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Journal articles on the topic 'District Cooling System'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

Lo, Anthony CW, Phil Jones, and Francis WH Yik. "Effects of pumping station configuration on the energy performance of district cooling systems." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 3 (December 5, 2016): 287–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416680019.

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In this paper, a hypothetical district representing the typical urban districts in Hong Kong was considered and a district cooling system model was designed for this district. Mathematical models were tailor-designed for all the major district cooling system equipment to simulate the effects of changing the pumping station’s configuration on the energy performance of the district cooling system. The measures included the use of multiple pumping stations and an unequal number of pumps in each station. In view of the vast number of pumping station combinations possible for analysis, a hydraulic gradient evaluation method was adopted to assist a quick assessment and exploration of those combinations that would be technically feasible. Furthermore, the energy performance of all these technically feasible combinations was evaluated to identify an optimum design that would lead to the lowest electricity consumption. Practical application: In a district cooling system where there is only one main pumping station for distributing chilled water to all the buildings in the district, the chilled water flow rate and pressure head are very high. Adding booster pumping stations can help to reduce pressure head, pump size and hence power demand of the main pumping station. In this paper, the effects of different pumping station configurations on the energy performance of a district cooling system were investigated. The configuration that could mitigate the impacts of a low delta-T on the energy performance of the district cooling system was also identified.

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2

Duh Čož, Tjaša, Andrej Kitanovski, and Alojz Poredoš. "Primary Energy Factor of a District Cooling System." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 62, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2016.3777.

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3

Chow, T. T., Apple L. S. Chan, and C. L. Song. "Building-mix optimization in district cooling system implementation." Applied Energy 77, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-2619(03)00102-8.

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4

KAWADA, Yoshitaka, and Masaru HATTORI. "District cooling system utilzing latent heat of ice." Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 56, no. 2 (1994): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5331/seppyo.56.169.

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5

Sun, Yu Ying, Yao Hua Zhao, Ying Jie Wang, Yan Ting Hu, and Yong Feng Ni. "Control Strategies on Yalong Bay Ice Storage District Cooling System." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 7083–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.7083.

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Yalong Bay ice storage district cooling system is a very high degree of automation system, the stategies of which are detailed analyzed in the artical from three parts: refrigerating system, chilled water distribution system and user cooling exchange system. For the benefit of the environment and the oprerating efficiency of power grid, these control strategies are designed on cooling demand and peak load shifting. Now they have been successfully applied to Yalong Bay DCS, through the three control hierarchies: local control, centralized management and optimizing control. The artical has reference value for design on ice storage district cooling system control.

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6

Charani Shandiz, Saeid, Alice Denarie, Gabriele Cassetti, Marco Calderoni, Antoine Frein, and Mario Motta. "A Simplified Methodology for Existing Tertiary Buildings’ Cooling Energy Need Estimation at District Level: A Feasibility Study of a District Cooling System in Marrakech." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 12, 2019): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050944.

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In district energy systems planning, the calculation of energy needs is a crucial step in making the investment profitable. Although several computational approaches exist for estimating the thermal energy need of individual buildings, this is challenging at the district level due to the amount of data needed, the diversity of building types, and the uncertainty of connections. The aim of this paper is to present a simplified measurement-based methodology for estimating the cooling energy needs at the district level, which can be employed in the preliminary sizing and design of a district cooling network. The methodology proposed is suitable for tertiary buildings and is based on building electricity bills as historical data to calculate the yearly cooling demand. Then, the developed method is applied to a real case study: the feasibility analysis of a sustainable district cooling network for a hotel district in the city of Marrakech. The designed system foresees a 23-MWcold district cooling network that is 4 km long, supplying 26 GWh of cooling to the tourist area. The results show that the proposed methodology for cooling demand estimation is coherent with the other existing methods in the literature.

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7

Jangsten, Maria, Peter Filipsson, Torbjörn Lindholm, and Jan-Olof Dalenbäck. "High Temperature District Cooling: Challenges and Possibilities Based on an Existing District Cooling System and its Connected Buildings." Energy 199 (May 2020): 117407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117407.

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8

Inayat, Abrar, and Mohsin Raza. "District cooling system via renewable energy sources: A review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 107 (June 2019): 360–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.03.023.

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9

Wang, Lu, Yun Zhen, Sun Qi Zeng, and WeiXiong Liu. "Deployment mode of District centralized cooling system in City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 587 (October 23, 2020): 012056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/587/1/012056.

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10

Khir, Reem, and Mohamed Haouari. "Optimization models for a single-plant District Cooling System." European Journal of Operational Research 247, no. 2 (December 2015): 648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2015.05.083.

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11

Zamhuri, Muhammad Ikhwan, Haslenda Hashim, and Ho Wai Shin. "Optimal Design of Integrated Chiller Capacity with Ice Thermal Storage for Commercial Buildings through Cooling System Cascade Analysis." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.b8301.1210220.

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Chilled water air conditioning system is used to supply cooling systems in large capacity for industrial processes and commercial buildings. Air conditioners contribute more than 60 percent of electricity consumption in buildings. District Cooling System (DCS) technology comprises a central chiller plant which provides advantage compared to local air conditioning system. It has higher efficiency, uses less power in system operation, allows more usable space in buildings, and can be operated with minimum manpower while handling same amount of cooling load. The integration of a chiller with ice thermal storage (ITS) offers more operational flexibility while reducing space cooling expenses. This paper presents a systematic framework for design and operation of District Cooling Plant (DCP) comprising an integrated chiller and ice thermal storage system. The Cooling System Cascade Analysis (COSCA) based on pinch analysis is constructed to determine the chiller optimal size and ice thermal storage capacity. The District Cooling System configuration for this study comprises a cooling tower, chiller (centrifugal, variable centrifugal, glycol) and ice thermal storage system. The application of this technique to fulfil 66,284 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH) cooling load demand from commercial buildings reveals the optimal capacity of the chiller is 3068.91 refrigerant tonne (RT), ice tank rating at 989 refrigerant tonne (RT) and ice tank capacity is 9892.75 refrigerant tonne hour (RTH).

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12

Brumana, Giovanni, Giuseppe Franchini, Elisa Ghirardi, and Antonio Perdichizzi. "Analysis of Solar District Cooling systems: the Effect of Heat Rejection." E3S Web of Conferences 197 (2020): 08018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019708018.

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The paper presents the performance assessment of a solar district cooling system with special attention to the heat rejection process. The investigation includes energetic, economic and environmental aspects. The district cooling network is driven by two-stage Li-Br absorption chillers coupled with parabolic trough solar collectors. The whole system, including solar field, storage tanks and chilled water pipeline, has been modelled in Trnsys. The focus is on the heat rejection systems, and their impact on the performance of the cooling plant. Four different types of heat rejection systems are considered: Air Cooling (AC), Evaporative Cooling Tower (ECT), Groundwater Heat Exchanger (GHE) and Geothermal Boreholes (GB). The paper presents two case studies in the Gulf region: the warm climate is compared for two condition of humidity, dry (Riyadh) and humid (Abu Dhabi). Furthermore, the work presents a multivariable optimization procedure based on GenOpt software interacting with Trnsys model under the constraint of a 70% annual solar fraction. The best option resulted to be the one based on absorption chillers coupled with Groundwater Heat Exchanger in both locations. The annual power consumption is reduced by 83% in Abu Dhabi and 82% in Riyadh compared to conventional cooling systems.

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13

Dominković, Dominik, and Goran Krajačić. "District Cooling Versus Individual Cooling in Urban Energy Systems: The Impact of District Energy Share in Cities on the Optimal Storage Sizing." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 28, 2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030407.

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The energy transition of future urban energy systems is still the subject of an ongoing debate. District energy supply can play an important role in reducing the total socio-economic costs of energy systems and primary energy supply. Although lots of research was done on integrated modelling including district heating, there is a lack of research on integrated energy modelling including district cooling. This paper addressed the latter gap using linear continuous optimization model of the whole energy system, using Singapore for a case study. Results showed that optimal district cooling share was 30% of the total cooling energy demand for both developed scenarios, one that took into account spatial constraints for photovoltaics installation and the other one that did not. In the scenario that took into account existing spatial constraints for installations, optimal capacities of methane and thermal energy storage types were much larger than capacities of grid battery storage, battery storage in vehicles and hydrogen storage. Grid battery storage correlated with photovoltaics capacity installed in the energy system. Furthermore, it was shown that successful representation of long-term storage solutions in urban energy models reduced the total socio-economic costs of the energy system for 4.1%.

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14

Gang, Wenjie, Shengwei Wang, Fu Xiao, and Dian-ce Gao. "District cooling systems: Technology integration, system optimization, challenges and opportunities for applications." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 53 (January 2016): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.051.

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15

Ivančić, Aleksandar, Joaquim Romaní, Jaume Salom, and Maria-Victoria Cambronero. "Performance Assessment of District Energy Systems with Common Elements for Heating and Cooling." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 2334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082334.

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District energy systems, especially those integrating renewables or low exergy sources, have multiple elements for generating heating and cooling. Some of these elements might be used for both purposes: heating and cooling, either simultaneously or alternatively. This makes it more complex to separate the assessment and have a clear picture on performance of cooling service on one side, and heating services on the other, in terms of energy, environmental, and economic results. However, a correct comparison between different district energy configurations or among district energy and conventional solutions requires split assessment of each service. The paper presents a methodology for calculating different district heating and cooling system key performance indicators (KPIs), distinguishing between heating and cooling ones. A total of eleven indicators are organized under four categories: energy, environment, economy and socio-economy. Each KPI is defined for heating service and for cooling service. According to this, the methodology proposes a demand-based and an investment-based share factors that facilitate the heating and cooling KPI calculation.

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16

Rämä, Miika, and Krzysztof Klobut. "Tools for Planning Energy Efficient District Systems." Proceedings 2, no. 15 (August 23, 2018): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2151132.

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An open-source planning tool for the evaluation district cooling systems is developed within project INDIGO. The tool is based on optimisation model consisting of a defined set of components in a district cooling (DC) system. The approach links up the whole energy chain from consumption to resources achieve an optimal solution. The tool will enable assessment on effects of single components on a system level and provide data for comparison from energy efficiency, economic feasibility and the climate impact point of view. Life cycle assessment (LCA) framework will be utilised as a method for both economic feasibility and climate impact evaluation. This paper reviews the related projects and positions INDIGO planning tool in this context.

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17

Kanog˘lu, M., Y. A. C¸engel, and R. H. Turner. "Incorporating a District Heating/Cooling System Into an Existing Geothermal Power Plant." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795031.

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Geothermal energy has been used for power generation, space and process heating, and to a lesser extent, space cooling. However, it is rarely used for cogeneration. This paper shows how a district heating/cooling system can be incorporated into an existing geothermal power plant to make the best use of extracted hot brine. In the power plant analysis, exergy destruction throughout the plant is quantified and illustrated using an exergy cascade. The primary source of exergy destruction in the plant is determined to be the reinjection of used brine into the ground, which accounts for 48.1 percent of the total exergy destruction. The overall first and the second law efficiencies of the plant are calculated to be 5.6 and 28.3 percent, respectively, based on the exergy of the geothermal fluid at downwell, and 5.7 and 28.6 percent, respectively, based on the exergy of the geothermal fluid at wellhead. A binary system is considered for the heating/cooling district to avoid corrosion and scaling problems. The heating system, as designed, has the capability to meet the entire needs of the Reno Industrial Park under peak load conditions, and has 30 percent reserve for future expansion. An absorption system will be used for the cooling of the intended 40 percent floor space of the industrial park. An economic analysis shows that the incorporation of the district heating/cooling system with 2,785,000 m2 of floor space connected to the geothermal grid appears to be feasible, and financially very attractive. Further, using the returning freshwater from the district heating/cooling system for partial cooling of the binary fluid of the power plant can save up to 15 percent of the fan work.

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18

Chow, T. T., K. F. Fong, A. L. S. Chan, R. Yau, W. H. Au, and V. Cheng. "Energy modelling of district cooling system for new urban development." Energy and Buildings 36, no. 11 (November 2004): 1153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2004.04.002.

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19

Li, Yehong, Jiankun Yang, and Xiangyang Jiang. "Energy performance evaluation of centralised ice-storage district cooling system." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 676, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/676/1/012088.

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20

Thakar, Kush, Rajesh Patel, and Gaurav Patel. "Techno-economic analysis of district cooling system: A case study." Journal of Cleaner Production 313 (September 2021): 127812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127812.

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21

Yan, Biao, Ge Chen, Hongcai Zhang, and Man Chung Wong. "Strategical district cooling system operation with accurate spatiotemporal consumption modeling." Energy and Buildings 247 (September 2021): 111165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111165.

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22

Casisi, Melchiorre, Dario Buoro, Piero Pinamonti, and Mauro Reini. "A Comparison of Different District Integration for a Distributed Generation System for Heating and Cooling in an Urban Area." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173521.

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The paper proposes a comparison of different district integration options for a distributed generation system for heating and cooling in an urban area. The system considered includes several production units located close to the users, a central unit and the district heating and cooling network which can connect all the users to each other and to a central unit, where a cogeneration system and a solar plant can be placed. Thus, each user can be regarded as isolated from the others, satisfying its energy needs by means of an autonomous production unit. Alternatively, it can be connected to the others through the district heating and cooling network. When a district heating and cooling network is included in the design option the synthesis-design and operation problems cannot be solved separately, because the energy to be produced by each production site is not known in advance, as the flows through the district heating and cooling network are not defined. This paper uses a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) methodology for the multi-objective optimization of the distributed generation energy system, considering the total annual cost for owning, operating and maintaining the whole system as the economic objective function, while the total annual CO2 emissions as the environmental objective function. The energy system is optimized for different district integration option, in order to understand how they affect the optimal solutions compared with both the environmental and economic objects.

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23

Zeh, Robin, Björn Ohlsen, David Philipp, David Bertermann, Tim Kotz, Nikola Jocić, and Volker Stockinger. "Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 6035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116035.

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Low temperature district heating and cooling networks (5GDHC) in combination with very shallow geothermal energy potentials enable the complete renewable heating and cooling supply of settlements up to entire city districts. With the help of 5GDHC, heating and cooling can be distributed at a low temperature level with almost no distribution losses and made useable to consumers via decentralized heat pumps (HP). Numerous renewable heat sources, from wastewater heat exchangers and low-temperature industrial waste heat to borehole heat exchangers and large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSC), can be used for these networks. The use of large-scale geothermal collector systems also offers the opportunity to shift heating and cooling loads seasonally, contributing to flexibility in the heating network. In addition, the soil can be cooled below freezing point due to the strong regeneration caused by the solar irradiation. Multilayer geothermal collector systems can be used to deliberately generate excessive cooling of individual areas in order to provide cooling energy for residential buildings, office complexes or industrial applications. Planning these systems requires expertise and understanding regarding the interaction of these technologies in the overall system. This paper provides a summary of experience in planning 5GDHC with large-scale geothermal collector systems as well as other renewable heat sources.

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24

CHUNG, JAE DONG, SEUNG-JAE MOON, YOON-PYO LEE, JAE-HEON LEE, CHANG-JUN LEE, and HOSEON YOO. "FEASIBILITY OF ICE-SLURRY APPLICATION TO THE DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM IN KOREA." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 22, no. 03 (September 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132514500187.

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The district-cooling system (DCS) has been in service in Sang-am in Seoul, Korea since 2005. The capacity of the DCS facility in Sang-am was 111 Gcal/h in 2011, and an additional 63 Gcal/h capacity is planned for installation by 2025. However, the cooling demand has increased due to unexpected high-rise building blocks, and the required facility capacity is expected to be 101 Gcal/h. Adding a new building plan to the existing plant is difficult. This study centers on a feasibility study for the new requirement under the restrictions of existing pipelines, limited space and regulations on the use of electric-driven chillers in Korea, etc. The precise estimation of the diversity factor is essential to determine the required capacities. To this end, each building in the district area was categorized, and the cooling loads were measured for the summer seasons of 2010 and 2011. The large energy capacity of an ice-slurry can potentially increase the cooling capacity in existing plants while maintaining the same flow rate and pumping power. Thus introducing an ice-slurry is expected to be a potential solution to the significantly increased cooling load under the restriction of existing pipeline system without requiring increases in pipe size or system flow rates.

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25

Månsson, Sara, Kristin Davidsson, Patrick Lauenburg, and Marcus Thern. "Automated Statistical Methods for Fault Detection in District Heating Customer Installations." Energies 12, no. 1 (December 29, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12010113.

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In order to develop more sustainable district heating systems, the district heating sector is currently trying to increase the energy efficiency of these systems. One way of doing so is to identify customer installations in the systems that have poor cooling performance. This study aimed to develop an algorithm that was able to detect the poorly performing installations automatically using meter readings from the installations. The algorithm was developed using statistical methods and was tested on a data set consisting of data from 3000 installations located in a district heating system in Sweden. As many as 1273 installations were identified by the algorithm as having poor cooling performance. This clearly shows that it is of major interest to the district heating companies to identify the installations with poor cooling performance rapidly and automatically, in order to rectify them as soon as possible.

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26

Zhang, Yi, He Qi, Yu Zhou, Zhonghua Zhang, and Xi Wang. "Exploring the Impact of a District Sharing Strategy on Application Capacity and Carbon Emissions for Heating and Cooling with GSHP Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 5543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165543.

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To meet long-term climate change targets, the way that heating and cooling are generated and distributed has to be changed to achieve a supply of affordable, secure and low-carbon energy for all buildings and infrastructures. Among the possible renewable sources of energy, ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems can be an effective low-carbon solution that is compatible with district heating and cooling in urban areas. There are no location restrictions for this technology, and underground energy sources are stable for long-term use. According to a previous study, buildings in urban areas have demonstrated significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of their capacity to demand (C/D) ratio under the application of GSHP due to variations in heating demand and available space. If a spatial sharing strategy can be developed to allow the surplus geothermal capacity to be shared with neighbors, the heating and cooling demands of a greater number of buildings in an area can be satisfied, thus achieving a city with lower carbon emissions. In this study, a GSHP district system model was developed with a specific embedding sharing strategy for the application of GSHP. Two sharing strategies were proposed in this study: (i) Strategy 1 involved individual systems with borehole sharing, and (ii) Strategy 2 was a central district system. Three districts in London were selected to compare the performance of the developed models on the C/D ratio, required borehole number and carbon emissions. According to the comparison analysis, both strategies were able to enhance the GSHP application capacity and increase the savings of carbon emissions. However, the improvement levels were shown to be different. A greater number of building types and a higher variety in building types with larger differentiation in heating and cooling demands can contribute to a better district sharing performance. In addition, it was found that these two sharing strategies were applicable to different kinds of districts.

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27

Tan, Chao Yi, Hui Zhu, Hai Hua Hu, Gang Chen, and Han Qing Wang. "Determination of the Maximum Length of the Cooling Pipeline Used in the District Cooling System." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 1379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.1379.

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For the purpose of taking full advantages of the District Cooling System (DCS), the mathematical model was established based on the principle of non-decreasing state of the energy efficiency grade of the refrigeration unit and high level of the transportation energy efficiency of the cooling pipeline. Based on the mathematical model, two formula were derived. One is suitable for the scientific research concerning the length of the DCS, and the other is appropriate for the design in engineering application. The determination of the maximum length of the pipe provides an alternative for the research and design of the DCS, therefore it is worth studying.

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28

KANG, BYUNG HA, CHANG HO YUN, and SUKHYUN KIM. "GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF A DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM UTILIZING WASTE HEAT FROM A COGENERATION PLANT." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 20, no. 02 (June 2012): 1250002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132512500022.

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Reduction effect of greenhouse gas emissions from district cooling system by using waste heat from a cogeneration plant has received specific attention from the perspective of national energy and environmental policy, and was studied in this work. For each cooling system of a residential and commercial building, greenhouse gas emissions was estimated and compared to quantify reduction effect on emissions where the heat source of heat-powered cooling system was replaced with a cogeneration waste heat. In addition, to address the problem that the values of waste heat and CEF vary depending on variables such as national or geographical conditions, a general-purpose criterion to measure the utility of substituting a district cooling for a conventional system was suggested.

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29

Rezaei, Abolfazl, Bahador Samadzadegan, Hadise Rasoulian, Saeed Ranjbar, Soroush Samareh Abolhassani, Azin Sanei, and Ursula Eicker. "A New Modeling Approach for Low-Carbon District Energy System Planning." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051383.

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Designing district-scale energy systems with renewable energy sources is still a challenge, as it involves modeling of multiple loads and many options to combine energy system components. In the current study, two different energy system scenarios for a district in Montreal/Canada are compared to choose the most cost-effective and energy-efficient energy system scenario for the studied area. In the first scenario, a decentral energy system comprised of ground-source heat pumps provides heating and cooling for each building, while, in the second scenario, a district heating and cooling system with a central heat pump is designed. Firstly, heating and cooling demand are calculated in a completely automated process using an Automatic Urban Building Energy Modeling System approach (AUBEM). Then, the Integrated Simulation Environment Language (INSEL) is used to prepare a model for the energy system. The proposed model provides heat pump capacity and the number of required heat pumps (HP), the number of photovoltaic (PV) panels, and AC electricity generation potential using PV. After designing the energy systems, the piping system, heat losses, and temperature distribution of the centralized scenario are calculated using a MATLAB code. Finally, two scenarios are assessed economically using the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) method. The results show that the central scenario’s total HP electricity consumption is 17% lower than that of the decentral systems and requires less heat pump capacity than the decentral scenario. The LCOE of both scenarios varies from 0.04 to 0.07 CAD/kWh, which is cheaper than the electricity cost in Quebec (0.08 CAD/kWh). A comparison between both scenarios shows that the centralized energy system is cost-beneficial for all buildings and, after applying the discounts, the LCOE of this scenario decreases to 0.04 CAD/kWh.

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30

Vasilev, Semen. "Analysis of perspective technical solutions for the implementation of integrated heat and cooling systems in a harsh continental climate." E3S Web of Conferences 209 (2020): 06023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020906023.

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The possibility of introducing the technology of integrated heat and cold supply in a sharply continental climate is considered on the example of a specific district of the city of Yakutsk, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia. In this paper is analysed the possibility of district cooling system based on absorption for one district. The characteristics of specific cold consumers are analysed. Various options for district cooling technologies for the conditions of the North are compared. Calculations of cold consumption for buildings of series 1-464A are made. The analysis of the composition of the equipment, technical solutions, reconstruction of buildings, etc. A comparison of the financial and economic efficiency of the chiller-fan coil system and local split systems for a specific consumer is made.

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31

Moustakidis, Serafeim, Ioannis Meintanis, George Halikias, and Nicos Karcanias. "An Innovative Control Framework for District Heating Systems: Conceptualisation and Preliminary Results." Resources 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources8010027.

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This paper presents a holistic innovative solution for the transformation of the current district heating and cooling systems to automated more efficient systems. A variety of technological advancements have been developed and integrated to support the effective energy management of future district heating and cooling sector. First, we identify and discuss the main challenges and needs that are in line with the EU objectives and policy expectations. We give an overview of the main parts that our solution consists of, with emphasis on the forecasting tools and an advanced control system that addresses unit commitment and economic load dispatch problems. The proposed control approach employs distributed and scalable optimisation algorithms for optimising the short-term operations of a district heating and cooling plant subject to technical constraints and uncertainties in the energy demand. To test the performance and validate the proposed control system, a district heating plant with multiple energy generation units and real-life heat load data were used. Simulation experiments were also used to evaluate the benefits of using thermal storage units in district heating systems. The results show that the proposed method could achieve significant cost savings when energy storage is employed. The proposed control strategy can be applied for both operating optimally district heating plants with storage and supporting investment planning for new storage units.

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32

Blomqvist, Stefan, Lina La Fleur, Shahnaz Amiri, Patrik Rohdin, and Louise Ödlund (former Trygg). "The Impact on System Performance When Renovating a Multifamily Building Stock in a District Heated Region." Sustainability 11, no. 8 (April 12, 2019): 2199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11082199.

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In Sweden, 90% of multifamily buildings utilize district heat and a large portion is in need of renovation. The aim is to analyze the impact of renovating a multifamily building stock in a district heating and cooling system, in terms of primary energy savings, peak power demands, electricity demand and production, and greenhouse gas emissions on local and global levels. The study analyzes scenarios regarding measures on the building envelope, ventilation, and substitution from district heat to ground source heat pump. The results indicate improved energy performance for all scenarios, ranging from 11% to 56%. Moreover, the scenarios present a reduction of fossil fuel use and reduced peak power demand in the district heating and cooling system ranging from 1 MW to 13 MW, corresponding to 4–48 W/m2 heated building area. However, the study concludes that scenarios including a ground source heat pump generate significantly higher global greenhouse gas emissions relative to scenarios including district heating. Furthermore, in a future fossil-free district heating and cooling system, a reduction in primary energy use will lead to a local reduction of emissions along with a positive effect on global greenhouse gas emissions, outperforming measures with a ground source heat pump.

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Boesten, Stef, Wilfried Ivens, Stefan C. Dekker, and Herman Eijdems. "5th generation district heating and cooling systems as a solution for renewable urban thermal energy supply." Advances in Geosciences 49 (September 20, 2019): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-129-2019.

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Abstract. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependency on depleting fossil fuel resources the shift to a renewable energy system is necessary. District heating and cooling systems are a viable solution to provide heat and cold in urban environments. Renewable heat and cold sources that may get incorporated in future urban energy systems will not provide the same high temperature output as current fossil fuel fired systems. Fifth generation district heating and cooling (5GDHC) systems are decentralized, bi-directional, close to ground temperature networks that use direct exchange of warm and cold return flows and thermal storage to balance thermal demand as much as possible. 5GDHC offers a way to incorporate low temperature renewable heat sources including shallow geothermal energy, as well as reduce total demand by recuperating generated heat from cooling and generated cold from heating. The large scale of 5GDHC allows for optimal design of technical parts like heat pumps and thermal storage vessels, while increasing overall system efficiency by incorporating a large variety of supply and demand profiles. We provide a definition for 5GDHC and show how this concept differs from conventional district heating systems. The Mijnwater system in Heerlen, the Netherlands is showing what a city-level 5GDHC system can look like.

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Wu, Xueqin, and Zhenqian Chen. "Performance analysis of a district cooling system based on operation data." Procedia Engineering 205 (2017): 3117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.335.

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Ahn, Joon, Jaeyool Kim, and Byung Ha Kang. "Thermoeconomic Analysis of Hybrid Desiccant Cooling System Driven by District Heating." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 721–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2014.38.9.721.

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Tiantian, Zhang, Tan Yufei, and Bai Li. "Numerical simulation of a new district cooling system in cogeneration plants." Energy Procedia 14 (2012): 855–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2011.12.1023.

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Udomsri, Seksan, Chris Bales, Andrew R. Martin, and Viktoria Martin. "Decentralized cooling in district heating network: System simulation and parametric study." Applied Energy 92 (April 2012): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.10.009.

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Aprile, Marcello, Rossano Scoccia, Alice Dénarié, Pál Kiss, Marcell Dombrovszky, Damian Gwerder, Philipp Schuetz, Peru Elguezabal, and Beñat Arregi. "District Power-To-Heat/Cool Complemented by Sewage Heat Recovery." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030364.

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District heating and cooling (DHC), when combined with waste or renewable energy sources, is an environmentally sound alternative to individual heating and cooling systems in buildings. In this work, the theoretical energy and economic performances of a DHC network complemented by compression heat pump and sewage heat exchanger are assessed through dynamic, year-round energy simulations. The proposed system comprises also a water storage and a PV plant. The study stems from the operational experience on a DHC network in Budapest, in which a new sewage heat recovery system is in place and provided the experimental base for assessing main operational parameters of the sewage heat exchanger, like effectiveness, parasitic energy consumption and impact of cleaning. The energy and economic potential is explored for a commercial district in Italy. It is found that the overall seasonal COP and EER are 3.10 and 3.64, while the seasonal COP and EER of the heat pump alone achieve 3.74 and 4.03, respectively. The economic feasibility is investigated by means of the levelized cost of heating and cooling (LCOHC). With an overall LCOHC between 79.1 and 89.9 €/MWh, the proposed system can be an attractive solution with respect to individual heat pumps.

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Zhang, Qunli, Yue Wang, Xinchao Zhang, Mingshuang Wang, and Gang Wang. "Techno-economic analysis of distributed absorption cooling system driven by a district heating system." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 8 (September 21, 2020): 1689–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09903-2.

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Ceglia, Francesca, Adriano Macaluso, Elisa Marrasso, Carlo Roselli, and Laura Vanoli. "Energy, Environmental, and Economic Analyses of Geothermal Polygeneration System Using Dynamic Simulations." Energies 13, no. 18 (September 4, 2020): 4603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13184603.

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This paper presents a thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analysis of a renewable polygeneration system connected to a district heating and cooling network. The system, fed by geothermal energy, provides thermal energy for heating and cooling, and domestic hot water for a residential district located in the metropolitan city of Naples (South of Italy). The produced electricity is partly used for auxiliaries of the thermal district and partly sold to the power grid. A calibration control strategy was implemented by considering manufacturer data matching the appropriate operating temperature levels in each component. The cooling and thermal demands of the connected users were calculated using suitable building dynamic simulation models. An energy network dedicated to heating and cooling loads was designed and simulated by considering the variable ground temperature throughout the year, as well as the accurate heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses of the network pipes. The results were based on a 1-year dynamic simulation and were analyzed on a daily, monthly, and yearly basis. The performance was evaluated by means of the main economic and environmental aspects. Two parametric analyses were performed by varying geothermal well depth, to consider the uncertainty in the geofluid temperature as a function of the depth, and by varying the time of operation of the district heating and cooling network. Additionally, the economic analysis was performed by considering two different scenarios with and without feed-in tariffs. Based on the assumptions made, the system is economically feasible only if feed-in tariffs are considered: the minimum Simple Pay Back period is 7.00 years, corresponding to a Discounted Pay Back period of 8.84 years, and the maximum Net Present Value is 6.11 M€, corresponding to a Profit Index of 77.9% and a maximum Internal Rate of Return of 13.0%. The system allows avoiding exploitation of 27.2 GWh of primary energy yearly, corresponding to 5.49∙103 tons of CO2 avoided emissions. The increase of the time of the operation increases the economic profitability.

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Eveloy, Valerie, and Dereje Ayou. "Sustainable District Cooling Systems: Status, Challenges, and Future Opportunities, with Emphasis on Cooling-Dominated Regions." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020235.

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A review of current and future district cooling (DC) technologies, operational, economic, and environmental aspects, and analysis and optimization methodologies is presented, focusing on the demands of cooling-dominated regions. Sustainable energy sources (i.e., renewable, waste/excess electricity and heat, natural/artificial cold) and cooling/storage technology options with emphasis on heat-driven refrigeration, and their integrations in published DC design and analysis studies are reviewed. Published DC system analysis, modeling, and optimization methodologies are analyzed in terms of their objectives, scope, sustainability-related criteria, and key findings. The current and future development of DC in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, a major developing cooling-dominated market, is examined more specifically in terms of current and future energy sources and their use, and economic, environmental, and regulatory aspects, with potential technical and non-technical solutions identified to address regional DC sustainability challenges. From the review of published DC design and analysis studies presented, collective research trends in key thematic areas are analyzed, with suggested future research themes proposed towards the sustainability enhancement of DC systems in predominantly hot climates.

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Todorov, Oleg, Kari Alanne, Markku Virtanen, and Risto Kosonen. "Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) for District Heating and Cooling: A Novel Modeling Approach Applied in a Case Study of a Finnish Urban District." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102478.

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Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) combined with ground-source heat pumps (GSHP) offer an attractive technology to match supply and demand by efficiently recycling heating and cooling loads. This study analyses the integration of the ATES–GSHP system in both district heating and cooling networks of an urban district in southwestern Finland, in terms of technoeconomic feasibility, efficiency, and impact on the aquifer area. A novel mathematical modeling for GSHP operation and energy system management is proposed and demonstrated, using hourly data for heating and cooling demand. Hydrogeological and geographic data from different Finnish data sources is retrieved in order to calibrate and validate a groundwater model. Two different scenarios for ATES operation are investigated, limited by the maximum pumping flow rate of the groundwater area. The additional precooling exchanger in the second scenario resulted in an important advantage, since it increased the heating and cooling demand covered by ATES by 13% and 15%, respectively, and decreased the energy production cost by 5.2%. It is concluded that dispatching heating and cooling loads in a single operation, with annually balanced ATES management in terms of energy and pumping flows resulted in a low long-term environmental impact and is economically feasible (energy production cost below 30 €/MWh).

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Ciapała, Bartłomiej, and Mirosław Janowski. "Geothermal power based ULTDH for cooling and heating purposes." E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000009.

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Ultra-low temperature district heating systems facilitate use of waste and renewable heat sources. The article presents a possible scheme of operation and optimisation of small ultra-low temperature district heating system consisting of waste heat source, a number of heated individual dwellings and borehole thermal energy storage plant. Optimisation performed for typical meteorological year for Kraków indicate significant potential of decreasing energy amount discharged to the environment and total length of borehole heat exchangers, compared to individual heat/cold production from low-temperature geothermal resources. Meanwhile, satisfied is a set of constrains providing borehole thermal energy storage sustainability and fulfilling entire heating and cooling demands.

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Urbanucci, Testi, and Bruno. "Integration of Reversible Heat Pumps in Trigeneration Systems for Low-Temperature Renewable District Heating and Cooling Microgrids." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153194.

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District heating and cooling networks based on trigeneration systems and renewable energy technologies are widely acknowledged as an energy efficient and environmentally benign solution. These energy systems generally include back-up units, namely fossil-fuel boilers and electric chillers, to enhance system flexibility and cover peak energy demand. On the other hand, 4th generation district heating networks are characterized by low-temperature water distribution to improve energy and exergy efficiencies. Moreover, reversible heat pumps are a versatile technology, capable of providing both heating and cooling, alternately. In this paper, the integration of reversible heat pumps as single back-up units in hybrid renewable trigeneration systems serving low-energy micro-district heating and cooling networks is investigated. A detailed modeling of the system is provided, considering part-load and ambient condition effects on the performance of the units. Size and annual operation of the proposed system are optimized in a case study, namely a large office building located in Pisa (Italy), by means of a genetic algorithm-based procedure. A comparison with the conventional trigeneration system is performed in terms of economic and environmental perspectives. Results show that the integration of reversible heat pumps is an economically viable solution capable of reducing by 7% the equivalent annual cost, increasing the installed power of renewables up to 23%, and lowering by 11% carbon dioxide emissions, compared to the energy system with conventional back-up units.

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Yang, Hong Xing, Quan Yang, Jian Lv, Bin Yan Cui, and Hong Yan Wang. "Research on the Control Strategy of District Cooling System Based on Part-Load Ratio." Advanced Materials Research 997 (August 2014): 781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.997.781.

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In this paper, with an actual example of a district cooling project, by simulation and theoretical calculation, analyses the load characteristic of the District Cooling System and the operation characteristic of water chillers. And then, based on the principle of ice-storage priority and refrigeration units running with high load rate, control strategies under different load characteristic conditions were put forward. It is obtained that: the comprehensive energy efficiency ratio of system can reach 3.29 in summer with optimal operation strategy, and the operation cost for the production of 1 kWh cold is 0.22、0.21、0.18 and 0.15 accordingly under 100% ,75%, 50% and 25% of the full load.

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Wang, Haiying, and Hai Wang. "Enhance Hydraulic balance of a District Cooling System with Multiple Jet Pump." Energy Procedia 158 (February 2019): 2536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.412.

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Chorowski, M., Z. Rogala, and P. Pyrka. "System options for cooling of buildings making use of district heating heat." International Journal of Refrigeration 70 (October 2016): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.06.018.

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Powell, Kody M., Wesley J. Cole, Udememfon F. Ekarika, and Thomas F. Edgar. "Optimal chiller loading in a district cooling system with thermal energy storage." Energy 50 (February 2013): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.058.

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Zhang, Lingwei, Yufei Wang, and Xiao Feng. "A Framework for Design and Operation Optimization for Utilizing Low-Grade Industrial Waste Heat in District Heating and Cooling." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082190.

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In the process industry, a large amount of low-grade waste heat is discharged into the environment. Furthermore, district heating and cooling systems require considerable low-grade energy. The integration of the two systems has great significance for energy saving. Because the energy demand of consumers varies in periods, the design and operation of an industrial waste heat recovery system need to match with the fluctuations of district energy demand. However, the impact of the periodic changes on the integration schemes are not considered enough in existing research. In this study, a framework method for solving above problem is proposed. Industrial waste heat was integrated with a district heating and cooling system through a heat recovery loop. A three-step mathematical programming method was used in design and operation optimization for multiperiod integration. A case study was conducted, and the results show that the multiperiod optimization method can bring significant benefits to the system. By solving the mixed integer nonlinear programming model, the optimal operation plans of the integration in different periods can be obtained.

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Ilie, Adrian, and Ion Vişa. "Hybrid solar-biomass system for district heating." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198504006.

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The energy used in the built-up environment represents at least 40% of the total energy consumed, out of which, at least 60% is required for heating, cooling and domestic hot water (DHW). Within the European Union, more than 6,000 communities (i.e. over 9%) use district heating systems, the majority of which use the conversion of fossil fuels as a source of energy. This aspect, which is corroborated by the directives of the EU legislation on the use of renewable energy sources and energy performance, imposes the development of new solutions through which the existing district heating systems may be adapted to use renewable energy sources. The solar-thermal systems that are used on a large (district) scale are becoming more and more efficient from the point of view of their feasibility; however, it is almost impossible to create systems that should satisfy the thermal energy demand throughout the four seasons of the year. The hybrid solar-biomass system is becoming the applicable solution for the majority of the communities that have from this potential, since it can secure independence from the point of view of the use of thermal energy. This paper presents the design stages for the implementation of the hybrid solar-biomass systems with a view to identifying the optimal solutions for systems to be integrated into an existing district heating system. A case study (Taberei District in Odorheiu Secuiesc City), which provides a detailed description of the feasible technical solutions, is presented.

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