Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Distribution spatiale des ressources trophiques'
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Gault, Agnès. "Prospection alimentaire et impact de la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources trophiques chez le Vautour fauve (Gyps fulvus)." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066263.
Full textWe studied the impact of carcass management due to sanitary legislation on the foraging behaviour of scavenging raptors. We were especially interested in two populations of griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus), whose foraging behaviour was explored. We compared a reintroduced population where managers have recourse to spatially predictable feeding stations, to a native population where food is mainly unpredictable. We show that griffon vultures in the managed population adjust their foraging strategies with the spatial distribution of feeding stations. However, the efficiency of foraging on haphazardly dispersed carcasses is not affected, being similar in the two study populations. Thus, the ecological service these birds provide is not thrown back into question. We found a negative effect of density on juvenile survival, which is probably resulting from a higher competition for food induced by the supply of spatially predictable feeding stations
Lérault, Louise. "Impact de l'arrangement spatial des cultures associées sur la distribution des ressources trophiques pour les parasitoïdes et le contrôle biologique des pucerons." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARA090.
Full textThe heterogeneous distribution of trophic resources in the environment of organisms influences their exploitation patterns. Agroecosystems have a marked spatial structuring of trophic resources that are essential to parasitoids, namely hosts and sugar-rich food. Intercropping a nectariless crop with a nectariferous crop is an interesting model to study the influence of the provision of trophic resources within plots, and could promote the ecosystem service of pest regulation by parasitoids. Intercrops can be distributed according to different spatial arrangements, which change the spatial distribution of parasitoid resources. In this PhD thesis, we explore the influence of the spatial distribution of trophic resources in intercrops on the feeding and parasitism behaviours of aphid parasitoids. First, we study the influence of the distance between hosts and nectar on the feeding and parasitism of Aphidius ervi females.We observe that the presence of hosts influences the feeding frequency but not the parasitism rate. Secondly, we explore the potential complementarity between providing alternative hosts and nectar along with the spatial range of their effect in an orchard. We do not observe any effect of the provision of each resource separately nor the combination of both on aphid parasitism. Finally, we study the effect of spatial arrangement of a cereal-legume intercropping system, and compare it with a cereal single crop. We observe an opposite effect of intercropping on aphid populations depending on the intercrop, with fewer legume aphids but more cereal aphids in the fine arrangements intercropping plots, and without a clear relation with parasitoid activity. Our results do not confirm the beneficial effect of intercrops on the biological control of aphids by parasitoids. Determining the environmental conditions of resource availability and its spatial range in which supplying nectar or alternative hosts could have an impact on a larger scale is required to explain the lack of effect of providing trophic resources for parasitoids
Quaintenne, Gwenaël. "Sélection de l'habitat et des ressources trophiques chez le bécasseau maubèche Calidris canutus : distribution à l'échelle européenne et particularités des sites d'hivernage français." La Rochelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LAROS292.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to contribute to extend the body of knowledge on the feeding ecology of a molluscivore shorebird, the Red Knot Calidris canutus islandica. The species winter on estuarine bays in North Western Europe where it only feed on molluscs. The modalities of prey selection and then of habitat selection have been firstly studied along a large geographical scale of five sites throughout the range of the overwintering Red Knot’s distribution in Europe. Then the particularities of overwintering French sites, never detailed so far, were studied. The establishment of previous model of diet selection under digestive constraint predicted fairly well the observed diet of Red Knot on four of its wintering area across north western Europe. This validated model allowing us to test then if the observed densities of Red Knots were consistent with prediction of the “ideal free distribution” model. We were able to explain most of observed distributions of Knots. Most of the deviations to predictions would then be linked to digestive constraint and attraction towards feeding conspecifics for this social specie. In France, Red Knots are concentrated in a very limited number of wintering sites on Channel or Atlantic coasts. The detailed study of availability of molluscs food stocks compared with diet allowed us to describe the feeding strategy of the species on three study sites on Channel coast. The interannual variation in feeding strategy was studied on two bays located the Pertuis Charentais and Breton where a long-term survey of prey stocks has been carried on each winter since 2004
Sarré, Abdoulaye. "Approche acoustique de la dynamique et la distribution spatiale des ressources halieutiques de petits pélagiques dans l'upwelling sénégalo-mauritanien." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0062/document.
Full textAlong the coast of North-West Africa, among the richest waters over the word, fish supply is important at both socio-economic and cultural levels. In this region, the small pelagic fish are the most abundant marine resources and are monitored using hydroacoustic stock assessment methods since more than three decades. These surveys have allowed providing to local authorities a sound scientific basis for deciding about the management of pelagic fisheries. A specific challenge is to know the representativity of these surveys with respect to the stocks targeted. In this work, we confirm this representativity for Sardinella aurita stock while for S. maderensis, a part of the stock could have not been sampled and for pour Ilisha africana and Ethmalosa fimbriata these surveys are not the best tool. Furthermore, Northward shifts in the distribution of sardinella in the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem are recorded in this work and have been attributed to the redistribution of upwelling intensity and productivity, resulting in the abundance of sardinella decreasing in the inter-tropical coastal region. Here for the first time using independent observational time series, we report a robust northward shift in S. aurita since 1995 and attribute it to the strong ocean warming in the region. The observed spatial shifts in biomass in the last 20 years are of the same order of magnitude as those recorded for surface isotherms. Such changes will impact policy considerations in the management of food security in several West African countries and should be considered with respect to “Intended Nationally Determined Contributions”
Lenoir, Sylvain. "Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la distribution spatiale des ressources halieutiques le long du littoral français : observations et scénarios." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10047/document.
Full textThis aims to study the impact of climate warming on the spatial distribution of fish in the North Atlantic, using the new habitat model called the Non-Parametric Probabilistic Ecological Niche Model (NPPEN). The model NPPEN is nonparametric and requires only presence data. It is based on concept of the ecological niche sensu Hutchinson. The model NPPEN tests the Mahalanobis generalised distance by permutations to produce and map the probability of species occurrence. The model is therefore well suited to study expected changes in the biogeography of marine species at macro-scale. Applying this new model on more than fifty marine species in the North Atlantic, has highlighted the impact of global warming on the biogeography of species, structure and trophodynamic of the marine ecosystem. Disruption, already observed in spatial distribution and abundance (probability of occurrence) of fish species such as Atlantic cod and lesser sandeel were found again. The majority of species will move northward to stay in an environment consistent with their ecological niche. The intensity and rapidity of the biogeographic movements expected, as the balance of gains or losses in the spatial range differ among fish; governed by the ability of species movement, their range of environmental tolerance (niche breadth) and the intensity of global warming
Le, Cuziat Joseph. "Contraintes environnementales et anthropiques influençant la répartition spatiale de l'outarde houbara Chlamydotis u. Undulata. Perspectives de conservation." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30032.
Full textThe objectives of this study was the identification and the assessment of environmental and human-induced constraints acting on the spatial distribution of a wild population of houbara bustards, an endangered flagship species of desert range-lands of North Africa. This will allow the definition of comprehensive conservation strategy for the species on its whole distribution area. This work focused on a 600 Km² study area located within semi-arid steppe-lands of the Eastern Morocco representative of North-Africa sub-sahelian environmental conditions. The study area was largely exploited by extensive pastoralism. The relevancy of the different suitable modelling techniques was assessed, relevant predictive variables were identified, environmental influences driving the spatial distribution of bustards on the study area have been put into a hierarchy, and existing functional links between factors and some life history traits of the species have been put into evidence
Cornulier, Thomas de. "Composantes de la distribution spatiale d'un prédateur : effets respectifs de l'habitat, des ressources alimentaires et des interactions comportementales : analyse de processus ponctuels non homogènes." Lyon 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO10110.
Full textRhoné, Fanny. "L'abeille à travers champs : quelles interactions entre Apis mellifera L et le paysage agricole (Gers 32) ? : le rôle des structures paysagères ligneuses dans l'apport de ressources trophiques et leurs répercussions sur les traits d'histoire de vie des colonies." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20022/document.
Full textMost of the cultivated plants in Europe (84% overall) need pollinators to produce. For several decades, a significant decline in pollinating insects is observed. Honeybees belong to associated agrobiodiversity and are sensitive bio-indicators in agricultural landscapes. They are particularly affected by these losses. Usually, interactions between pesticides and pathogens are seen as the main causes of pollinator populations’ collapse. However, the qualitative and quantitative depletion of food resources in such agricultural landscapes also contribute to the high mortality rates. The spawning activity of the colony’s queen and the metabolic balance of the colony are influenced by the quantity and the quality of plant resources in the landscape. This PhD thesis focuses on the interactions between landscapes structures and honeybees life traits’ evolution in the Gers agricultural department (France). It aims to assess the woody component’s role in supplying trophic resources and its repercussions on the evolution of life traits. The methodology consists (i) in a spatial organization analysis of six landscape mosaics, differentiated by an openess gradient based on the percentage of the woody component cover, (ii) a phenological monitoring of plant resources with pollen and nectar interests, (iii) a monitoring of 43 colonies’ life history traits during two years (2010 and 2011) and (iv) in an analysis of foraging strategies. Results reveal a wide diversity of plant species with nectar and pollen interest in the Gers agricultural context (200). Woody component is the only functional sub-unity which enables a significant and lasting supply of plant resources, during the all season, as additional resources to those of crops. Woody component and cultivated lands (Brassica napus and Helianthus annuus) are the most mobilized sub-unities for nectar gathering. Woody component is particularly looked for in prevernal and vernal periods (first period), above all in closed landscape structures. Variations of available plant resources impact colonies’ development more in open landscape structures than in closed ones. Indeed, in closed landscape structures, woody component enables to reduce consequences, especially in scarcity period, and make colonies more resilient
Lasne, Émilien. "Connectivité hydrologique et distribution spatiale de l’ichtyofaune dans le bassin versant de la Loire : de l’assemblage à la population (cas de l’anguille européenne)." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S110.
Full textIn a context of river biodiversity loss, this work aims at understanding the influence of hydrological connectivity on fish distribution in the Loire catchment at different spatial (the whole catchment and the floodplain) and biological (the assemblage and the European eel’s population) scales. The results show that hydrological connectivity strongly drives fish distribution patterns at both spatial scales. It determines the habitat quality and the composition and structure of fish assemblages. Low connectivity levels create lentic habitats that favour exotic species and disfavour threatened native species. Connectivity also determines fish opportunities to move between various elements of the hydrosystem as it has been shown for the European eel
Garrouste, Manon. "Ressources scolaires et réactions individuelles : trois essais en économie de l'éducation." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010010/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to study the interdependence of school resources and individual resources in human capital production. In three empirical analyses using French data, various methods arc proposed to evaluate the impact of educational policies, taking individual behaviors into account. The first chapter shows that compensatory education policies may result in individual sorting. The fact that socially more advantaged families tend to avoid treated schools cancels out additional resources positive effects on academic achievement. The second chapter examines whether pupils are constrained by local school supply. We find that opening a new high school increases the proportion of pupils who continue in upper secondary education, particularly in a vocational track. Studying how students evaluate teaching, the third chapter shows that they take contemporaneous information about their grades into account when they evaluate teachers' pedagogical qualities
Duhem, Céline. "Goélands surabondants et ressources alimentaires anthropiques : cas des colonies insulaires de Goélands leucophées du littoral provençal." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008462.
Full textSibuet, Myriam. "Structure des peuplements benthiques en relation avec les conditions trophiques en milieu abyssal dans l'océan atlantique : cas particulier des échinodermes." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066693.
Full textWalker, Emily. "De la trajectoire des prédateurs à la cartographie de leurs proies : estimation spatiale de l'activité des senneurs et des thonidés dans l'Océan indien." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00552183.
Full textHakizimana, Paul. "Analyse de la composition, de la structure spatiale et des ressources végétales naturelles prélevées dans la forêt dense de Kigwena et dans la forêt claire de Rumonge au Burundi." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209727.
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Marvalin, Olivier. "ABONDANCEcr, BIOMASSE, ACTIVITE ET RELATIONS TROPHIQUES DES COMMUNAUTES BACTERIENNES HETEROTROPHES DU LAC D'AYDAT (PUY DE DOME) : contribution a l'etude du fonctionnement des systemes aquatiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21086.
Full textDalleau, Mayeul. "Écologie spatiale des tortues marines dans le Sud-ouest de l’océan Indien : apport de la géomatique et de la modélisation pour la conservation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0037/document.
Full textAnimal movement is crucial to the ecology of spatially structured population, particularly for highly mobile species. Marine turtles’ life cycle is indeed closely related to spatial and environmental factors. This work analyses the spatial ecology of marine turtles, from early juvenile to adult stages, in the Southwest Indian Ocean, primarily through the use of two methods: satellite tracking and individual-based modeling. Firstly, this analysis argues that green turtle’s reproductive phenology across the region is mainly related to the sea surface temperature in the vicinity of the nesting site. Then, it shows how drifting trajectories of hatchlings in oceanic currents unevenly influence their life history traits depending on the position of the natal site. By tracking late juvenile stage, this work also suggests a trans-equatorial developmental cycle for loggerhead turtle in the Indian Ocean. At adult stage, it describes migratory corridors and connectivity for green turtle across the region. Finally, an integrative approach considering all these results allows for an understanding of the regional migratory patterns and their influence on population dynamics. The results of this work provide a practical policy decision tool for management and conservation of marine turtles in the Southwest Indian Ocean and highlight the need for a large-scale approach in the protection of biological resources and heritage shared by multiple nations
Bourdaud, Pierre. "Impact of a landing obligation on coupled dynamics ecosystem-fishers : individual-based modelling approach applied to Eastern English Channel." Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0474/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to anticipate the effects if the EU Landing Obligation (LO) implemented since the beginning of 2015 in the Eastern English Channel (EEC). To achieve these objectives, it was planned to : i) better understand seasonal spatial distribution of commercial species using on-board commercial vessels observation data, ii) compare them with the final scale fishing effort distribution of EEC bottom otter trawlers (OTB), and iii) develop an individual-based model of fleet-dynamics, DSVM, to be integrated within the ecosystem model OSMOSE to simulate a LO. The usefulness of on-board observation data was proved for a main part of a species sample, using validation from the literature and a geostatistical indicator. Then the comparison of fine scale fishing effort provided an improvement of the quantification of effective fishing effort and emphasized the importance of cuttlefish and red mullet for the global distribution of EEC OTB. In addition, the targeting intensity of OTB was quantified in October using a newly-developed indicator, and demonstrated the attractiveness of the same species, but also the constraint of low cod quota for fishers. Results of the OSMOSE-DSVM coupling show that the LO would have short-term negative effects on fishers' revenue, induced by a large reallocation of their fishing effort to avoid quota over-shooting, but would be profitable in the medium-term. However, the LO would induce an increase of the predatory pressure operated by cod and withing on the other species, which would not improve the overall ecosystem health
Pelletier, Christine. "Application des techniques d'aide à la décision à la planification sanitaire régionale." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004845.
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