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Arya, Shashi Kiran, Ilika Ghosh, Ritesh Banerjee, and Anita Mukherjee. "Malathion and dithane induce DNA damage in Vicia faba." Toxicology and Industrial Health 33, no. 11 (September 26, 2017): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233717726877.
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The increasing use of pesticides such as malathion and dithane in agriculture causes environmental mutagenicity. However, their genotoxicity in edible crops is seldom assessed. In this study, the genotoxic potential of malathion and dithane was evaluated in the roots of Vicia faba L. All three concentrations (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) of malathion and dithane tested resulted in a significant decrease in root length and inhibited seed germination. Cytological observations showed that the mitotic frequency in the root meristematic cells decreased parallel to the increase in concentrations, and the increase in chromosome aberrations and micronuclei frequency was concentration dependent. Alkaline comet assay revealed significant onset of DNA damage at all tested concentrations. For the randomly amplified polymorphic (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses, 10 random RAPD primers were found to produce 116 unique polymorphic RAPD band fragments of 223–3139 bp. Each primer generated 3–15 RAPD bands on an average. The percentage of polymorphic DNA fragments was higher in malathion-exposed plants than dithane ones. The changes in RAPD profiles included disappearance and/or appearance of DNA bands in malathion and dithane treatment. Hence, DNA damage observed by the cytogenetic endpoints and comet assay corroborated with RAPD-PCR analysis. A total of 15 new protein bands of molecular weight ranging 11.894–226.669 kDa were observed in roots of Vicia plants that were exposed to the pesticides. The number of new protein bands was higher in malathion-treated DNA samples than in dithane-treated ones. Based on the results, we conclude that the pesticides can alter genomic template stability and change protein profiles. Malathion was more genotoxic than dithane. Therefore, RAPD assays can be useful in determining genotoxicity of pesticides in V. faba and other crops along with other quantitative parameters.
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Rokib, A., and MS Monjil. "Fungicidal seed treatment on germination and seedling vigour of lentil var. BINA Masur-3." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32050.
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Effectiveness of six fungicides viz., Provax-200 (Carboxin+Thiram), Bavistin DF (Carbendazim), Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb), Secure (Mancozeb+Fenamidone), Antracol (propineb) and Daconil (Chlorothalonil) were evaluated to improve seed germination and seedling vigour of lentil variety BINA Masur-3. The experiment was conducted in the Green House of Seed Pathology Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Positive effect of seed treatment with fungicides on seed germination and seedling vigour of lentil was recorded. At 20 DAS, increased seed germination over control was observed in treated seeds with Deconil (10.40%) and Antracol (10.00%) followed by Dithane M-45 (7.20%). Seeds treated with Deconil and Dithane M-45 produced seedlings with higher shoot length, root length and seedling vigour. At 20 DAS, higher percent increased vigour index over control was found in Dithane M-45 (24.64%) and Deconil (22.44%), respectively.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 140-144
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Rai, I. Nyoman, I. Made Sudana, I. Nyoman Gede Astawa, and Rindang Dwiyani. "The effect of chopped corm sizes and types of soaking material on growth seedling of kepok banana (Musa paradisiaca L. ABB Kepok)." International journal of life sciences 4, no. 2 (July 20, 2020): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v4n2.432.
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This research was conducted to study the effect of chopped corm sizes and types of soaking material on growth seedling of Kepok banana. The study was conducted at green house used a factorial randomized block design with 2 treatment factors. The first factor was chopped corm sizes (in length x width x height), consists of 3 levels i.e. small size 5 x 5 x 5 cm (B1), medium size 7 x 7 x 7 cm (B2), and large size 9 x 9 x 9 cm (B3). The second factor was types of soaking material, consists of 4 levels i.e. soaked in water only (R0), soaked with Dithane M-45 fungicide 2g/l (R1), soaked with Dithane M-45 fungicide 2 g/l + NAA hormone 100 ppm (R2), soaked with Dithane M-45 fungicide 2 g/l + BA hormone 75 ppm (R3), and soaked with the Dithane M-45 fungicide 2 g/l + NAA hormone 100 ppm + BA 75 ppm (R4).
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Vukovic, Slavica, Dusanka Indjic, and Sonja Gvozdenac. "Phytotoxic effects of fungicides, insecticides and nonpesticidal components on pepper depending on water quality." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 2 (2014): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1402145v.
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Modern agriculture relies on simultaneous application of fungicides, insecticides, fertilizers and adjuvants. The selection of compounds for tank-mixes has been rarely studied and it presents a risk in the application of pesticides but the quality of water should also be considered. The aim of this study was to assess the phytotoxic effects of several fungicides, insecticides, a complex fertilizer, an adjuvant and their mixtures on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) as a test plant, depending on water quality. The effects of the pesticides: azoxystrobin (Quadris, 0.75 l/ha), mancozeb (Dithane M-70, 2.5 kg/ha), thiamethoxam (Actara 25-WG, 0.07 kg/ha) and cypermethrin (Cipkord EC-20, 0.3 l/ha), a complex fertilizer (Mortonijc plus /hereinafter: M+/ 3kg/ha), an adjuvant (Sillwet 77-L, 0.1 l/ha) and their mixtures, were assessed depending on the quality of water (well water - slightly alkaline, very hard and with high nitrite content; tap water - neutral and slightly hard; surface water - alkaline, slightly hard and with high content of nitrite and ammonia) using a puncture method. The effects were assessed after seven days by measuring the diameter of chlorosis and/or necrosis around puncture sites, and were expressed in mm2. The significance of differences between treatments was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA (LSD 0.05 %). In the slightly alkaline and very hard well water, all spray liquids containing Dithane M-70 caused a significant increase in leaf chlorosis area (from 6.0 to 25.2 mm2), compared to the control and other treatments. In the neutral and slightly hard tap water, all spray liquids containing Dithane M-70 caused a significant increase in leaf chlorosis (5.3 to 7.9 mm2) compared to the control and the other spray liquids, although its phytotoxicity in that water was at a lower level than it was in well water. However, in the weakly alkaline and slightly hard surface water from the river Sava, Dithane M-70, Dithane M-70 + Actara WG-25, Dithane M-70 + Sillwet L-77, and Dithane M-70 + Actara 25-WG + M+ showed a significant increase in phytotoxicity, compared to the control.
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PUSHPARAJ, VIVEK RAJ. "Cost effective and ex-situ (Seed Germination) conservation of Cullenia exarillata Robyns.an Endemic and Keystone species in Western Ghats, South India." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 1, no. 10 (December 30, 2015): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v1i10.2670.
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The Western Ghats is a chain of mountains and is one of the 33 recognized ecologically sensitive zones in the world. There are several centres of plant endemism and species richness within the Western Ghats. Cullenia exarillata Robyns is a large evergreen tree in the mid-elevation evergreen forests which is endemic to Western Ghats. This tree acts as a hot bed of activity when in flower and functions as a keystone resource for several species of arboreal mammals, including the endangered primate Lion tailed macaque and Nilgiri langur. A preliminary attempt is carried out to regenerate and restore the populations of C.exarillata. Seed germination studies were performed and seeds were treated using 3 different pre-sowing treatments. Seeds were soaked in Dithane-45 for 5minutes, in cow dung extract for two nights and in gibberillic acid (100 ppm) for 24 hours. Untreated seeds were also used as control. Dithane-45 treatment showed 80% seed germination and the cow dung extract treatment showed 20% seed germination. Dithane-45 treatment promotes speedy seed germination when compared to other treatments. Therefore, pre-sowing treatment with Dithane-45 for 5 minutes was more effective for this plant.
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Vieira, Alcílio, Carlos Ruggiero, and Sérgio Lucio David Marin. "Fitotoxicidade de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas sobre o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) cultivar sunrise solo improved line 72/12." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 25, no. 1 (April 2003): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452003000100048.
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Estudaram-se os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de verão, no município de São Mateus - ES, localizado na região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 l de água: abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE - 50 ml); dicofol + tetradiphon (Carbax - 200 ml), fenbutatin oxide (Torque 500 SC - 60 ml); mancozeb (Dithane PM - 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil - 400g) e thiabendazole (Tecto 450 - 100ml). Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As medições e contagens foram feitas um dia antes das pulverizações, 15 e 30 dias após. Constatou-se que o Vertimec 18 CE, associado ao Reconil ou ao Tecto 450, ocasionou leves injúrias foliares, detectadas aos 15 dias após as pulverizações, que se tornaram praticamente imperceptíveis, aos 30 dias após as pulverizações; e que Dithane PM, Reconil, Tecto 450, Carbax, Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Carbax, Dithane PM + Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Vertimec 18 CE, Reconil + Carbax, Reconil + Torque 500 SC, Tecto 450 + Carbax e, Tecto 450 + + Torque 500 SC não interferiram nos parâmetros de desenvolvimento e de produção estudados, bem como não causaram injúrias ou queimaduras nas folhas dos mamoeiros.
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Barczyński, Stanisław, Zofia Machowicz-Stefaniak, and Piotr Sobiczewski. "The effect of selected fungicides on survival of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in various kinds of soils." Acta Agrobotanica 55, no. 1 (2013): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2002.003.
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The effect of 10 fungicides on survival of A. tumefaciens in various types of soils was studied. In fertile, nonsterile soil Dithane M-45 (mancozeb), Euparen 50 WP (tolyfluanid), Kaptan 50 WP (captan) and Ridomil Gold 80 WP (metalaxyl) at concentration of 1000 ppm showed the highest antibacterial activity. Similar trends in activity of these fungicides occurred in fertile, sterile soil, however a little lower in case of Kaptan and Euparen. In most of investigated soils Befran 25 SL (imimnoctadyne), Syllit 65 WP (dodine) and Thiram Granulfo 80 WG (thiram) increased bacteria number. In sandy acidic soil (pH 3,5) all tested fungicides totally eliminated bacteria. On the other hand in sandy neutral soil only Dithane, Euparen, Kaptan and Ridomil showed such activity. Ten fold decrease of fungicides concentration generally did not influence Kaptan and Ridomil effectiveness but it decreased the activity of Dithane and Euparen.
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Khan, A. A., K. U. Sarker, M. F. Hossain, M. M. Haque, and I. H. Mian. "Pre-Storage Fungicidal Treatment Effects on Prevalence of Seed-Borne Fungi and Quality of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Seed." Agriculturists 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2018): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v15i2.35464.
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Effect of pre-storage fungicidal treatment on prevalence of seed-borne fungi and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds was evaluated under laboratory condition. Seeds were treated separately with five fungicides namely Bavistin 50 WP (Carbendazim) and Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) @ 2.2 g/kg, Homai (Thiophanate) and Rovral (Iprodione) @ 2.0 g/kg and Provax-200 (Carboxin) @ 3.0 g/kg of seeds before storage. Prevalence of seed-borne fungi, percent seeds germination and vigor index were evaluated just before storage, 75 and 150 days after storage. Fungicides produced significant negative impact on seed-borne fungi and positive impact in maintaining quality during storage. Provax-200, Rovral, Dithane M-45 and Bavistin effectively reduced seed-borne fungi and performed better for germination and vigor of seeds. Seed treatment with Provax-200, Rovral, Bavistin or Dithane M-45 would therefore be suggested as effective fungicides to control seed-borne fungal infection and maintain better germination and vigor of onion seed in storage.The Agriculturists 2017; 15(2) 52-58
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Karimova, N. M., L. P. Kuzina, and O. V. Kil'disheva. "1,4-dithane-2,5-dicarboxylic acid." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 34, no. 11 (November 1985): 2437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00956824.
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Várnagy, L., P. Budai, and E. Molnár. "One-generation reproduction toxicity study of Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) and lead acetate." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 50, no. 3 (July 1, 2002): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.50.2002.3.12.
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The reproductive toxicity of lead acetate and of a fungicide formulation (Dithane M-45) containing 80% mancozeb was studied on rats. Lead acetate was applied in the feed in the following dose groups: control, 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 mg/kg of diet. The three treatment groups received, in addition to the above doses of lead acetate, 4,500 mg/kg Dithane M-45 in the diet. The method was based on the OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 415 (1981). Clinical symptoms and mortality were not found in the parent generation. The body weight of female animals decreased significantly before the pregnancy period. This tendency was also seen in males after the combination treatment. At the two high dose levels a remarkable body weight increase was seen in the female animals during the lactation period. As a result of treatment, decreased body weight of offspring was measured during the lactation period. No gross pathological changes were seen. Histological examination showed general tubulonephrosis in the experimental animals. It can be established that the administration of Dithane M-45 did not enhance the reproductive toxicity of lead acetate.
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Sarker, Suchana Rani, Md Rashidul Islam, and Ismail Hossain. "Prevalence and Eco-Friendly Management of Some Important Nursery Diseases of Mango in Bangladesh." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 1 (December 7, 2015): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n1p205.
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<p>A survey was carried out to record the prevalence of the nursery diseases in four mango varieties (Gopalbhog, Langra, Amropali and Seedless) in some selected growing areas viz. Chapai Nawabganj, Rajshahi, Dinajpur and Mymensingh in Bangladesh. Altogether nine different diseases viz. anthracnose, die-back, malformation, scab, powdery mildew, sooty mould, red rust, gummosis and bacterial leaf spot were recorded during the period of survey. All the diseases were found in the nurseries of Chapai Nawabganj, but Gummosis was not observed in Rajshahi, Dinajpur and Mymensingh and die-back was also not found in Dinajpur. Only anthracnose was recorded in Kajla sinduri in Rajshahi and Kancha mithi in Dinajpur. Out of the 40 mango varieties surveyed occurrence of higher number of diseases were recorded in Amropali (9), Mollica (7), Langra (8), Aswina (8), Khirsapat (8), Fazli (8), Vustara (6), Bogra gooti (6), BARI Aam-2 (6), BARI Aam-4 (6), Mohananda (5), Polyembryony (7), Gopalbhog (7), Hybrid 10 (6), Nilambari (6), Mixed special (6) and Seedless (7). The efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide and four different fungicides viz. Amistar, Tilt 250 EC, Bavistin and Dithane M-45 in the nursery of four mango varieties (Gopalbhog, Langra, Amropali and Seedless) were evaluated in FTIP, Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. BAU-Biofungicide showed good effect in controlling anthracnose, die-back, powdery mildew, bacterial leaf spot and sooty mould of mango whereas Dithane M-45 was found best for controlling red rust of mango. Dithane M-45 followed by BAU-Biofungicide and Bavistin resulted reduction of powdery mildew incidence over control while the severity of powdery mildew was lowest in Bavistin followed by Dithane M-45 and BAU-Biofungicide.</p>
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Shamsi, Shamim, and Trisha Saha. "Management of anthracnose and blight diseases of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. with fungicides." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 39, no. 1 (June 14, 2015): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v39i1.23662.
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Two types of symptoms, namely anthracnose and blight were recorded on Houttuynia cordata Thunb. during the period of April to December 2013. The isolated fungi from the diseased plants were Alterneria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. Five fungicides viz., Bavistin DF, Dithane M-45, Indofil, Salcox 50 WP and Tall 25 EC were evaluated against the pathogenic fungi at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm concentrations. Tall 25 EC was found most efficient inhibitor of the test fungi followed by Bavistin, Indofil, Dithane M-45 and Salcox. In vivo treatment Tall 25 EC was found most effective in controlling the diseases.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 1, 83-90, 2015
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Bhadra, Mousumi, Abul Khair, Md Anawar Hossain, and Md Maniruzzaman Sikder. "Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. and fungicides against Lasiodiplodia theobromae." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 49, no. 2 (February 9, 2015): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22008.
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Experiments were carried out to find out the bio-efficacy of four Trichoderma species, viz. Trichoderma harzianum, T.koningii, T.viride (green strain), T.viride (yellow strain) against canker pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Bioassay of antagonist against test pathogens conducted by dual culture techniques at different temperatures; volatile, non volatile and naturally untreated metabolites of isolates were examined. T. koningii and T.viride (yellow strain) exhibited maximum inhibition in controlling the pathogens. Fungicides, viz. Bavistin and Dithane M-45 used where Bavistin found little effective but Dithane M-45 showed no effects on pathogen. Trichoderma viride showed better performance to control Lasiodiplodia theobromae than commercial fungicides used during present investigation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i2.22008 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(2), 125-130, 2014
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Nasim, ASM, S. Hosen, and MA Bashar. "Incidence of diseases in germplasms Corchorus olitorius L. and control of fungal pathogens." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 26, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v26i2.46401.
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Screening of 40 germplasms and two released varieties of Corchorus olitorius L. was made to determine the source of resistance in jute germplasm against various diseases under condition of natural infection in the field. The germplasm lines were classified on the basis of their per cent disease incidence according to the scale of Mayee and Datar with some modification. There were 12 germplasm lines of Acc. Numbers 1045, 1050, 1060, 1062, 1065, 1143, 1261, 1338, 3711, 3724, 4178, 5009 and variety O‐72, found resistant to jute diseases which can be utilized for developing disease resistant variety. The effects of Bavistin DF, Capvit 50 WP, Dithane M‐45, Hayvit 80 WP, Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG and Tilt 250 EC were evaluated against Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum sp., Fusarium sp. 1, Fusarium sp. 2, Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii at different concentrations following poisoned food technique. Out of six fungicides, Bavistin, Dithane and Tilt completely inhibited the growth of test pathogens except Sclerotium rolfsii at 500 ppm. Bavistin, Dithane and Tilt also showed promising results against the selected test pathogens at 100, 200 and 400 ppm. The findings of this investigation will be helpful for the plant breeders to select varieties for breeding purposes as well as to control jute pathogens.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 26(2): 189-198, 2017 (July)
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Zamorski, Cz. "The effectiveness of funqicides in the control of white rust (Puccinia horiana P. Henn) of Chrysanthemums." Acta Agrobotanica 35, no. 2 (2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1982.025.
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The object of this study was to determine the effectiveness of some fungicides such as Dithane M-45 (mancozeb) - 0.3%, Plantvax (oxycarboxin) - 0.075%, Saprol (triforine) - 0.1%, Calirus (benodanil) - 0.3%, Bayleton 5 WP (triadimefon) - 0.05%, Baycor (biloxazol) - 0.1%, Vigilex (dichlobutrazol) - 0.04% in the control of chrysanthemum white rust (<i>Puccinia horiana</i>). Tests were conducted in the period 1979-1980. Plants of four varieties were sprayed 8 times weekly. The disease was completely suppressed in the combinations with Plantvax, Saprol, Calirus, Bayleton 5 WP, Baycor and Vigilex. The disease index of <i>Puccinia horiana</i> infection on chrysanthemums was only slightly lower when Dithane M-45 was applied. Plantvax was phytotoxic for all tested varieties, Vigilex suppressed plant growth, treated plants were 3/4 shorter in comparison with plants of all the other combinations.
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Luiken, Silke, and Andreas Kirschning. "Polymer-Assisted Dithane Hydrolysis with Minimum Workup." Journal of Organic Chemistry 73, no. 5 (March 2008): 2018–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo7025146.
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Szépvölgyi, J., K. Nagy, K. SajgónéVukán, A. Regöly-Mérei, K. Soós, K. Tóth, A. Pintér, and M. Antal. "Subacute toxicological examination of Dithane M-45." Food and Chemical Toxicology 27, no. 8 (January 1989): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0278-6915(89)90049-5.
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Khare*, K. B., Loeto D., Wale K., and Salani M. "Seed-borne fungi of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides in Botswana." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 11 (October 31, 2016): 5016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.11.005.
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Seeds of three cowpea cultivars namely Black eye, ER 7 and Tswana obtained from the Department of Agriculture Research, Gaborone were tested for the presence of seed-borne fungi, and their possible control in vitro using locally available fungicides. Four hundred fifty seeds of each cultivar of cowpea were disinfected with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min and washed three times with sterile distilled water before placing them in PDA plates (5 seeds/9 cm Petri plate), incubated at 22±2o C for 12 hour each under continuous light and dark. A total of eight fungi were detected from seeds of cowpea. These were Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, Cylindrocarpon sp., Fusarium equisiti, F. oxyaporum, Penicillium chyrosogenum, Rhizopus oligosporus and R. stolonifer. Rhizopus spp. were dominant fungi recovered from seeds, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon. The fungi detected resulted in decay and rotting of seeds, and thereby reducing percentage germination of seeds (22%, 37% and 63 % seed germination in Black eye, ER7 and Tswana varieties of cowpea respectively). Out of four fungicides tested, benlate, captan, dithane M 45 and chlorothalanil. Dithane M45 effectively controlled seed-borne fungi, and enhanced seed germination to an average of 86% (93% germination with no fungi detected in Tswana variety) as compared to chlorothalonile (79%), benlate and captan (77%) and un-treated seeds (45%). The fungal incidence was reduced to 2.3%, 4.3%, 5.3% and 5.3% when seeds were treated with dithane M-45, chlorothalonil, benlate and captan respectively as compared to 62% in non-treated seeds.
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Błaszkowski, Janusz. "Bffects of foliar fungicides on the mycoflora of glumes of Triticum aestivum." Acta Mycologica 30, no. 1 (August 20, 2014): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1995.004.
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In the years 1983-1984. the effect of three foliar fungicides, i.e.. Bayleton 25 WP. Dithane M-45 and Funaben K on the mycoflora associated with glumus of spring <i>Tritieum aestivum</i> cv. Kolibri cultivated in the field was investigated. During each vegetative period, glumes were collected in the milky ripe of seeds. Fungi species associated with glumes were determined based of colonies isolated from glumes incubated in Petri dishes with potato glucose agar. The fungicide which reduced the most the overall number of fungal isolates was Bayleton 25 WP. The number of species was most reduced following Dithane M-45 application. The mycoflora of glumes which had been untreated and treated with fungicides was compared with fungicides-treated and fungicide-untreated seeds and leaves. The highest similarity in the mycoflora of fungicide-untreated plant parts was found when glumes and seeds were compared. The mycoflora of fungicide-treated glumes, leaves, and seeds varied. depending on the year and fungicide applied.
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Oluwagbenga, Adeogun O., Adekunle A. Adedotun, Samuel O. Temitope, and Ebabhi A. Margaret. "Studies on Fungi Isolated From Dioscorea rotundata (YAM) Collected From Open Markets in Lagos Nigeria." International Journal of Phytopathology 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.003.03.0857.
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Healthy and diseased white yams tubers (Dioscorea rotundata) were collected from three different open markets in Lagos State. Fungi were isolated from the yam twice monthly for three months. The fungi isolated were identified as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor racemosa, Botryodiplodia thoebromae and Macrophomina phaseolina. A. niger and A. flavus were found to be the most prevalent fungi isolates while the occurrence of B. thoebromae, M. phaseolina and Mucor racemosa were less prevalent. Selected fungicides (Captan, Dithane M45, Difolatan and Benlate) were assayed against the fungal isolates. Captan and Dithane showed the highest inhibitory activity against all the isolates. The proximate analysis revealed the real gradual reduction in ash, lipid and crude fibre contents in the diseased yam tubers with reference to healthy yam except protein and moisture that had an insignificant increase in the diseased yam. The results highlight the potential of the fungicides for post-harvest preservation of Dioscorea rotundata in which the viability has been reduced because of post-harvest losses.
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El-Sayed, S. F., M. A. Badawi, I. M. Mahmoud, and M. H. Motawa. "Some morphological characters and yield of broad bean (Vicia faba) as affected by pesticide treatments." Journal of Agricultural Science 126, no. 4 (June 1996): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075559.
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SUMMARYTwo field experiments were conducted at Giza, Egypt in the winter seasons of 1990 and 1991, to study the effects of two fungicides (Dithane M45 and Saprol), two insecticides (Rogor and Pirimor), two acaricides (Tedifol and Comite) and two herbicides (Lancer and Cobex) on some morphological characters and yield of broad bean. The investigated pesticides were used at the recommended doses.All pesticidal treatments reduced the percentage of missing plants at harvest. They also, except Lancer, led to an increase in the total yield of green pods and dry seeds. Individual treatments of Saprol, Dithane M45 and Cobex significantly increased the number and weight of green pods/plant and yield of dry seeds/plant. The individual treatment by Pirimor or Rogor also led to an increment in yield of dry seeds/plant. Lancer proved to be toxic to broad bean plants, as it caused a reduction in the number of branches and plant productivity of green pods and dry seeds.
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Vukovic, Slavica, Dusanka Indjic, and Sonja Gvozdenac. "Surface tension and suspensibility of spray liquids of fungicides, insecticides and non-pesticide substances depending on water quality." Chemical Industry 69, no. 4 (2015): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind140303051v.
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The aim of this work was to determine the surface tension and suspensibility of spray liquids of fungicides (Quadris and Dithane M-70), insecticides (Actara WG-25 and Cipkord EC-20) and two and/or three component mixtures with non-pesticide substances (complex fertilizer - Mortonjic plus and adjuvant - Sillwet L-77), depending on water quality. For this work the following waters were used: well water from Becej (slightly alkaline, slightly soft), well water from Adice (slightly alkaline, very hard), tap water from Novi Sad (neutral, slightly hard) and surface water from Sava and Karas rivers (slightly alkaline, slightly hard). Surface tension of fungicide and insecticide spray liquids and their mixtures in mentioned waters was determined using tensiometer and suspensibility according to a standard method (CIPAC MT 15). The surface tension of all tested waters was high. However, the reduction of surface tension by 50 % (or more in water from Sava river) compared to the control waters, was achieved by adding the adjuvant (Sillwet L-77) and insecticide formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (Cipkord EC-20). Surface tension was slightly decreased in a single component spray liquids of fungicides and the complex fertilizer, as well as in mixtures that did not contain adjuvant and/or Cipkord EC-20, regardless on water quality. Suspensibility of all spray liquids, regardless on tested water was above the lower limit (60 %). In general, the suspensibility all mixtures containing Dithane M-70 was reduced compared to Dithane M-70 spray liquid, in all tested waters. The most pronounced decrease in suspensibility, below 70 %, was registered in the case of spray liquids with tap water, compared to others (99.8 %).
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Yates, Peter, Azza Seif-El-Nasr, Jennifer Stanton, and Jiri J. Krepinsky. "Reactions of δ-valerolactone with lithio trithio-orthoformates." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-063.
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δ-Valerolactone (3), on treatment with tris(methylthio)methyllithium (7) followed by weakly acidic aqueous work-up, gave a tautomeric mixture of 1, 1-bis(methylthio)-6-hydroxy-2-hexanone (8a) and tetrahydro-2-bis(methylthio)methyl-2-pyranol (8b). Under analogous conditions 3 reacted with tris(phenylthio)methyllithium (10) to form tetrahydro-3-(phenylthiocarbonyl)-2-pyranone (11). With 2-(methylthio)-1,3-dithian-2-yllithium (16) it gave a tautomeric mixture of 2-(5-hydroxy-1-oxopentyl)-2-(methylthio)-1,3-dithiane (17a) and 2-(tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-2-pyranyl)-2-(methylthio)-1,3-dithiane (17b). Treatment of 17 with methanol in the presence of acidic ion-exchange resin gave a mixture of 2-(5,6-dihydro-3-(methylthio)-2(4H)-pyranyl)-1,3-dithiane (20), 2-(tetrahydro-2-methoxy-2-pyranyl)-1,3-dithiane (21), and 2-(tetrahydro-2-methoxy-4-(methylthio)-2-pyranyl)-1,3-dithiane (22). Similar treatment of 20 gave a mixture of 20, 21, and 22. Compound 21 was synthesized independently by similar treatment of 2-(tetrahydro-2-hydroxy-2-pyranyl)-1,3-dithiane (23). The origins of the anomalous products are discussed briefly. It is concluded that because of these anomalies the preparation of tetrahydro-2-hydroxypyran-2-carboxylic acid acetals and related glycosides via trithio-orthoformate derivatives can encounter difficulties, although dithioacetals may serve this purpose. Key words: 1,3-dithianes, α-hydroxy acids,δ-lactones, trithio-orthoformates.
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Hoque, MZ, AM Akanda, MIH Mian, and MKA Bhuiyan. "Efficacy of fungicides and organic oils to control powdery mildew disease of jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 38, no. 4 (June 1, 2014): 659–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.19032.
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Powdery mildew (Oidium erysiphoides f.sp. ziziphi) is the major disease of Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana) in Bangladesh. An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of six fungicides, two organic oils, and a detergent against the disease. Tested fungicides were Tilt (Propiconazole) @ 0.05%, Folicur (Hexaconazole) @ 0.1%, Bavistin DF (Carbandazim) @ 0.2%, Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) @ 0.3%, Thiovit 80 WG (Sulpher) @ 0.3%, and Cupravit (Copper) @ 0.3%, the oils were Mustard oil @ 0.5% and Neem oil 0.5%, and the Detergent (Trix) @ 0.5%. The materials were applied as foliar spray for seven times at an interval of 15 days. All of the fungicides and two oils gave significant decrease in severity of powdery mildew and increased fruit yield of Indian jujube irrespective of varieties, locations and over times. Among the treatments, Folicur, Tilt, Thiovit, and Dithane M-45 sprays were found effective than others. The severity index values on two jujube varieties were 3.89-4.50 at Mowna and 4.00-4.53 at Ishurdi in control treatment. The severity indices were reduced to 1.45-1.96 at Mowna and 1.33-2.07 at Ishurdi due to application of Tilt, Folicur, Thiovit, and Dithane M-45, which gave increase in fruit yield over control by 68.88, 63.69, 63.04, and 54.63% in Apple Kul and 83.25, 77.87, 77.39, and 70.36% in BAU Kul, respectively. Most of the treatments were able to reduce number of spotted fruits. The best effective fungicide was found to be Tilt followed by Folicur and Thiovit in reducing disease severity of powdery mildew as well as other fruit diseases like fruit spot and fruit rot and increase fruit yield of Indian jujube. Therefore, Tilt/Folicur may be recommended for jujube growers to control the powdery mildew disease in commercial orchard. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v38i4.19032 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 38(4): 659-672, December 2013
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Trajčevski, Tanas. "Alternaria dauci (palež lišća mrkve) i učinkovitost mjera kemijske zaštite nekim novijim fungicidima." Glasnik zaštite bilja 40, no. 6 (2017): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31727/gzb.40.6.6.
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Tijekom 2014. i 2015. godine izvršeno je ispitivanje djelotvornosti kemijske zaštite mrkve od napada patogena Alternaria dauci (Kuhn) Groves & Skolko-uzročnika crnog sušenja te paleži lišća mrkve, u selu Stajkovci u okolici Grada Skoplja. Tijekom analize ispitana je učinkovitost zaštite od napada patogena Alternaria dauci (Kuhn) Groves & Skolko novijim fungicidima u usporedbi s nekim starijim fungicidima, tretmanom u različitim uvjetima (oborine i vlage), odnosno u relativno vlažnoj 2014. godini i 2015., koja je bilježila manje oborina. Izvedenim pokusima utvrđeno je da je u 2014. godini, s mnogo oborina, najbolja djelotvornost postignuta primjenom fungicida Score 250 EC (difenakonazol) s indeksom učinkovitosti od 81,45%. Nešto manji indeks učinkovitosti 79,99%, te 79,53% pokazali su fungicidi Sighnum (boskalid + piroksistrobin) i Quadris (azoksistrobin). Fungicidi Dithane M-45 (mankozeb) i Kocide (bakarni hidroksid) pokazali su indeks učinkovitosti 68,38% ,odnosno 70,91%. Pri ispitivanjima u 2015. godini (manje oborina), najbolji indeks 93,62% pokazao je fungicid Score 250 EC (difenokonazol). Dobru učinkovitost je pokazao i fungicid Quadris (azoiksistrobin) s indeksom učinkovitosti od 91,97%. Nešto slabija učinkovitost je zabilježena kod fungicida Dithane M-45 (mankozeb) s indeksom učinkovitosti 75,85%.
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Khatun, Amina, and Shamim Shamsi. "In vitro evaluation of fungicides and plant extracts against the fungi associated with seeds of nine chickpea varieties." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 25, no. 1 (June 28, 2016): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v25i1.28498.
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A total of nine species of fungi were found to be associated with seeds of nine varieties of chickpea. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link., A. niger Van Tiegh., A. fumigatus Fresenius., A. nidulans Eidam, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Penicillium Link., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.: Fr.) Vuill and Trichoderma viride Pers. Five fungicides viz., Bavistin 50 WP, Dithane M-45, Greengel 72 WP, Ridomil MZ Gold and Tall 25 EC at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm were evaluated against the test fungi. Tall 25 EC were found most efficient inhibitor which completely inhibited the radial growth of the test fungi followed by Bavistin 50 WP, Dithane M-45 and Greengel 72 WP. Antifungal properties of ethanol extracts of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Allium sativum L., Citrus medica L., Datura metel L. and Psidium guajava L. at 5, 10 and 20% concentrations were evaluated against the test fungi. Allium sativum L. was found most efficient inhibitor of the test fungi followed by D. metel L., A. indica A. Juss., C. medica L. and P. guajava L.Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 25(1): 83-90, 2016
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Carisse, O., A. Ouimet, V. Toussaint, and V. Philion. "Evaluation of the Effect of Seed Treatments, Bactericides, and Cultivars on Bacterial Leaf Spot of Lettuce Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians." Plant Disease 84, no. 3 (March 2000): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.3.295.
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As a part of a broader program for management of bacterial leaf spot, the effects of lettuce-seed treatments, greenhouse application of bactericides, and cultivars were evaluated. Seed artificially inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians was treated with bactericides or heat treated and evaluated for the incidence of contaminated seed and seed germination. Seed soaked in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 and 20 min had an incidence of contaminated seed of less than 10%. Dry-heat (1 h), hot-water (50°C, 2 h), and organic-acid treatments significantly reduced seed germination. Considering both the effects on incidence of contaminated seed and seed germination, the best treatments were soaking the seeds in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 5 or 20 min. Copper sulfate, alone or mixed with Zineb or Dithane, failed to control the disease and caused phytotoxicity. All of the other bactericides significantly reduced the severity of bacterial leaf spot. However, the differences among bactericide efficacy were too small to allow comparison between the different forms of copper used, as well as the effect of adding manganese and zinc (Dithane) or zinc alone (Zineb) to the copper product. Nevertheless, copper hydroxide alone, mixed with Zineb or mixed with Dithane, and basic copper sulfate reduced disease severity by 86.89, 78.67, 80.42, and 81.82%, respectively, without causing phytotoxicity. For the two years of cultivar evaluation, no significant difference in mean disease severity was observed among the cultivars. Based on disease incidence, the most susceptible cultivar was Bellagreen. Cvs. Ideal cos, Grand Teton, Great Lakes, Paris Island, Ithaca, and Optima showed intermediate susceptibility, and the least-susceptible cultivars were Waldmann's and Grand Rapids, both green-leaf type. There was no significant difference between the three romaine (cos) cultivars and between the two crisphead cultivars, but a significant difference was observed between the two butterhead types, Bellagreen and Optima, which had 80.04 and 48.01%, respectively, of their leaves diseased at the time of harvest.
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Shrestha, Krishna K., and Richard Ashley. "Integrated Disease Management of Tomato Late Blight." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 8 (November 20, 2014): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11583.
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Tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a serious disease of tomato and potato worldwide. The disease causes severe crop losses in the tomato growing regions of the world. Most of the cultivars grown in the world are reported to be susceptible to late blight. Systemic fungicides have been used widely in the past, but the disease has developed resistance over time. The present study was carried out to minimize fungicide use through integrated pest management. The bio-pesticides Azadirachta indica (Neem), Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort) and Trichoderma viride were tested along with the fungicides Krilaxyl (metalaxyl 8% and mancozeb 64%) and Dithane M-45 (mancozeb 80%) in Nepal during 2000 and 2001. All three bio-pesticides were found more effective than the control in reducing development of the disease and they increased yield over the control by 17 to 41%. However, the fungicides, Krilaxyl and Dithane M-45 were observed even more effective. Two transplanting dates ie first and third week of July were tested against late blight in rainy season during 2000and 2001 and observed its effect on yields. Lower disease incidence and better yield were found in the second planting. Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 67-76DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11583
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Dahal, N., and R. K. Shrestha. "Evaluation of Efficacy of Fungicides Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis in Vitro at Lamjung, Nepal." Journal of the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science 35, no. 1 (December 3, 2018): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiaas.v35i1.22520.
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Fusarium is a soil borne pathogen which is common in almost all types of soil causing heavy losses in the crop production. Long term survival of pathogen in the soil as chlamydospores has increased its threat making it a highly devastating disease. High accessibility and simple application process of chemical control method has made it an effective and highly adopted approach of eliminating disease causing organisms. The present study was conducted in IAAS, Lamjung Campus to test the efficacy of fungicides in-vitro by poisoned food technique in PDA medium against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis. The fungicides tested were Carbendazim (50% WP), Chlorothalonil (75% WP) and Dithane M-45 (75% WP) at three different concentrations (100 ppm, 150 ppm and 200 ppm). The treatments were arranged in complete randomized design and replicated five times. The measurement of diameter of the fungal mycelium was taken 8 times at 48 hours interval until the fungus nearly covered the plate in control treatment and inhibition percent of the chemicals were calculated. All the fungicides inhibited the fungal growth significantly, among which carbendazim was highly effective in all the concentrations reducing 100% of mycelial growth followed by chlorothalonil. Dithane M-45 showed least inhibition i.e. 26.62% in 200 ppm (day 13). The chemicals exhibited increased tendency of inhibition with increased concentration.
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Thapa, Sita, and Mohammad Babadoost. "Effectiveness of Chemical Compounds and Biocontrol Agents for Management of Bacterial Spot of Pumpkin Caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae." Plant Health Progress 17, no. 2 (January 2016): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-15-0037.
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Bacterial spot, caused by Xanthomonas cucurbitae, has become one of the most important diseases of pumpkin. Seventeen chemical compounds and five biocontrol agents were evaluated for their efficacy for management of the disease. The EC50 for reduction in cell multiplication of the pathogen ranged from 0.17 ppm for mancozeb (Dithane 75 DF) to 64.53 ppm for cuprous oxide (Nordox 75 WG) in nutrient broth, and from 0.23 ppm for Dithane 75 DF to 38.87 ppm Nordox 75 WG in casitone yeast extract broth. The inhibition zones produced by biocontrol agents on Luria Bertani culture medium ranged from 3.1 mm for Bacillus pumilus (Sonata ASO) to 10.6 mm for Streptomyces lydicus (Actinovate AG). In the field trials, copper oxychloride + copper hydroxide (Badge X2 DF), copper sulfate (Cuprofix Ultra 40 DF), oxytetracycline (Mycoshield 40 WSP), copper sulfate pentahydrate (Phyton-016B), copper hydroxide (Kocide-3000 46.1 DF) plus acibenzolar-s-methyl (ActiGard 50 WG), Kocide-3000 46.1 DF plus famoxadone + cymoxanil (Tanos 50D WG), an extract from Reynoutria sachalinensis (Regalia), and B. subtilis (Serenade ASO) were more effective in reducing incidence and severity of bacterial spot on both leaves and fruit compared to controls. These chemical compounds or biocontrol agents may be used in combination with other methods to manage X. cucurbitae in pumpkin. Accepted for publication 19 April 2016. Published 9 May 2016.
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Kumar, Uday, and H. C. Agarwal. "Degradation of dithane M-45 residues in brinjals during cooking." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 47, no. 5 (November 1991): 725–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01701141.
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Szépvölgyi, J., K. Nagy, M. Bedó, A. Regöly-Mérei, M. Szerletics, K. Soós, and M. Antal. "Examination of the interaction of Decis and Dithane in rats." Toxicology 53, no. 1 (December 1988): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-483x(88)90240-5.
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RAZVY, Mohammad ANOWAR, Ahmad Humayan KABIR, and Mohammad AMINUL HOQUE. "Antifungal Activity of Fruit Extracts of Different Water Chestnut Varieties." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 3, no. 1 (March 7, 2011): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb315596.
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The antifungal activity of three varieties (red, green and wild) of water chestnut fruit extracts was studied against a number of fungal species. A strong antifungal activity of ethanol and petroleum extract was found against the treated fungi resulting remarkable inhibition zone in comparison to both Dithane-M45 fungicide and control. It has also been evident that wild variety of water chestnut was comparatively more efficient in respect to antifungal activity compared to the red and green variety of the same plant.
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Chaurasia, Prem C. P., Jang B. Prasad, and Aanandi Mandal. "Management of Leaf Blight of Garlic with Fungicides in Central Tarai of Nepal." Nepal Agriculture Research Journal 8 (November 20, 2014): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11582.
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Management of purple blotch in garlic was carried out in 2005/06 and 2006/07 at horticultural farm of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Parwanipur in Complete Randomized Block Design with three replications. First year’s results indicated insignificant effect of fungicides on Percentage Disease Intensity (PDI) of purple blotch disease of garlic as number of sprays used seemed to be inadequate. Second year’s result revealed that two sprays of Bavistin @ 0.2% had lowest PDI value but at par to other different number of sprays of different fungicides except no spray of fungicide. Bulb yield was highest in two sprays of Dithane M-45 @ 0.3% followed by two sprays of Krinoxyl @ 0.15%, three sprays of Blitox-50 @ 0.3%. Plant height was insignificant and highest bulb weight was found with three sprays of Blitox-50 followed by two sprays of Bavistin. Two year’s combined results indicated that two sprays of Bavistin @ 0.2% had lowest PDI value and all others PDI values were at par except control. The highest bulb yield was given by two sprays of Dithane M-45 followed by three sprays of Bavistin. Plant height and bulb weight were insignificant. It can be recommended that purple blotch disease can be managed by spraying Bavistin @ 0.2% thrice at 15 days interval or any other tested fungicides to have less disease, higher bulb yield and more economic return.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 63-66DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11582
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Zalewska, Ewa. "Harmfulness of Septoria carvi Syd. towards caraway and preparations limiting occurrence of fungus." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 23, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eces-2016-0023.
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Abstract Septoria carvi is an important pathogen of caraway. With the increasing occurrence of septoriosis of caraway during warm and humid growing seasons, the possibility of limiting the growth and development of the fungus was investigated. In vitro studies included 2 preparations of natural origin, ie Biosept Active, Beta-chikol and 12 fungicides from different chemical groups, as well as one isolate K 1806 S. carvi, obtained from caraway. Tests were performed by poisoning the culture media. The percentage of inhibition of the growth of four- and eight-day-old fungus colonies on the medium with preparations in comparison to the control colonies was a measure of the toxic activity of the preparations. The effectiveness of Beta-chikol in limiting S. carvi colony growth was significantly higher than the efficiency of Biosept Active. All tested fungicides limited the growth of the fungus colony and their inhibitory effect increased with the concentration of the active ingredient in the medium. The most effective preparation in vitro was Signum 33 WG, belonging to the strobilurin compounds. In vivo studies investigated the effect of Beta-chikol, Biosept Active and Dithane NeoTec 75 WG on the health of caraway plants. The occurrence of septoriosis was determined basing on the presence of disease symptoms and the mycological analysis of diseased plants. A significant reduction of septoriosis symptoms on plants and plant colonization by the fungus was caused by Biosept Active and Dithane NeoTec 75WG.
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VIEIRA, ALCÍLIO, CARLOS RUGGIERO, and SÉRGIO LUCIO DAVID MARIN. "FITOTOXICIDADE DE FUNGICIDAS, ACARICIDAS E INSETICIDAS, SOBRE O MAMOEIRO (Carica papaya L.) CULTIVAR SUNRISE SOLO IMPROVED LINE 72/12 EM CONDIÇÕES DE CAMPO." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 23, no. 2 (August 2001): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452001000200023.
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A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de campo, no município de São Mateus -- ES, pertencente à maior região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 L de água: chlorothalonil (Daconil PM-200g); mancozeb (Dithane PM -- 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil -- 400g); thiabendazole (Tecto 450 -- 100ml); dicofol + tetradifon (Carbax -- 200ml); triazophós (Hostathion 400 BR -- 150ml); óxido de fenbutatina (Torque 500 SC -- 60ml); e abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE -- 50ml): Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos testados, em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As datas das avaliações foram: 01 dia antes das pulverizações, 15 dias e 30 dias após as mesmas. Os fungicidas Daconil BR, Reconil e Tecto 450; o fungicida acaricida Dithane PM; os acaricidas Carbax e Torque 500 SC; e o inseticida-acaricida Vertimec 18 CE, aplicados isoladamente, não afetaram o crescimento e a produção das plantas, nem causaram injúrias nas folhas das mesmas. A associação de fungicidas e fungicida-acaricida, com os acaricidas, ou inseticida-acaricida, não mostrou nenhum efeito fitotóxico sobre os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados, nem causaram queimaduras ou injúrias foliares.
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Tremblay, D. M., B. G. Talbot, and O. Carisse. "Sensitivity of Botrytis squamosa to Different Classes of Fungicides." Plant Disease 87, no. 5 (May 2003): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.5.573.
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An automated quantitative (AQ) assay was compared with radial growth on solid media and with dry weight in liquid culture for assaying fungicide sensitivity in Botrytis squamosa, the causal agent of onion leaf blight. Five isolates of B. squamosa were assayed for sensitivity to mancozeb (Dithane DG) and iprodione (Rovral) at five concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 50 ppm). For mancozeb, the correlations between 50% effective concentration (EC50) values obtained with the three assays were not significant; however for iprodione, correlations between EC50 values for AQ and radial growth and for AQ and dry weight were significant (r = 0.98 and 0.99, respectively). The AQ method was less time consuming and more reliable than the two standard assays. The AQ method was used to evaluate the sensitivity of 35 field isolates of B. squamosa to mancozeb (Dithane DG), iprodione (Rovral), vinclozolin (Ronilan DF), and chlorothalonil (Bravo 500). All isolates were sensitive to mancozeb (EC50 ranged from 3.36 to 12.97) and chlorothalonil (EC50 < 1.5 μg/ml), but four isolates were insensitive to both iprodione (EC50 ≥ 3.98 μg/ml) and vinclozolin (EC50 ≥ 17.49 μg/ml). The ratio of the EC50 values of the least-sensitive and the most-sensitive isolates of B. squamosa was 1.08, 3.86, 6.98, and 37.59 for chlorothalonil, mancozeb, iprodione, and vinclozolin, respectively. Cross-resistance was observed for the two dicarboximide fungicides, iprodione and vinclozolin, with a significant correlation (r = 0.94) in the sensitivity of the 35 isolates to these two fungicides.
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Atanasov, Petar A., Nikolay N. Nedyalkov, Naoki Fukata, Wipakorn Jevasuwan, Thiyagu Subramani, Mitsuhiro Terakawa, and Yasutaka Nakajima. "Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) of Mancozeb and Thiamethoxam Assisted by Gold and Silver Nanostructures Produced by Laser Techniques on Paper." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 3 (December 10, 2018): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818816304.
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Advanced gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanostructures were produced by laser techniques on printer paper substrate. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analyses of the fungicide mancozeb (Dithane DG) and insecticide thiamethoxam (Aktara 25 BG) in quantities smaller than usually applied in agricultural medicine were performed for the first time assisted by the structures fabricated. The investigations and results show an easy alternative and cheap way to detect small amounts or residue of harmful environmental pollutants, which has a direct bearing on food quality and thus on human health.
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Vasudev, V., G. Subramanya, and N. B. Krishnamurthy. "Dominant Lethals Induced by Dithane M-45 in Silkworm Bombyx mori." Environmental Research 65, no. 1 (April 1994): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1994.1027.
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Thomidis, T., T. J. Michailides, and I. Karayiannis. "Fruit core rot of the peach cultivar 'Fayette' caused by Alternaria alternata in Greece." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 12 (2007): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06088.
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This is the first report of the occurrence of core rot on peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata in Greece. This disease caused significant preharvest (at commercial ripening stage) and postharvest damage (at a percentage of ~5% of the total production) in the cultivar ‘Fayette’. Rotting of the core began while fruit were still on the tree, with a soft, wet, brown rot progressing in the flesh around the stone. A. alternata was isolated on acidified potato dextrose agar from the edges of the rotted tissues. Symptoms were reproduced under laboratory conditions by injection of spore suspensions in the flesh of mature and immature fruit of ‘Fayette’. In contrast, immature fruit did not show core rot symptoms when naturally infected. Furthermore, none of the other peach cultivars tested (‘Spring Lady’, ‘Spring Crest’, ‘June Gold’, ‘Red Haven’, ‘Sun Crest’, ‘Sun Cloud’) showed the symptoms of core rot of fruit at the commercial ripening stage. The rates of infection were significantly reduced at 10°C and completely inhibited at 2–4°C. The effectiveness of the fungicides PIΛAZIN 60WP, Thiophanate methyl 70WP, Folicur 25WG, Rovral 50WP, Dithane M-45 80WP and Switch 25/37.5 WP, at rates recommended by the manufacturers, were evaluated against A. alternata on agar and artificially inoculated fruit. The fungicides Folicur 25WG, Rovral 50WP and Switch 25/37.5 WP significantly reduced the development of A. alternata. Moderate effectiveness was shown by Dithane M-45 80WP. In contrast, the fungicides PIΛAZIN 60WP and Thiophanate methyl 70WP were not effective against this pathogen.
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Mantecón, Jorge D. "Potato Yield Increases Due to Fungicide Treatment in Argentinian Early Blight (Alternaria solani) and Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) Field Trials During the 1996-2005 Seasons." Plant Health Progress 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-0202-01-rs.
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The effect of fungicides on potato yields in separate early blight and late blight trials during the 1996 to 2005 growing seasons at the INTA Balcarce experimental station was determined. Potato cultivars Pampeana INTA were used for early blight trials while Kennebec ones were used for late blight trials. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used in all trials. The fungicides Folicur 25EC at 0.5 liter/ha and Brestan 60WP at 0.5 kg/ha were tested in early blight trials while Dithane M80WP at 2.5 kg/ha and Ridomil Gold 68WP at 1.25 kg/ha were tested in late blight trials. Early blight infections were rated using a 0 to 50 a rating scale. Late blight severity was rated using a disease index of 0 to 5. Potatoes were graded into two categories, marketable (> 60 g) and undersize tuber “seeds” (< 60 g), and then weighed. Data was subjected to analysis of variance. Early and late blight symptoms were present every season. In early blight trials, the efficacy of the systemic fungicide Folicur 25EC was greater than that of the non-systemic Brestan 60WP. The average yield increase due to fungicide treatment during the ten-year period was 22.4% for marketable and 17.9% for total yield. In late blight trials the efficacies of Dithane M80WP and Ridomil Gold 68WP were similar. The average yield increase due to fungicide treatment during the study was 41.23% for marketable and 33.85% for total yield. Accepted for publication 23 October 2006. Published 2 February 2007.
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Johnson, James W., and John C. Wise. "Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.28.
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Abstract Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (C Block) at a rate of 150 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of treatment materials were made on 3 May (half-inch green) and 1 Jun (petal fall). Dithane, Penncozeb, Bayleton and Streptomycin were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations of RAA were made on 25 and 31 May, 7, 15, 22 and 29 Jun by examining 100 terminals per replicate or 400 terminals per treatment for the presence or absence of RAA.
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Peloquin, Andrew J., Srikar Alapati, Colin D. McMillen, Timothy W. Hanks, and William T. Pennington. "Polymorphism, Halogen Bonding, and Chalcogen Bonding in the Diiodine Adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-Dithiane." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 4985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164985.
Full textAbstract:
Through variations in reaction solvent and stoichiometry, a series of S-diiodine adducts of 1,3- and 1,4-dithiane were isolated by direct reaction of the dithianes with molecular diiodine in solution. In the case of 1,3-dithiane, variations in reaction solvent yielded both the equatorial and the axial isomers of S-diiodo-1,3-dithiane, and their solution thermodynamics were further studied via DFT. Additionally, S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,3-dithiane was also isolated. The 1:1 cocrystal, (1,4-dithiane)·(I2) was further isolated, as well as a new polymorph of S,S’-bis(diiodo)-1,4-dithiane. Each structure showed significant S···I halogen and chalcogen bonding interactions. Further, the product of the diiodine-promoted oxidative addition of acetone to 1,4-dithiane, as well as two new cocrystals of 1,4-dithiane-1,4-dioxide involving hydronium, bromide, and tribromide ions, was isolated.
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Mahal, Mst Ferdowsi. "Effects of fungicides and plant extracts on seed germination and seed associated mycoflora of Lens arietinum L. and Lathyrus sativus." Journal of Bio-Science 22 (October 21, 2016): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v22i0.30014.
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Contexts: seed treatment reduced seed mycoflora. Evidences revealed that chemical fungicides and plant extracts were effectively controlled seed mycoflora and enhanced seed germination of pulse crops.Objectives: To determine the effects of chemical fungicides and plant extracts on seed germination and seed associated mycoflora on Lens arietinum L. (lentil) and Lathyrus sativus (khesari).Materials and Methods: All the samples were collected Rajshahi region during June - August 2012. The detection of seed mycoflora, seed germination and seed treatment with fungicides and plant extracts were carried out by using the blotter test (ISTA-1966).Results: Seed germination percentage was significantly (p?0.05) increased with both the treatments. Captan (1.2%) was more effective in comparison with Dithane M-45 (1.4%) and seed germination (%) was gradually increased with increase of the doses of fungicides. Seed associated mycoflora also significantly (p?0.05) varied with the treatments. Aspergillus flavus was the most dominant fungi in lentil and Fusarium oxysporum was in khesari for both the treatments and control. No fungi were recorded at 1.2 and1.4% doses of Captan and Dithane M-45 treated seeds of both pulses. Plant extracts increased germination percentage over control and showed different levels of antifungal activity against seed associated mycoflora (SAM) of both pulse seeds. Among the extracts, Allium sativum showed promising result in controlling of SAM of lentil and khesari. Besides this, A. flavus was remarkably eliminated with the all types of used extracts.Conclusion: From this study it had been clearly found that seed treatment with chemical fungicides and plant extracts were controlled seed mycoflora of lentil and khesari and increased seed germination.J. bio-sci. 22: 101-110, 2014
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Moubasher, A. H., M. I. A. Abdel-Kader, and A. Y. Abdel-Mallek. "Effect of dithane M-45 on cellulose-decomposing fungi in Egyptian soil." International Biodeterioration 23, no. 2 (January 1987): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0265-3036(87)90032-7.
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Sukmawati, Dalia, Andisa Shabrina, Reni Indrayanti, Tri Handayani Kurniati, Muktiningsih Nurjayadi, Iman Hidayat, Shabrina Nida Al Husna, et al. "Antifungal Mechanism of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureobasidium sp. nov. Isolated from Cerbera manghas L. against the Growth of Destructive Molds in Post Harvested Apples." Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture 11, no. 3 (December 10, 2020): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2212798411666200423101159.
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Background: Apples often experience postharvest damage due to being attacked by mold organisms. Several groups of molds such as Aspergillus sp., Penicilium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, and Venturia sp. can cause a serious postharvest disease exhibited as watery regions where areas of blue-green tufts of spores develop. Current methods using fungicides to control pathogenic fungi can cause resistance if applied in the long term. An alternative procedure using yeast as a biological agent has been found. Objective: The aim of this study is to screen potential yeast, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of Aspergillus brasielensis (isolate A1) and Aspergillus flavus section flavi (isolate A17) isolated from apple fruits. Methods: Antagonism test using YMA dual culture medium using in vitro assays and ITS rDNA identification were performed. Results: The result showed that 3 out of 19 yeast isolated from Cerbera manghas L, T1, T3 and T4, demonstrated the potential ability as a biocontrol agent. ITS rDNA identification demonstrated that T1 has a similarity to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa while T3 and T4 were identified as Aureobasidium sp. nov. The 3 isolates exhibited the ability to reduce the growth of A. brasiliensis sensu lato better than dithane 0.3% with a Disease Incidence (DI) of 100% and a Disease Severity (DS) value of 45%. Only isolate T1 and T3 were able to reduce decay symptoms in apples inoculated with A. flavus sensu lato (with DO and DS were 100% and 25%, respectively) compared to dithane pesticides 0.3%. Conclusion: This study indicated that competition between nutrients occurs between pathogenic molds and under-yeast in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, further studies in the future might be able to elucidate the ‘killer’ activity and interaction with the pathogen cells and the bio-product production using Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Aureoubasidium namibiae strains to control postharvest diseases.
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Błaszkowski, Janusz. "The effect of foliar fungicides on the mycoflora of seeds of Triticum aestivum." Acta Mycologica 29, no. 2 (August 20, 2014): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.1994.014.
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The effect of three foliar fungicides. i.e., Bayloton 25 WP, Dithane M-45, and Funaben K. on the mycoflora associated with the seeds of spring <i>Triticum aestivum</i> cv. Kolibri cultivated in the field was investigated. The fungicide which highly reduced the number of both fungal colonies and species was Funaben K. Of the fungi most frequently occurring. Only Funaben K applied on the seeds reduced the proportion of seeds with <i>Alternaria alternata, Cladosporium</i> spp.. and <i>Septoria nodorum</i>. In contrast. seeds from plants traeted with Funaben K harboured significantly more colonies of non-sporulating fungi.
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Webb, D. R., A. G. Taylor, M. L. Hessney, and C. J. Eckenrode. "Onion Maggot Control with Seed Treatments, 1994." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.101.
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Abstract Seeds were planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, New York, on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Germination and damage counts were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were planted using a hand-pushed cone seeder at the rate of 9 seeds/ft. All seeds were treated with Progro at the rate of 25 g of formulation/kg of raw seed to minimize incidence of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae). The standard in-furrow treatment of Lorsban and one check, were treated with Dithane F-45, rather than Progro, applied in-furrow at 2.4 qts formulation in 75 gal water/acre based on a 15-inch row width.
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Islam, Md Ariful, S. Shamsi, S. Hosen, and MA Bashar. "In vitro effects of plant extracts and fungicides to control wilt of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)." Dhaka University Journal of Biological Sciences 26, no. 1 (January 20, 2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujbs.v26i1.46348.
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Five fungicides viz., Bavistin DF, Capvit 50 WP, Dithane M-45, Greengel 72 WP and Tilt 250 EC were selected to evaluate in vitro efficacy against Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani at 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm following poisoned food technique. Bavistin, Capvit and Tilt were found to be most effective inhibitor against the test pathogens isolated from brinjal wilt. Bavistin and Tilt completely inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum and F. solani at all the tested concentrations. Out of five plant extracts, Allium sativum identified as the promising botanical fungicide for testing against wilted plants of brinjal. The result of present study will be helpful in suggesting some effective plant extracts and fungicides for controlling wilting of brinjal.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 26(1): 39-44, 2017 (January)
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Haque, Saleh Md A., Ismail Hossain, and Md A. Rahman. "Effect of Dithane M-45 and BAU Biofungicide on Disease Incidence and Yield of Jute Cv. CVL-1." International Journal of Phytopathology 3, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.003.03.0799.
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The experiments were conducted in the field of Jute Agriculture Experimental Station (JAES), Manikgonj and Kishoregonj Regional Station (KRS), Kishoregonj of BJRI. The experiments were conducted during the period April 2012 to January 2013. Two different disease management practices viz. Dithane M-45 and BAU- Biofungicide were used for the present study. Disease management showed lowest disease incidence 1.98% and 1.87% at JAES and KRS, respectively with BAU- Biofungicide spraying and highest disease incidence 4.26% and 4.47% at JAES and KRS, respectively were recorded under control condition. The highest seed yield (588.35 kg/ha), fibre yield (4.12 ton/ha) and stick yield (9.33 ton/ha) were recorded under BAU- Biofungicide sprayed plant and lowest seed yield (378.45 kg/ha), fibre yield (2.21 ton/ha) and stick yield (5.43 ton/ha) under control treatment.