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Rushiti, Bujar. "Share-Marking in Albanian : the Distributive Marker Nga." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7049.
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Cette thèse expose comment les numéraux distributifs marqués par nga portant sur le numéral permettent une lecture distributive de la phrase dans son ensemble. Plutôt que de considérer nga comme opérateur distributif, la thèse avance que c’est un marqueur sémantiquement vide qui marque la présence d’un opérateur distributif qui reste invisible. L’un des faits majeurs dont cette analyse peut rendre compte repose sur l’observation que de multiple exemples de nga dans le même domaine syntaxique ne donnent pas lieu à une interprétation itérative, mais seulement à une lecture distributive singulière, un peu à la manière des langues à concordance négative (negative concord) où plusieurs éléments marqués négativement ne produisent qu’une seule négation sémantique. La raison pour laquelle de tels cas de ‘concordance distributive’ doivent être traités par la syntaxe et non au terme d’un mode d’interprétation particulier tient au fait que ce type d’accord se conforme strictement à la localité syntaxiqueThis thesis discusses how distributive numerals marked by nga on a numeral yield a distributive reading of the sentence as a whole. Rather than taking nga to be a distributive operator, it argues that it is actually a semantically vacuous marker of the presence of a distributive operator that may be covert. One of the major facts that such an analysis may account for, concerns the observation that multiple instances of nga in the same syntactic domain do not trigger an iterative interpretation, but only a single distributive reading, much alike in negative concord languages, multiple negatively marked elements only yield a single semantic negation. That such instances of ‘distributive concord’ should be handled by the syntax, and not be the outcome of some particular mode of interpretation, is motivated by the fact that this type of concord strictly obeys syntactic locality
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Scarsi, Gian Carlo. "Electricity distribution in Italy : microeconomic efficiency analysis of local distributing units with methodological cross-checking." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ca322a0b-7fd0-4a02-a237-bb4b6f02eeda.
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This thesis analyses technical efficiency of local electricity distribution in Italy (1994, 1996) by using both econometric (deterministic frontier, stochastic frontier) and linear programming (Data Envelopment Analysis) tools. Cross-sectional data was examined with respect to (a) ENEL - the Italian electricity monopolist whose restructuring and privatisation is now under way - and its local distribution branches (Chapters 2, 3, and 5); (b) municipal authorities (MUNIs), i.e. town-based electric utilities which sometimes hold franchises for electricity distribution within city limits (Chapters 4 and 5). Estimation results from Chapters 2 and 3 highlighted non-exhaustion of scale economies at sample-mean values. Scope economies between medium and low-voltage distribution were also detected (Ch. 2). Efficiency score series stemming from both econometric and linear programming techniques in Chapters 3 and 5 showed that Southern distributors were relatively under-represented among top units even after allowing for several exogenous environmental variables. The external effects which proved to influence technical efficiency in electricity distribution were consumer density, the percentage of industrial customers, the geographical nature of areas served (metropolitan areas, mountains, etc.), and the interaction between ENEL's units and municipal utilities in those towns featuring ENEL and MUNIs bordering each other. Pooled ENEL-MUNI analysis from Chapter 4 failed to spot any systematic superiority of ENEL's units over municipalities. Generalisation on the ENEL-MUNI efficiency dispute was then discarded, in favour of case-by-case comparison. Paired-samples statistical testing (both parametric and non-parametric) from Chapter 5 showed limited agreement between Stochastic Frontier Estimation (SFE) and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency outcomes. Statistical concordance was more often found when comparing SFE and DEA models sharing the same input-output specification. Again, no apparent superiority of ENEL over MUNIs was found out by DEA linear programs. One-to-one comparisons confirmed that the outcomes were mixed, with ENEL's local branches outperforming MUNIs in metropolitan and (sometimes) rural areas, and MUNIs faring better in medium-sized, Po Valley towns (Northern Italy). Results were not clear-cut for Alpine and rural distributors. The latter however - should be considered on a separate basis in that they will probably need permanent subsidies to meet universal service obligations, irrespective of the future structure of electricity distribution in Italy. Comparable (e.g., urban) units might - on the other hand - be subject to yardstick regulation based upon DEA's 'efficient peer' outcomes. Apart from the main empirical work, this thesis also features institutional and theoretical overviews (Chapters 2 to 5) with relevant literature surveys, a DEA Numerical Appendix (Chapter 5), and a regional map of the Italian territory (end of thesis).
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Akanle, Oluwatomilola. "Distributive justice in international law : can the CDM regime support an equitable geographic distribution of projects?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2011. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/0b2962ae-3882-4892-b2b1-4a6ba637255e.
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This research determines whether and how an equitable geographic distribution of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects can be achieved. In particular, it examines whether the CDM legal regime can achieve an equitable geographic distribution of projects, or whether the issues that contribute to the inequitable distribution are fundamental to the design of the regime. The two main questions answered by this research are: how should CDM projects be distributed among countries, that is, what is the meaning of equitable geographic distribution of CDM projects; and can the CDM regime achieve this distribution? The answer to the first question defines equitable geographic distribution and outlines the factors that should be considered to help achieve this distribution, which are: greenhouse gas emission reduction potential, need (or sustainable development potential) and preferential treatment. The answer to the second question is that although the CDM regime can achieve a slightly more equitable geographic distribution than is currently the case, a truly equitable geographic distribution cannot be achieved under the regime, primarily because of the market nature of the CDM. The thesis then makes recommendations on how to achieve a distribution of CDM projects among countries that can be regarded as more equitable than the current distribution.
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FERRUFINO, FELIPE B. J. "Determinação quantitativa da homogeneidade da distribuição de urânio em combustíveis nucleares tipo placa." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9988.
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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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DeLong, Tyler Benjamin. "Eucharistic Unity, Fragmented Body: Christian Social Practice and the Market Economy." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1427404705.
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Tjäder, Emma, and Amanda Isacsson. "Revisorns oberoende i förhandlingen med klienten : Vilken betydelse har relationen?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-18898.
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Aim: Earlier studies have investigated what impact the relationship between the auditor and their clients have on the auditor’s objectivity. There are different opinions about whether a close relationship harms or promote the auditors work. Furthermore there are studies that show what strategies the auditor (and client) tends to use in the negotiation between the two of them. On this basis we have chosen to study if there are any correlation between the nature of the auditor client relationship, the auditor’s negotiation strategy against the client and the auditor’s objectivity. Method: Because of our purpose to study if there is any correlation between the relationship, the negotiation strategies and the auditor´s objectivity we have chosen to implement a quantitative survey. The survey has been edited by earlier studies from Gibbins, McCracken and Salterio (2010), Fontaine (2011) and Bamber and Iyer (2007). The survey has been sent to approved and authorized auditors in Sweden and the collected data has been compiled and analyzed by statistic methods. Result & Conclusions: This study shows that there are a significant correlation between a close relationship, the auditor’s negotiation strategies and the auditor’s objectivity. With a close relationship the auditor tends to use integrative strategies, which also shows to have a negative impact on auditor objectivity. Suggestions for future research: This study shows that the relationship has impact on the auditor to use integrative strategies. On this basis it would be interesting to do a deeper study with focus on integrative strategies and auditor´s objectivity. Contribution of the thesis: This study can be useful for auditors if they want to study the relationship with their clients and the potential impact on objectivity. Key words: Auditor, objectivity, relational, transactional, integrative, distributiveSyfte: Tidigare har studerats huruvida den relation som föreligger mellan revisor och klient har en påverkan på revisorns objektivitet. Det råder skilda åsikter om huruvida en nära relation skadar eller främjar revisionsarbetet. Dessutom finns studier som visar vilka strategier revisor (och klient) tenderar att använda i förhandlingen parterna emellan. Utifrån detta har vi valt att undersöka om det finns samband mellan karaktären hos revisorns klientrelation, revisorns förhandlingsstrategi mot klienten och revisorns objektivitet. Metod: Då vi studerar om det finns något samband mellan karaktären på relationen, de förhandlingsstrategier som används och revisorns objektivitet har vi valt att genomföra en kvantitativ enkätundersökning. Enkäten har utformats utifrån tidigare studier av Gibbins, McCracken och Salterio (2010), Fontaine (2011) och Bamber och Iyer (2007). Enkäten har skickats ut till godkända och auktoriserade revisorer i Sverige och insamlad data har sedan sammanställts och analyserats med hjälp av ett antal statistiska metoder. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar att det finns ett signifikant samband mellan en nära relation, de förhandlingsstrategier revisorn använder och revisorns objektivitet. En nära relation visar att revisorn tenderar att använda integrativa strategier i förhandlingen med klienten, detta visar sig också ha en negativ effekt på revisorns objektivitet. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien visar att relationen har inverkan på att revisorn väljer integrativa strategier i förhandlingen med klienten. Därför vore det intressant att genomföra en vidare studie med fokus på de integrativa strategierna och revisorns objektivitet. Uppsatsens bidrag: Studien kan vara till nytta för revisorer om de själva vill studera relationen med sina klienter och hur den kan påverka objektiviteten. Nyckelord: Revisor, klient, objektivitet, relationell, transaktionell, integrativ, distributiv.
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Tello, de la Torre Claudia. "Essays on wage inequality and mobility in Mexico." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670934.
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El objetivo de la tesis es analizar la desigualdad y la movilidad salarial en México en el periodo de 1987 a 2008. La tesis está dividida en cinco partes. En el Capítulo 1 se plantean la introducción y los objetivos de la tesis y se describen las principales bases de datos que se utilizarán en el mismo. También se aporta evidencia descriptiva sobre la evolución de la desigualdad salarial en México. En el capítulo 2, se revisa, primero la estructura salarial, teniendo en cuenta los rendimientos salariales de la educación y otras características socioeconómicas y segundo, la descomposición de las diferencias salariales a lo largo de la distribución salarial durante el periodo analizado. A continuación, el capítulo 3 analiza la relación existente entre la movilidad y la desigualdad salarial a través de un enfoque dinámico de descomposición, utilizando datos de panel. En el capítulo 4 se analiza el nexo entre el crecimiento económico y la desigualdad a nivel regional y por último, en el capítulo 5 se presentan las conclusiones más relevantes y la discusión de las mismas.
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Macêdo, Luísa da Rocha. "Igualdade de oportunidades : limites inferior e superior nas regiões brasileiras." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178183.
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O presente trabalho busca fazer a estimação de duas versões do limite superior de desigualdade de oportunidades para o Brasil e para dois grandes grupos regionais, o Norte-Nordeste e o Centro-Sul. Através do cálculo deste limite em suas duas versões, podemos distinguir os efeitos diretos e indiretos das circunstâncias individuais que influenciam o rendimento dos indivíduos, que foram captadas no estudo.The present study seeks to estimate two versions of the upper limit of inequality of opportunities for Brazil and for two large regional groups, the North-Northeast and the Center-South. By calculating this limit in its two versions, we can distinguish the direct and indirect effects of the individual circumstances which were captured in the study, that influence the income of the individuals.
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Santos, Elenir Aparecida dos. "Justiça distributiva e a Lei de Cotas para o Ensino Superior /." Araraquara, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182272.
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Orientador: Marcelo SantosBanca: Gabriel Henrique Burnatelli de Antonio
Banca: Milton Lahuerta
Resumo: A presente dissertação verificou a discussão que houve no Supremo Tribunal Federal na Ação de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental 186, que resultou no reconhecimento da constitucionalidade das ações afirmativas para o ensino superior e foi normatizada por meio da Lei 12711/2012. Para tal, observou-se a fixação do sistema de cotas no ensino superior sob a ótica do repertório de teoria de justiça, em especial pela perspectiva de ser pertinente ou não a aplicação dos princípios norteadores da justiça distributiva, de acordo com a abordagem dos teóricos Rawls e Dworkin, tendo em vista que ambos apresentam em suas obras a possibilidade de enquadramento da educação como um dos recursos escassos ou primários, a ser distribuído. Pela aproximação de alguns preceitos existentes sobre liberdade ou igualdade abordados por outros teóricos, tais como o desenvolvimento das capacidades, preceituado por Sen, ou do reconhecimento, como apresentado por Honneth e Fraser, foi permitido que tais princípios também compusessem esse estudo, pois estão presentes no debate atual sobre justiça distributiva ou redistribuição de recursos. A linha de investigação orientou-se por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica a respeito de teoria de justiça distributiva, justiça como equidade, distribuição de recursos, política de cotas, reconhecimento. A abordagem sobre as políticas públicas denominadas de ações afirmativas, ainda que estas não se restrinjam ao estabelecimento de cotas no acesso à educação, se fez por ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: This dissertation verified the discussion that occurred in the Federal Supreme Court in the Action of Breach of Basic Precept 186, which resulted in the recognition of the constitutionality of affirmative actions for higher education and was regulated by Law 12711/2012. For this, it was observed the fixation of the quota system in higher education from the perspective of the repertoire of justice theory, especially from the perspective of whether or not it is relevant to apply the guiding principles of distributive justice, according to the theoretical approach Rawls and Dworkin, considering that both present in their works the possibility of framing education as one of the scarce or primary resources to be distributed. By the approximation of some existing precepts on liberty or equality addressed by other theorists, such as the development of abilities, as prescribed by Sen, or of recognition, as presented by Honneth and Fraser, it was allowed that such principles also composed this study, since they are present in the current debate on distributive justice or redistribution of resources. The research line was guided by bibliographical research on the theory of distributive justice, justice as equity, distribution of resources, quota policy, recognition. The approach to public policies known as affirmative action, even if these are not restricted to the establishment of quotas on access to education, was verified through the discussion in the ADPF 186, which made possible t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Santos, Gabriela Jorge dos. "Fatores antecedentes do uso da internet no local de trabalho." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11310.
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Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosO tema deste trabalho encerra duas temáticas fundamentais no contexto organizacional, o cyberloafing, isto é o uso indevido da internet no local de trabalho e a justiça organizacional. A presente investigação tem como propósito identificar as diferentes atividades de cyberloafing e analisar de que forma as perceções de justiça organizacional podem estar relacionadas com a prática de cyberloafing. Optou-se pelo modelo tetra-dimensional de justiça organizacional que integra: justiça distributiva, justiça procedimental, justiça interpessoal e justiça informacional. Para o efeito, foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário electrónico a uma amostra constituída por 194 indivíduos com acesso à internet no local de trabalho. Como resultados finais, considerou-se que as perceções de justiça não estão relacionadas com a frequência nem com a duração da utilização da internet para fins pessoais, mas com atividades específicas de cyberloafing.
The subject of this work involves two fundamental themes of the organizational context cyberloafing, misuse of internet in the workplace and organizational justice. This investigation has the purpose of identifying the different activities of cyberloafing and analyze on which way the organizational justice perceptions may be related with the practice of cyberloafing. It was chosen the tetra-dimensional model of organizational justice which includes: distributive justice, procedural justice, interpersonal justice and informational justice. For this purpose it was applied an electronic questionnaire to a sample of 194 individuals with internet access at work. As final results it was considered the justice perceptions are not related to the frequency, nor to the time spent using the internet, but are related to specific activities of cyberloafing.
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Toledo, William De Aguiar. "O fomento prioritário ao desporto de natureza social como instrumento de efetivação dos direitos humanos-fundamentais à saúde, à educação e ao lazer: uma análise sobre a justiça distributiva no âmbito do esporte nacional." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2014. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4791.
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Trata-se de uma análise da Justiça Distributiva no âmbito da promoção do esporte nacional em suas três dimensões: o desporto de educação e o desporto de rendimento e o desporto de participação. O objetivo foi verificar se o esporte educacional, em razão da sua natureza de ser um bem humano fundamental, tem recebido, como regra, tratamento diferenciado em relação ao esporte de competição (formal ou não formal). Como método, utilizou-se a comparação das Leis Orçamentárias Anuais da União do decênio 2004-2013 para que se pudesse obter um amplo conjunto de informações sobre o objeto analisado tanto em termos quantitativos quanto em termos qualitativos. Como resultado, observou-se uma discrepância distributiva e o descumprimento da norma constitucional em ambos os aspectos pesquisados, o que permitiu a confirmação da hipótese de que a promoção do esporte nacional não vem seguindo as diretrizes constitucionais estabelecidas, seja em relação à regra ou à exceção previstas no ordenamento constitucional.
This study is about the analysis of Distributive Justice in promoting the national sport in its three dimensions: the sport education, sport performance and sport participation. The purpose was to verify if the sport education, being a fundamental human right, has received, mostly, different treatment compared to competitive sport (whether formal or informal). For methods, was used the comparison of the Brazilian Federal Budget of the decade 2004-2013 in order to get a wide range of information about the analyzed object in quantitative and in qualitative terms. As a result, there was a distributive discrepancy and noncompliance of constitutional rule in both aspects studied, which allowed the confirmation of the hypothesis that the national sport promotion is not following the constitutional guidelines established, whether in relation to the rule or the exception provided in constitutional order.
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Pulici, Maythe de Bríbean San Martin. "A Pesquisa acadêmica sobre Ação afirmativa no Brasil: um estudo conceitual das teses e dissertações no período entre 1.987 e 2.010." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5853.
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Este trabalho tem como objeto a análise conceitual da produção acadêmica de teses e dissertações sobre o tema Ações Afirmativas (AAs) no Brasil, no período compreendido entre 1987 e 2010. A abordagem metodológica utilizada foi pautada na pesquisa qualitativa de natureza bibliográfica. A principal fonte de dados foi o Banco de Teses e Dissertações da Capes/MEC. A escolha da amostra, composta de 206 textos acadêmicos, se deu com base na utilização do termo ação afirmativa como categoria de busca. Dessas amostras, foram analisados, por meio de mapas conceituais, 35 trabalhos completos, de modo a atender ao critério de proporcionalidade entre o tema AAs e as demais categorias que emergiram da análise do corpo de dados com utilização software Atlas.ti. Incialmente foi realizada a leitura crítica e a seleção de categorias pertinentes ao tema, posteriormente utilizou-se o software para confirmar e/ou desconfirmar essas categorias. Com esse procedimento foi possível não somente extrair o foco dado por cada trabalho acadêmico, como a abordagem teórica, a metodológica, a posição dos autores em relação ao tema AAs, a população alvo eleita por cada autor, como também identificar os autores/teóricos recorrentes ao tema AAs utilizados para fundamentar esses trabalhos. Para demonstrar os resultados optou-se pela análise dos
mapas conceituais de modo descritivo e ainda por apresentá-los no apêndice II de modo ilustrativo. Como resultado identificou-se que a grande maioria dos trabalhos refere-se as AAs a partir da aplicação de políticas públicas de redução das desigualdades, como o sistema de cotas relacionado ao acesso da população negra no sistema de ensino superior. Quanto ao posicionamento dos autores em relação a essas ações, foram raros os trabalhos que se posicionaram contra as AAs. De modo geral, os autores estudados entendem que esta é uma forma de justiça distributiva e de reparação social das desigualdades entre diferentes segmentos e grupos sociais. Considera-se que este estudo se faz importante na medida em que é crescente no ensino superior no Brasil, nos últimos anos, a utilização deste recurso político de equalização das desigualdades sociais. Este estudo mostra um diagnóstico do perfil da produção acadêmica e permite identificar as áreas de estudo e os temas mais frequentemente
associados às AAs. Pretende-se com ele, contribuir com um marco teórico-conceitual para que novas pesquisas possam ser realizadas de modo a enriquecer o campo de estudos das
ciências sociais, em especial sobre o tema AAs
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Mild, Axel, and Arvid Mild. "Hållbar last mile distribution : Sustainable Last Mile Distribution." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418146.
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Syftet med examensarbetet är att utforma en distributionscentrals processer för identifiering, sortering och packning av gods, för att möjliggöra en hållbar last mile-distribution med cykel. Varulogistik i städer är en stor utmaning för att främja en hållbar stadsutveckling. Transporter är nödvändiga för att förse verksamheter och invånare med gods. Samtidigt bidrar dessa transporter till negativa miljöpåverkningar, i form av buller och utsläpp. Kommuner har en central roll i att främja en hållbar utveckling på grund av deras planmonopol och möjligheter att reglera trafiken. Ett sätt att minska tyngre trafik i innerstäder är genom införandet av mindre, energieffektiva distributionsfordon för last mile-leveranser av lättare paket. Studien bygger på en mix av kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder. Intervjuer med experter inom området, samt studiebesök hos framgångsrika transportföretag har gett en bred kunskap i området. Tillgång till data inom nuvarande processer har dessutom hjälpt forma de två lösningsförslag som slutligen presenteras i studien. Resultatet av studien framkommer i två lösningsförslag, ett nutidsförslag och ett framtidsförslag. Nutidsförslaget innehåller förändringar i såväl nuvarande processer som införandet av nya. Förslagen som presenteras här är mindre resurskrävande att implementera och ses därför vara möjliga att genomföra i dag. Framtidsförslaget presenterar vidare förbättringar som kan tillämpas inom terminalens processer. Dessa förslag är mer resurskrävande. Trots att studien är utförd efter specifika önskemål från uppdragsgivaren täcker den relevanta områden som är av intresse för alla företag som vill implementera en last mile-lösning med hjälp av cykelfordon.
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Rathgeber, Philipp [Verfasser], Holger [Akademischer Betreuer] Patzelt, and Frank-Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Belz. "Equity distribution in entrepreneurial teams : Distributive justice, team processes, and team stability / Philipp Rathgeber. Gutachter: Holger Patzelt ; Frank-Martin Belz. Betreuer: Holger Patzelt." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1047440873/34.
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Eyal, Nir. "Distributing respect." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270630.
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Godoy, Mahayana Cristina 1985. "Resolvendo a anafora conceitual = um olhar para alem da relação antecedente/anaforico." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269041.
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Orientador: Edson FrançozoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A resolução da anáfora conceitual traz questões interessantes para a pesquisa psicolingüística, pois abre a possibilidade de investigar como um pronome plural pode ser resolvido a partir de uma expressão antecedente singular, como em "O batalhão foi vacinado. Eles foram para a África". De acordo com Landman (1989), grupos como "batalhão" podem ter uma denotação plural quando recebem uma predicação distributiva (e.g., foi vacinado), mas também podem ter uma denotação singular quando são predicados coletivamente (e.g., foi reorganizado). Em outras palavras, enquanto o predicado seleciona a pluralidade de membros que compõem o batalhão no primeiro caso, no segundo, o mesmo batalhão é predicado como instituição, i.e., como uma entidade singular. Com base nessas considerações, é razoável assumir que a leitura coletiva ou distributiva determinada pelo predicado pode influenciar a resolução pronominal, desde que se considere a saturação anafórica como produto de expectativas geradas pelos leitores acerca de quais referentes têm chances de serem mencionados em partes subseqüentes do texto (Kehler et al., 2007). Para testar esta hipótese, elaboramos dois experimentos. No primeiro deles, investigamos se as leituras coletiva ou distributiva de expressões como "pelotão" poderiam criar expectativas sobre como os sujeitos dariam continuações para sentenças na voz passiva. Os participantes deveriam completar sentenças como "Para viajar ao exterior, o batalhão foi vacinado" apontando seu agente. Os resultados indicam que a continuação para predicados coletivos era preferencialmente um agente singular, enquanto para os distributivos o agente dado tendia a ser plural. Em um segundo experimento, os sujeitos liam sentenças com anáforas conceituais cujo antecedente era predicado coletiva ou distributivamente. O tempo de leitura do pronome nessas duas situações foi comparado, apontando para um tempo significativamente maior quando o pronome seguia uma predicação coletiva. Ambos os resultados, portanto, confirmam nossas hipóteses, indicando que os predicados de termos de grupo podem gerar expectativas que influenciam a resolução da anáfora conceitual
Abstract: Conceptual anaphora resolution brings interesting questions to research in psycholinguistics, for it provides the possibility of investigating how a plural pronoun can be solved from a singular antecedent, as one can see in "The army division was vaccinated. They went to Africa". According to Landman (1989), groups such as "the army division" can have a plural denotation when it receives a distributive predicate (e.g., was vaccinated), but it can also have a singular denotation when its predicate is a collective one (e.g., was reorganized). In other words, while the predicate selects the plurality of members that compose the army division in the first case, in the second one the same army division is predicated as an institution, i.e., as a singular entity. From these considerations, it is reasonable to assume that collective or distributive readings determined by the predicate can influence pronoun resolution, if one consider anaphora resolution as a product of the expectations generated by the readers about which referents are more likely to be mentioned in subsequent text (Kehler et al., 2007). In order to test this hypothesis, we ran two experiments. In the first one, we investigated whether collective or distributive readings of expressions similar to "the army division" would create expectations on how subjects provide continuations for passive sentences. The participants should complete sentences such as "In order to go abroad, the army division was vaccinated" with their agents. The result indicates that the continuation given to collective predicates was preferably a singular agent, while the continuations provided to distributive predicates tended to be plural agents. In a second experiment, subjects read sentences with conceptual anaphoras whose antecedent was predicated in a collective or distributive way. The pronoun reading time in these two situations was compared, showing a significant longer time when the pronoun followed collective predication. Therefore, both results corroborate our hypothesis, indicating that the way groups are predicated can generate expectations that influence conceptual anaphora resolution
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística
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Linhares, Milton. "Políticas públicas de inclusão social na América Latina: ações afirmativas no Brasil e México." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/84/84131/tde-31082012-114202/.
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A presente tese de doutorado propõe-se a viabilizar um estudo comparativo entre as políticas públicas voltadas à inclusão social, particularmente, aquelas denominadas de ações afirmativas em dois países da América Latina: Brasil e México. Por meio de metodologia comparativa e adotando-se uma metodologia de cunho interdisciplinar, bem como de abordagem dos processos históricos desses países, e análise das bases de construção de suas sociedades, delimitando-se, especificamente, a presente pesquisa dessas políticas nos países Brasil e México. A investigação foca-se na situação de grupos discriminados por questões de raça e/ou etnia; e que, como consequência disso, situam-se à margem do direito social, fundamental para o pleno exercício da cidadania a educação. Analisa-se a questão conceitual, teórica e empírica da implantação das políticas públicas de inclusão social sob a modalidade de ações afirmativas, caracterizando sua finalidade, elementos e conteúdos. Apresenta-se um breve histórico da implantação dessas políticas no contexto norte-americano, onde, aliás, essas políticas têm seu nascedouro. Analisa-se comparativamente a validade e a pertinência da adoção dessas políticas e a necessidade de maior permuta internacional, que tenha por objetivo a integração e o estudo comparativo das políticas públicas de ações afirmativas. O trabalho indica e propõe questões que devem ser levadas em conta na intervenção do Estado para garantir, de maneira substancial, o princípio da igualdade de oportunidades. Defende-se a tese do multiculturalismo e da justiça distributiva como fundamento das políticas públicas de ações afirmativas nos países analisados.The Doctoral thesis herein is proposed to present a comparative study amongst the public policies aimed at social inclusion, particularly those known as affirmative actions, in two Latin American countries: Brazil and Mexico. The delimitation of this research is established by the analysis of same policies aforementioned countries, through comparative methodology and of interdisciplinary nature, as well as through the approach on their historical and normative processes and the analysis of the foundations of their societies. The research is focused on the situation of groups that are discriminated due to racial and/or etnia issues and, as a consequence, they are deprived of their social rights which guarantee them the full exercise of citizenship education. Analyses the conceptual issue regarding public policies for social inclusion under the way of affirmative actions by characterizing their purpose, components, contents, and species. It also presents a brief historical of the implant of such policies in the North American context, where, by the way, they were born. Analyses the public policies issue of affirmative actions. Presents a case study on the implement of these policies both in Brazilian and in Mexican universities. Analyses, in a comparative way, the validity and relevance of adopting these policies and the necessity for a broader international exchange having as an objective the integration and the comparative study of the public policies of affirmative actions. This study indicates and proposes issues that must be taken into account regarding the State and Societys interventions in order to guarantee, in a substantial manner, the principle of equality of opportunities, through the implement of these policies for social inclusion. Finally, the study defends the thesis of multiculturalism and distributive justice as the foundation of the public policies of affirmative actions in the under countries analysis.
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Hopkins, Michael. "Critical Node Analysis for Water Distribution System Using Flow Distribution." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/722.
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The expansive nature of water distribution system makes them susceptible to threats such as natural disasters and man-made destructions. Vulnerability assessment research efforts have increased since the passing of “Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act” in 2002 to harden WDS. This study aimed to develop a method that locates critical nodes without hydraulic analysis of every failure scenario, applicable for any size WDS, incorporates critical infrastructure, and capable of verifying method accuracy. The Flow Distribution method is the application of the gravity model, typically used to predict traffic flows in transportation engineering, to a distribution system. Flow distribution predicts the amount of demand and population that would be affected if any node in the system were disabled by solving for the distribution of each node’s outflow. Flow Distribution is applied to the hypothetical city, Anytown, USA using the computer simulation program WaterCAD to model two different disaster scenarios. Results were verified by analyzing sixteen failure scenarios (one for each node) to measure the actual demand and population effect, which was then compared to the nodes predicted by Flow Distribution. Flow Distribution predicted the critical nodes with 70% accuracy and can still be improved with future work.
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Santos, Ítalo Anderson Taumarturgo dos. ""Próxima parada, Nova Olinda/CE”: justiça distributiva no turismo de base comunitária." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2017. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9408.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This research aimed to understand how the structuring of Community Based Tourism contributed to the socioeconomic development of a city and to establish a fairer system for the residents of the region. The study was carried out in the municipality of Nova Olinda, located in the interior of Ceará, which has an estimated population of 15,310 inhabitants. The city encompasses the experience of the Casa Grande Foundation, a management school that works with the education of youth and children. The NGO was responsible for all training and administration of community tourism in the municipality. In this sense, this research has as central focus the activities of the foundation and the development provided by the projects and programs articulated by the institution. As a theoretical contribution, theories were used referring to the concepts of Macromarketing, Community Tourism and Distributive Justice in Marketing Systems. Regarding the methodological procedures, a qualitative approach was used, having as main technique the semi-structured interview, supported by participant observation. A total of 23 interviews were conducted with managers of the Casa Grande Foundation, residents directly involved in the activities of the NGO, residents who had no connection with the institution and a tourist. The results of the study point out that a well-planned tourism model that considers stakeholders and which is based on values such as community living, cooperation and recognition of the cultural and natural space of the environment, is capable of bringing development to the region And to establish just exchanges with those who dwell in that place. The discussion of the issue of distributive justice within a marketing system, and the use of a concrete management experience that absorbs the ideals of fairer exchanges, as well as the approach of the marketing vision in its macro sense, in an optics that sees the Tourism through residents, are the main contributions of this study.
Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo entender como a estruturação do Turismo de Base Comunitária contribuiu no desenvolvimento socioeconômico de uma cidade e de estabelecer um sistema mais justo para os moradores da região. O estudo foi realizado no município de Nova Olinda, localizado no interior do Ceará, que possui uma população estimada de 15.310 habitantes. A cidade abrange a experiência da Fundação Casa Grande, uma escola de gestão que trabalha com a educação de jovens e crianças. A ONG foi responsável por toda formação e administração do turismo comunitário no município. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa possui como foco central, as atividades da fundação e o desenvolvimento proporcionado pelos projetos e programas articulados pela instituição. Como aporte teórico, foram utilizadas teorias referentes aos conceitos do Macromarketing, do Turismo Comunitário e da Justiça Distributiva nos Sistemas de Marketing. Em relação aos procedimentos metodológicos, foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa, tendo como técnica principal a entrevista semiestruturada, apoiada pela observação participante. Foram realizadas um total de 23 entrevistas com gestores da Fundação Casa Grande, moradores diretamente envolvidos nas atividades da ONG, moradores que não possuíam ligação com a instituição e uma turista. Os resultados do estudo apontam que um modelo de turismo bem planejado, que considera as partes interessadas e que é pautado em valores como a vivência em comunidade, a cooperação e o reconhecimento do espaço cultural e natural do ambiente, é capaz de trazer desenvolvimento à região e estabelecer trocas justas aos que habitam aquele lugar. A discussão da temática da justiça distributiva dentro de um sistema de marketing, e a utilização de uma experiência concreta de gestão que absorve os ideais de trocas mais justas, assim como a abordagem da visão do marketing em seu sentido macro, numa ótica que enxerga o turismo através dos residentes, são as principais contribuições deste estudo.
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Moura, Julia Sichieri. "Compreendendo a utopia realizável: uma defesa do ideal de justiça distributiva da teoria de John Rawls." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7183.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO trabalho tem por objetivo articular uma defesa da teoria de justiça distributiva de John Rawls, considerando-se, para tal, as mudanças que o autor efetuou em sua teoria de justiça como equidade. Assim, a pesquisa tomará como base não somente o critério de justiça distributiva que se consolidou em Uma Teoria de Justiça, através do princípio da diferença, mas também avaliará de que forma este ideal continua presente nos textos posteriores do autor: O Liberalismo Político e O Direito dos Povos. Para tal, o estudo retomará as críticas cosmopolitas à proposta de internacionalização da teoria de justiça como equidade e, à luz destas, apresentará uma defesa do projeto de Rawls, evidenciando elementos do mesmo que estão alinhados ao projeto de justiça distributiva e sugerindo que sua proposta teórica é coerente com as premissas de Uma Teoria de Justiça, apesar de o princípio da diferença não estar presente entre os princípios fundamentais que devem ser estabelecidos entre os povos. Logo, trata-se também de uma proposta interpretativa que se vincula à compreensão (minoritária) de que as mudanças teóricas efetuadas por Rawls em sua teoria não a tornaram incompatível com seu projeto originário estabelecido em Uma Teoria de Justiça.
This study aims to defend John Rawlss theoretical approach to distributive justice based on the changes that he made to his theory of justice as fairness. Therefore the research considers not only Rawlss criterion of distributive justice as it was laid out on A Theory of Justice by the difference principle but also proposes to consider how the criterion can be understood in his later work, mainly The Law of Peoples. Contrary to what is commonly held by the cosmopolitan criticism of Rawlss later work, this study argues that Rawls proposes a feasible theoretical framework to deal with problems of justice on the international sphere and will justify within Rawlss theory his motivation for not employing the difference principle as one of the principles that should hold between peoples. To do so, it will be necessary to review the main changes that Rawls made to his theory as well as consider the cosmopolitan challenges that argue for a radically egalitarian criterion of distributive justice on an international sphere, such as the difference principle. Accordingly, this study will side with an understanding of Rawlss theory as a project that kept its main ideas notwithstanding the many changes Rawls made to his theory in the effort of trying to solve some of the inconsistencies that he recognized in A Theory of Justice.
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Garcia, Ana Cláudia Ferreira. "Inteligência emocional e estratégias de negociação." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/7612.
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Mestrado em Gestão de Recursos HumanosO presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as relações existentes entre a inteligência emocional e a negociação no contexto organizacional português. Mais especificamente pretende-se analisar a relação entre a inteligência emocional, a frequência de utilização das duas estratégias - integrativa e distributiva -, e a sua eficácia percebida pelos próprios. Com uma amostra constituída por 178 inquiridos, esta análise teve como intuito testar várias hipóteses e responder a algumas questões exploratórias, recorrendo-se ao software SPSS. Os resultados sugerem que a inteligência emocional está positivamente relacionada com a negociação integrativa e a perceção de eficácia, e negativamente correlacionada com a negociação distributiva. Verificou-se também que a negociação integrativa e a negociação distributiva têm um papel mediador na relação entre a inteligência emocional e a perceção de eficácia. Concluiu-se ainda que o género e a inteligência emocional são as variáveis com maior capacidade preditiva nas estratégias de negociação. Assim, a inteligência emocional demonstra ser uma capacidade essencial na negociação. Este estudo é uma mais-valia para a investigação desta temática uma vez que está inserido no contexto organizacional português, sendo escassas as pesquisas realizadas neste âmbito no nosso país. Ainda assim, deveria alargar-se o estudo a outras zonas de Portugal e complementar os instrumentos utilizados com outras medidas que não sejam de auto relato.
This study aims to analyze the relationship between emotional intelligence and negotiation in Portuguese organizational context. More specifically, the analysis considers the relationship between emotional intelligence and the frequency of the two negotiation strategies - integrative and distributive - and their perceived effectiveness. With a sample of 178 respondents, this analysis aimed to test several hypotheses and answer some exploratory questions, using SPSS software. Results suggest that emotional intelligence is positively related to integrative negotiation and perceived efficacy, and negatively related to distributive negotiation. It was also found that integrative negotiation and distributive negotiation play a mediating role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and perceived effectiveness. Results also show that gender and emotional intelligence are the variables with the greatest predictive ability in negotiation strategies. Thus, emotional intelligence is a valuable skill for negotiations. This study is a contribution to research on this issue since it is undertaken in Portuguese organizational context, and there is a scarcity of research done in this field in our country. Still, the study should be extended to other areas of Portugal and instruments used should be complemented with other measures than self-report measures.
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Leroy, Vincent. "Distributing Social Applications." Phd thesis, INSA de Rennes, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545639.
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The so-called Web 2.0 revolution has fundamentally changed the way people interact with the Internet. The Web has turned from a read-only infrastructure to a collaborative platform. By expressing their preferences and sharing private information, the users benefit from a personalized Web experience. Yet, these systems raise several problems in terms of \emph{privacy} and \emph{scalability}. The social platforms use the user information for commercial needs and expose the privacy and preferences of the users. Furthermore, centralized personalized systems require costly data-centers. As a consequence, existing centralized social platforms do not exploit the full extent of the personalization possibilities. In this thesis, we consider the design of social networks and social information services in the context of \emph{peer-to-peer} (P2P) networks. P2P networks are decentralized architecture, thus the users participates to the service and control their own data. This greatly improves the privacy of the users and the scalability of the system. Nevertheless, building social systems in a distributed context also comes with many challenges. The information is distributed among the users and the system has be able to efficiently locate relevant data. The contributions of this thesis are as follow. We define the \emph{cold start link prediction} problem, which consists in predicting the edges of a social network solely from the social information of the users. We propose a method based on a \emph{probabilistic graph} to solve this problem. We evaluate it on a dataset from Flickr, using the group membership as social information. Our results show that the social information indeed enables a prediction of the social network. Thus, the centralization of the information threatens the privacy of the users, hence the need for decentralized systems. We propose \textsc{SoCS}, a \emph{decentralized} algorithm for \emph{link prediction}. Recommending neighbors is a central functionality in social networks, and it is therefore crucial to propose a decentralized approach as a first step towards P2P social networks. \textsc{SoCS} relies on gossip protocols to perform a force-based embedding of the social networks. The social coordinates are then used to predict links among vertices. We show that \textsc{SoCS} is adapted to decentralized systems at it is churn resilient and has a low bandwidth consumption. We propose \textsc{GMIN}, a \emph{decentralized} platform for \emph{personalized services} based on social information. \textsc{GMIN} provides each user with neighbors that share her interests. The clustering algorithm we propose takes care to encompass all the different interests of the user, and not only the main ones. We then propose a personalized \emph{query expansion} algorithm (\textsc{GQE}) that leverages the \textsc{GMIN} neighbors. For each query, the system computes a tag centrality based on the relations between tags as seen by the user and her neighbors.
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Helgason, Ólafur. "Opportunistic Content Distribution." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsnät, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33828.
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In recent decades, communication networks have had a profound effect on society. Wireless communication has affected our lifestyle and altered how humans communicate and the Internet has revolutionized how we access, publish and disseminate information. In recent years we have also witnessed a radical change in how information is generated on the Internet. Today, information is no longer only generated by a small group of professionals but it is created by the users themselves and shared with a broad community with matching interests. This is evident with ”Web 2.0” applications such as blogs, podcasts, YouTube and social platforms like Facebook and Flickr. As a result of these trends, the Internet is today mainly used to provide users with access to contents. With recent advances in mobile platforms, information generation and consumption has spread from personal computers and Internet into people’s palms. This calls for efficient dissemination of information to and from mobile devices. This thesis considers content-centric networking in the context of mobile wireless networks. The main focus is on opportunistic distribution of content where mobile nodes directly exchange content items when they are within communication range. This communication mode enables dissemination of content between mobile nodes without relying on infrastructure, which can be beneficial for several reasons: infrastructure may be absent, overloaded, unreliable, expensive to use, censored or limited to certain users or contents. Opportunistic networking also has different properties than infrastructure based wireless networking, particularly in terms of scalability, locality and dissemination delay. The contributions of this thesis lie in two areas. Firstly we study the feasibility and performance of opportunistic networking among mobile nodes in urban areas using both analytic models and simulations. In particular we study the effect of two enablers of opportunistic networking: cooperation and mobility. By applying models from epidemic modeling, we show that if nodes cooperate by sharing, even in a limited manner, content can spread efficiently in a number of common case scenarios. We also study in detail which aspects of human mobility affect wireless communication and conclude that performance is not very sensitive to accurate estimation of the probability distributions of mobility parameters such as speed and arrival process. Our results however suggest that it is important to capture the scenario and space in which mobility occurs since this may affect performance significantly. Secondly, we present our design and implementation of a middleware architecture for a mobile peer-to-peer content distribution. Our system uses a decentralized content solicitation scheme that allows the distribution of content between mobile devices without requiring Internet connectivity and infrastructure support. Our system is based on the publish/subscribe paradigm and we describe the design and implementation of key components. We evaluate the performance and correctness of the system using both large-scale simulations and small-scale experimentation with our implementation. Finally we present the design and evaluation of an energy-efficient radio subsystem for opportunistic networking.QC 20110524
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Li, Minyue. "Distribution Preserving Quantization." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-38482.
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In the lossy coding of perceptually relevant signals, such as sound and images, the ultimate goal is to achieve good perceived quality of the reconstructed signal, under a constraint on the bit-rate. Conventional methodologies focus either on a rate-distortion optimization or on the preservation of signal features. Technologies resulting from these two perspectives are efficient only for high-rate or low-rate scenarios. In this dissertation, a new objective is proposed: to seek the optimal rate-distortion trade-off under a constraint that statistical properties of the reconstruction are similar to those of the source. The new objective leads to a new quantization concept: distribution preserving quantization (DPQ). DPQ preserves the probability distribution of the source by stochastically switching among an ensemble of quantizers. At low rates, DPQ exhibits a synthesis nature, resembling existing coding methods that preserve signal features. Compared with rate-distortion optimized quantization, DPQ yields some rate-distortion performance for perceptual benefits. The rate-distortion optimization for DPQ facilitates mathematical analysis. The dissertation defines a distribution preserving rate-distortion function (DP-RDF), which serves as a lower bound on the rate of any DPQ method for a given distortion. For a large range of sources and distortion measures, the DP-RDF approaches the classic rate-distortion function with increasing rate. This suggests that, at high rates, an optimal DPQ can approach conventional quantization in terms of rate-distortion characteristics. After verifying the perceptual advantages of DPQ with a relatively simple realization, this dissertation focuses on a method called transformation-based DPQ, which is based on dithered quantization and a non-linear transformation. Asymptotically, with increasing dimensionality, a transformation-based DPQ achieves the DP-RDF for i.i.d. Gaussian sources and the mean squared error (MSE). This dissertation further proposes a DPQ scheme that asymptotically achieves the DP-RDF for stationary Gaussian processes and the MSE. For practical applications, this scheme can be reduced to dithered quantization with pre- and post-filtering. The simplified scheme preserves the power spectral density (PSD) of the source. The use of dithered quantization and non-linear transformations to construct DPQ is extended to multiple description coding, which leads to a multiple description DPQ (MD-DPQ) scheme. MD-DPQ preserves the source probability distribution for any packet loss scenario. The proposed schemes generally require efficient entropy coding. The dissertation also includes an entropy coding algorithm for lossy coding systems, which is referred to as sequential entropy coding of quantization indices with update recursion on probability (SECURE). The proposed lossy coding methods were subjected to evaluations in the context of audio coding. The experimental results confirm the benefits of the methods and, therewith, the effectiveness of the proposed new lossy coding objective.QC 20110829
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Bhusal, Prabodh. "Distribution reliability analysis." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1532.
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This thesis presents an example for optimization of distribution maintenance scheduling of a recloser. It applies a risk reduction technique associated with maintenance of the equipment. Furthermore, this thesis examines how various distribution system designs, including distributed energy resources (DER), affect distribution reliability indices, System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) and System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI).Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
"December 2007."
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Sundeck, Per. "Distribution Banverket PDÖ." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97890.
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This thesis was made at Banverket Produktion region Öst (Banverket Production, Eastern region), who have decided to restructure their warehousing for spare parts. The basic problem is the amount of spare parts with long stock rotation cycles, which represents a great costs for the warehousing. To become more financially effective, several spare parts with low frequency of use will be centralized to four larger warehouses, seventeen earlier. When there are spare parts at every warehouse, the time to rectify problems will be relatively short. If the repair related transports are taken care of in the same way after the centralization there is a large risk that time rectify the problem will be unacceptably long. The new conditions for the warehousing lead to a need for a new model of distribution to use. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the repair time will be affected by the restructuring and the new transport situation that comes with it. It is also to see if it is possible to find logistical solutions to make the prolonged repair time acceptable. It is necessary to focus on how to manage the transports at the time of spare parts need when administrating the warehousing if some spare parts only are to be found at few warehouses. In the end there will be some kind of ”Just-In-Time” system where the parts only are to be found at the central warehouses and transports will be administered when needed. The effect is that some of the financial resources that will be saved by the centralization will be used to create an effective distribution system. A good basis is necessary to discuss and produce proposals for managing the distribution. That's why the situation today is analyzed in regards to the distribution system and the plans for the future It will then give relevant and necessary information about considerations to take into account. You will also get a clear picture of why the actions are needed. Due to the low stock rotation frequency of these parts, it will probably be most financially effective to purchase transportation services as they are needed. To produce proposals for how to manage the distribution both ground and air transportation companies have been contacted and analyzed. These contacts have resulted in a model that gives information of how to manage different situations. The final solution has become the alternative where most transports are performed by cars and trucks. The helicopters will be used as a complement in extremely urgent situations. The model is validated by some analysis and discussions of hypothetical situations. This will give examples of how the system will work under the new circumstances. You will see how the new system will work in comparison to the old and get a clear picture of the differences between the helicopter and the truck transportation alternatives. The validation shows that, in a time perspective, the model is a satisfactory solution to the problem. There are many opportunities to develop the model by including more information in the analysis parts. The costs, for example, have not been focused on. Other opportunities might be to bring focus to the frequently used spare parts and all warehouses, as well as to look closer at the possibilities to cooperate with a neighbouring regions of Banverket Produktion.Examensarbetet är ett beställningsarbete åt Banverket Produktion Öst, som beslutat att omstrukturera sin lagerverksamhet med felavhjälpningsmaterial. Det grundläggande problemet är att en alltför stor andel produkter med låg förbrukningsfrekvens i lager innebär stora lagerkostnader. För att blir mer kostnadseffektiv har man valt att centralisera lagerhållningen av artiklar med lågfrekvent förbrukning till fyra större lager mot tidigare sjutton. Då artiklar finns på i stort sett samtliga lager blir tiden för att avhjälpa fel relativt kort. Om transporterna vid felavhjälpning hanteras på samma sätt efter centraliseringen är risken stor att felavhjälpningstiden blir oacceptabelt lång. De nya lagerförutsättningarna medför ett behov av en ny distributionsmodell vid felavhjälpning. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur felavhjälpningstiden påverkas av omstruktureringen med de längre transporter som då blir fallet, och om man med hjälp av olika logistiska lösningar kan göra denna förlängda felavhjälpningstid acceptabel. Det som krävs för att hantera lagerhållningen när man börjat lagerföra vissa artiklar endast centralt är att man måste lägga mer resurser på direkt anskaffning av produkter vid felavhjälpning. I praktiken blir det då en form av Just-In-Timesystem där det inte finns säkerhetslagrade produkter och transporter går från huvud- eller centrallager vid behov. Effekten blir att en del av de resurser som sparats genom minskad lagerhållning får användas till att skapa ett effektivt distributionssystem. Ett bra underlag är nödvändigt för att kunna diskutera och ge förslag på distributionsalternativ. Därför har nuläget analyserats med avseende på distributionssystem och framtidsplaner eftersom en sådan analys ger relevant och nödvändig information om vad man bör ta hänsyn till. Man får även en tydligare bild av varför åtgärderna är nödvändiga. På grund av det lågfrekventa behovet av transporter blir det med största sannolikhet mest lönsamt att köpa transporter när det är nödvändigt. Fördelen med detta alternativ är också att man behåller kontrollen över transportkostnaderna. För att kunna ge förslag på en konkret distributionsmodell har således både marktransportföretag och helikopterföretag kontaktats och analyserats. Dessa kontakter har resulterat i en modell som visar hur man kan hantera olika situationer. Den slutliga lösningen har blivit ett alternativ där olika varianter av bilar hanterar merparten av transporterna medan helikoptertransporter fungerar som ett komplement vid extremt akuta transporter. Modellen har validerats genom att några hypotetiska situationer analyserats och diskuterats, detta för att ge exempel på hur systemet kommer att fungera under de nya förhållandena. Dels ser man hur det nya systemet fungerar i jämförelse med det gamla, dels ser man tydligt skillnaden mellan helikopter- och bilalternativet. Valideringen visar att modellen ur ett tidsperspektiv fungerar tillfredställande. Det finns många möjligheter att utveckla modellen genom att inkludera flera parametrar. Kostnadsparametern har till exempel inte varit i fokus. Andra möjligheter kan vara att ta hänsyn till alla artiklar och alla lager eller samarbete med en närliggande region.
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Persson, Erold. "Multicast Time Distribution." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2274.
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The Swedish National Testing and Research Institute is maintaining the Swedish realization of the world time scale UTC, called UTC(SP). One area of research and development for The Swedish National Laboratory of Time and Frequency is time synchronization and how UTC(SP) can be distributed in Sweden. Dissemination of time information by SP is in Sweden mainly performed via Internet using the Network Time Protocol (NTP) as well as via a modem dial up service and a speaking clock (Fröken Ur). In addition to these services, time information from the Global Positioning System (GPS) and from the long-wave transmitter DCF77 in Germany, is also available in Sweden.
This master’s thesis considers how different available commercial communication systems could be used for multicast time distribution. DECT, Bluetooth, Mobile Telecommunication and Radio Broadcasting are different techniques that are investigated. One application of Radio Broadcasting, DARC, was found to be interesting for a more detailed study. A theoretical description of how DARC could be used for national time distribution is accomplished and a practical implementation of a test system is developed to evaluate the possibilities to use DARC for multicast time distribution.
The tests of DARC and the radio broadcast system showed that these could be interesting techniques to distribute time with an accuracy of a couple of milliseconds. This quality level is not obtained today but would be possible with some alterations of the system.
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Carlsson, Daniel, and Johan Dvärsäter. "Flexibel Fysisk Distribution." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2001. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-857.
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Bakgrund: Vi anser att en framtida utmaning är att bygga in en flexibilitet i den fysiska distributionen. Detta innebär att ett detaljhandelsföretag skall ha möjlighet att växla mellan att stundtals distribuera en och samma produkt via centrallager och stundtals direkt från producent till varuhus i förädlingskedjan, en flexibel fysisk distribution.
Syfte: Syftet är att utröna förutsättningar för och konsekvenser av en flexibel fysisk distribution för de olika aktörerna i en förädlingskedja, i vilken detaljhandelsföretaget besitter en påtaglig maktposition.
Genomförande: Empirisk data har samlats in genom en fallstudie i IKEA:s förädlingskedja.
Resultat: En integrerad förädlingskedja med ett tydligt supply chain synsätt, i vilken samtliga aktörer samarbetar och har incitament till medverkan, utgör en förutsättning för en flexibel fysisk distribution. Vi vill även framhålla vikten av att de produkter i ett detaljhandelsföretags sortiment som säljer bäst och endast de varuhus med störst kapacitet, bör ingå. Om den fysiska distributionen skall kunna växla i en förädlingskedja måste berörda aktörer vidare erhålla en planeringshorisont. Detta implicerar att skiften avseende fysisk distribution måste ske säsongsvis och då företrädesvis med direktleveranser i högsäsong. Den flexibla fysiska distributionen kommer att få konsekvenser gällande lager och därmed kostnader för aktörerna.
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Sonalker, Anuja Anilkumar. "Asymmetric Key Distribution." NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20020403-040240.
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ABSTRACT BY Anuja A Sonalker on Asymmetric Key Distribution. (Under the direction of Dr. Gregory T. Byrd) Currently, in Threshold Public Key Systems key shares are generated uniformly and distributed in the same manner to every participant. We propose a new scheme, Asymmetric Key Distribution (AKD), in which one share server is provided with a larger, unequal chunk of the original secret key. Asymmetric Key Distribution is a unique scheme for generating and distributing unequal shares via a Trusted Dealer to all the registered peers in the system such that without the combination of the single compulsory share from the Special Server no transaction can be completed. This application is aimed for circumstances where a single party needs to co-exist within a group of semi-trusted peers, or in a coalition where every entity should have a choice to participate and one of the entities needs to be privileged with more powers. This thesis presents the algorithm and security model for Asymmetric Key Distribution, along with all the assumptions and dependencies within the boundaries of which this algorithm is guaranteed to be secure. Its robustness lies in its simplicity and in its distributed nature. We address all security concerns related to the model including compromised share servers and cryptanalytic attacks. A variation, called the Dual Threshold Scheme, is created to reduce the vulnerability in the algorithm, namely, the compromise of the Special Server and its secret share. In this scheme, a combination of another threshold number of Distributed Special Servers must combine to collectively generate a share equivalent to the Special Server?s share. This flexibility allows us to adjust our threshold scheme for the environment. We describe a Java-based implementation of the AKD algorithm, using Remote Method Invocation (RMI) for communication among share servers. A typical scenario of a Trusted Dealer, a Special Server and a number of Share Servers was created, where timed asymmetric key generation and distribution was carried out after which the servers initiated and carried out certificate signing transactions in the appropriated manner. As an interesting exercise, the share servers were corrupted so that they would try to exclude the Special Server in the transactions and try to form its share themselves, to observe the consequence. All their efforts were futile. Another interesting aspect was the key generation timing. Key generation is known to be a very time-extensive process but the key share reuse concept used in this implementation reduced the time for key generation by 66-90% of the classical key generation time.
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Dahlgren, Fredrik. "Effective Distribution Theory." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8210.
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Wyld, Damian Anthony. "The distributive state /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arw982.pdf.
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Hanisch, Christoph. "Global distributive justice /." St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/216.
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Hayden, Patrick. "Distributing quantum information." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393231.
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Bhusal, Prabodh Jewell Ward T. "Distribution reliability analysis /." Thesis, A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/1532.
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Fredriksson, Olle. "Distributing abstract machines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6196/.
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Today's distributed programs are often written using either explicit message passing or Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) that are not natively integrated in the language. It is difficult to establish the correctness of programs written this way compared to programs written for a single computer. We propose a generalisation of RPCs that are natively integrated in a functional programming language meaning that they have support for higher-order calls across node boundaries. Our focus is on how such languages can be compiled correctly and efficiently. We present four different solutions. Two of them are based on interaction semantics --- the Geometry of Interaction and game semantics --- and two are extensions of conventional abstract machines --- the Krivine machine and the SECD machine. To target as general distributed systems as possible our solutions support RPCs without sending code. We prove the correctness of the abstract machines with respect to their single-node execution, and show their viability for use for compilation by implementing prototype compilers based on them. The conventionally based machines are shown to enable efficient programs. Our intention is that these abstract machines can form the foundation for future programming languages that use the idea of higher-order RPCs.
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Woodfin, Thomas R. (Thomas Richard) 1979. "Self-distributing computation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8074.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55).
In this thesis, I propose a new model for distributing computational work in a parallel or distributed system. This model relies on exposing the topology and performance characteristics of the underlying architecture to the application. Responsibility for task distribution is divided between a run-time system, which determines when tasks should be distributed or consolidated, and the application, which specifies to the runtime system its first-choice distribution based on a representation of the current state of the underlying architecture. Discussing my experience in implementing this model as a Java-based simulator, I argue for the advantages of this approach as they relate to performance on changing architectures and ease of programming.
by Thomas R. Woodfin.
M.Eng.
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Simonyan, Mesrop. "Rethinking Film Distribution." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2012. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/449.
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Segura, Inès. "La distribution immobilière." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON10018.
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Les concepts d'immobilier et de distribution ne nous sont nullement étrangers. En revanche, l'expression distribution immobilière n'a jamais été évoquée. Ce qui peut expliquer que le droit de la distribution immobilière n'ait pas été abordé dans le droit de la distribution tient sans doute à la nature de son objet. Nous nous sommes intéressés, d'une part, aux opérations élémentaires de la distribution immobilière à travers l'étude de l'agent immobilier, de l'agent commercial immobilier, du négociateur immobilier salarié (VRP ou non bénéficiaire du statut), de l'indicateur occasionnel. Nous avons procédé, d'autre part, à l'examen des opérations complexes de la distribution immobilière telles que les franchises. Toutefois, nous observons qu'en dehors de la franchise, les notions de groupement et de réseau peuvent recouvrir des réalités juridiques très différentes : associations, groupements d'intérêt économique, sociétés coopératives, etc. Ce travail de recherche a eu pour objet l'étude des formules contractuelles utilisées dans le domaine de la distribution immobilière. Les juristes pourront se pencher sur les vides juridiques qui ne manquent pas en la matière et que cette recherche a contribué à mettre à jour. Les professionnels et leurs conseils pourront y puiser des informations juridiques et pratiques concernant les opérateurs et les opérations de la distribution immobilière. Puisse ce travail permettre à quiconque voudra s'établir d'avoir une vue générale de ce qui se pratique en matière de contrats de distribution immobilière.
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Mellouli, Chams. "Le droit de la distribution en Tunisie." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10002.
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Les relations de distribution sont soumises à différentes contraintes juridiques. Ces contraintes relèvent plus spécialement du droit des contrats et du droit de la concurrence. D'autres matières juridiques, tel le droit du travail ou encore le droit des sociétés, peuvent être concernées. La technique contractuelle permet de répondre et satisfaire à ces contraintes. L'expérience européenne, et en particulier française, a permis de révéler des formules contractuelles identifiables ; il s'agit du contrat de franchise, de concession, de distribution agréée ou sélective et également des contrats de regroupement entre distributeurs. Ces formes particulières d'accords de distribution s'agrègent à des formules plus générales, tel la vente, le mandat, la commission ainsi qu'à des techniques contractuelles tel le contrat-cadre. L'objet de la thèse est d'apprécier la transposition de ces formules de contrats et techniques contractuelles en droit tunisien. L'étude des règles régissant les contrats de la distribution et les rapports entre les différents intervenants, permettra de systématiser un droit de la distribution en TunisieThe distribution relationships are subject to various legal obligations and regulations. These obligations rise mainly from contract law and competition law. However, other legal subject matters, such as labor law or corporate law could be involved. The contractual technique allows to meet these obligations. The European experience and more particularly the French one, have allowed to reveal identifiable contractual methods, mostly related to franchising agreements, concession agreements, approved or selective distribution agreements, and consolidation agreements between distributors. These specific distribution agreements aggregates with more general methods such as the sale deeds, the mandates, the commissions in addition to contractual techniques as the master agreement. The subject matter of this thesis is to estimate the transposition of these contractual methods and techniques in Tunisian law. The study and analysis of the rules governing distribution agreements and relationship between the different intervening parties, shall allow to systematize and set standards for distribution law in Tunisia
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Alby, Maxime. "La négociation commerciale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTD030.
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Le droit français se singularise par l'établissement d'un traitement juridique spécifique de la négociation commerciale, entre fournisseurs et distributeurs. Diversement apprécié, celui-ci demeure remis en cause obligeant la thèse à déterminer sa légitimité et son efficacité. Sa légitimité, en premier lieu, apparaît établie. Soucieux de corriger l'abus de puissance commerciale du partenaire dominant, le traitement juridique de la négociation commerciale se justifie ; comblant les lacunes du droit des obligations et du droit des pratiques anticoncurrentielles, son caractère propre se justifie également. Son efficacité, en second lieu, apparaît toute relative. En effet, s'intéressant à l'effet du déséquilibre de puissance commerciale, l'abus, et non à ses causes, le traitement juridique étudié manque ses objectifs. Parmi diverses propositions destinées à assurer son efficacité, celle consistant à promouvoir, non plus un traitement individuel de la négociation, mais son traitement collectif, doit être retenueFrench Law stands out by a special law for commercial negociation. However, disputed, this one is challenged. Therefore, our thesis has to determine its legitimacy and its efficiency.First, its legitimacy is etablished. In order to correct the abuse of commercial power, law for commercial negociation is justified ; filling gaps of the contract law and the concurrential law, its specificity is justified too.Secondly, its efficiency is questionable. Indeed, it takes into account the effect of the power imbalance, the abuse, but does not consider its causes. That's why, many proposals have to be note. Among those, the etablishement of a collective bargaining seems the most relevant
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Hansen, Peder. "Approximating the Binomial Distribution by the Normal Distribution – Error and Accuracy." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Matematisk statistik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155336.
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McCourt, James. "Retail distribution review : a critical evaluation of the retail distribution review." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25942.
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Despite the high profile nature of the interventions made by regulators after the global financial crisis, there have been few objective assessments of their success and of the orthodoxy of market failure analysis that underpins the rationale for taking action. This study addresses both literature gaps by developing a distribution landscape segment model to measure the success of an exemplar; the Retail Distribution Review (RDR). It also undertakes exploratory research to establish a basis for a diagnostic paradigm based on customer value rather than well established, but criticised, classical economic indicators. A “stock flow” based model was constructed to assess post-RDR levels of asymmetry, agency and trust. The absence of source data prompted a second exploratory phase of research into Trust as a welfare benefit, using customer focus groups and telephone surveys. An evidential basis for an alternative framework based on what consumers value, rather than how economists think is rational for them to act, was established. The model results indicated a landscape which is more complex than 2013, with competing interests transmuted rather than eradicated and information asymmetry growing rather than shrinking. The results support a view that interventions focussing on narrow “market” definitions do not reflect the complexity of human behaviour and are simply “squeezing the balloon”. The customer value research found that trust is complicated and related to several key “motivators”. These have underlying attributes which differ between socio economic groups, the financial objectives and whether customers have advisers. The conclusion reached is that an evidence based customer perspective should be at the heart of regulatory analysis, if public welfare is to be maximised. The study provides evidence of complexities and connectedness between actors and economic forces in the retail financial services landscape, cautiously supporting the literature on regulatory interventions as socio-technical assemblages. It argues that the customer value framework enriches the regulatory toolkit by forming a guard against intellectual capture and unintended consequences of shaping reality to fit a so-called perfect market model.
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LEIBER, THIERRY. "Les couts de distribution : aspects operationnels et strategiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR1EC09.
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Dans les annees soixante fut mise au point aux etats-unis une nouvelle methode appelee << pdp >> ou profit direct par produit qui permet de definir une mesure plus precise de la contribution au profit qu'un article engendre apres imputation des couts directs. Beaucoup de ceux qui l'avaient adopte, ont ete decus par les difficultes rencontrees quant aux procedures de calcul et par l'investissement necessaire a son implantation apres avoir evalue la pertinence des lois economiques des couts de certaines activites, une methodologie basee sur la simulation a ete developpee afin d'etudier l'impact d'une meilleure perception de la rentabilite des references sur les decisions. Les resultats de nos simulations montrent que la connaissance du cout de distribution ne permet en rien d'accroitre le profit du distributeur. Les decisions prises en integrant les couts directs n'ameliorent pas de facon significative les decisions basees sur un cout forme du seul prix d'achat ce constat ne signifie en rien qu'elle est sans effet du tout. Les resultats de nos simulations sur la situation des fournisseurs le prouvent. L'implantation du pdp cree l'infrastructure de communication permettant un nouveau mode de coordination. L'ensemble des signaux peuvent etre vehicules a 1 aide des chiffres de la comptabilite l'approche microeconomique developpee permet d'illustrer les consequences d'une telle utilisation du cout dans le cadre d'un canal de distribution integrant une modelisation de la negociation. L'objectif est de definir une relation entre le prix d'achat negocie aupres du fournisseur et sa situation dans la categorie au dela de la simple modelisation du tant degressif. Se faisant, la comptabilite peut permettre de tendre vers la configuration concurrentielle ideale ou l'exercice des leviers a la disposition du distributeur est le plus efficace
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Leung, Kwan-chi. "A study of the measurement of income inequality : with special reference to Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13278769.
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Elouar, Abdennaceur. "Le comportement des teleacheteurs : une contribution a l'etude du processus d'adoption." Corte, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997CORT1008.
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L'apparition du teleachat, qui s'est traduite par un transfert de certaines depenses vers ce circuit n'a pas provoque dans l'ensemble de la population une transformation identique des habitudes d'achats. Certains consommateurs ont en effet adopte plus rapidement cette forme de vente, alors que d'autres sont restes fideles aux formes traditionnelles de vente. C'est pourquoi il parait judicieux d'apporter quelques elements d'appreciation et de reflexion sur les rapports qui existent entre les consommateurs et le teleachat. Des lors, l'accent a ete mis sur la liaison attitude-comportement. Une question principale, a laquelle tente de repondre la presente etude, est de savoir si l'attitude du consommateur a l'egard du teleachat oriente son comportement. Il convient donc de verifier, au terme de ce travail, qu'une predisposition a percevoir ou a agir d'une maniere favorable ou defavorable vis-a-vis de cette formule est susceptible de predire un comportement. De ce fait, si l'attitude des consommateurs a l'egard du teleachat a une influence sur leur decision d'achat par l'intermediaire de ce circuit, il est essentiel de s'interesser a l'origine de cette attitude, aux facteurs qui la modelent. Cependant, pour qu'un comportement par l'intermediaire du teleachat se realise, cette recherche pose l'hypothese que l'attitude est une condition necessaire mais non suffisante. En d'autres termes, il existe d'autres facteurs (hors attitude) qui renforcent ou freinent la decision finale d'achat par cette formule. Ces facteurs, dits situationnels, peuvent modifier la decision finale du consommateur, expliquant ainsi les intentions d'achat non suivis d'une realisation ou les achats impulsifsTHIS RESEARCH DEALS WITH HOME SHOPPER BEHAVIOR PARTICULARLY WITH THE MARKETING OF VIDEOTEX SYSTEMS. AN EMPIRICAL research UNVEILS VARIABLES THAT COULD EXPLAIN WHY AND UNDER WHICH CONDITIONS, CONSUMERS WOULD BE INTERESTED IN USING SUCH A SYSTEM
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Oliveira, Mariana Ferrari de. "Meritocracia e responsabilidade individual no igualitarismo de John Rawls e Ronald Dworkin." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8131/tde-12052015-095742/.
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A presente dissertação busca realizar uma discussão pormenorizada de dois grandes teóricos da justiça distributiva: John Rawls e Ronald Dworkin. O objetivo é verificar como a meritocracia e a responsabilidade individual são acomodadas, de forma normativamente apropriada, nessas diferentes interpretações do igualitarismo, ressaltando suas justificativas para a existência de desigualdades socioeconômicas, isto é, sob que condições estas poderiam ser consideradas legítimas. Além disso, verificar-se-á que tipo de políticas públicas o Estado estaria autorizado a adotar, se levar em consideração as implicações de cada uma dessas concepções de justiça.This dissertation seeks to accomplish a detailed discussion of two major theorists of distributive justice: John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin. The aim is to check how meritocracy and individual responsibility are accommodated, in normatively appropriate way, in these different interpretations of egalitarianism, highlighting the justifications for the existence of socioeconomic inequalities, that is, under what conditions these could be considered legitimate. Furthermore, this study will verify what kind of policies the state would be authorized to adopt, taking into account the implications of each of these conceptions of justice.
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Ribeiro, Jose Adauto. "Comprometimento organizacional e percepção de justiça: um estudo sobre a concessão de remuneração e benefícios diferenciados a dois grupos de uma mesma empresa." Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2008. http://www.adm.ufba.br/sites/default/files/publicacao/arquivo/jose_adauto_ribeiro.pdf.
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O presente trabalho teve por propósito investigar a concessão diferenciada de remuneração e benefícios a dois grupos de funcionários e suas implicações sobre a percepção de justiça distributiva e sobre o comprometimento afetivo, instrumental e normativo. O fato auspicioso, do ponto de vista do estudo, mas inusitado em termos de mercado de trabalho, é que os empregados pesquisados, porque foram contratados em períodos distintos, recebiam remuneração e benefícios diferenciados, embora trabalhassem na mesma empresa, ocupavam função idêntica, desenvolviam atividades iguais e compartilhavam o mesmo ambiente de trabalho. À guisa de embasamento teórico, foram explorados os conceitos de comprometimento organizacional, percepção de justiça organizacional e sistema de recompensa. O estudo empírico foi efetuado em uma organização da indústria bancária e teve por objeto os dados de uma survey realizada junto a um grupo amostral de 679 indivíduos. Para fins de estudos comparativos, esta amostra foi cindida em dois subgrupos: o pré-98, formado por funcionários contratados antes de 1998 com benefícios e remuneração superiores; e o pós-98, constituído de empregados contratados a partir de 1998 com benefícios e remuneração inferiores. A diversidade dos dois grupos, com perfis bem distintos, se revelou bastante profícua para análises comparativas. O grupo pré-98 tinha como características mais marcantes: maior longevidade, predominância de casados, menor nível educacional, maior antiguidade de empresa e remuneração e benefícios mais amplos. Noutro pólo, o subgrupo pós-98 foi caracterizado por: menor longevidade, predominância de solteiros, maior nível educacional, menor tempo de empresa, remuneração e benefícios mais restritos. Como similaridade, os dois grupos apresentavam: mesmo nível na ascensão interna, exercício das mesmas atividades e compartilhamento do mesmo ambiente, portanto suscetível às mesmas condições culturais, de cobrança por resultados e de estresse. O subgrupo pré-98 registrou 304 respondentes e pós- 98 computou 379 funcionários. Como instrumento de levantamento de dados primários, foi utilizado um questionário com trinta e uma variáveis, composto de perguntas sobre questões sócio-funcionais, sobre as três dimensões de comprometimento organizacional, escala de autoria de Meyer e Allen (1997), validada por diversos autores brasileiros, e sobre percepção de justiça distributiva, cuja escala foi validada por Mendonça e outros (2003). Os procedimentos de análise estatística realizados foram os seguintes: estatística descritiva; análise fatorial confirmatória; avaliação de consistência alpha de crombach, análise de correlação e regressões múltiplas. Os resultados das interações das variáveis demográficas, funcionais, remuneração e benefícios com as dimensões de comprometimento e de percepção de justiça distributiva, nos grupos pré e pós-98, foram: a) a variável gênero, nas relações com comprometimento e de justiça distributiva, manifestou correlação neutra; b) as correlações com tempo de empresa foram positivas, sendo as relações mais sensíveis com as dimensões normativa e afetiva e as menos intensas com a instrumental e justiça distributiva; c) as correlações com estado civil, registraram, de forma consistente, tendência de médias crescentes na seqüência dos segmentos de solteiro, casado, separado e viúvo, em todas as dimensões e com notável diferença entre os grupos de solteiro e casado; d) As dimensões de comprometimento e de justiça distributiva registraram correlações significativas com escolaridade, porém de natureza inversa; e) das correlações positivas entre tempo de empresa e comprometimento, a mais intensa se processou com a dimensão afetiva. Menor expressão sucedeu com as dimensões normativa e de justiça distributiva. Em relação à dimensão instrumental, a variável se mostrou neutra; f) os efeitos de remuneração e benefícios sobre percepção de justiça distributiva ficaram evidentes na comparação entre os grupos pré e pós-98, onde o primeiro, que percebe remuneração e benefícios superiores, alcançou média significativamente mais elevada; g) as correlações entre justiça distributiva e comprometimento se revelaram positivas com as dimensões normativa e afetiva e neutra com a instrumental. Sinteticamente a amostra do grupo pré-98, em comparação com o pós- 98, registrou médias superiores nas dimensões afetiva, normativa e instrumental e de justiça distributiva. De modo elucidativo, em razão das características de cada grupo, as interações diretas das variáveis antecedentes (idade, estado civil, remuneração e justiça distributiva) com as dimensões de comprometimento registraram tendência ascendente, pressionando para cima as médias do grupo pré- 98, acentuando a diferença em relação ao pós-98. O mesmo ocorreu em relação à escolaridade, porém com relação inversa. A variável antiguidade, apesar de sensibilizar positivamente as dimensões afetiva e normativa, se mostrou indiferente à instrumental. No conjunto, as diferenças das médias verificadas foram congruentes com as peculiaridades de cada grupo. As hipóteses de número um, dois e três, restaram todas comprovadas, pois ficou demonstrado o poder de influência de remuneração e benefícios sobre as médias de comprometimento e de justiça distributiva que, segundo correlação positiva e de proporcionalidade direta, gerou médias comparativamente inferiores no grupo pós-98 e superiores no pré-98. A hipótese quatro não foi confirmada, pois a correlação mais intensa entre justiça distributiva e comprometimento, se verificou com a faceta normativa, dissentindo da hipótese que apontava, com base em estudos anteriores, a dimensão afetiva. Este resultado também divergiu do quadro de relações tendenciais, construído por Meyer e outros (2002, p. 31), que registrou correlação positiva mais forte com a base afetiva e nula com a instrumental.
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Kjellberg, Hans. "Organising distribution : Hakonbolaget and the efforts to rationalise food distribution, 1940-1960." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics [Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.] (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/560.htm.
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Heng, Hui Yi. "Long-term distribution network pricing and planning to facilitate efficient power distribution." Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527519.
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Buhari, Muhammad. "Reliability assessment of ageing distribution cable for replacement in 'smart' distribution systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reliability-assessment-of-ageing-distribution-cable-for-replacement-in-smart-distribution-systems(e253c774-b5e3-4872-9139-894e7df553f0).html.
Full textAbstract:
Majority of electricity networks have growing number of ageing elements. Critical network components, such as ageing underground cables, are very expensive to install and disruptive to replace. On the other hand, global climate changes have made connection of new low carbon technologies (LCT) into the grids increasingly necessary. These factors are contributing to the increasing complexity of the planning and management of power systems. Numerous techniques published on this subject tend to ignore the impact of LCT integration and the anchoring ꞌSmartꞌ solutions on ageing network assets, such as underground cables and transformers. This thesis presents the development procedures of an ageing underground cable reliability model (IEC-Arrhenius-Weibull model) and cable ranking models for replacement based on system wide effects and thermal loss-of-life metrics. In addition, a new concept of LCT integration and distribution network management was proposed using two optimization models. The first optimizes connection of new wind sources by minimizing the connection cost and the cost of cable thermal loss-of-lives in the planning period. In the second stage, the network is optimally reconfigured in such a way to minimize thermal-loss-of-life of ageing cable. Both optimization models are formulated as mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problems applicable to radially operated medium voltage networks. To quantify the reliability benefits of the proposed approach, Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS) procedure was formulated. Some of the main features of the SMCS procedure are the IEC-Arrhenius-Weibull model for ageing cable, optimal network reconfiguration, wind generation modelling using ARMA models and real time thermal ratings. The final outputs are reliability metrics, cable ranking lists for replacement, savings due to 'non-spend' cable thermal lives, etc. These studies have proven to be important in formulating an effective strategy for extending the lives of network cables, managing overall network reliability and planning cables replacement in power distribution networks.