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Books on the topic 'Disturbance factor'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Bennett, Derrick A. Psychosocial factors and their relationship to eating disturbance. UMIST, 1998.

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2

C, Brown Eric, Greenbaum Paul E, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Pregnancy in adolescent females with serious emotional disturbance: Risk factors and outcomes. U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 1999.

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3

Alfaro, René I. Historical frequency, intensity and extent of mountain pine beetle disturbance in British Columbia. Pacific Forestry Centre, 2010.

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4

1961-, Gauthier Sylvie, Gray David Richard, Li C, and Laurentian Forestry Centre, eds. Effects of climate change on major forest disturbances (fire, insects) and their impact on biomass production in Canada: Synthesis of the current state of knowledge. Laurentian Forestry Centre, 2004.

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5

R, Trimble Michael, ed. Women and epilepsy. Wiley, 1991.

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6

Szewczyk, Janusz. Rola zaburzeń w kształtowaniu struktury i dynamiki naturalnych lasów bukowo-jodłowo-świerkowych w Karpatach Zachodnich. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-35-9.

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The aim of the study was to determine the influence of different disturbances (both natural and anthropogenic) on species composition and stand structure of old-growth mixed mountain forests in the Western Carpathians. These stands are usually dominated by beech, fir and spruce, mixed in different proportions. The tree main species represent different growth strategies, and they compete against each other. The longevity of trees makes the factors influencing the stand structure difficult to identify, even during longitudinal studies conducted on permanent research plots. That is why dendroecol

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7

Wilsey, Brian J. Factors Maintaining and Regulating Grassland Structure and Function. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744511.003.0003.

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Intrinsic disturbances are processes that have occurred on an evolutionary time scale, and include fire, wind-damage, digging or burrowing by fossorial mammals, defoliation, and trampling by native large mammals. Grassland species evolved with intrinsic disturbances, and they can be important in maintaining grassland community structure and functioning. Adaptations to fire include short herbaceous stature, high allocation belowground, ability to resprout, and smoke-induced seed germination. Fire interacts with grazing because grazing reduces litter (fuel) load, and fires affect forage quality.

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8

Gruber, June, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Emotion and Psychopathology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190653200.001.0001.

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This book provides an overview of key processes relevant to disturbances in positive valence systems; discusses cutting-edge advances on positive emotion disturbance in key clinical disorders, translational applications, and targeted treatment foci; discusses conceptualizations of psychopathology and models of positive emotion disturbances; and suggests future research to better understand the nature of positive emotion. The book covers cutting-edge scientific work and theoretical perspectives from a renowned group of psychologists. Their expertise spans a diverse array of methodological and t

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9

Roth, Martin, and Russell Noyes. Classification, Etiological Factors and Associated Disturbances. Elsevier Science Publishing Company, 1989.

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10

O’Neal, M. Angela. Postpartum Visual Disturbance. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0017.

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Preeclampsia (PE) is a multi-organ system disorder defined as hypertension with blood pressures greater than 140/90 on two occasions and proteinuria of more than 300 mg/24 hours. Eclampsia is defined as when seizures occur in a woman with preeclampsia. The pathophysiology of preeclampsia/eclampsia is felt to be related to incomplete penetration of the cytotrophoblasts of the placenta into the myometrium, leading to local ischemia, propagation of ischemic factors causing hypertension, resulting in endothelial dysfunction. The clinical features are related to which end organ is involved: in the

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11

Lambert, Simon M. Instability. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.004007.

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♦ The fundamental principle or essence of the shoulder is concavity compression. Stability of the shoulder is the condition in which a balanced centralizing joint reaction force (CJRF) exists to maintain concavity compression of the glenohumeral joint whatever the position of the limb and hand.♦ Instability is a symptom. It can be defined as the condition of symptomatic abnormal motion of the joint. It refers to a perturbation of concavity compression. It is not a diagnosis.♦ Instability is the result of perturbations of structural factors and non-structural factors.♦ The clinical syndrome of

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12

Patel, Sameer, and Julia Wendon. Pathophysiology and causes of acute hepatic failure. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0194.

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Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare, life-threatening clinical syndrome, resulting in loss of hepatic metabolic and immunological function, in a person with no prior history of liver disease. Mortality can still exceed 50%. ALF is characterized by hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and coagulopathy, occurring within days or weeks. Establishing aetiology is essential for treatment, prognostication, and liver transplantation consideration. Viral hepatitis and drug-induced liver failure are the two commonest causes worldwide. Aetiology and time of onset of encephalopathy determines prognosis. Disease pr

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13

Mainwaring, Lynda. Psychological Factors and Sport-Related Concussion. Edited by Ruben Echemendia and Grant L. Iverson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199896585.013.15.

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Psychological factors related to sport concussion have been overshadowed by interests in neurocognitive recovery. This chapter begins by examining psychological factors relevant to research and management of sport concussion in the context of a culture where normalizing pain and injury is routine. Among the key components of this chapter is a discussion of emotional disturbance following concussion characterized as the “concussion crevice,” which is represented by high fatigue, low vigor, elevated depression and confusion scores, and high overall emotional distress. This differs from pre-injur

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14

Giuseffi, Jennifer, John McPherson, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074.

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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of

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15

McPherson, John, Jennifer Giuseffi, Chad Wagner, and E. Wesley Ely. Acute cognitive disorders: recognition and management of delirium in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0074_update_001.

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Delirium is the most common acute cognitive disorder seen in critically ill patients in the cardiovascular intensive care unit. It is defined as a disturbance of consciousness and cognition that develops suddenly and fluctuates over time. Delirious patients can become hyperactive, hypoactive, or both. The occurrence of delirium during hospitalization is associated with increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The cause of delirium is multifactorial and may include imbalances in neurotransmitters, inflammatory mediators, metabolic disturbances, impaired sleep, and the use of

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16

Okun, Michele L. Sleep and pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0013.

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Pregnant women experience a greater degree of sleep disturbance than their non-pregnant counterparts. Complaints range from sleep maintenance issues to excessive daytime sleepiness. Emerging evidence suggests that there is variability in sleep patterns and complaints which manifest differently among pregnant women. Moreover, it is well accepted that sleep disturbance can dysregulate normal immune and endocrine processes that are critically important to the health and progression of gestation. A possible consequence of sleep disturbance is an increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Then

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17

Mystakidou, Kyriaki, Irene Panagiotou, Efi Parpa, and Eleni Tsilika. Sleep disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0086.

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Sleep disturbances represent frequent distressing symptoms in the palliative care setting. The more common disorders include insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. The most prevalent sleep disorder, insomnia, includes difficulty initiating and/or maintaining sleep, waking up too early, and non-restorative or poor quality sleep. Primary sleep disturbances are thought to be a disorder of hyperarousal, while a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction has also been confirmed. Secondary sleep disorders have been associated with a large number of potenti

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18

Savidge, William B. Factors affecting the rates of infaunal recolonization of small-scale disturbances on an intertidal sand flat. 1986.

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19

School rampage shootings and other youth disturbances: Early preventative interventions. Routledge, 2012.

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20

Nader, Kathleen. School Rampage Shootings and Other Youth Disturbances: Early Preventative Interventions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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21

Nader, Kathleen. School Rampage Shootings and Other Youth Disturbances: Early Preventative Interventions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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22

Nader, Kathleen. School Rampage Shootings and Other Youth Disturbances: Early Preventative Interventions. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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23

School Rampage Shootings and Other Youth Disturbances: Early Preventative Interventions. Routledge, 2013.

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24

Norton, TW, and SR Dovers, eds. Ecology and Sustainability of Southern Temperate Ecosystems. CSIRO Publishing, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643104983.

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This book explores the extent to which conservation and development goals in Australia's southern temperate forests can be reconciled. It examines the impacts of wood harvesting, roads, exotic species and other disturbance factors on forest species, communities, habitats and ecosystems.

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25

Clark, Deborah Louise. Factors determining species composition of post-disturbance vegetation following logging and burning of an old growth Douglas-fir forest. 1990.

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26

Lyndaker, Brett R. Effect of road-related disturbance, vegetative diversity and other habitat factors on elk distribution in the northern Blue Mountains. 1994.

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27

Gutiérrez, Orlando M. Fibroblast growth factor 23, Klotho, and phosphorus metabolism in chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0119.

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Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and Klotho have emerged as major hormonal regulators of phosphorus (P) and vitamin D metabolism. FGF23 is secreted by bone cells and acts in the kidneys to increase urinary P excretion and inhibit the synthesis of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and in the parathyroid glands to inhibit the synthesis and secretion of parathyroid hormone. Phosphorus excess stimulates FGF23 secretion, likely as an appropriate physiological adaptation to maintain normal P homeostasis by enhancing urinary P excretion and diminishing intestinal P absorption via lower 1,25(OH)

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28

Nussbaumer-Ochsner, Yvonne, and Konrad E. Bloch. Sleep at high altitude and during space travel. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0054.

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This chapter summarizes data on sleep–wake disturbances in humans at high altitude and in space. High altitude exposure is associated with periodic breathing and a trend toward reduced slow-wave sleep and sleep efficiency in healthy individuals. Some subjects are affected by altitude-related illness (eg, acute and chronic mountain sickness, high-altitude cerebral and pulmonary edema). Several drugs are available to prevent and treat these conditions. Data about the effects of microgravity on sleep are limited and do not allow the drawing of firm conclusions. Microgravity and physical and psych

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29

Miller, Michelle A. Sleep, inflammation, and disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0012.

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Sleep is a fundamental requirement for living individuals. Sleep disturbances and sleep disorders have extensive effects on the immune system, affecting one’s susceptibility to, and ability to fight off, infections—both bacterial and viral—and the subsequent development of different diseases. This is mediated by the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with sleep loss and disruption. A number of common conditions, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, all share pro-inf

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30

Albright, Robert C. Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0474.

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The most important principle in understanding disorders of water balance is that sodium balance is determined by the adequacy of the effective circulating volume, while water balance is determined by osmoregulation and the interplay between vasopressin activity, renal concentrating and diluting ability, and thirst. Disorders of sodium balance can be determined only by clinical examination. Orthostatic hypotension implies volume depletion and sodium deficiency. Edema implies volume excess and sodium excess. Potassium is predominantly an intracellular cation. The intracellular balance of potassi

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31

Van Dorsten, Brent. Behavioral Assessment of the Spine Patient. Edited by Mehul J. Desai. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199350940.003.0003.

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Behavioral health considerations are key to the evaluation of patients who are suffering from chronic pain or who are under consideration for surgical intervention. Psychosocial factors typically have a tremendous impact on the likelihood of treatment success. Concomitant mood disturbances often exist in the setting of chronic pain and may affect the outcomes of surgical and spinal procedures. Behavioral health assessments may identify factors that should be addressed prior to interventional treatment. Often physicians do not adequately address patients’ expectations. Behavioral health consult

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32

Sprague, Stuart M., and Menaka Sarav. Chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0115_update_001.

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The kidneys play a critical role in maintaining normal serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations, under the regulation of three main hormones: parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and fibroblast growth factor 23. With the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), most patients develop CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), which is a systemic disorder involving derangement in mineral metabolism, renal osteodystrophy, and extraskeletal calcification. Disturbances in mineral metabolism develop early in CKD and include phosphate retention, hypocalcaemia, vitamin D deficiency, and hyperparathyr

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33

McCurdy-McKinnon, Danyale, and Jamie D. Feusner. Neurobiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder : Heritability/Genetics, Brain Circuitry, and Visual Processing. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0020.

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This chapter covers studies addressing neurobiologic factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). There are indications that neurobiologic abnormalities are associated with symptoms in BDD. This includes evidence that the susceptibility for BDD may be partly heritable and that there may be shared genetic factors among the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (of which BDD is a member) as a group. In addition, studies of brain circuitry in BDD implicate white matter and structural connectivity abnormalities as playing possible roles in the pathophysiology of BDD. Further

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34

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Eating disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0015.

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Anorexia nervosa 110Bulimia nervosa 112Eating disorders are defined as persistent disturbance of eating (± behaviour) that impairs physical health or psychosocial functioning or both and that is not secondary to any other medical or psychiatric disorder.Anorexia nervosa is a complex disorder described in a number of different ways and recognized for >100 years. It involves voluntary self-starvation, with weight loss, or avoidance of weight gain during adolescence. Peak age of onset is in mid-teens, with a female to male ratio of 10:1, and a prevalence of around 1%. Genetic factors are impor

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35

Whittle, Ian. Raised intracranial pressure, cerebral oedema, and hydrocephalus. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0604.

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The brain is protected by the cranial skeleton. Within the intracranial compartment are also cerebrospinal fluid, CSF, and the blood contained within the brain vessels. These intracranial components are in dynamic equilibrium due to the pulsations of the heart and the respiratory regulated return of venous blood from the brain. Normally the mean arterial blood pressure, systemic venous pressure, and brain volume are regulated to maintain physiological values for intracranial pressure, ICP. There are a range of very common disorders such as stroke, and much less common, such as idiopathic intra

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36

Voinescu, Alexandra, Nadia Wasi Iqbal, and Kevin J. Martin. Pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0117.

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Chronic kidney disease is associated with the inability to control normal mineral homeostasis, resulting in abnormalities in serum levels of calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and vitamin D metabolism. These disturbances lead to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism, skeletal abnormalities, vascular calcifications, and other systemic manifestations. Traditionally, mineral and bone abnormalities seen in chronic kidney disease were included in the term ‘renal osteodystrophy’. More recently, the term chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone dis

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37

Levy, Jerrold H., and David Faraoni. Pathophysiology and causes of severe hypertension. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0162.

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Hypertension affects multiple groups of patients characterized by different clinical presentations and a spectrum of potential causes. The pathophysiology is complex and multifactorial. Although most patients are labelled ‘essential hypertension’, multiple mechanisms are involved in blood pressure regulation. Factors that influence blood pressure homeostasis include endothelial function, the renin-angiotensin system, and the sympathetic nervous system. In elderly patients, hypertension is common as the vascular system and arterial stiffness also contribute. Other important factors include infl

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38

Friedel, Robert O., Christian Schmahl, and Marijn Distel. The Neurobiological Basis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Edited by Christian Schmahl, K. Luan Phan, Robert O. Friedel, and Larry J. Siever. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199362318.003.0013.

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This chapter provides an overview of the biological underpinnings of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The total body of evidence indicates that BPD has a strong neurobiological basis. The material in this chapter is presented in five sections: one describing the structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for BPD and four describing our current knowledge about the anatomy and pathophysiology of symptom in each of the four domains of the disorder, that is, affective dysregulation, impulsive aggression, disturbances of perception and cognition, and interpersonal impairments. The ch

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39

Boucher, C. Robin. Students in Discord. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216020745.

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Students in Discord fills a void in the professional literature concerning adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders by providing theoretical information about psychiatric and psychological diagnoses with practical information about actual public school students who show both externalizing and internalizing disorders. In the process, the book provides understanding about disorders in childhood and adolescence and enhances understanding of federal guidelines on emotional disturbance, specifically those provided in the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. The author provides su

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40

García-Cazorla, Angels, and Rafael Artuch. Brain Serotonin Deficiency. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0032.

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Brain serotonin deficiency is a heterogeneous condition whose etiology remains unknown in the majority of cases. Strong evidence supports a major role for brain serotonin deficiency in common conditions such as depression and other psychiatric and cognitive disorders, which are probably due to interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Mendelian monogenic conditions leading to brain serotonin deficiency have also been identified, but they are rare. These diseases are associated with defects in other neurotransmitters (primarily dopamine), and it is difficult to link serotonin defi

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41

Ferini-Strambi, Luigi, and Sara Marelli. Sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0033.

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Though often unrecognized, sleep disorders in MS are seen at higher frequency than the general population, and they may contribute to pain, fatigue and depression—symptoms commonly observed in MS patients. Since several immunological factors in serum have been implicated in the development of sleep disorders, and MS is proven to be characterized by immune abnormalities, the notion that MS and sleep disorders share a similar background seems reasonable. Investigation of sleep disorders in MS is important, especially considering that the treatment of sleep disturbance may contribute to a reducti

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42

Feusner, Jamie D., and Danyale McCurdy-McKinnon. Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0050.

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This chapter covers the latest studies addressing neurobiological and genetic/heritable factors that may contribute to body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). BDD affects approximately 2% of the population and involves perceived defects of appearance along with obsessive preoccupation and repetitive, compulsive-like behaviors. Studies of visual processing suggest that disturbances in visual perception and visuospatial information processing, characterized by heightened attention to detail and impairment in holistic and global assessment, contribute to the condition. Also reviewed are studies of brain

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43

Gottlieb, Jacqueline. Neuronal Mechanisms of Attentional Control. Edited by Anna C. (Kia) Nobre and Sabine Kastner. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675111.013.033.

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Damage to the human inferior parietal lobe produces an attentional disturbance known as contralateral neglect, and neurophysiological studies in monkeys have begun to unravel the cellular basis of this function. Converging evidence suggests that LIP encodes a sparse topographic map of the visual world that highlights attention-worthy objects or locations. LIP cells may facilitate sensory attentional modulations, and ultimately the transient improvement in perceptual thresholds that is the behavioural signature of visual attention. In addition, LIP projects to oculomotor centres where it can pr

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44

Fuhrman, Dana Y., and Michael L. Moritz. Diagnosis and Management of Renal Disorders in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199918027.003.0012.

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Renal disorders can occur in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) either as a primary diagnosis or secondary to other diagnoses. This chapter serves as a guide to the diagnosis and management of the more common renal disorders encountered in the PICU. A practical approach to patients presenting with hypernatremia, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia is provided, including etiologies as well as treatment approaches to these electrolyte disturbances. The diagnosis and management of hypertensive emergencies are discussed as well. Important considerations in the evaluation and treatment of patients

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45

Karamchandani, Rahul, and Nancy R. Barbas. Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0021.

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Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) refers to the spectrum of cognitive disturbances that result from cerebrovascular brain injury. Cerebrovascular disease is associated with multiple underlying pathologies. Risk factors, clinical features, and treatment options overlap with those associated with Alzheimer’s disease, another common cause of cognitive decline. The complexity of vascular cognitive impairment and, notably, the interplay between clinical, pathologic, genetic, and biomarker characteristics of VCI and Alzheimer’s disease are discussed. The chapter places an emphasis on vascular cogn

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46

Thornton, Fanny. People Movement in the Climate Change Context. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824817.003.0002.

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A scene-setting chapter which presents in some detail the nexus between climate change and people movement. It explores the anthropogenic nature of climate change and the extent to which certain events or disturbances are attributable to man-made climate change, a connection vital to the justice theory–based analysis to follow. The chapter then explores knowledge of the links between climate change, its effects, people, their setting, and people movement. These factors interact, and a linear connection between a climatic event, its effects, and the movement of people does not necessarily exist

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47

Schulenberg, John, Julie Maslowsky, and Justin Jager. Substance Use and Abuse During Adolescence and the Transition to Adulthood Are Developmental Phenomena. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676001.003.0012.

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This chapter describes characteristics of a developmental perspective on substance use regarding age curves; heterogeneity in course; embeddedness within all else that is changing developmentally and historically; and a life course emphasis on distal upstream predictors and downstream consequences as well as more proximal developmental mechanisms and consequences, including transitions, turning points, and developmental disturbances. The chapter then describes the developmental and historical context of adolescence and the transition to adulthood, followed by a consideration of key conceptual

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48

Gendelman, Howard E., Igor Grant, Ian Paul Everall, et al., eds. The Neurology of AIDS. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195399349.001.0001.

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This resource discusses how neurological complications of progressive HIV-1 infection remain a common cause of morbidity even during widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART). It addresses how long-term resistance to ART, drug compliance, untoward drug side effects, a myriad of opportunistic infection, depression and other psychiatric disease manifestations, concomitant drug abuse, neuropathies, and an inability to clear viral reservoirs, explain, in large measure, disease progression and immune deterioration. It then covers the association with a number of psychiatric, muscle, nerve, inf

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49

Sprigings, David. Delirium (acute confusional state). Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0041.

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Delirium is a functional brain disorder characterized by disturbances of consciousness, attention, and cognition. The term ‘acute confusional state’ is often used synonymously with ‘delirium’. Delirium may be associated with a range of associated clinical features including increased or decreased psychomotor activity (hyperactive and hypoactive variants), hallucinations and delusions, and efferent sympathetic hyperactivity. Delirium with pronounced psychomotor and sympathetic hyperactivity is more often seen in younger patients with alcohol or substance intoxication/withdrawal (delirium tremen

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50

Randerath, Winfried J., and Shahrokh Javaheri. Sleep and the heart. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0040.

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Heart function and sleep are closely associated. While NREM sleep reduces cardiac workload, phasic REM sleep increases sympathetic activity and cardiac vulnerability. Heart failure (HF) patients suffer from disturbed sleep due to frequent awakenings, periodic limb movements, sleep apnea, and depression. Insomnia seems to be associated with incident HF, and, when comorbid, results in a vicious circle. There is much evidence of a relationship between breathing disturbances during sleep and heart diseases. At least 50% of HF patients suffer from obstructive (OSA) or central (CSA) sleep apnea, bot

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