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1
Choi. "Analyses of Riverbed Changes and Physical Disturbance Evaluations by Weir Installation in a Reach." Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 34, no. 4 (2014): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2014.34.4.1203.
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Jakubínský, Jiří, Igor Pelíšek, and Pavel Cudlín. "Linking Hydromorphological Degradation with Environmental Status of Riparian Ecosystems: A Case Study in the Stropnice River Basin, Czech Republic." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 18, 2020): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040460.
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Recently, increasing attention has been paid to the anthropogenic degradation of the riverbed and its relationship to the ecological status of the adjacent river landscape. The key objective of this research was to determine the extent of the disturbance of the selected small streams and their riparian zone in a study area located in a forest and forest-agricultural landscape in the Czech Republic. The next step was to analyze the mutual relationships between the ecological status of the riparian vegetation and the hydromorphological status of the riverbed. The main working hypothesis considered the good hydromorphological status of the river as reflected in the favorable environmental status of the surrounding riparian habitats and vice versa. It was found in more than 90% of the total length of studied watercourses that the character of linkages between channel morphology and the ecological status of riparian vegetation is directly influenced by anthropogenic activities. An interesting finding is that the degraded streams in lowland sites are often encompassed by natural or close-to-natural habitats. On the contrary, the natural status of the riverbed was found in a significantly forested headwater area, but the riparian habitats did not reach even a close-to-natural status. This paper contributes to clarifying the significance of human impact on the river morphology, reflected in the reduction of connectivity between the terrestrial and fluvial parts of the river landscape. It helps to explore the most important disturbances affecting mutual interactions between the river and the riparian habitats.
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Gibbins, Chris, Damià Vericat, Ramon J. Batalla, and Carlos M. Gomez. "Shaking and moving: low rates of sediment transport trigger mass drift of stream invertebrates." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-181.
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During floods, river invertebrates may be swept downstream in large numbers. This so-called "catastrophic drift" leads to a major redistribution of animals, as well as reduced fitness and increased mortality among drifters. We present the first field evidence of the role of sediment movement in triggering catastrophic drift. Experiments indicate that the loss of invertebrates from the bed becomes exponential when shear stress reaches the threshold that entrains bedload. However, we found that low rates of bedload are sufficient to rapidly denude patches of riverbed of their invertebrates and so trigger mass drift. Such low bedload rates occur during small floods. As small floods occur frequently, our results suggest that episodes of catastrophic drift are frequent. This conclusion is counterintuitive, as the persistence of invertebrate communities on riverbeds suggests that such events cannot be truly catastrophic. Moreover, the drift losses that we observed occurred in the absence of significant geomorphic disturbance; this is inconsistent with the notion of catastrophic drift being a response to hydrological disturbance events. We argue that a new definition of catastrophic drift is needed, a definition based not on drift magnitude or the triggering role of sediment movement, but on the population consequences of downstream displacement.
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Albertson, Lindsey K., and Melinda D. Daniels. "Crayfish ecosystem engineering effects on riverbed disturbance and topography are mediated by size and behavior." Freshwater Science 37, no. 4 (December 2018): 836–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700884.
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TASHIRO, Takashi, Shintaro WATANABE, and Tetsuro TSUJIMOTO. "EVALUATION OF DISTURBANCE ON RIVERBED BY ESTIMATING DETACHMENT OF ATTACHED ALGAE DUE TO BED-LOAD TRANSPORT." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 47 (2003): 1063–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.47.1063.
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Chang, Cheng-Kai, Jau-Yau Lu, Shi-Yan Lu, Kuo-Ting Hsiao, and Dong-Sin Shih. "Using a PIV Measurement System to Study the Occurrence of Bursting in the Flow Over a Movable Scour Hole Downstream of a Groundsill." Water 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051396.
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Generally, hydraulic structures are installed along with rivers in Taiwan to prevent erosion. The groundsill is one of the most common structures to protect the underlying riverbed. However, the occurrence of bursting during the process of scouring can intensify the disturbance of sediment in the bed, sometimes even causing hydraulic structures to collapse. This paper aimed to study the mechanisms of bursting, the effects of bursting, and the scouring exceedance probability of sediment movement. To study this topic, a particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the hydraulic characteristics of a scour hole under different flow conditions. The results showed that, firstly, the bursting and the sediment entrainment rate increased with time at the beginning. Secondly, when bursting occurred at the beginning stage of scouring, the averaged velocity of main flow was reduced by about 30% and the thickness of the riverbed was deepened by about 20%. Moreover, when scouring time was 15 min, at the location of maximum scouring depth, all the experimental groups carried the proximity values of the scouring exceedance probability that stuck to a range from 35% to 53% at the bursting stage. Therefore, the scouring exceedance probability of the bursting of the maximum scouring depth can be further applied to designs and to protect the foundation of hydraulic structures.
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Abia, Akebe, Chris James, Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa, and Maggy Benteke Momba. "Microbial Remobilisation on Riverbed Sediment Disturbance in Experimental Flumes and a Human-Impacted River: Implication for Water Resource Management and Public Health in Developing Sub-Saharan African Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 3 (March 15, 2017): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030306.
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Xu, Mengzhen, Na Zhao, Xiongdong Zhou, Baozhu Pan, Wei Liu, Shimin Tian, and Zhaoyin Wang. "Macroinvertebrate Biodiversity Trends and Habitat Relationships within Headwater Rivers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Water 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2018): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091214.
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Highland running-water biodiversity has gained growing interest around the world, because of the more pristine conditions and higher sensitivity to environmental changes of highland rivers compared to the lowland rivers. This study presents the findings of systematic investigations and analyses on running-water biodiversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the most important headwater streams in the Yalutsangpo and Sanjiangyuan River basins in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the lowland headwaters of the Songhua River, Juma River, and East River during the non-flood seasons of 2012 to 2016. The results indicated that the headwaters on the plateau had a higher regional biodiversity compared to the lowland rivers with the similar flow and substrate conditions. Even though the local diversity of the highland rivers was not significantly different at each single site, the taxonomic composition was significantly different with several rarely seen species scattering among the different sites, resulting in a high regional biodiversity. The biodiversity and composition of macroinvertebrates were strongly affected by the altitude gradient and the environmental variables associated with altitude. To be specific, for the Yalutsangpo River, canonical correspondence analyses of the macroinvertebrate assemblages and their environmental variables indicated that altitude, stream condition (represented by river pattern, riverbed structures, substrate composition), and water temperature influence macroinvertebrate taxa composition. Because of the restrictive plateau conditions including low water temperature, poor aquatic and riparian vegetation, and low runoff, the macroinvertebrate assemblages showed low biodiversity and were vulnerable to potential human disturbance/climate change. Therefore, it is essential to conserve suitable conditions of the determinative environmental variables to protect the unique and high regional biodiversity of the headwaters on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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Perona, P., and B. Crouzy. "Resilience of riverbed vegetation to uprooting by flow." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2211 (March 2018): 20170547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0547.
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Riverine ecosystem biodiversity is largely maintained by ecogeomorphic processes including vegetation renewal via uprooting and recovery times to flow disturbances. Plant roots thus heavily contribute to engineering resilience to perturbation of such ecosystems. We show that vegetation uprooting by flow occurs as a fatigue-like mechanism, which statistically requires a given exposure time to imposed riverbed flow erosion rates before the plant collapses. We formulate a physically based stochastic model for the actual plant rooting depth and the time-to-uprooting, which allows us to define plant resilience to uprooting for generic time-dependent flow erosion dynamics. This theory shows that plant resilience to uprooting depends on the time-to-uprooting and that root mechanical anchoring acts as a process memory stored within the plant–soil system. The model is validated against measured data of time-to-uprooting of Avena sativa seedlings with various root lengths under different flow conditions. This allows for assessing the natural variance of the uprooting-by-flow process and to compute the prediction entropy, which quantifies the relative importance of the deterministic and the random components affecting the process.
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Backes, D., M. Smigaj, M. Schimka, V. Zahs, A. Grznárová, and M. Scaioni. "RIVER MORPHOLOGY MONITORING OF A SMALL-SCALE ALPINE RIVERBED USING DRONE PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LIDAR." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 12, 2020): 1017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1017-2020.
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Abstract. An efficient alternative to labour-intensive terrestrial and costly airborne surveys is the use of small, inexpensive Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or Remotely Piloted Aerial Systems (RPAS). These low-altitude remote sensing platforms, commonly known as drones, can carry lightweight optical and LiDAR sensors. Even though UAV systems still have limited endurance, they can provide a flexible and relatively inexpensive monitoring solution for a limited area of interest. This study investigated the applicability of monitoring the morphology of a frequently changing glacial stream using high-resolution topographic surface models derived from low-altitude UAV-based photogrammetry and LiDAR. An understanding of river-channel morphology and its response to anthropogenic and natural disturbances is imperative for effective watershed management and conservation. We focus on the data acquisition, processing workflow and highlight identified challenges and shortcomings. Additionally, we demonstrate how LiDAR data acquisition simulations can help decide which laser scanning approach to use and help optimise data collection to ensure full coverage with desired level of detail. Lastly, we showcase a case study of 3D surface change analysis in an alpine stream environment with UAV-based photogrammetry. The datasets used in this study were collected as part of the ISPRS Summer School of Alpine Research, which will continue to add new data layers on a biyearly basis. This growing data repository is freely available for research.
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Tamrakar, Naresh Kazi, and Ramita Bajracharya. "Fluvial environment and existing stability condition of the Manahara River, central Nepal Himalaya." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 39 (September 25, 2009): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v39i0.31487.
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The Manahara River that is one of the large tributaries of the Bagmati River has been exploited in recent decade. Lateral shifting of river, bank erosion and subsequent destruction of fertile lands and inundation of crop lands during high discharge are some of the problems. Five representative segments of the river were surveyed in detail for existing status of the river applying hydrologic, geomorphologic and sedimentologic analyses in order to recognize stability condition. The first to the fifth segments are classified as F4-, C4-, C4-, B4- and B4-streams characterised by matrix supported gravelly substrates. Streams F4 and B4 are potential to degradation and streams C4 are potential to aggradation. Dimensionless shear stress in all the segments exceed critical dimensionless shear stress even at much lower bankfull condition suggesting greater mobility of the riverbed materials. Schumm's F-factor versus M-factor plots revealed that the 3rd and 4th order streams (B4-streams) are potential to degradation, and 5th order (F4 and C4)) streams are potential to aggradation. The existing channel surveyed in 2006 was compared with the previous channel of 1995. The results indicate that the meander belt area has grown by 8% and average meander belt width has increased by 32%. The average lateral shift of meander belt axis has approached 156 m with maximum shift of 243 m in C4 stream. The average meander length and the meander belt ax is length have extended respectively by 25% and 2.5%. Meander geometry of the 5th ordered streams deviates from the stability. All these suggest that the planform geometry of the Manahara River has not been stable. Therefore, system wide instability exists in the river basin. In order to improve the existing river condition, anthropogenic disturbances should be minimised , and bank protection measures and restriction of riverbed mining should be implemented in C4- and F4-streams before deteriorating the river into severe condition.
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Spyra, Aneta, Justyna Kubicka, and Małgorzata Strzelec. "The Use of Biological Indices for the Assessment of the River Quality (Ruda River, Poland)." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 24, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2017-0020.
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AbstractRecognition of the deteriorating conditions of rivers worldwide has called for increased efforts to improve the ecological quality of impacted river systems. This is particularly important in areas that have suffered from a significant impact of human pressure on the ecological status of water. Field studies were conducted in the Ruda River in an area that had undergone anthropogenic disturbances. The objectives of our survey were to test the biological metrics based on benthic macroinvertebrates at four study sites. Spring and autumn surveys of benthic invertebrates indicated that based on the BMWP and BMWP(PL) indices, water quality was higher in comparison with the value of Multimetric index at all of the sites that were studied. Our results revealed that the water quality was higher at the study sites that are located above the dam reservoir based on both the chemical and biological parameters. This study also indicated that both spring and autumn constitute appropriate periods for carrying out monitoring studies. The values of multimeric index indicated the same water quality (except for site 1) in both sampling periods. Anthropogenic transformations of a riverbed influence the flora and fauna and affect the ecological status of rivers.
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de Paula, Marcos, Thiago Augusto Costa Costa Silva, Amanda Soriano Araújo, and Gustavo Augusto Lacorte. "Assessments of Bacterial Community Shifts in Sediments along the Headwaters of São Francisco River, Brazil." Conservation 1, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1020008.
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Sustainable use of freshwater resources for human civilization needs requires the assessment and monitoring of freshwater health, and bacterial communities from riverbed sediments have been shown to be susceptible to chronic anthropogenic disturbances in freshwater ecosystems. Here, we took advantage of the occurrence of well-recognized adjacent sections from the Upper São Francisco River basin with well-recognized levels of anthropogenic activity intensity to test the applicability of sediment bacterial communities as bioindicators of impacts on freshwater ecosystems. We applied 16S amplicon sequencing to estimate the diversity and composition of bacterial communities from 12 sampling sites across the Upper São Francisco River basin, classified as being of no, low, or high intensity of anthropogenic activities, and used diversity metrics and LEfSe to compare the patterns of community structure. Our results revealed that accessed sediment environments associated with land areas with a high intensity of anthropogenic activities presented the lowest levels of community diversity, and the bacterial community compositions of these environments were significantly different from the other sampled areas. Our findings can be considered a source of evidence for the usefulness of bacterial community-based approaches as a tool for diagnosis and monitoring of ecosystem health in areas of vulnerable freshwater environments, and can even be incorporated into regular water quality programs.
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Medvedev, Oleg N., Alice Theadom, Suzanne Barker-Collo, and Valery Feigin. "Distinguishing between enduring and dynamic concussion symptoms: applying Generalisability Theory to the Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ)." PeerJ 6 (September 28, 2018): e5676. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5676.
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Background The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) is a widely-used, 16-item measure of concussion symptoms yet its ability to assess change in the symptom experience over time has come under criticism. We applied Generalisability theory to differentiate between dynamic and enduring aspects of post-concussion symptoms and to examine sources of measurement error in the RPQ. Materials and Methods Generalisability theory was applied using the longitudinal design with persons as the object of measurement. Patients with a traumatic brain injury (n = 145; aged ≥16 years) were assessed at three time occasions (1, 6 and 12 months post-injury) using the RPQ. Results The RPQ showed overall strong generalisability of scores (G = .98) across persons and occasions with a minor proportion of variance attributed to the dynamic aspect of symptoms reflected by interaction between person and occasion. Items measuring concentration, fatigue, restlessness and irritability reflected more dynamic patterns compared to more enduring patterns of sensitivity to noise, impatience, nausea and sleep disturbance. Conclusion The RPQ demonstrated strong reliability in assessing enduring post-concussion symptoms but its ability to assess dynamic symptoms is limited. Clinicians should exercise caution in use of the RPQ to track dynamic symptom change over time. Further investigation is necessary to enhance the RPQ’s ability to assess dynamic symptoms and to address measurement error associated with individual items.
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Stålnacke, Britt Marie. "Postconcussion Symptoms in Patients with Injury-Related Chronic Pain." Rehabilitation Research and Practice 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/528265.
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Background. Postconcussion symptoms (PCSs)—such as fatigue, headache, irritability, dizziness, and impaired memory—are commonly reported in patients who have mild traumatic brain injuries (MTBIs). Evaluation of PCS after MTBI is proposed to have a diagnostic value although it is unclear whether PCS are specific to MTBI. After whiplash injuries, patients most often complain of headaches and neck pain; the other PCS are not as closely evaluated. In patients with chronic pain because of other injuries, the presence of PCS is unclear. This study aimed to describe the frequency of PCS in patients with injury-related pain and to examine the relationships between PCS, pain, and psychological factors.Methods. This study collected data using questionnaires addressing PCS (Rivermead Postconcussion Questionnaire, RPQ), pain intensity (Visual Analogue Scale), depression, anxiety (Hospital, Anxiety, and Depression Scale), and posttraumatic stress (Impact of Event Scale).Results. Fatigue (90.7%), sleep disturbance (84.9%), headache (73.5%), poor concentration (88.2%), and poor memory (67.1%) were some of the most commonly reported PCS. Significant relationships were found between PCS and posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety.Conclusion. To optimize treatment, it is important to assess each patient’s PCS, the mechanism of injury, and factors such as posttraumatic stress and depression.
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Opp, Christian, Michael Groll, Hamidreza Abbasi, and Mansour Ahmadi Foroushani. "Causes and Effects of Sand and Dust Storms: What Has Past Research Taught Us? A Survey." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14070326.
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Barren ground and sites with low coverage by vegetation (e.g., dunes, soil surfaces, dry lakes, and riverbeds) are the main source areas of sand and dust storms (SDS). The understanding of causes, processes (abrasion, deflation, transport, deposition), and influencing factors of sandy and dusty particles moving by wind both in the boundary layer and in the atmosphere are basic prerequisites to distinguish between SDS. Dust transport in the atmosphere modulates radiation, ocean surface temperature, climate, as well as snow and ice cover. The effects of airborne particles on land are varied and can cause advantages and disadvantages, both in source areas and in sink or deposition areas, with disturbances of natural environments and anthropogenic infrastructure. Particulate matter in general and SDS specifically can cause severe health problems in human respiratory and other organs, especially in children. Economic impacts can be equally devastating, but the costs related to SDS are not thoroughly studied. The available data show huge economic damages caused by SDS and by the mitigation of their effects. Management of SDS-related hazards utilizes remote sensing techniques, on-site observations, and protective measures. Integrated strategies are necessary during both the planning and monitoring of these measures. Such integrated strategies can be successful when they are developed and implemented in close cooperation with the local and regional population and stakeholders.
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Matuseviciene, Giedre, Jan Johansson, Marika Möller, Alison K. Godbolt, Tony Pansell, and Catharina Nygren Deboussard. "Longitudinal changes in oculomotor function in young adults with mild traumatic brain injury in Sweden: an exploratory prospective observational study." BMJ Open 8, no. 2 (February 2018): e018734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018734.
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ObjectivesTo assess (1) whether visual disturbances can be demonstrated with objective measures more often in patients with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) than in orthopaedic controls and non-injured controls, (2) whether such objectively demonstrated disturbances change over time and (3) whether self-reported visual symptoms after mTBI correlate with objectively measurable changes in visuomotor performance.DesignA prospective, controlled, observational study, with assessments planned 7–10 and 75–100 days after injury.SettingEmergency department of a general hospital in Sweden.Participants15 patients with mTBI, 15 patients with minor orthopaedic injury, 15 non-injured controls, aged 18–40 years.Outcome measuresVisual examination, including assessment of visual acuity, accommodation, eye alignment, saccades and stereoacuity. Symptom assessment using Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey (CISS) and Rivermead PostConcussion Symptoms Questionnaire.ResultsAssessments were performed 4–13 and 81–322 days after injury (extended time frames for logistical reasons). No statistically significant difference was found between the mTBI and control groups regarding saccade performance and stereoacuity at any time point. The accommodative amplitude was significantly lower in the mTBI group compared with non-injured controls at baseline. 6 out of 13 patients with mTBI had accommodative insufficiency at follow-up. Near point of convergence in the mTBI group was receded at baseline and improved statistically significantly at follow-up. At baseline, patients with mTBI had significantly higher CISS score than orthopaedic and non-injured controls. For patients with mTBI, the CISS score correlated with fusional vergence.ConclusionThere were some transient measurable visual changes regarding convergence in patients with mTBI during the subacute period after the injury. Our findings of persistence of accommodative insufficiency in a considerable proportion of patients with mTBI suggest that this visual function should not be overlooked in clinical assessment.
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King, Nigel S., and Simon Kirwilliam. "The Nature of Permanent Post-concussion Symptoms after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 14, no. 2 (July 22, 2013): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.17.
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Objective: Very few studies have examined permanent post-concussion symptoms (PCSs) after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). None have reported the nature of such symptoms. Our recent study was the first to report on a wide range of factors affecting PCSs in a representative sample of such patients. This paper presents the frequencies of the different PCSs experienced by this group and compares them with PCSs at earlier stages post injury.Method: One hundred consecutively referred patients to a Community Head Injury Service in Buckinghamshire, UK, for the treatment of long-term PCSs after MTBI were invited to participate in the original study. Those consenting to do so (n = 24, mean time post injury = 6.9 years) completed a Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. The frequency of the types of symptoms reported is presented. These are then contrasted with comparable PCS presentations at 7–10 days and 6 months post injury from two other studies.Results: Fatigue was reported by all long-term patients. Poor concentration, sleep disturbance, taking longer to think and irritability were the other most frequently endorsed permanent symptoms. The least reported were blurred/double vision, photophobia, nausea, headache and dizziness. A similar pattern was present in those at earlier stages post injury.Conclusions: The most common permanent PCSs may be those best conceptualised as the more cognitively and emotionally based symptoms, and the least common the more somatically based ones. There may be some consistency in the nature of PCSs reported over time.
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Hu, Tina, Cindy Hunt, and Donna Ouchterlony. "Is Age Associated With the Severity of Post–Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms?" Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 44, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2016.441.
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AbstractBackground: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a significant public health concern. Research has shown that mTBI is associated with persistent physical, cognitive, and behavioural symptoms, leading to significant direct and indirect medical costs. Our objective was to determine if age impacts the type and severity of post-mTBI symptoms experienced. Methods: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data at a level 1 tertiary care outpatient head injury clinic. Participants (N=167) were patients seen at the clinic following an mTBI. The Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire was used to assess symptom severity. Results: In our sample, the mean age was 44±16 years with 51% males. Compared with other age groups, patients >66 years of age were significantly more likely to report an mTBI between 6 AM to 12 PM (69%). Middle-aged patients (36-55 years) were more likely to report higher severity of certain post-mTBI symptoms (headache, nausea and vomiting, irritability, poor concentration, sleep disturbance, blurry vision, light sensitivity, and taking longer to think) compared with patients >66 years of age. Conclusions: In general, middle-aged patients reported higher severity of post-mTBI symptoms compared with the oldest patients. Thus, there was a significant association between age and the severity of specific mTBI symptoms, which highlights the need for targeted management. Additional research is needed to understand the mechanisms that could be contributing to the higher symptom severity experienced by the middle-aged group.
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Theadom, Alice, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Kelly Jones, Margaret Dudley, Norah Vincent, and Valery Feigin. "A pilot randomized controlled trial of on-line interventions to improve sleep quality in adults after mild or moderate traumatic brain injury." Clinical Rehabilitation 32, no. 5 (October 26, 2017): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215517736671.
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Objective: To explore feasibility and potential efficacy of on-line interventions for sleep quality following a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Design: A two parallel-group, randomized controlled pilot study. Setting: Community-based. Subjects: In all, 24 participants (mean age: 35.9 ± 11.8 years) who reported experiencing sleep difficulties between 3 and 36 months after a mild or moderate TBI. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive either a cognitive behaviour therapy or an education intervention on-line. Both interventions were self-completed for 20–30 minutes per week over a six-week period. Main measures: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index assessed self-reported sleep quality with actigraphy used as an objective measure of sleep quality. The CNS Vital Signs on-line neuropsychological test assessed cognitive functioning and the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms and Quality of Life after Brain Injury questionnaires were completed pre and post intervention. Results: Both programmes demonstrated feasibility for use post TBI, with 83.3% of participants completing the interventions. The cognitive behaviour therapy group experienced significant reductions ( F = 5.47, p = 0.04) in sleep disturbance (mean individual change = −4.00) in comparison to controls post intervention (mean individual change = −1.50) with a moderate effect size of 1.17. There were no significant group differences on objective sleep quality, cognitive functioning, post-concussion symptoms or quality of life. Conclusion: On-line programmes designed to improve sleep are feasible for use for adults following mild-to-moderate TBI. Based on the effect size identified in this pilot study, 128 people (64 per group) would be needed to determine clinical effectiveness.
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Murniningsih, Siti. "PENGARUH PERGERAKAN MEANDER TERHADAP KESEIMBANGAN ALUR SUNGAI." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CESD) 1, no. 2 (April 9, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/cesd.v1i2.4099.
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<span><em>Most of the river in Indonesia has a meander area especially located at the lower reach. Since the pattern of </em><span><em>the community behaviour in Indonesia, people live in surrounding or along the river while the river plains </em><span><em>and delta consist of alluvial soils, thus, meander migration usually occurs as a response to natural or manmade disturbances of the fluvial system. Meander River in urban area usually encourage sediment transport </em><span><em>problem such as riverbed aggradations at the area surrounding inside of the bank then will decrease the </em><span><em>river capacity in retaining flood while simultaneously eroding on the outer banks of meander bends. </em><span><em>Regarding velocity distribution at the channel cross section, the minimum velocity is occurring on the inside </em><span><em>of the meander, therefore some of the sediment loads is deposited. Related with the phenomena, protection </em><span><em>against sedimentation and erosion along meandering river extremely needed. Previously, river adjustment </em><span><em>within meander area are continually being made, therefore, eventually the gradient of a stream is altered to </em><span><em>accommodate the volume of water and the velocity necessary to transport the sediment load. In this paper,</em><span><em>understanding of various phenomenon’s in the meander area due to the sedimentation processes are </em><span><em>described and propose the new concept of protection with low impact development (LID) approach.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>
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Grasso, M. G., E. Troisi, F. Rizzi, D. Morelli, and S. Paolucci. "Prognostic factors in multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment in multiple sclerosis: an outcome study." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 11, no. 6 (December 2005): 719–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1352458505ms1226oa.
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The aim of this outcome study was to evaluate the effectiveness and prognostic factors of inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We analysed 230 consecutive inpatients with MS admitted to an MS rehabilitation ward who followed an individualized, goal-oriented, multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. Every patient was submitted to a neurological examination and evaluated by means of Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), with its functional systems (FS), Barthel Index (BI) and the Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI). We observed an effectiveness (percentage of potential improvement achieved during rehabilitation) of nearly 16% on BI and 8% on RMI, corresponding to an improvement in 124 patients (54%) on BI and 113 patients (49%) on RMI. Basal EDSS (β= -0.32, p<0.001), cognitive status (β= -0.15, p<0.05) and disease duration (β= -0.13, p<0.05) were negatively associated with effectiveness of treatment on BI (adjusted R2=0.176), whereas effectiveness on RMI was correlated only with the EDSS score (β=-0.34, p<0.001, adjusted R2=0.113). In the logistic regression analysis, the absence of severe sphincteric disturbances was correlated with the probability of improvement on BI that was nearly twice as high (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.24-4.08) as that of other patients. Moreover, patients without severe cognitive deficits showed a similar probability (OR-2.37, 95% CI 1.05-5.33) of improvement on RMI. The results of this study provide further evidence that intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation in MS is effective in the majority of MS patients and that early treatment may favour functional recovery.
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Raikes, A. C., N. S. Dailey, A. Alkozei, J. R. Vanuk, M. A. Grandner, and W. D. Killgore. "1158 Daytime Sleepiness, Depression, And Post-concussive Symptoms Improve Following Prescribed Morning Exposure To Blue Light." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A441—A442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1152.
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Abstract Introduction Long-term sleep disruption, fatigue, and depression are common after mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs). Efficacious treatments for these disturbances in the context of mTBIs are lacking. Morning blue light therapy (BLT) effectively treats sleep disruption and improves mood. This study evaluated the treatment effects of morning BLT on post-mTBI daytime sleepiness, depression, and post-concussion symptoms. Methods 62 individuals (Boston: n=31; age: 23.11±7.20y; 17 females; days post-injury: 236.00±121.40; Tucson: n=31; age: 26.35±8.08y; 20 females; days post-injury: 272.94±167.69) received either BLT (n=30) or placebo amber light therapy (ALT; n=32). All participants completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Rivermead Post-concussion Symptom Questionnaire (RPQ3 and RPQ13 subscales) pre- and post-treatment. Treatment consisted of direct exposure to either blue or amber light (30 minutes each morning), delivered via tabletop light-box, over six weeks. Baseline and post-treatment values were compared to a non-mTBI, non-treated control sample (Tucson: n=32, age: 23.94±5.41y; 19 females). Results Baseline scores were higher in both mTBI light groups (BLT, ALT, respectively) than controls for the ESS (Cohen’s d=0.83, 0.83), PSQI (d=1.45, 1.71), BDI (d=1.46, 1.62), RPQ3 (d=1.72, 1.62) and RPQ13 (d=1.86, d=1.76). BLT resulted in lower within-group ESS (d=-0.58), BDI (d=-0.50), PSQI (d=-0.57), and RPQ13 (d=-0.45, p=0.005) scores. No improvements were seen following ALT. Minimal ESS score differences between the BLT and controls were observed after treatment (d=0.25). Conclusion Daily morning BLT resulted in moderate improvements in post-mTBI daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, depression, and post-concussion symptoms. These improvements may contribute to enhanced academic and job performance, post-mTBI quality of life, and general recovery. Future work is needed to clarify optimal dosage and precision medicine factors indentifying those most likely to benefit from morning BLT. Support This research was supported by multiple grants from the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) to Dr. William D. S. Killgore, including W81XWH-11-1-0056 and W81XWH-14-1-0571.
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Rylander, Haley, Anusuya Rangarajan, Ryan M. Maher, Mark G. Hutton, Nicholas W. Rowley, Margaret T. McGrath, and Zachary F. Sexton. "Black Plastic Tarps Advance Organic Reduced Tillage I: Impact on Soils, Weed Seed Survival, and Crop Residue." HortScience 55, no. 6 (June 2020): 819–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14792-19.
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Intensive tillage degrades soil structure, decreases soil organic matter, and can cause soil compaction and erosion over time. Organic vegetable farmers are often dependent on tillage to incorporate crop residue, control weeds, and prepare seedbeds. Black, impermeable, polyethylene tarps applied on the soil surface and removed at planting can help suppress weeds before planting and reduce farmers’ reliance on tillage. However, little is known about how black tarps affect planting conditions and how they can be used to advance reduced tillage production systems. This study investigated the effects of tarp use and tarp duration on the soil environment, surface cover crop residue, and weed suppression to assess the efficacy of using tarps to improve reduced- and no-till practices for organic vegetable production. Experiments were conducted at three sites in the northeastern United States (Freeville, NY; Riverhead, NY; and Monmouth, ME) for 2 years. Following the termination of an oat cover crop, tarps were applied over untilled soils and left in place for four time periods: untarped (control), 3 to 5 weeks (short), 6 to 8 weeks (mid), and 10 or more weeks (long) before two removal dates. Soil moisture and temperature, cover crop residue, soil inorganic nitrogen, weed seed survival, and weed percent cover were measured after tarp removal. Soil moisture and temperature were generally higher under tarps at the time of removal compared with untarped areas at 10% to 55% and 1 to 3 °C, respectively, but the effects were inconsistent. Tarps significantly increased soil nitrate concentrations by 2-times to 21-times with longer tarp durations, resulting in higher concentrations compared with untarped controls. Tarps did not affect the amount of soil covered by cover crop residue and had no consistent effects on weed seed survival of Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. or Chenopodium album L., two common annual weed species in the Northeast. Tarping for at least 3 weeks reduced the weed percent cover by 95% to 100% at the time of removal. Increasing tarp duration beyond 3 weeks did not affect any measures except soil nitrate concentrations. These results indicate that tarps can facilitate the use of reduced-till and no-till practices for organic vegetables by creating a nutrient-rich and moist soil environment free of emerged weeds before planting without soil disturbance.
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Morais, Manuela, Ana Pedro, Joana Rosado, Antônio Serafim, Helena Silva, Maria Do Carmo Sobral, David Brito, and Ramiro Neves. "Análise de Pressões à Escala Espacial numa Barcia Hidrográfica de Características Mediterrânicas (Bacia do Pardiela-Guadiana, Portugal) (Analysing Pressures at Spatial Scale in a Mediterranean Basin (Pardiela Basin -Guadiana, Portugal))." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 5, no. 6 (January 21, 2013): 1284. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v5.6.p1284-1299.
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Os rios temporários são definidos como sistemas que durante um determinado período do ano não apresentam caudal superficial. São frequentes em regiões de características mediterrânicas, onde a ausência de precipitação durante os meses mais quentes do ano conduz à interrupção do caudal superficial. Assiste-se assim a uma diminuição natural dos padrões de qualidade da água devido à ausência de corrente, encontrando-se os rios no máximo da sua vulnerabilidade. Em épocas opostas no ano, a ocorrência de enxurradas, com origem em fortes precipitações, tem como consequência a exportação dos materiais acumulados que se depositam em reservatórios situados a jusante. O ciclo de seca e enxurrada, constitui um fator determinante na estrutura e funcionamento dos rios no Sul de Portugal, apresentando as comunidades biológicas adaptações específicas a estes fenómenos perturbadores. Contudo, ao longo da bacia, a temporalidade dos rios segue um gradiente de disponibilidade hídrica. Nas cabeceiras os rios apresentam um regime efémero muito dependente da ocorrência de eventos extremos de precipitação; para jusante a afluência de água aumenta, apresentando os rios características temporárias do tipo sazonal; nos troços inferiores é comum a ocorrência de um regime hidrológico permanente. Consequentemente, os problemas relacionados com a qualidade da água são locais, surgindo relacionados com a disponibilidade hídrica e com as pressões antropogénicas. Neste trabalho, considerando como caso de estudo a bacia do rio Pardiela localizada no sul de Portugal de características mediterrânicas (bacia do rio Guadiana), pretende-se: (i) caracterizar o ciclo hidrológico em termos de disponibilidade de água, através da utilização do modelo SWAT; (ii) quantificar as cargas de nitrogénio total, fósforo total e sólidos suspensos totais, afluentes ao sistema a uma escala espacial e temporal; (iii) caracterizar o efeito da primeira enxurrada após o período seco de verão; (iii) identificar problemas e propor medidas específicas que promovam, por um lado, a obtenção de um maior conhecimento sobre as questões ambientais que contribuam para a diminuição de conflitos entre setores de atividade e atores sociais e, por outro, sustentem a tomada de decisões pelas entidades competentes. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam a necessidade de em função das pressões identificadas na bacia hidrográfica se propor objetivos e medidas, e promover sistemas de gestão à escala da sub-bacia. Só assim se permitirá identificar os fatores que controlam o sistema, tais como o ciclo hidrológico, as descargas urbanas, a ocupação de solo, as práticas agrícolas e a vegetação ripícola, e compreender a sua variabilidade em função do regime hidrológico.Analysing Pressures at Spatial Scale in a Mediterranean Basin (Pardiela Basin -Guadiana, Portugal)A B S T R A C TTemporary streams are defined as those that do not present discharge during part of the year. They are widespread in Mediterranean regions, where the nonexistence of rainfall during warmer months leads to the absence of discharge. This originates a decrease in water quality increasing the streams vulnerability. During months with the highest rainfall, flash floods occur, transporting materials accumulated in the riverbed to reservoirs located downstream. The expansion and contraction cycle constitutes a determinant factor in the structure and function of the streams in southern Portugal. Consequently, biological communities present specific adaptations to these disturbances. However, there is a water available gradient along the river basin. In headwaters, stream reaches present an ephemeral discharge, highly dependent on rainfall events. Further downstream, the discharge increases and the river present a seasonal temporary regime. In lower reaches, more frequently, the discharge is permanent. The problems related with water quality are site specific, in regard to anthropogenic pressures and water availability. In this work focused on the study of the Pardiela basin, located in southern Portugal with Mediterranean characteristics Guadiana basin), the main goals are: (i) to characterize the hydrologic cycle in terms of water available, using a SWAT model; (ii) to quantify nitrogen, phosphorus and solid suspended loads (ton/month); (iii) to characterize the effect of the first flood after the summer dry period. The obtained results illustrate the necessity to propose objectives and measures, adapted to the pressures identified in the river basin, and to develop management programmes that operate at sub-basin scale. Only then, it will be possible to identify the factors that control the system, such as hydrology, urban discharges, land use, agriculture, and riparian vegetation in regard to their variability and to the temporary hydrological regime.Keywords: Mediterranean temporary streams; hydrologic cycle; Loads; flush flood events; environmental objectives and measures.
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Zhao, Yanqi, Ying Yang, Rongkun Dai, Sobkowiak Leszek, Xinyi Wang, and Lizhi Xiao. "Adsorption and migration of heavy metals between sediments and overlying water in the Xinhe River in central China." Water Science and Technology, August 9, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.314.
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Abstract Long-term polluted rivers often lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in sediments. Anthropogenic activities or biological disturbances break the adsorption balance, causing them to return from the bottom mud to the overlying water and change the aquatic environment. In order to understand the variation of heavy metals between sediments and river water, we collected the riverbed sediments in the polluted Xinhe River and carried out static continuous infiltration and dynamic uninterrupted disturbance experiments. The leaching experiment shows that the absorbability of Cd and Pb is stronger than Cr in the sediment; at the same time, the properties of the medium have a great influence on the adsorption of heavy metals. The disturbance can prompt heavy metals in the sediment to resuspend into the overlying water. The impact is the greatest during the first 12 h, and the influence degree is stronger in the relatively static water than in the moving river. In addition, pH and other factors have different degrees of influence on the desorption of heavy metals.
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Szczerkowska-Majchrzak, Eliza, Joanna Lik, and Joanna Leszczyńska. "Resistance of riverine macroinvertebrate assemblages to hydrological extremes." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 43, no. 4 (January 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13545-014-0159-2.
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AbstractMacroinvertebrates were sampled in the lowland Drzewiczka River downstream from a dam reservoir and just below a whitewater slalom canoeing track. For over 20 years, pulse flow fluctuations of moderate intensity, an effect of two-three hour long releases of water per day to enable training of canoeists, induced a patchy mosaic in the tailwater riverbed compared to a natural site. After these regular disturbances, three accidental events of increased discharge of different magnitudes (three, five and sixteen times higher compared to a long-term median) occurred in two following years and we were able to investigate their impact on the habitat-specific processes.Two of the three events (in September 2000 and March 2001) had a minor effect on abiotic and biotic variables, while the third one (in February 2002, over 40 m3 s−1 discharge) destabilized the bed habitat, washing away the flood-sensitive macroinvertebrates of Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. In the dominant benthic group, i.e. Chironomidae, varied resistance patterns were observed, depending on their mode of life and patch occupancy. In conclusion, biota in the Drzewiczka River have adapted their life history to long-term moderate flow disturbance, but the largest flood mobilized bed sediments together with most of their dwellers.
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Falasco, Elisa, Alberto Doretto, Stefano Fenoglio, Elena Piano, and Francesca Bona. "Supraseasonal drought in an Alpine river: effects on benthic primary production and diatom community." Journal of Limnology, January 15, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2020.1933.
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Over the last decades, the ongoing global climate change, combined with consequent increasing water demand for human needs, is causing recurrent droughts in previously perennial streams. These phenomena have been dramatically increasing their extent, with significant repercussions on the entire food web. Consequences of water scarcity are particularly remarkable in mountain streams, where the frequency of droughts is increasing at a rate that does not allow species to adapt. In the present research, we monitored benthic diatom communities within an intermittent Alpine river (Pellice River; North-Western Italy) during the three key phases of its hydrological cycle: i) stable flow ii) lentification iii) rewetting of the riverbed after a supraseasonal drought lasting five months. We tested the response of diatom communities in terms of compositional, structural and functional metrics (primary production, species composition, ecological guilds, life forms and eco-morphological groups) hypothesising both taxonomic and functional changes during the different steps of this hydrological cycle. Significant changes in benthic chlorophyll a occurred in the three hydrological phases. In particular, the relative proportion of the chlorophyll a of the three main autotrophic groups inhabiting the periphyton (namely diatoms, cyanobacteria and green algae) resulted as a reliable metric for the evaluation of the hydrological disturbance. Diatom chlorophyll a significantly decreased during both lentification and drought. The three phases were significantly characterized by different species and functional groups. During the stable flow the low profile (i.e., species of short stature, adapted to high current velocities and low nutrients concentrations) was the most representative guild and Achnanthidium pyrenaicum was the most abundant species; this phase was also characterized by the presence of stalked taxa. We observed a significant decrease of high profile species (i.e., species of tall stature, adapted to high nutrients concentrations and low current velocities) during the lentification phase, which was characterized by taxa belonging to the genera Navicula, Nizschia and Ulnaria. During the rewetting, small and medium sized high profile diatoms as well as motile ones (i.e., fast moving species) characterized the assemblages. Our results showed that the complete recovery of diatom communities took at least 70 days after water return. The rapid and widespread extension of droughts in the Alpine area will have severe consequences on the river biota, also favouring the spread of invasive taxa. For this reason, outlining patterns of diatom response to droughts and detecting reliable metrics for the evaluation of this specific impact is very urgent and important.
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Andelic, Nada, Cecilie Røe, Cathrine Brunborg, Marina Zeldovich, Marianne Løvstad, Daniel Løke, Ida M. Borgen, et al. "Frequency of fatigue and its changes in the first 6 months after traumatic brain injury: results from the CENTER-TBI study." Journal of Neurology, July 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10022-2.
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Abstract Background Fatigue is one of the most commonly reported subjective symptoms following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aims were to assess frequency of fatigue over the first 6 months after TBI, and examine whether fatigue changes could be predicted by demographic characteristics, injury severity and comorbidities. Methods Patients with acute TBI admitted to 65 trauma centers were enrolled in the study Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI (CENTER-TBI). Subjective fatigue was measured by single item on the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ), administered at baseline, three and 6 months postinjury. Patients were categorized by clinical care pathway: admitted to an emergency room (ER), a ward (ADM) or an intensive care unit (ICU). Injury severity, preinjury somatic- and psychiatric conditions, depressive and sleep problems were registered at baseline. For prediction of fatigue changes, descriptive statistics and mixed effect logistic regression analysis are reported. Results Fatigue was experienced by 47% of patients at baseline, 48% at 3 months and 46% at 6 months. Patients admitted to ICU had a higher probability of experiencing fatigue than those in ER and ADM strata. Females and individuals with lower age, higher education, more severe intracranial injury, preinjury somatic and psychiatric conditions, sleep disturbance and feeling depressed postinjury had a higher probability of fatigue. Conclusion A high and stable frequency of fatigue was found during the first 6 months after TBI. Specific socio-demographic factors, comorbidities and injury severity characteristics were predictors of fatigue in this study.
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Baronchelli, Federica, Chiara Zucchella, Mariano Serrao, Domenico Intiso, and Michelangelo Bartolo. "The Effect of Robotic Assisted Gait Training With Lokomat® on Balance Control After Stroke: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Frontiers in Neurology 12 (July 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2021.661815.
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Introduction: Disturbances of balance control are common after stroke, affecting the quality of gait and increasing the risk of falls. Because balance and gait disorders may persist also in the chronic stage, reducing individual independence and participation, they represent primary goals of neurorehabilitation programs. For this purpose, in recent years, numerous technological devices have been developed, among which one of the most widespread is the Lokomat®, an actuated exoskeleton that guide the patient's limbs, simulating a symmetrical bilateral gait. Preliminary evidence suggests that beyond gait parameters, robotic assisted gait training may also improve balance. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence about the effectiveness of Lokomat® in improving balance in stroke patients.Methods: Randomized controlled trials published between January 1989 and August 2020, comparing Lokomat® training to conventional therapy for stroke patients, were retrieved from seven electronic databases. Balance, assessed by means of validated clinical scales, was considered as outcome measure. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to evaluate the methodological quality of the studies. The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (no. CRD42020197531).Results: After the removal of the duplicates, according to the inclusion criteria, 13 studies were selected, involving 445 subacute or chronic stroke patients. Eleven papers contributed to three meta-analyses. Favorable results for recovery of balance in stroke survivors treated with Lokomat® were shown using Timed Up and Go (pooled mean difference = −3.40, 95% CI −4.35 to −2.44; p < 0.00001) and Rivermead Mobility Index as outcome measures (pooled mean difference = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26–0.55; p < 0.00001). Inconclusive results were found when balance was measured by means of the Berg Balance Scale (pooled mean difference = 0.17, 95% CI −0.26 to 0.60; p = 0.44).Conclusions: Overall, most studies have shown beneficial effects of Lokomat® on balance recovery for stroke survivors, at least comparable to conventional physical therapy. However, due to the limited number of studies and their high heterogeneity, further research is needed to draw more solid and definitive conclusions.