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Books on the topic 'Distribution shifting'
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1
Coronado, Julia Lynn. Distributional impacts of proposed changes to the Social Security system. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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2
Decressin, Jörg. Regional income redistribution and risk sharing: How does Italy compare in Europe? International Monetary Fund, European I Department, 1999.
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3
Lee, Julie. The distributional effects of Medicare. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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4
Reschovsky, Andrew. Distributional analysis of several tax proposals: A report. The Commission, 1989.
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5
A, McCarthy Patrick. Hierarchy and flexibility in world politics: Adaptation to shifting power distributions in the United Nations Security Council and the International Monetary Fund. Ashgate, 1998.
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6
Li-Huang, Rebecca. The Psychology of High Net Worth Individuals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190269999.003.0010.
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This chapter takes an economic view of the investment behavior of high net worth individuals (HNWIs), including: the psychological aspects of private wealth and the practice of wealth management, the current trends affecting the players and markets, and empirical findings on wealth creation and distribution that have fueled policy debates. As the chapter shows, wealth concentrations and scarcity of skills have attributed to institutional advantages for HNWIs and the highly skilled, including higher returns on physical and human capital investments. Besides achieving financial returns, HNWIs want to use their private wealth to have a social impact. Wealth managers respond to the attitude and behavior of HNWIs by shifting the focus from investment products and transactions to holistic investing and goal-based wealth management.
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McDougal, Topher L. How Production Networks Adapted to Civil War in Liberia. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792598.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that firms in Liberia during the civil wars increasingly came to rely upon highly dispersed networks of traders to source from, and distribute to, rural hinterlands. Industrial manufacturing firms in Liberia shed important light on the structure of production networks in violent conflict. They serve as important nodes in the value-adding process that supply and distribution networks hook into, and their managers therefore have unique opportunities to observe the ways these networks adapt to, and traverse, the shifting combat frontier. In the broader context of this book, this case study then provides qualitative evidence for the claim that rural–urban trade networks in Liberia begin to exhibit exaggerated radial patterns, characterized increasingly by important urban hubs and limited importance of second-tier cities.
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Vernallis, Carol, Amy Herzog, and John Richardson, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Sound and Image in Digital Media. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199757640.001.0001.
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This collection of essays explores the relations between sound and image in a rapidly shifting landscape of audiovisual media in the digital age. Featuring contributions from scholars who bring with them an impressive array of disciplinary expertise, from film studies and philosophy to musicology, pornography, digital gaming, and media studies, the book charts new territory by analyzing what it calls the “media swirl” and the “audiovisual turn.” It draws on a range of media texts including blockbuster cinema, video art, music videos, video games, amateur video compilations, visualization technologies, documentaries, and immersive theater to address myriad subjects such as the transition of cinematic discourses to digital production and distribution, the relations between screens and public space, and the shifting nature of noise within digital ecosystems. It also examines noise, droning, and silence as recurring themes in New Extremist films of Europe, along with temporal and generic anomalies by citing examples such as the Silent Hill videogame series, the performance/installation Sleep No More, and the poetics of David Lynch’s Inland Empire. In addition, the book discusses the translation of information into digital media, how music has both shaped and become embedded within the aesthetic culture of political conflict, the nature of “realism” in relation to new audiovisual media networks, and the accelerated aesthetics of networked mediascape and the ways in which they may be connected to contemporary labor and global capitalism.
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Bebbington, Anthony, Abdul-Gafaru Abdulai, Denise Humphreys Bebbington, et al. Mining, Political Settlements, and Inclusive Development in Peru. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820932.003.0002.
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This chapter examines how political factors have influenced mineral extraction, governance, and development in Peru since the late nineteenth century. It argues that the legacies of the past have weighed heavily in contemporary governance, but also points to periods in which shifting political alliances and agency aimed to alter past legacies and introduce positive institutional change. The chapter identifies three periods with distinct and relatively stable arrangements for the distribution of power. For the most recent, post-2000 period, it discusses how government responses to social conflict included the creation of institutions to redistribute mining rents, regulate environmental impacts, and promote indigenous participation. However, it argues that political instability and fragmentation have inhibited the effectiveness of these institutions and of longer-term policymaking in general, which in turn explains Peru’s persistent reliance on natural resource extraction and the challenges to more inclusive and sustainable development.
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Rogers, Pat. Social Structure, Class, and Gender, 1660–1770. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.001.
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This article reviews some of the historic evidence on the evolution of British society, as changes in its structure impacted on the rise of the novel. It considers: (1) Demographic issues, including the size and age composition of the population, factors affecting the mortality rate, the growth in urbanism, and the professions; (2) The economic make-up of society and ways in which the class system operated through the ownership of land and the occupational spread of British people; (3) Issues of gender, as affected by rank, with the limitations and the changing possibilities for women in this era; (4) Writers and readers of the early novel, touching on the growth of literacy, the shifting dynamics of the reading public, the development of the book trade, and the opportunities for professional authors thrown up as patronage declined by new forms of distribution and delivery such as the circulating library.
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Ochoa, Enrique C. Political Histories of Food. Edited by Jeffrey M. Pilcher. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199729937.013.0002.
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Although policies are in place to eradicate hunger, basic access to food remains a formidable problem worldwide. Scholars and policy analysts disagree sharply on the extent of hunger and malnutrition as well as their causes and solutions. Recent evidence suggests that foodways offer an important means of creating alternative and more egalitarian systems of food production and distribution. This article reviews the assumptions and ideologies underlying the politics of food over the past few centuries. It examines power relations shaped by shifting capitalist developmental policies and by various state and international institutions. The article first looks at the link between food, capitalism, and colonialism before turning to food shortages, famines, and political legitimacy. It also discusses food policies and nation-states from 1930 to the 1970s, along with corporate globalization and food politics from the 1970s to the 2000s. The article concludes by focusing on struggles for food sovereignty and considering alternatives to corporate food politics.
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Zürn, Michael. Counter-Institutionalization in the Global Governance System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819974.003.0008.
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States increasingly contest international institutions by “counter-institutionalization.” This comes in two forms. Counter-Institutionalization by Incumbent States (CMALL 4) means regime shifting and competitive regime creation. Incumbent states build and use parallel governance forums, especially when the dominant institution exercises authority on the basis of the “one-state, one-vote” principle. In that way, Western states insist on institutionalized inequality, asking for a global governance system that gives them a privileged role and allows for double standards. The costs of this strategy are significant. Rising powers also use the strategy of counter-institutionalization. They aim at changing existing, Western-biased institutions. Counter-Institutionalization by Rising Powers (CMALL 3) aims at voice—not at exit or loyalty. At the same time, there is an ongoing suspicion that stronger international institutions are instruments of Western dominance and help to prolong an unequal distribution of benefits. This tension leads to ambiguous responses, unified by the struggle against institutionalized inequality.
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Nhamo, Senia, and Edinah Mudimu. Shifting from deductions to credits: Unpacking the distributional effects of medical expenditure considerations in South Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/787-3.
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Howells, Coral Ann, Paul Sharrad, and Gerry Turcotte, eds. The Oxford History of the Novel in English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.001.0001.
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This book explores the history of English-language prose fiction in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the South Pacific since 1950, focusing not only on the ‘literary’ novel, but also on the processes of production, distribution and reception, and on popular fiction and the fictional sub-genres, as well as the work of major novelists, movements, and tendencies. After World War II, the rise of cultural nationalism in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and movements towards independence in the Pacific islands, together with the turn toward multiculturalism and transnationalism in the postcolonial world, called into question the standard national frames for literary history. This resulted in an increasing recognition of formerly marginalised peoples and a repositioning of these national literatures in a world literary context. The book explores the implications of such radical change through its focus on the English-language novel and the short story, which model the crises in evolving narratives of nationhood and the reinvention of postcolonial identities. Shifting socio-political and cultural contexts and their effects on novels and novelists, together with shifts in fictional modes (realism, modernism, the Gothic, postmodernism) are traced across these different regions. Attention is given not only to major authors but also to Indigenous and multicultural fiction, children's and young adult novels, and popular fiction. Chapters on book publishing, critical reception, and literary histories for all four areas are included in this innovative presentation of a Trans-Pacific postcolonial history of the novel.
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Reeder-Myers, Leslie, John A. Turck, and Torben C. Rick, eds. The Archaeology of Human-Environmental Dynamics on the North American Atlantic Coast. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066134.001.0001.
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Using archaeology as a tool for understanding long-term ecological and climatic change, this volume synthesizes current knowledge about the ways Native Americans interacted with their environments along the Atlantic coast over the past 10,000 years. Leading scholars discuss how the region’s indigenous peoples grappled with significant changes to shorelines and estuaries, from sea level rise to shifting plant and animal distributions to European settlement and urbanization. Together, they provide a valuable perspective spanning millennia on the diverse marine and nearshore ecosystems of the entire eastern seaboard—the icy waters of Newfoundland and the Gulf of Maine, the Middle Atlantic regions of the New York Bight and the Chesapeake Bay, and the warm shallows of the St. Johns River and the Florida Keys. This broad comparative outlook brings together populations and areas previously studied in isolation. Today, the Atlantic coast is home to tens of millions of people who inhabit ecosystems that are in dramatic decline. The research in this volume not only illuminates the past but also provides important tools for managing coastal environments into an uncertain future.
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Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.
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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.