Journal articles: 'District of Southern California and Arizona'

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Grineski, Sara Elizabeth, and Timothy Collins. "Lifetime cancer risks from hazardous air pollutants in US public school districts." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, no. 9 (June 14, 2019): 854–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211832.

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BackgroundChildren are sensitive to the health impacts of environmental contaminants, but research assessing outdoor environmental exposures for children and schools is underdeveloped. There are no national-level studies examining geographical and social disparities in air pollution exposure for children in school districts. Focusing on school districts is important because they are meaningful decision-making entities for schools.MethodsUsing data from the National Air Toxics Assessment, we spatially reallocated lifetime cancer risk (LCR) from hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) within US school district boundaries, and paired those estimates with school district level sociodemographic measures obtained through the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series National Historic Geographic Information System. We employed local Moran’s I to identify district-level hotpots and generalised estimating equations (GEEs) to quantify risk disparities.ResultsWe identified hotspots of elevated LCR from all sources of HAPs (called ‘total’). A regional hotspot extends throughout the southeastern USA and smaller regional hotspots are present in southern Arizona, southern California and in California’s central valley. School districts with higher proportions of children, children with disabilities, foreign-born children, black children and multiracial/other race children, and lower proportions of Native American children, had greater total LCR (p<0.001). The effect of poverty on total LCR (p<0.001) was nonlinear; the lowest and highest poverty districts had lower total LCR.ConclusionsGeographical and social disparities in LCR across US school districts may be affecting children’s health and future potential. This new knowledge can inform policy changes, as school districts can advocate for the environmental health of children.

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Ly, Kathleen N., Arialdi M. Miniño, Stephen J. Liu, Henry Roberts, Elizabeth M. Hughes, John W. Ward, and Ruth B. Jiles. "Deaths Associated With Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Residents in 50 States and the District of Columbia, 2016–2017." Clinical Infectious Diseases 71, no. 5 (October 5, 2019): 1149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz976.

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Abstract Background Mortality associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been well-documented nationally, but an examination across regions and jurisdictions may inform health-care planning. Methods To document HCV-associated deaths sub-nationally, we calculated age-adjusted, HCV-associated death rates and compared death rate ratios (DRRs) for 10 US regions, 50 states, and Washington, D.C., using the national rate and described rate changes between 2016 and 2017 to determine variability. We examined the mean age at HCV-associated death, and rates and proportions by sex, race/ethnicity, and birth year. Results In 2017, there were 17 253 HCV-associated deaths, representing 4.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.07–4.20) deaths/100 000 standard population, in a significant, 6.56% rate decline from 4.42 in 2016. Age-adjusted death rates significantly surpassed the US rate for the following jurisdictions: Oklahoma; Washington, D.C.; Oregon; New Mexico; Louisiana; Texas; Colorado; California; Kentucky; Tennessee; Arizona; and Washington (DRRs, 2.87, 2.77, 2.24, 1.62, 1.57, 1.46, 1.36, 1.35, 1.35, 1.35, 1.32, and 1.32, respectively; P < .05). Death rates ranged from a low of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.07–2.29) in Maine to a high of 11.84 (95% CI, 10.82–12.85) in Oklahoma. Death rates were highest among non-Hispanic (non-H) American Indians/Alaska Natives and non-H Blacks, both nationally and regionally. The mean age at death was 61.4 years (range, 56.6 years in West Virginia to 64.1 years in Washington, D.C.), and 78.6% of those who died were born during 1945–1965. Conclusions In 2016–2017, the national HCV-associated mortality declined but rates remained high in the Western and Southern regions and Washington, D.C., and among non-H American Indians/Alaska Natives, non-H Blacks, and Baby Boomers. These data can inform local prevention and control programs to reduce the HCV mortality burden.

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Brush, Timothy. "Birds of the Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Southern California, and Southern Nevada." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.4.1113.

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Latigo, G. V., J. Smart, J. O. Bradford, and J. O. Kuti. "Performance of Arizona and California Guayule Lines in Southern Texas." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 795D—795. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.795d.

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Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a promising alternative to (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) for rubber production in semiarid regions. Substantial improvement in yield is needed to establish guayule as a competitive source of natural rubber. A 4-year field study was conducted on a dryland site in southern Texas to evaluate productivity of selected guayule breeding lines from Arizona and California. Plants were harvested at the age of 22, 34, and 46 months and analyzed for dry weight, resin content, rubber content, resin yield, rubber yield, and percent mortality. While significant differences (P = 0.05) were found for dry weight, resin content, and rubber content within the harvest dates and among the guayule lines, no significant differences were found for rubber content between the harvest dates for each genotypes. Phytomass was highly correlated (r = 0.94) with rubber yield. Survivorship of all the guayule lines decreased progressively over the experimental period and mortality rates ranged from 38% to 67 %. Guayule lines `UC102' from California and `N6-5' and `P3-1' from Arizona were ranked highest for all traits measured.

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Baker, Laura A., Catherine Tuvblad, Pan Wang, Karina Gomez, Serena Bezdjian, Sharon Niv, and Adrian Raine. "The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California: III." Twin Research and Human Genetics 16, no. 1 (February 2013): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2012.127.

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The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California (USC) was initiated in 1984 and continues to provide an important resource for studies investigating genetic and environmental influences on human behavior. This article provides an update on the current register and its potential for future twin studies using recruitment through school district databases and voter records. An overview is also provided for an ongoing longitudinal twin study investigating the development of externalizing psychopathology from childhood to young adulthood, the USC Study of Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior. Characteristics of the twins and their families are presented, including recruitment and participation rates, as well as attrition analyses and a summary of key findings to date.

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Shelley, Rowland M. "The centipede Theatops posticus (Say) (Scolopendromorpha: Cryptopidae) in the southwestern United States and Mexico." Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2637–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-368.

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The common eastern Nearctic centipede Theatops posticus (Say), previously reported once each from Arizona and southern Utah and therefore considered rare in southwestern North America, is widespread in Arizona and newly recorded from southern Nevada, southwestern New Mexico, southern California, and northwestern Mexico (Baja California Norte, Sonora, and Chihuahua); it is even known from Santa Cruz Island in the Pacific Ocean off the southern California coast. The species therefore exhibits a continental distribution pattern, with eastern and western populations segregated by some 1200 km (750 mi) in Texas and New Mexico. Some southwestern individuals exhibit small ventral spurs on the ultimate pre femora and (or) femora, and coxopleurae with slightly elevated, caudally produced medial borders, conditions that are intermediate between those displayed by the eastern population and the congener in California and southern Oregon. Since these variants are also geographically intermediate, they prove that the latter's phenotypic resemblance to Theatops erythrocephalus (C. L. Koch) in southern Europe represents convergence. Consequently, this name is not applicable to the Pacific species, and californiensis Chamberlin is available as its correct specific name.

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Siddiqui, I., R. Bajwa, and A. Javaid. "First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Leaf Spot on Rumex dentatus in Pakistan." Plant Disease 93, no. 4 (April 2009): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-4-0431c.

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Rumex dentatus L., commonly known as toothed dock, is an annual and biennial weed in the Polygonaceae. It is reported to be native to southern and eastern Asia and is now established in North America (southern Arizona and Sonora and Baja California) and Europe (Russia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania) (1,3). In Pakistan, R. dentatus is one of the most common and problematic weeds in wheat fields (2). In surveys of wheat-growing areas in Punjab Province conducted from 1999 to 2002, leaf spots were found to be very common on R. dentatus. The disease led to 10 to 70% mortality of R. dentatus in various fields in Lahore and Kasur districts. Symptoms initially were small, light brown, circular spots with most becoming irregular, dark brown lesions, while a few remained circular with concentric rings. On severely diseased leaves, several spots coalesced to form large necrotic areas. Leaf spots varied from 2 to 24 mm in diameter. The disease first appeared in mid-February, was widespread from the end of February through March when temperatures ranged from 25 to 30°C, and ended in April. Diseased leaves were cut into small fragments, surface disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed thrice with sterile water, and cultured on potato dextrose agar in a growth incubator at 25 ± 1°C. The isolated fungal species was transferred to agar slants to maintain pure cultures. The fungal colony surface was grayish white, and then darkened, becoming greenish black or olive-brown with a light border. The fungus produced abundant, branched, septate, brownish hyphae with simple, olive-brown, septate conidiophores that were variable in length. Conidia were terminal, solitary, or in short chains, mostly ovoid with a short conical or cylindrical apical beaks not exceeding one-third of the conidial length, and smooth walled or vemuculose. On the basis of morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Alternaria alternata by the Fungal Culture Bank of Pakistan (FCBP). A specimen of the fungal culture was deposited in FCBP. For the pathogenicity test, R. dentatus plants grown outdoors from seed to three- to four-leaf stages were transplanted into 12-cm-diameter plastic pots, two plants per pot. Plants were sprayed with a suspension of the putative pathogen containing 1 × 107 conidia per ml. Control plants were sprayed with sterile water. Each treatment was replicated three times. Plants were covered for 24 h with plastic bags to maintain 100% relative humidity. The bags were removed and plants returned outdoors. All of the inoculated plants showed the same symptoms as observed on diseased plants in the field. The lesions first appeared after 7 days. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from the lesions. The pathogenicity tests were repeated three times. Given the effects of A. alternaria on R. dentatus observed in the field, there is potential for using the fungus as a biological control of the weed. References: (1) C. L. Hitchcock et al. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 2, University of Washington Press, Seattle. 1964. (2) I. Siddiqui and R. Bajwa. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 4:492, 2001. (3). USDA. Rumex dentatus L. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Online publication, 2008.

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Mickus, Kevin L., and W. C. James. "Regional gravity studies in southeastern California, western Arizona, and southern Nevada." Journal of Geophysical Research 96, B7 (1991): 12333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jb00840.

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Brush, Timothy. "Birds of the Southwest: Arizona, New Mexico, Southern California, and Southern Nevada John H. Rappole." Auk 118, no. 4 (October 2001): 1113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4089871.

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Forbes, Gregory S. "Three New Species of Efferia from Southern California and Arizona (Diptera: Asilidae)." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81, no. 4 (July 1, 1988): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/81.4.554.

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Bersin, Alan D. "Reinventing Immigration Law Enforcement in the Southern District of California." Federal Sentencing Reporter 8, no. 5 (March 1, 1996): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20639910.

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RUITER, DAVID E. "Two new species of Ochrotrichia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from the southwestern United States." Zoosymposia 5, no. 1 (June 10, 2011): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.5.1.35.

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Descriptions and figures are provided for two new species of Ochrotrichia Mosely 1934 from Southern California and Arizona, United States, O. bickfordae, n. sp., and O. bogani, n. sp. Both species have the combination of a relatively simple 10th tergum and long inferior appendages.

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Yee, Wee L., Nick C. Toscano, John C. Palumbo, Matthew J. Blua, and Harvey A. Yoshida. "Seasonal Population Trends of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Alfalfa in Southern California and Arizona." Environmental Entomology 26, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/26.2.241.

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Sabbeth, Leah, Brian P. Wernicke, Timothy D. Raub, Jeffrey A. Grover, E. Bruce Lander, and Joseph L. Kirschvink. "Grand Canyon provenance for orthoquartzite clasts in the lower Miocene of coastal southern California." Geosphere 15, no. 6 (October 16, 2019): 1973–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02111.1.

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Abstract Orthoquartzite detrital source regions in the Cordilleran interior yield clast populations with distinct spectra of paleomagnetic inclinations and detrital zircon ages that can be used to trace the provenance of gravels deposited along the western margin of the Cordilleran orogen. An inventory of characteristic remnant magnetizations (CRMs) from >700 sample cores from orthoquartzite source regions defines a low-inclination population of Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic age in the Mojave Desert–Death Valley region (and in correlative strata in Sonora, Mexico) and a moderate- to high-inclination population in the 1.1 Ga Shinumo Formation in eastern Grand Canyon. Detrital zircon ages can be used to distinguish Paleoproterozoic to mid-Mesoproterozoic (1.84–1.20 Ga) clasts derived from the central Arizona highlands region from clasts derived from younger sources that contain late Mesoproterozoic zircons (1.20–1.00 Ga). Characteristic paleomagnetic magnetizations were measured in 44 densely cemented orthoquartzite clasts, sampled from lower Miocene portions of the Sespe Formation in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains and from a middle Eocene section in Simi Valley. Miocene Sespe clast inclinations define a bimodal population with modes near 15° and 45°. Eight samples from the steeper Miocene mode for which detrital zircon spectra were obtained all have spectra with peaks at 1.2, 1.4, and 1.7 Ga. One contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic peaks and is probably Jurassic. The remaining seven define a population of clasts with the distinctive combination of moderate to high inclination and a cosmopolitan age spectrum with abundant grains younger than 1.2 Ga. The moderate to high inclinations rule out a Mojave Desert–Death Valley or Sonoran region source population, and the cosmopolitan detrital zircon spectra rule out a central Arizona highlands source population. The Shinumo Formation, presently exposed only within a few hundred meters elevation of the bottom of eastern Grand Canyon, thus remains the only plausible, known source for the moderate- to high-inclination clast population. If so, then the Upper Granite Gorge of the eastern Grand Canyon had been eroded to within a few hundred meters of its current depth by early Miocene time (ca. 20 Ma). Such an unroofing event in the eastern Grand Canyon region is independently confirmed by (U-Th)/He thermochronology. Inclusion of the eastern Grand Canyon region in the Sespe drainage system is also independently supported by detrital zircon age spectra of Sespe sandstones. Collectively, these data define a mid-Tertiary, SW-flowing “Arizona River” drainage system between the rapidly eroding eastern Grand Canyon region and coastal California.

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Hollis, Michael. "The effects of conservation messaging on retail water deliveries." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.003.

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In 2014 the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California spent $5.5 million on a large scale public outreach campaign designed to foster public awareness about the California drought and to promote water conservation. This paper estimates the water savings associated with that effort.

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Rodriguez, Francisco. "A Community College District Chancellor’s View on Transformational Leadership." Journal of Transformative Leadership & Policy Studies 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36851/jtlps.v4i1.466.

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In an effort to promote school improvement, principals have primarily focused on developing quality teachers as a method of enhancing the academic achievement of students. This article seeks to shed light on the experiences and per-ceptions of urban principals regarding teacher effectiveness. Specifically, this article focuses on principals’ outlooks on teachers’ in three areas: student achievement, hiring and retention, and school culture. Empirical data from this study was derived from a mixed-method cross sectional survey administered to urban school principals in Arizona and California. It was evident in this study that principals perceive teachers as either well qualified or very well qualified to educate urban students. These findings are incongruent with the greater literature on this topic which illustrates the quality of urban school teachers is in question in comparison to non-urban teachers. The implications of principals’ overwhelmingly positive outlook are discussed coupled with recommendations for future research.

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Foord, Eugene E. "Clinobisvanite, eulytite, and namibite from the pala pegmatite district, San Diego Co., California, USA." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 399 (April 1996): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.399.14.

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The 100 Ma complex LCT-type composite pegmatite- aplite dykes, intruded into various units of the Southern California Batholith, are known to contain bismuth minerals. Jahns and Wright (1951) reported the following primary and secondary bismuth minerals from the quartz-rich cores of a number of dykes in the Pala district, San Diego Co., California: native bismuth, bismuthinite, bismite, bismutite, and beyerite.

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OPLER, PAUL A. "Designation of Lectotype and synonymy for Euchloe lotta Beutenmuller (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)." Zootaxa 1767, no. 1 (May 12, 2008): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1767.1.5.

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Beutenmüller (1898) described Synchloe lotta from a short series of syntypes now housed in the American Museum of Natural History. Because Beutenmüller listed lotta’s distribution as Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and southern California, and because a wide variety of phenotypes occur in these states, it is necessary to eliminate current confusion by clarifying the identity of this name. In this short paper, I select a lectotype and concomitant type locality. A brief synonymy is presented.

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Li, J., M. Georgescu, P. Hyde, A. Mahalov, and M. Moustaoui. "Regional-scale transport of air pollutants: impacts of southern California emissions on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 6 (March 19, 2015): 8361–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-8361-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, WRF-Chem is utilized at high-resolution (1.333 km grid spacing for the innermost domain) to investigate impacts of southern California anthropogenic emissions (SoCal) on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations ([O3]) for a pair of recent exceedance episodes. First, WRF-Chem Control simulations are conducted to evaluate model performance. Compared with surface observations of hourly ozone, CO, NOx, and wind fields, the Control simulations reproduce observed variability well. Simulated [O3] are within acceptance ranges recommended by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that characterize skillful experiments. Next, the relative contribution of SoCal and Arizona local anthropogenic emissions (AZ) to ozone exceedance within the Phoenix metropolitan area is investigated via a trio of sensitivity simulations: (1) SoCal emissions are excluded, with all other emissions as in Control; (2) AZ emissions are excluded with all other emissions as in Control; and (3) SoCal and AZ emissions are excluded (i.e., all anthropogenic emissions are eliminated) to account only for biogenic emissions [BEO]. Results for the selected events indicate the impacts of AZ emissions are dominant on daily maximum 8 h average (DMA8) [O3] in Phoenix. SoCal contributions to DMA8 [O3] for the Phoenix metropolitan area range from a few ppbv to over 30 ppbv (10–30% relative to Control experiments). [O3] from SoCal and AZ emissions exhibit the expected diurnal characteristics that are determined by physical and photochemical processes, while BEO contributions to DMA8 [O3] in Phoenix also play a key role. Finally, ozone transport processes and pathways within the lower troposphere are investigated. During daytime, pollutants (mainly ozone) near the southern California coasts are pumped into the planetary boundary-layer over the southern California desert through the mountain chimney and pass channel effects, aiding eastward transport along the desert air basins in southern California and finally, northeastward along the Gila River basin in Arizona, thereby affecting Phoenix air quality during subsequent days. This study indicates that local emission controls in Phoenix need to be augmented with regional emission reductions to attain the federal ozone standard, especially if a more stringent standard is adopted in future years.

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Li, J., M. Georgescu, P. Hyde, A. Mahalov, and M. Moustaoui. "Regional-scale transport of air pollutants: impacts of Southern California emissions on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 16 (August 21, 2015): 9345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-9345-2015.

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Abstract. In this study, WRF-Chem is utilized at high resolution (1.333 km grid spacing for the innermost domain) to investigate impacts of southern California anthropogenic emissions (SoCal) on Phoenix ground-level ozone concentrations ([O3]) for a pair of recent exceedance episodes. First, WRF-Chem control simulations, based on the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2005 National Emissions Inventories (NEI05), are conducted to evaluate model performance. Compared with surface observations of hourly ozone, CO, NOX, and wind fields, the control simulations reproduce observed variability well. Simulated [O3] are comparable with the previous studies in this region. Next, the relative contribution of SoCal and Arizona local anthropogenic emissions (AZ) to ozone exceedances within the Phoenix metropolitan area is investigated via a trio of sensitivity simulations: (1) SoCal emissions are excluded, with all other emissions as in Control; (2) AZ emissions are excluded with all other emissions as in Control; and (3) SoCal and AZ emissions are excluded (i.e., all anthropogenic emissions are eliminated) to account only for Biogenic emissions and lateral boundary inflow (BILB). Based on the USEPA NEI05, results for the selected events indicate the impacts of AZ emissions are dominant on daily maximum 8 h average (DMA8) [O3] in Phoenix. SoCal contributions to DMA8 [O3] for the Phoenix metropolitan area range from a few ppbv to over 30 ppbv (10–30 % relative to Control experiments). [O3] from SoCal and AZ emissions exhibit the expected diurnal characteristics that are determined by physical and photochemical processes, while BILB contributions to DMA8 [O3] in Phoenix also play a key role. Finally, ozone transport processes and pathways within the lower troposphere are investigated. During daytime, pollutants (mainly ozone) near the Southern California coasts are pumped into the planetary boundary-layer over the Southern California desert through the mountain chimney and pass channel effects, aiding eastward transport along the desert air basins in southern California and finally, northeastward along the lower Gila River basin in Arizona, thereby affecting Phoenix air quality during subsequent days. This study indicates that local emission controls in Phoenix need to be augmented with regional emission reductions to attain the federal ozone standard, especially if a more stringent standard is adopted in the future.

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Herrera, Esteban A. "Pecan Growing in the Western United States." HortTechnology 5, no. 3 (July 1995): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.5.3.200.

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Almost 58,000 acres of pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] are planted in the western United States, which includes western Texas and southern areas of New Mexico, Arizona, and California. `Western Schley' is the main cultivar planted, with `Wichita' trees used as pollenizers. All orchards are flood-irrigated and almost no diseases are present. The pecan aphid complex is the predominant insect problem; however, orchard crowding is becoming a problem, and growers are thinning orchards and transplanting trees to new sites.

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Pfeiler, Edward, Carlos A. Flores-López, Jesús Gerardo Mada-Vélez, Juan Escalante-Verdugo, and Therese A. Markow. "Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae:Culexspp.) from the Sonoran Desert of North America." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/724609.

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The population genetics and phylogenetic relationships ofCulexmosquitoes inhabiting the Sonoran Desert region of North America were studied using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite molecular markers. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I (COI) from mosquitoes collected over a wide geographic area, including the Baja California peninsula, and mainland localities in southern Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico, showed several well-supported partitions corresponding toCx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tarsalis,and two unidentified species,Culexsp. 1 and sp. 2.Culex quinquefasciatuswas found at all localities and was the most abundant species collected.Culex tarsaliswas collected only at Tucson, Arizona and Guaymas, Sonora. The two unidentified species ofCulexwere most abundant at Navojoa in southern Sonora. Haplotype and nucleotide diversities in the COI gene segment were substantially lower inCx. quinquefasciatuscompared with the other three species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed little structure among seven populations ofCx. quinquefasciatus, whereas significant structure was found between the two populations ofCx. tarsalis. Evidence for an historical population expansion beginning in the Pleistocene was found forCx. tarsalis. Possible explanations for the large differences in genetic diversity betweenCx. quinquefasciatusand the other species ofCulexare presented.

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Trussell, R. S., G. Lai-Bluml, M. Chaudhuri, and G. Johnson. "Developing a regional recycled water program in Southern California." Water Practice and Technology 14, no. 3 (June 21, 2019): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2019.042.

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Abstract The Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (Metropolitan) and the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County (Sanitation Districts) are exploring the potential of a Regional Recycled Water Program (RRWP) to beneficially reuse water currently discharged to the Pacific Ocean. The program would consist of a new advanced water treatment (AWT) facility at the Sanitation Districts' Joint Water Pollution Control Plant (JWPCP) in Carson, California, USA, capable of producing an ultimate flow of 581 MLD (150 MGD). The full-scale facility would treat effluent from the JWPCP using an AWT train comprising a membrane bioreactor (MBR), followed by reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet light advanced oxidation (UV/AOP). After MBR-RO-UV/AOP treatment, the treated water would be distributed to groundwater basins in Los Angeles and Orange counties to recharge their aquifers. This program would diversify the region's water resources and significantly contribute to long-term water supply targets outlined in Metropolitan's Integrated Water Resources Plan. A feasibility study for the RRWP was completed in 2016, confirming its technical viability. Currently, Metropolitan and the Sanitation Districts recently completed conceptual planning studies to investigate implementation options for a full-scale program, and constructed a 1.9 MLD (0.5 MGD) AWT demonstration facility. Although large facilities employing membrane filtration (MF)-RO-UV/AOP are currently permitted and operating in California, there are no facilities using an MBR-RO-UV/AOP train. The AWT demonstration facility – the Regional Recycled Water Advanced Purification Center – will build on recent research in Australia and the USA to develop a regulatory strategy to incorporate MBR into a potable reuse advanced treatment train.

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Rafique, Amana, and Sunny C. Jiang. "Genetic diversity of human polyomavirus JCPyV in Southern California wastewater." Journal of Water and Health 6, no. 4 (March 1, 2008): 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2008.067.

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JC Polyomavirus (JCPyV) has the potential to be used as a viral marker for human waste contamination because at least 40% of the human population excretes this virus through its urine. In addition, each of 6 known subtypes of JCPyV is associated with a specific human ethnicity group, which has allowed for tracing of human migration. This study aims to explore the possibility of linking the genetic diversity of JCPyV with source of human waste. Primary sewage effluent from Irvine Ranch Water District (IRWD) sewage treatment facility was collected and examined for the presence of JCPyV using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). JCPyV was detected by nested PCR using primers specific to the conservative regulatory region in 100% of the 13 samples collected monthly over a year. Only 5 samples were amplifiable by the primers specific to the diverse intergenic region of the virus. Sequence analyses of cloned amplicons from the intergenic region indicated that JCPyV matched subtypes of European, Asian, African and African-American origins. A genotype that is unique from previously identified clinical sample is also revealed. This research suggests the diversity of JCPyV subtypes can be used as a tool to trace the source of human waste contamination.

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WESTCOTT, RICHARD L., and WILLIAM F. BARR. "Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)." Zootaxa 1481, no. 1 (May 24, 2007): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1481.1.4.

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The chrysobothrine genus Knowltonia Fisher is resurrected and discussed in connection with the closely related genera Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and Sphaerobothris Semenov-Tian-Shanskij & Richter. Knowltonia is reviewed, with K. calida (Knull) being elevated to a full species and a key to described species is given. Chrysobothris socialis Waterhouse is recognized as polytypic, with C. socialis apache Westcott and Barr, new subspecies, described from Arizona and northern Mexico. Acmaeodera audreyae Westcott and Barr, new species, is described from southern California and is related to A. inopinata Barr.

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KIMURA, A. C., M. S. PALUMBO, H. MEYERS, S. ABBOTT, R. RODRIGUEZ, and S. B. WERNER. "A multi-state outbreak of Salmonella serotype Thompson infection from commercially distributed bread contaminated by an ill food handler." Epidemiology and Infection 133, no. 5 (April 25, 2005): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268805004127.

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Foodborne transmission is estimated to account for 95% of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections reported in the United States; however, outbreaks of salmonellosis are rarely traced to food handlers. In August 2000, an increase in Salmonella serotype Thompson infection was noted in Southern California; most of the cases reported eating at a restaurant chain (Chain A) before illness onset. A case-control study implicated the consumption of burgers at Chain A restaurants. The earliest onset of illness was in a burger bun packer at Bakery B who had not eaten at Chain A but had worked while ill. Bakery B supplied burger buns to some Chain A restaurants in Southern California and Arizona. This outbreak is notable for implicating a food handler as the source of food contamination and for involving bread, a very unusual outbreak vehicle for Salmonella. Inadequate food-handler training as well as delayed reporting to the health department contributed to this outbreak.

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Hughes, Mimi, Kelly M. Mahoney, Paul J. Neiman, Benjamin J. Moore, Michael Alexander, and F. Martin Ralph. "The Landfall and Inland Penetration of a Flood-Producing Atmospheric River in Arizona. Part II: Sensitivity of Modeled Precipitation to Terrain Height and Atmospheric River Orientation." Journal of Hydrometeorology 15, no. 5 (September 25, 2014): 1954–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-13-0176.1.

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Abstract This manuscript documents numerical modeling experiments based on a January 2010 atmospheric river (AR) event that caused extreme precipitation in Arizona. The control experiment (CNTL), using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with 3-km grid spacing, agrees well with observations. Sensitivity experiments in which 1) model grid spacing decreases sequentially from 81 to 3 km and 2) upstream terrain is elevated are used to assess the sensitivity of interior precipitation amounts and horizontal water vapor fluxes to model grid resolution and height of Baja California terrain. The drying ratio, a measure of airmass drying after passage across terrain, increases with Baja’s terrain height and decreases with coarsened grid spacing. Subsequently, precipitation across Arizona decreases as the Baja terrain height increases, although it changes little with coarsened grid spacing. Northern Baja’s drying ratio is much larger than that of southern Baja. Thus, ARs with a southerly orientation, with water vapor transports that can pass south of the higher mountains of northern Baja and then cross the Gulf of California, can produce large precipitation amounts in Arizona. Further experiments are performed using a linear model (LM) of orographic precipitation for a central-Arizona-focused subdomain. The actual incidence angle of the AR (211°) is close to the optimum angle for large region-mean precipitation. Changes in region-mean precipitation amounts are small (~6%) owing to AR angle changes; however, much larger changes in basin-mean precipitation of up to 33% occur within the range of physically plausible AR angles tested. Larger LM precipitation sensitivity is seen with the Baja-terrain-modification experiments than with AR-angle modification.

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McClure, Michael A., Claudia Nischwitz, Andrea M. Skantar, Mark E. Schmitt, and Sergei A. Subbotin. "Root-Knot Nematodes in Golf Course Greens of the Western United States." Plant Disease 96, no. 5 (May 2012): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-09-11-0808.

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A survey of 238 golf courses in 10 states of the western United States found root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in 60% of the putting greens sampled. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA, D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer-rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences were used to identify specimens from 110 golf courses. The most common species, Meloidogyne naasi, was found in 58 golf courses distributed from Southern California to Washington in the coastal or cooler areas of those states. In the warmer regions of the Southwest, M. marylandi was recovered from 38 golf courses and M. graminis from 11 golf courses. This constitutes the first report of M. marylandi in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah, and the first report of M. graminis in Arizona, Hawaii, and Nevada. Two golf courses in Washington were infested with M. minor, the first record of this nematode in the Western Hemisphere. Columbia root-knot nematode, M. chitwoodi, was found in a single golf course in California. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism of the intergenic region between the cytochrome oxidase and 16S rRNA genes in the mitochondrial genome with restriction enzyme SspI was able to distinguish populations of M. graminis from M. marylandi, providing a fast and inexpensive method for future diagnosis of these nematodes from turf.

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SHELLEY, ROWLAND M., and WILLIAM A. SHEAR. "Leonardesmus injucundus, n. gen., n. sp., an aromatic, small-bodied milliped from Washington State, U. S. A., and a revised account of the family Nearctodesmidae (Polydesmida)." Zootaxa 1176, no. 1 (April 21, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1176.1.1.

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Leonardesmus injucundus, the first small-bodied, "micro-nearctodesmid," from north of the southwestern states, is proposed for a litter and soil-dwelling milliped in Washington state that emits an unusually strong, pungent defensive secretion; the aroma is often detected before the milliped is actually seen. Harpogonopus Loomis, 1960, occurring along the coast of southern California and Baja California Norté, is confirmed for the Nearctodesmidae, and three southwestern "micro-nearctodesmid" genera—Tidesmus Chamberlin, 1943, and Phreatodesmus and Oodedesmus, both by Loomis, 1960—are placed here tentatively. The Nearctodesmidae is formally recorded from the area of Harpogonopus and scattered sites in the deserts and inselbergs of southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. SEM photos of somatic and gonopodal features are provided in addition to line drawings of the latter; the photos reveal details that are invisible under light microscopy, but they mask a translucent surface lamina that is revealed by the latter. The two techniques therefore complement each other, and diplopodologists are cautioned against exclusive reliance on SEM. Thin, closely appressed laminae exist in many diplopod families, and SEM may erroneously show them as a single structure.

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Cenzatti, M. "Electric Vehicle Production and Advanced-Transportation Systems: Prospects for the Development of an Industrial District in Southern California." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 27, no. 6 (June 1995): 955–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a270955.

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In this paper I question the likely development trajectory of electric vehicle (EV) manufacture and related advanced-transportation systems in Southern California. The large base of labor skills, technical expertise, and research and development organizations that are found in the region in the aerospace, electronics, and metalworking industries provide a solid foundation for the EV industry. These sectors also provide a legacy of industrial organization that is oriented more towards flexible production than mass production. The technological immaturity of the EV and the uncertain market it faces, combined with the existing industrial atmosphere in Southern California, suggest that early production of EVs will be organized flexibly in an industrial district uniting firms and technologies in the production of components for an advanced ground-transportation industry.

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Chesnutt, T. W. "The water demand shaping effects of new irrigation technology: evapotranspiration irrigation controllers in southern California, USA." Water Supply 5, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0051.

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The purpose of this work is a statistical analysis of the net change to water demand among customers who installed evapotranspiration irrigation controllers and customers given irrigation education in the Irvine Ranch Water District, California. This paper documents a statistical analysis of historical water demand to derive estimates of the net water savings from these interventions. This type of empirical investigation is important since California water agencies are considering multimillion dollar investments in this type of demand-side management. Thus, the predictable demand reduction and demand load-shaping are critical to rational economic investment decisions.

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Landry, Bernard, and Jean-François Landry. "The genus Alucita in North America, with description of two new species (Lepidoptera: Alucitidae)." Canadian Entomologist 136, no. 4 (August 2004): 553–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n03-095.

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AbstractThe North American fauna of Alucitidae is shown to include three widespread species: Alucita montana Barnes et Lindsey, 1921 (nec Cockerell), Alucita adriendenisisp. nov. (type locality: Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada), and Alucitalalanneisp. nov. (type locality: Maynooth, Ontario, Canada). Alucita hexadactyla (L., 1758) and A. huebneri Wallengren, 1862 do not occur in North America. The three North American species are described and illustrated. Alucita montana is found from southwestern Quebec and Vermont, west to British Columbia, and south to Arizona, California, and Texas; its caterpillar is associated with Symphoricarpos spp. (Caprifoliaceae). Alucita adriendenisi is known from northwestern Quebec and New York, west to Alberta and the Northwest Territories, with more southern populations (isolated?) in West Virginia, Arizona, and Texas; its caterpillar feeds on flowers of Lonicera dioica L. (Caprifoliaceae) in Michigan. Alucita lalannei has been found in Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta, Canada; its host plant is unknown.

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Randall, Jennifer J., Natalie P. Goldberg, John D. Kemp, Maxim Radionenko, Jason M. French, Mary W. Olsen, and Stephen F. Hanson. "Genetic Analysis of a Novel Xylella fastidiosa Subspecies Found in the Southwestern United States." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 17 (July 6, 2009): 5631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00609-09.

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ABSTRACT Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of several scorch diseases, is associated with leaf scorch symptoms in Chitalpa tashkentensis, a common ornamental landscape plant used throughout the southwestern United States. For a number of years, many chitalpa trees in southern New Mexico and Arizona exhibited leaf scorch symptoms, and the results from a regional survey show that chitalpa trees from New Mexico, Arizona, and California are frequently infected with X. fastidiosa. Phylogenetic analysis of multiple loci was used to compare the X. fastidiosa infecting chitalpa strains from New Mexico, Arizona, and trees imported into New Mexico nurseries with previously reported X. fastidiosa strains. Loci analyzed included the 16S ribosome, 16S-23S ribosomal intergenic spacer region, gyrase-B, simple sequence repeat sequences, X. fastidiosa-specific sequences, and the virulence-associated protein (VapD). This analysis indicates that the X. fastidiosa isolates associated with infected chitalpa trees in the Southwest are a highly related group that is distinct from the four previously defined taxons X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa (piercei), X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex, X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi, and X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca. Therefore, the classification proposed for this new subspecies is X. fastidiosa subsp. tashke.

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Hanninen, Mikael, and Naeem Dean. "An Unusual Case of Stroke and Fevers in a Traveler Returning from Arizona." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 35, no. 1 (March 2008): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100007691.

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Primary coccidioidal infection caused by inhalation of spores growing several inches below the surface of desert soil in the San Joaquim valley in southern Arizona and central California is well documented in the literature. Most infections resolve quickly with minimal symptoms, although some individuals develop a subacute process called “Valley Fever”, which is characterized by shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and fevers lasting from weeks to months. Skin manifestations, including erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme may also be present and generally resolve with resolution of the respiratory tract illness. A recent retrospective study found that 6003 adult and 332 pediatric patients were hospitalized with endemic mycosis in 2002, but the overall incidence has been estimated at about 150,000 infections per year. We report a unusual case of recurrent stroke temporally associated with a CNS Coccidiomycosis infection in a traveler to a region where the fungus is endemic.

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Cannaday, Jessica, and Jennifer Courduff. "Teacher perceptions of gifted and talented certification practices in a Southern California school district: A replication study." Gifted and Talented International 32, no. 2 (July 3, 2017): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2018.1525270.

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Mitsova-Boneva, Diana. "Beyond Chinatown: The Metropolitan Water District, Growth, and the Environment in Southern California, by Steven P. Erie." Journal of Urban Affairs 29, no. 5 (December 2007): 544–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00365.x.

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Savage, Kaye S., Dennis K. Bird, and Roger P. Ashley. "Legacy of the California Gold Rush: Environmental Geochemistry of Arsenic in the Southern Mother Lode Gold District." International Geology Review 42, no. 5 (May 2000): 385–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465089.

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Boime, Eric. "Navigating the Fluid Boundary: The Lower Colorado River Steamboat Era, 1851-1877." Southern California Quarterly 93, no. 2 (2011): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41172571.

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In the aftermath of the Mexican-American War, steamships plied the Lower Colorado River from the Gulf of Mexico to the present site of Hoover Dam. They were instrumental in fortifying southern Arizona and southeastern California, displacing the region's native inhabitants, facilitating westward migration, and appraising the terrain. During these years, steamship owners, operators, and passengers announced, enforced, and negotiated peripheral conflicts attending continental expansion. The Colorado River demarked a line of sovereignty and a line of defense, as well as a line of commerce. The relatively unexplored history of steamship navigation consequently illuminates the river's role in solidifying and regulating the borderlands, and, more significantly, its centrality to the river's larger narrative.

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Lemus, Brittany A., Faviola Mercado, Tracy Bryars, Michele Mouttapa, Tracy Conkey, and Trina Robertson. "Reflections Regarding the Social Ecological Model to Address Obesity in Southern California Youth." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 14, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v14i3.2069.

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Childhood overweight and obesity has been a significant public health concern in the United States for decades. School-based obesity prevention programs have been one strategy to address this issue. This article describes the implementation of a knowledge-based, healthy eating intervention delivered to 4th and 5th graders in a southern California school district. Trained graduate students implemented a nutrition education curriculum, consisting of three monthly lessons that would eventually be utilized and sustained by the schools’ Physical Education (PE) teachers in the following school year. As such, the intervention drew upon the Social Ecological Model (SEM) to describe how nutrition education could be implemented in a sustainable way to future generations of youth. Students were assessed on their knowledge and dietary behaviors at pre-test and after the final lesson. Students’ overall nutritional knowledge significantly increased from pre-test to post-test; however their self-reported eating behaviors (e.g., low fruit and vegetable consumption, and high consumption of chips, soda, and sweets) largely remained the same. Although the findings of this study were largely non-significant, we conclude that future interventions, which creatively address different levels of the target population’s environment, may have promise if they are sufficiently dosed.

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Spellman, Garth M., and John Klicka. "Testing hypotheses of Pleistocene population history using coalescent simulations: phylogeography of the pygmy nuthatch ( Sitta pygmaea )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, no. 1605 (September 26, 2006): 3057–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3682.

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In this paper, we use mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 sequences to test Pleistocene refugial hypotheses for the pygmy nuthatch ( Sitta pygmaea ). Pygmy nuthatches are a common resident of long-needle pine forests in western North America and demonstrate a particular affinity with ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa ). Palaeoecological and genetic data indicate that ponderosa pine was isolated in two Pleistocene refugia corresponding to areas in the southern Sierra Nevada in the west and southern Arizona and New Mexico in the east. We use coalescent simulations to test the hypothesis that pygmy nuthatches tracked the Pleistocene history of their preferred habitat and persisted in two refugia during the periods of glacial maxima. Coalescent simulation of population history does not support the hypothesis of two Pleistocene refugia for the pygmy nuthatch. Instead, our data are consistent with a single refuge model. Nucleotide diversity is greatest in the western populations of southern and coastal California. We suggest that the pygmy nuthatch expanded from a far western glacial refuge into its current distribution since the most recent glacial maximum.

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Villanueva-Almanza, Lorena, Jacob B. Landis, Daniel Koenig, and Exequiel Ezcurra. "Genetic and morphological differentiation in Washingtonia (Arecaceae): solving a century-old palm mystery." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 196, no. 4 (March 6, 2021): 506–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boab009.

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Abstract Washingtonia is a genus of palms currently composed of two species, W. filifera and W. robusta, distributed in the States of Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora in Mexico, and Southern California and Arizona in the United States. The group has been a taxonomic challenge due to a lack of type specimens, incomplete protologues, highly variable vegetative morphology, human dispersal of seeds, limited fieldwork in native populations and poor representation in herbaria. Here, we analyse the population structure and phylogenetic relationships and test whether morphological traits correlate with genetic variation throughout its distributional range. We used genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data to identify population structure and delimit species. We further used these data to determine whether morphological traits varied among genetic regions. We analysed 188 individuals from 21 populations of Washingtonia across its distribution range using multivariate and Bayesian methods. Our results showed great consistency in the discovery of four genetic groups: (1) Southern Peninsula, (2) Mid-Peninsula, (3) Northern Peninsula and (4) Sonoran mainland. The geographical limits to these clusters coincide very well with the large natural regions of the Sonoran Desert. Our analyses indicate that Washingtonia populations are highly structured within four major geographical regions. Even when no single morphological trait can be used to determine the genetic identity of Washingtonia palms, leaf greenness, a novel morphological trait, can be useful. Our results provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of Washingtonia settling a taxonomic debate that has lasted over a century.

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Oshio, Kazuto. "Recognizing Multiple Values of Water "from the Bottom Up": Historical Lessons from the Metropolitan Water District- Imperial Irrigation District Water Transfer in Southern California." Journal of the Southwest 59, no. 1-2 (2017): 338–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsw.2017.0015.

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Hasey, Janine K., Dave Ramos, Warren Micke, and Jim Yeager. "Walnut Rootstock Comparison and Own-rooted `Chandler' vs. `Chandler' on Paradox Rootstock." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 531F—532. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.531f.

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In a comparison of six walnut rootstocks either nursery-grafted or field-grafted to `Chandler' (Juglans regia), the highest-yielding trees after 9 years are on either seedling or clonal Paradox rootstocks. Trees growing on both Paradox rootstocks had higher yield efficiency than trees on the black rootstocks in both 1995 and 1996. Since 1993, relative tree size based on trunk circumference has not changed: southern California black (J. californica), seedling Paradox and northern California black (J. Hindsii) have remained significantly larger than clonal Paradox, Texas (J. microcarpa) or Arizona (J. major) black rootstocks. The smaller size of clonal as compared with seedling Paradox trees might be explained by a delay in field grafting success. Although both northern and southern California black rootstock trees were significantly larger than clonal Paradox trees, they did not differ significantly in yield and had significantly lower yield efficiency in 1996. Clonal Paradox trees have significantly smaller nut size than northern California black rootstock trees that can be explained by its higher yield efficiency. An adjacent trial planted in 1991 compares micropropagated `Chandler' on its own root vs. `Chandler' on seedling Paradox rootstock. In 1995 and 1996, own-rooted `Chandler' had significantly greater trunk circumference, yield, and yield efficiency than did `Chandler' on Paradox rootstock. Many of the trees on Paradox rootstock are growing very poorly compared to the own rooted trees. This could be due to diversity within the Paradox seed source. If own-rooted `Chandler' trees become commercially available, they may have potential in areas where other rootstocks are undesirable because of hypersensitivity to cherry leafroll virus.

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Reinbold, Hauss J., John O. Roads, and Timothy J. Brown. "Evaluation of the Experimental Climate Prediction Center's fire danger forecasts with remote automated weather station observations." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 1 (2005): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04042.

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The Scripps Experimental Climate Prediction Center has been routinely making regional forecasts of atmospheric elements and fire danger indices since 27 September 1997. This study evaluates these forecasts using selected remote automated weather station observations over the western USA. Bias and anomaly correlations are computed for daily 2-m maximum, minimum, average temperature, 2-m maximum, minimum and average relative humidity, precipitation and afternoon 10-m wind speed, and four National Fire Danger Rating System indices—ignition component, spread component, burning index and energy release component. Of the atmospheric elements, temperature generally correlates well, but relative humidity, precipitation and wind speed are less correlated. Fire danger indices have much lower correlations, but do show useful spatial structure in some areas such as Southern California, Arizona and Nevada.

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Li, Yinping, George N. Mbata, Somashekhar Punnuri, Alvin M. Simmons, and David I. Shapiro-Ilan. "Bemisia tabaci on Vegetables in the Southern United States: Incidence, Impact, and Management." Insects 12, no. 3 (February 26, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030198.

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Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the most economically important insect pests of various vegetable crops in the Southern United States. This insect is considered a complex of at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) was initially introduced in the United States around 1985 and has since rapidly spread across the Southern United States to Texas, Arizona, and California, where extreme field outbreaks have occurred on vegetable and other crops. This pest creates extensive plant damage through direct feeding on vegetables, secreting honeydew, causing plant physiological disorders, and vectoring plant viruses. The direct and indirect plant damage in vegetable crops has resulted in enormous economic losses in the Southern United States, especially in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Effective management of B. tabaci on vegetables relies mainly on the utilization of chemical insecticides, particularly neonicotinoids. However, B. tabaci has developed considerable resistance to most insecticides. Therefore, alternative integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are required, such as cultural control by manipulation of production practices, resistant vegetable varieties, and biological control using a suite of natural enemies for the management of the pest.

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Thrash, Molly E., and Jeffrey W. Hanlon. "Southern California Water Politics at the Salton Sea: When “Increased Efficiency” Is not Enough." Case Studies in the Environment 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001784.

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More efficient agricultural water use sounds uncontroversial. Due to increased agricultural efficiency, about 300,000 acre-feet1 of water per year is made available and is being reallocated from the Imperial Irrigation District to Los Angeles, San Diego and Coachella. This increase in efficiency and transfer of conserved water, however, is predicted to cause a suite of environmental and public health harms as the region’s agricultural sump (the Salton Sea) shrinks. Southern Californian water politics are famously messy, contentious and high stakes. The State struggles with the need to increase its use efficiency and decrease its overall use of its allocation of Colorado River water that supplies Californian south coast cities and inland agriculture. Local, State and federal parties involved in these water allocation decisions conflict over how to mitigate the externalities as there is no clear assignment of liabilities. This case study uses historical documents and recent policy elite interviews to construct a broad understanding of the nature of the dilemma. By engaging with this case, readers will better understand the relative positions of the rural water supplier and the urban water users in the largest water transfer in US history, and understand that increasing use efficiency in one arena—agriculture—does not always work out best for the environment.

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Mascaro, Giuseppe. "Multiscale Spatial and Temporal Statistical Properties of Rainfall in Central Arizona." Journal of Hydrometeorology 18, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0167.1.

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Abstract The statistical properties of the rainfall regime in central Arizona are investigated using observations from the early 1980s of the Flood Control District of Maricopa County (FCDMC) network, currently consisting of 310 gauges ranging in elevation from 220 to 2325 m MSL. A set of techniques is applied to analyze the properties across a wide range of temporal scales (from 1 min to years) and the associated spatial variability. Rainfall accumulation is characterized by (i) high interannual variability, which is partially explained by teleconnections with El Niño–Southern Oscillation; (ii) marked seasonality, with two distinct maxima in summer (July–September) and winter (November–March); (iii) significant orographic control; and (iv) strong diurnal cycle in summer, peaking in early afternoon at higher elevations and at nighttime in lower desert areas. The annual maximum rainfall intensities occur in the summer months and increase with elevation, suggesting that higher terrain enhances the strength of thermal convective activity. The intergauge correlation of wintertime rainfall is high even at short aggregation times (<1 h) because of the widespread nature of the weather systems, while summer monsoonal thunderstorms are more localized in space and time. Spectral and scale invariance analyses show the presence of different scaling regimes in summer and winter, which are related to the typical meteorological phenomena of the corresponding time scales (frontal systems and isolated convective cells). Results of this work expand previous studies on the dominant meteorological features in the region and support the development of rainfall downscaling models from coarse products of climate, meteorological, or other statistical models.

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Corbosiero, Kristen L., Michael J. Dickinson, and Lance F. Bosart. "The Contribution of Eastern North Pacific Tropical Cyclones to the Rainfall Climatology of the Southwest United States." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 2415–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009mwr2768.1.

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Abstract Forty-six years of summer rainfall and tropical cyclone data are used to explore the role that eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones (TCs) play in the rainfall climatology of the summer monsoon over the southwestern United States. Thirty-five TCs and their remnants were found to bring significant rainfall to the region, representing less than 10% of the total number of TCs that formed within the basin. The month of September was the most common time for TC rainfall to occur in the monsoon region as midlatitude troughs become more likely to penetrate far enough south to interact with the TCs and steer them toward the north and east. On average, the contribution of TCs to the warm-season precipitation increased from east to west, accounting for less than 5% of the rainfall in New Mexico and increasing to more than 20% in southern California and northern Baja California, with individual storms accounting for as much as 95% of the summer rainfall. The distribution of rainfall for TC events over the southwest United States reveals three main categories: 1) a direct northward track from the eastern Pacific into southern California and Nevada, 2) a distinct swath northeastward from southwestern Arizona through northwestern New Mexico and into southwestern Colorado, and 3) a broad area of precipitation over the southwest United States with embedded maxima tied to terrain features. Differences in these track types relate to the phasing between, and scales of, the trough and TC, with the California track being more likely with large cutoff cyclones situated off the west coast, the southwest–northeast track being most likely with mobile midlatitude troughs moving across the intermountain west, and the broad precipitation category generally exhibiting no direct interaction with midlatitude features.

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Pless, Evlyn, and Vivek Raman. "Origin of Aedes aegypti In Clark County, Nevada." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 302–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6776.1.

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ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti is the primary vector for serious diseases, including those caused by chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. In 2017, the Southern Nevada Health District first detected this invasive species in Clark County, NV, including in the city of Las Vegas. We analyzed Ae. aegypti from the city of North Las Vegas to determine the likely source of the invasion. We genotyped a sample of Ae. aegypti at 12 highly variable microsatellites and analyzed the data in reference to published data from 25 sites in the southern USA. We found that the Ae. aegypti in Las Vegas most likely invaded from southern California. Knowing the source of new invasions may provide information about the invading population (e.g., previous insecticide exposure) and can help prevent future invasions from the region.

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Patterson, David T. "Temperature Responses and Potential Range of the Grass Weed, Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma), in the United States." Weed Technology 8, no. 4 (December 1994): 703–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00028554.

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In controlled-environment chambers, serrated tussock achieved maximum growth in temperature regimes of 18/11, 18/23, 24/23, or 24/17 C day/night. Growth was significantly reduced at 30/11 C, and no plants survived at 36/29 C. Serrated tussock seedlings grew slowly at first but eventually produced vigorous tussocks with as many as 2800 tillers after 140 d in the 24/17 C regime. Comparisons of climatic conditions in New South Wales, Victoria, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States revealed that similar temperature conditions occur during the warmest eight mo of the year in areas as diverse as Oregon, Washington, the Sierran Nevada foothills of California, upper elevation rangelands in Arizona, and the southern Appalachian highlands. None of these areas has a precipitation pattern similar to those of the sites of serrated tussock weed infestation in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poorly managed pastures and unimproved rangelands in these diverse areas may be vulnerable to invasion by serrated tussock, should the weed become established in the United States.

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Journal articles on the topic 'District of Southern California and Arizona'

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