protection des droits fondamentaux, les problèmes de transition politique, institutionnelle et économique rendent cette tâche très difficile. Entre autres le fédéralisme, qu’on peut qualifier de « complexe », crée un système juridique très singulier dont certains éléments ne sont pas toujours compatibles avec les instruments internationaux en matière des droits de l’homme ratifiés par la Russie. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les problèmes de la mise en œuvre de la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales et des décisions de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme en Fédération de Russie et leur possible influence sur le développement des instruments de protection des droits fondamentaux dans les conditions du système fédéral existant en Russie
After the fall of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in December 1991, the Russian Federation stated repeatedly its commitment to democratic development and to be part of "Europe without borders". To achieve this goal it joins a number of European treaties, among others, the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. However, despite the willingness of Russia to be part of the European system of protection of fundamental rights, the problems of political transition, economic and institutional development make this task very difficult. Among other the federalism, which could be qualified as "complex", creates a very singular legal system. Some of its elements are not always compatible with international instruments on human rights protection ratified by Russia. The objective of this work is to study the problems of implementation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the Russian Federation and their possible influence on the development of national instruments for the protection of fundamental rights under the Russian federal system

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Santos, Anderson David Gomes dos. "A consolidação de um monopólio de decisões: a Rede Globo e a transmissão do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4065.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Esta dissertação realiza uma revisão histórica da relação entre futebol e Indústria Cultural no Brasil tendo como foco a presença da Rede Globo de Televisão como principal exibidora em TV aberta do Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol. Analisa-se a relação da Rede Globo com as transmissões esportivas deste torneio, tendo como elos históricos a Copa União de 1987, o Campeonato Brasileiro de 1997 e a negociação pelos direitos de exibição do Campeonato Brasileiro a partir de 2012. Estas últimas negociações recebem um destaque maior por representarem uma mudança significativa no processo de constituição da carta-convite da licitação por conta da atuação do Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica (CADE), principal órgão do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência, que estabelece um Termo de Cessação de Conduta para evitar cláusulas anticoncorrenciais até então existentes nos contratos entre Globo e Clube dos 13, após um processo iniciado em 1997. Este novo modelo resulta na descentralização das negociações, mesmo sendo considerado prejudicial para este mercado. Esta pesquisa utiliza-se do eixo teórico-metodológico da Economia Política da Comunicação, através de autores como Bolaño (2000; 2004; 2005; 2008), Brittos (2001; 2004; 2005; 2010; 2011) e Mosco (1999; 2009), assim como autores de outras perspectivas teóricas, tais quais, Bourdieu (1983; 1996), Marques (2011), Damo (2006; 2011), Hobsbawm (1984), Franco Júnior (2007; 2010) e Wisnik (2008), para discutir o desenvolvimento e a apropriação do futebol enquanto mercadoria, principalmente a partir da Indústria Cultural, de maneira a entender a atual forma de expansão da mercantilização sobre o esporte, com forte presença da fileira do audiovisual como uma de suas mantenedoras. Os procedimentos metodológicos tomaram como referência para a análise do objeto empírico: documentos disponibilizados pelos órgãos do Sistema Brasileiro de Defesa da Concorrência; notícias, especialmente de Placar, Folha de S. Paulo, IG e Globoesporte.com, que trataram sobre o assunto; e relatos de profissionais ligados ao caso. O processo que teve a participação de um órgão estatal discutindo o setor de TV aberta no Brasil terminou como um grande exemplo da existência das barreiras de mercado, especialmente as político-institucionais, construídas pela líder do oligopólio, a Rede Globo de Televisão.
This dissertation provides a review of the historical relationship between football and Cultural Industry in Brazil focusing on the presence of the Globo Television Network as main exhibitor on Free-to-air TV of the Brazilian Soccer Championship. Analyzes the Globo's relationship with sports broadcasts, with the historical links the Union Cup 1987, the Brazilian Championship in 1997 and the negotiation for the media rights of the Brazilian Championship since 2012. The latter negotiations receive a greater emphasis because they represent a significant change in the process of constitution of the letter of invitation to bidding on behalf of the acting Council for Economic Defense (CADE), the main body of the Brazilian System of Competition Defense establishing a Term Cessation of Conduct to prevent anti-competitive clauses in contracts heretofore existing between Globo and the 13 Club, after a process begun in 1997. This new model results in the decentralization of negotiations, it is considered detrimental to this market. This research uses the theoretical and methodological axis of Political Economy of Communication, through authors like Bolaño (2000; 2004; 2005; 2008), Brittos (2001; 2004; 2005; 2010; 2011) and Mosco (1999; 2009), as well as authors from other theoretical perspectives, as such, Bourdieu (1983; 1996), Marques (2011), Damo (2006; 2011), Hobsbawm (1984), Franco Júnior (2007; 2010) and Wisnik (2008), for analyze the development and ownership of football as merchandise, mostly from the Cultural Industry in order to understand the current way of expanding commercialization of the sport, with a strong presence of audiovisual row as one of its sponsors. The methodological procedures taken as reference for analyzing the empirical object: documents provided by the agencies of the Brazilian System of Competition Defense; news, especially of Placar, Folha de S. Paulo, IG and Globoesporte.com, who treated on the subject; and reports of professionals involved in the case. The process that was attended by a state agency discussing the Free-to-air TV market in Brazil ended as a great example of the existence of market barriers, especially the political-institutional, built by the leader of the oligopoly, the Globo Television Network.

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BARRA, LUCA. "Risate in scatola: storia, mediazioni e percorsi distributivi della situation comedy americana in Italia." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1099.

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Nel contesto italiano, molti prodotti mediali sono di origine straniera: diffusi o trasmessi insieme a quelli di produzione nazionale, al tempo stesso cambiano spesso forma, per andare incontro al pubblico italiano, e diventano, almeno in parte, diversi dall’originale. La tesi vuole, pertanto, porre le basi teoriche per uno studio sistematico dei processi di “mediazione” che intercorrono nel passaggio di un testo mediale da un Paese all’altro: l’appropriazione nazionale (“italianizzazione”), l’adattamento, la distribuzione, la circolazione e la messa in pagina di contenuti e prodotti. Tali strumenti trovano poi applicazione (e insieme conferma) nell’analisi delle vicende italiane della sitcom americana, e di alcuni titoli in particolare, sotto tre punti di vista: la ricostruzione della storia del genere, che segue le evoluzioni del sistema televisivo e mediale nazionale e da questo è mediato; la definizione delle oscillazioni e variazioni che il testo affronta, senza limitarsi alla traduzione ma seguendone l’adattamento e la traslazione; infine, il racconto dei percorsi tra mercati, doppiaggi e reti che compongono la filiera della sitcom, mettendo in evidenza il ruolo intermedio svolto dalle routine produttive e dagli addetti ai lavori coinvolti nella distribuzione internazionale (e poi, nel nuovo contesto, nazionale).
In the Italian context, several media products have foreign origins: diffused or broadcast together with the national productions, they often change their nature in order to reach the Italian audience, and consequently become partially different products. Therefore, this dissertation aims to put the theoretical basis of a systematic study of the “mediation” processes that take place in the passage of a media text between two countries: national appropriation (“Italianization”), adaptation, distribution and circulation of different contents and products. Subsequently, these tools are applied on (and confirmed by) the analysis of the Italian vicissitudes of the US-made situation comedy, focusing on five titles, in order to study three aspects: the genre history on Italian TV, connected with the evolution of the national TV and media system; the variations and gaps that every text has to face, thus expanding the concept of translation into adaptation and transposition; in conclusion, the US sitcom chain in Italy, including TV markets, dubbings and broadcasting, highlighting the intermediary role played by production routines and professionals involved in the national and international distribution.

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Vízková, Kateřina. "Ocenění distribučních práv společnosti TROJA MOTO, s r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264652.

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The main objective of this thesis is the valuation of distribution rights of the company TROJA MOTO s.r.o.. Derivative goal is the specification of an intangible asset (distribution rights), including a comparison of benefits and costs that result from the usage of this right for the company. For the valuation of distribution rights, I apply the valuation method of multi-period excess-earnings, which is suitable for the valuation of specific intangibles. The main part are the strategic and financial analysis, which are important basis for the financial plan. The final chapter includes the calculated value of distribution rights themselves.

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Gallo, Diego Sanchez. "Arquitetura de IPTV com suporte à apresentação deslocada no tempo baseada em distribuição peer-to-peer." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-18112009-092103/.

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Com o aumento da concorrência sofrido pelas operadoras de telecomunicações frente à entrada de diversas empresas de outros ramos no mercado de comunicação, como, por exemplo, os Provedores de Serviço de Internet (ISPs - Internet Service Providers) através da oferta de serviços de voz sobre IP, tais operadoras viram-se obrigadas a diversificar sua oferta de serviços para gerar novas fontes de receita. Por possuírem ampla infra-estrutura instalada, as operadoras de telecomunicações passaram a oferecer, também, serviço de TV aos usuários, através de suas redes (convergentes) de telefonia e dados já existentes, o chamado IPTV. O objetivo deste trabalho foi possibilitar, neste cenário, que estas empresas consigam oferecer, além dos serviços convencionais de TV (e.g., transmissões lineares dos conteúdos nos canais de TV), serviços diferenciados empregando-se a mesma infra-estrutura. O foco deste trabalho é a oferta do serviço de apresentação deslocada no tempo dos conteúdos transmitidos linearmente nos canais de TV, sem a necessidade de configuração prévia por parte do usuário. Desta maneira, dá-se maior flexibilidade ao usuário, possibilitando-o assistir aos conteúdos que lhe interessam, no horário mais conveniente, sem ter que se preocupar com isso antecipadamente (i.e., sem a necessidade de configurar algum equipamento para gravar o conteúdo ou saber antecipadamente quais programas lhe interessam). Para isso foram pesquisadas e analisadas tanto tecnologias de transmissão e distribuição de conteúdos, como também o paradigma peer-to-peer, muito utilizado atualmente no compartilhamento de arquivos na Internet. A partir daí, foi concebida uma arquitetura capaz de oferecer tanto o serviço tradicional de transmissão linear de TV, quanto de apresentar vídeos deslocados no tempo (i.e., vídeos cuja transmissão linear já foi iniciada ou até concluída, a partir de qualquer posição já transmitida), combinando-se técnicas de multidifusão de dados, armazenamento distribuído e protocolos peer-to-peer. Desta maneira, obteve-se uma solução eficiente, utilizando-se os recursos disponíveis em todo o sistema, incluindo recursos ociosos dos usuários finais, para auxiliar no armazenamento e distribuição dos conteúdos deslocados no tempo. Finalmente, um protótipo foi desenvolvido como prova de conceito da arquitetura proposta neste trabalho, e, juntamente com os testes realizados, comprovam a viabilidade de se utilizar redes P2P para a distribuição dos conteúdos para a apresentação deslocada no tempo.
Telecommunication companies are suffering from the increasing offer of cheap and reliable voice over IP services, being forced to diversify their services looking for new revenue possibilities. Since these companies have a vast infrastructure, they are now providing TV services through the same telephony and data infrastructure, using their IP networks to offer IPTV. The goal of the present work is to allow, in this scenario, that such companies offer, additionally to the traditional TV services (e.g., the linear transmissions of the TV channels), differentiated services through the same infrastructure. The focus of the present work is, therefore, the offering of the time-shift service, allowing users to watch linear transmitted contents, time-shifted, without the need for any in-advance configuration. This approach gives more flexibility to the users, allowing them to choose the most appropriate time to watch some content without having to specify their interests in advance (i.e., without configuring some equipment to record the content or knowing in advance which programs will interest themselves). To achieve this goal, technologies for content transmission and distribution, as well as the peer-to-peer paradigm for file sharing were studied, resulting in the development of an architecture capable of offering the traditional linear transmissions service as well as the possibility of time-shift, combining multicast, distributed caching and peer-to-peer technologies. Accordingly, an efficient solution was envisioned, making use of all available resources in the system, including idle resources in the user equipments, to help in the caching and distribution of the time-shifted contents. Finally, a prototype was developed as a proof-of-concept for the designed architecture, which together with the performed tests, shows the viability of utilizing P2P networks in the distribution of time-shifted contents.

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Selosse, Philippe. "Le régime juridique du produit de luxe." Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL20002/document.

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Le produit de luxe n’est pas un bien comme les autres. Ses qualités matérielles et immatérielles lui confèrent une valeur particulière qui oblige son producteur à le vendre dans un environnement commercial adapté. La règle de droit peut-elle considérer cette particularité économique ? Paradoxalement, la France est leader mondiale du marché des produits de luxe, mais nul n’est en mesure d’affirmer avec précision ce qu’est le luxe. Intégrer une notion aussi insaisissable au sein d’un raisonnement juridique semble difficile. Pourtant, les atteintes subies par les titulaires des droits du produit de luxe ont convaincu le juge européen de mettre en place des règles protectrices spéciales. Le but poursuivi est légitime. Il s’agit de protéger les investissements réalisés pour vendre et promouvoir le produit de luxe. Mais cette démarche légale s’appuie sur une méthode de qualification qui n’est pas satisfaisante. L’«aura», le «prestige» ou la «sensation» de luxe qui émanent du produit marqué, sont des critères trop subjectifs pour assurer l’application systématique et cohérente de règles protectrices. C’est pourquoi, outre la démonstration d’un corpus de règles applicables au produit de luxe, il convient d’analyser les fondements de sa reconnaissance par le droit positif, ainsi que l’instauration d’un régime unifié reposant sur des critères de définition précis, prenant en considération les qualités intrinsèques de ce bien particulier
The luxury product is not a product like any other. Its material and immaterial qualities confer a special value that requires its producer to sell it in a proper business environment. The rule of law can it consider this economic feature ? Paradoxically, France is world's leading luxury goods market, but no one is able to state precisely what is luxury. The law seems unsuited to integrate a concept as elusive as luxury. Yet, violations suffered by the owners of luxury product rights have convinced the European judge to set up special protective rules. The aim is legitimate. This is to protect the investments made to sell and promote luxury products. But this legal approach is based on a method of qualification which is not satisfactory. The "will", "prestige" or the "feel" of luxury emanating frombranded product, are too subjective criteria to ensure systematic and consistent implementation of protective rules. Therefore, in addition to the demonstration of a body of rules applicable to the luxury product, it should analyze the foundations of its recognition by positive law and the establishment of a unified system based on criteria precise definition, taking into account the intrinsic qualities of that particular property

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Galmacci, Thanyelle. "A demarcação urbanística e a legitimação da posse como instrumentos de acesso da regularização fundiária de interesse social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2012. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5828.

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The difficulty that the Government is to promote and guarantee the right to housing has its origin in the period of discovery and distribution of land in Brazil. The methods brought by the Portuguese crown to give the land use resulted in large estates and urban spatial segregation. In Brazil, the right to housing, mentioned in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, got the status of fundamental right, expressed in the 1988 Brazilian Federal Constitution, just in 2000. As a consequence of the lack of public housing policies, the illegal occupations have become part of the context of the city, especially in large urban centers. The regularization then became an important instrument to guarantee the legal security of tenure in these occupations and improve the quality of life and living conditions in this population. The law regulated the 11.977/2009 tenure and brought two new tools to assist in this process, the urban demarcation and legalization of possession, allowing the Government to use new instruments to promote the right to housing and the creation of better living conditions for low-income population
A dificuldade que tem o Poder Público de promover e garantir o direito à moradia tem sua origem no período de descobrimento e distribuição de terras do Brasil. Os métodos trazidos pela coroa portuguesa para dar utilidade às terras resultou nos grandes latifúndios e na segregação espacial urbana. No Brasil, o direito à moradia, mencionado na Declaração Universal de Direitos Humanos, passou ao status de direito fundamental na Constituição Federal de 1988 apenas no ano 2000. Como consequência da falta de políticas públicas habitacionais, as ocupações irregulares passaram a fazer parte do contexto da cidade, em especial nos grandes centros urbanos. A regularização fundiária tornou-se então um importante instrumento para garantir a segurança jurídica da posse nessas ocupações e melhorar a qualidade de vida e condições de habitabilidade dessa população. A lei 11.977/2009 regulamentou a regularização fundiária e trouxe dois novos instrumentos para auxiliar nesse processo, a demarcação urbanística e a legitimação de posse, possibilitando ao Poder Público a utilização de novos instrumentos de promoção do direito à moradia e a criação de melhores condições de vida à população de baixa renda

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Novaes, Carolina Duca. "Redes de redistribuição de sinais a partir de redes de freqüência única (SFN)." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2760.

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This dissertation presents details of a structure needed to create a Single Frequency Network (SFN) using low-power transmitters, and a comparison with a network composed of a single transmitter with high power. Among the difficulties to implement networks which distribute signals in SFN, has prioritized the synchronization issue and equalization techniques to achieve better performance of this system. Thus, there was a theoretical research comparing the different methods of timing of single frequency networks and simulations of coverage and performance in order to discuss the implementation of such a network system in the Brazilian digital TV (SBTVD).
Este trabalho apresenta um detalhamento da estrutura necessária para se criar uma rede Single Frequency Network (SFN) utilizando transmissores de baixa potência, bem como um comparativo com uma rede composta por um transmissor único de alta potência. Dentre as dificuldades de se implementar as redes de redistribuição de sinais em SFN foi priorizada a questão do sincronismo e técnicas de equalização que permitam um melhor desempenho desse sistema. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa teórica comparativa entre os diferentes métodos de sincronismo de redes de frequência única e simulações de cobertura e desempenho, visando discutir a implementação desse tipo de rede no sistema Brasileiro de TV digital (SBTVD).

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Tsoumita, Sotiria. "Sports television programming : content selection, strategies and decision making : a comparative study of the UK and Greek markets." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/15657.

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This thesis looks at the subject of sports television programming in two European markets, the UK, one of the biggest and most developed in the continent, and the Greek, one of the smallest in Europe. With the help of case studies over a period of eight years and qualitative interviews of television executives and professionals who are involved in sports television rights agreements, it analyses and compares the strategies and decision making of television organisations, the factors that affect their decisions and their success within the chosen markets. A distinction will be made between public service, commercial and pay-TV and the reasons why different sports may suit different channels and at different points in their development. The findings should help to appreciate that there is not one strategy that works universally better than another. Its outcome depends on the value of the content, the particular characteristics of the organisation and the external environment where it operates. Most importantly, the thesis highlights the importance and limitations of the TV sports content, its crucial role in the decision making process and the necessity of more academic research into the area of sports television by people in content-driven disciplines, i.e. journalism and the media.

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Verville, Sophie. "Le respect de la propriété intellectuelle d'autrui dans la vente internationale de marchandises : une approche de la Convention de Vienne coordonnée avec le droit de la propriété intellectuelle." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29104/29104.pdf.

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Chesneau, Laurent. "L'appréhension du fonds de commerce par le droit fiscal." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3068.

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Le fonds de commerce est un bien affecté par nature à l’activité de l’entreprise. Il se distingue, en tant qu’objet de réglementations, du concept économique d'entreprise ou de concepts fonctionnels comme l'établissement ou la branche d'activité. Le constat d'affectation à l'activité, qui découle de la pratique commerciale, se vérifie en droit fiscal, tant au niveau de la nature du fonds, une universalité, que dans sa dimension patrimoniale.Le fonds de commerce emprunte à la théorie de l’universalité de fait ses caractéristiques propres, dont la principale réside dans la dualité d’approches de ses composants, isolément ou comme un tout. Pour le droit fiscal, le fonds de commerce apparaît comme une enveloppe souple, dans laquelle sont agencés divers éléments réunis autour de la clientèle, et susceptibles de varier d’un fonds à l’autre. L’approche globale du fonds permet de caractériser l’ensemble, lorsque le droit fiscal veut opérer une imposition synthétique, que ce soit pour exonérer une transmission d'universalité en matière de TVA, pour appliquer le tarif des droits de mutation à une cession de fonds de commerce ou une convention de successeur ou pour opérer une imposition uniforme dans le cadre de dispositifs de faveur. À l’inverse, l’approche ut singuli de l’universalité permet la mise en œuvre de procédés d’imposition plus complexes et plus affinés, ayant vocation à ne s’appliquer qu’à certains éléments. Elle permet d’atteindre spécifiquement certains éléments du fonds, soumis à un régime fiscal particulier au regard de certains impôts ou d’appliquer certains mécanismes fiscaux, comme l’amortissement, qui requièrent de dissocier un élément du fonds.Le fonds de commerce résulte de l’exploitation et constitue une valeur patrimoniale dont le droit fiscal tire les conséquences, par son positionnement à l’actif du bilan de l’entreprise. L’inscription à l’actif, conjuguée à l’affectation à l’activité de l’entreprise, est le point de conflit entre les approches juridique et économique de la propriété. Si l’approche juridique correspond à la conception civile traditionnelle du droit de propriété, elle ne recouvre que partiellement et de manière contingente, l’approche économique qui fait prévaloir la notion de contrôle sur un bien ou un droit. Cette approche économique conduit à inscrire au bilan de simples droits d’usage (marques ou brevets utilisés en vertu d’une concession de licence) et introduit une confusion sur la nature des droits détenus par le propriétaire du fonds. La même coexistence des approches juridique et économique est observée dans les contentieux relatifs au fonds de commerce entre les deux ordres de juridiction
Goodwill is an asset that is naturally assigned to the activity of the enterprise. It is distinguished, as an object of regulations, from the economic concept of business or from functional concepts such as establishment or branch of activity. The assignment to the activity, which stems from commercial practice, is verified in tax law, both in terms of the nature of the business, a universality, and in terms of its patrimonial dimension.Goodwill borrows from the theory of universality de facto its own characteristics, the main one of which resides in the duality of approaches of its components, in isolation or as a whole. For tax law, goodwill appears as a flexible item, in which are arranged various elements gathered around the clientele, and may vary from one business to another. The overall approach of the business makes it possible to characterize the whole, when tax law wants to impose a synthetic taxation, whether to exempt a transfer of universality from VAT, to apply the tariff of transfer duties to a transfer of goodwill or a successor agreement, or to assess a uniform charge under concession arrangements. Conversely, the ut singuli approach to universality allows the implementation of more complex and refined taxation processes, which are intended to apply only to certain items. It allows for the specific attainment of certain items of the goodwill, which are subject to a particular tax regime with respect to certain taxes or to apply certain fiscal mechanisms, such as amortization, which require the separation of an element from the goodwill.Goodwill results from the exploitation and constitutes a patrimonial value of which tax law draws consequences, by its positioning in the assets of the balance sheet of the company. Capitalization, combined with the allocation to the business, is the point of conflict between legal and economic approaches to ownership. If the legal approach corresponds to the traditional civil law concept of the right to property, it only partially and contingently covers the economic approach which makes the notion of control over a property or a right prevail. This economic approach leads to the recording of simple rights of use (trademarks or patents used under a licensing agreement) and confuses the nature of the rights held by the owner of the business. The same coexistence of legal and economic approaches is observed in litigations relating to goodwill between both branches of tax jurisdiction of the French court system

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Asokan, Ratik. "The Political Economy of Environmental Justice: A Comparative Study of New Delhi and Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1190.

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Though mainstream environmentalism, both in the U.S. and India, was initially rooted in social justice, it has, over time, moved away from this focus. The Environmental Justice Movement consequently arose to reunite social and environmental activism. In this thesis, I trace the historical relationship between the mainstream environmentalism, the Environmental Justice Movement, and marginalized communities. After providing this general overview, I examine two case studies – in Los Angeles and New Delhi respectively – where marginalized communities have been involved in Environmental Justice activities. My analysis reveals that marginalized communities often act in an ‘environmentalist’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ manner, without defining their actions as such. That is, their socio-political activism often is or becomes environmental because of the contexts it operates within.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Distribution of TV rights'

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